Replication of the ARISTOTLE Anticoagulant Trial in Healthcare Claims Data
Conditions: Atrial Fibrillation
Sponsor: Brigham and Women's Hospital

Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE trial)
DUPLICATE-ARISTOTLE
May 26, 2021

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
1 
1. RCT Details
1.1 Title
Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE trial) 
1.2 Intended aim(s) 
To compare the risk of stroke or systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with at least 1 risk factor for stroke with 
apixaban versus warfarin use.  
1.3 Primary endpoint for replication 
The primary outcome of the study was stroke (ischemic or hemorrhage) or systemic embolism. 
1.3.1 Required power for primary endpoint and noninferiority margin (if applicable) 
The test was designed for noninferiority. For non-inferiority, the 95% CI should not include ≥ 1.38 to declare noninferiority 
and 99% CI should not include ≥ 1.44 to declare noninferiority. Assuming average follow-up period of 1.8 years and a stroke 
or systemic embolism rate of 1.67 per 100 subject-years, the power of the study will be 90% with 18,000 randomized 
patients and 448 patients with primary outcome.  
1.4 Secondary endpoint for replication (assay sensitivity) and RCT finding 
Major bleeding; HR = 0.69 (95% CI 0.60-0.80) 
1.5 Trial estimate 
HR = 0.79 (95% CI 0.66-0.95) comparing apixaban vs warfarin (Granger et al., 2011) 
2. Person responsible for implementation of replication in Aetion
Ajinkya Pawar, Ph.D., Hemin Lee, MD, MPH, and Dureshahwar Jawaid, MPH implemented the study design in the Aetion Evidence
Platform. They are not responsible for the validity of the design and analytic choices. All implementation steps are recorded, and
the implementation history is archived in the platform.
3. Data Source(s)
United/Optum, MarketScan, Medicare

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Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
3 
5. Cohort Identification
5.1 Cohort Summary 
This study will involve a new user, parallel group, propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study design comparing 
apixaban (any dose) to warfarin users. The patients will be required to have continuous enrollment during baseline period of 180 
days before initiation of apixaban or warfarin (index date). We restrict the analyses to patients with a diagnosis of atrial 
fibrillation or atrial flutter in the 12 months prior to drug initiation along with risk factors for stroke or systemic embolism. 
5.2 Important steps for cohort formation 
 New users (defined as no use in 180 days prior to index date) of an exposure and a comparator drug will be identified. 
5.2.1 Eligible cohort entry dates 
  Market availability of apixaban in the U.S. started on December 28, 2012. 
•
For Medicare: January 01, 2013- December 31, 2017 (end of available data)
•
For Marketscan: January 01, 2013- December 31, 2018 (end of available data)
•
For Optum: January 01, 2013- December 31, 2019 (end of available data)
5.2.2 Specify inclusion/exclusion criteria for cohort entry and define the index date 
Inclusion and exclusion criteria were adapted from the trial as closely as possible. Definitions for all inclusion/exclusion are provided 
in Appendix A and are summarized in the flowcharts below. 
5.3 Flowchart of the study cohort assembly 
For apixaban vs. warfarin 
Optum 
Truven 
Medicare 
Less Excluded Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
Less 
Excluded 
Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
Less 
Excluded 
Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
All patients 
75,894,642 
200,203,908 
6,886,908 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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Patients with claim for apixaban or warfarin 
-74,955,393 
939,249 
-199,377,918
825,990 
-2,374,503 
4,512,405 
Excluded due to insufficient enrollment 
-87,255
851,994 
-66,419
759,571 
-1,340,098 
3,172,307 
Excluded due to prior use of warfarin 
-390,759
461,235 
-426,157
333,414 
-1,802,129 
1,370,178 
Excluded due to prior use of apixaban 5mg 
-250,816
210,419 
-139,097
194,317 
-545,919
824,259 
Excluded because patient qualified in >1 exposure category 
-21
210,398 
-5
194,312 
-51
824,208 
Excluded based on missing Age 
-563
209,835 
0 
194,312 
-136
824,072 
Excluded based on missing Gender 
0 
209,835 
0 
194,312 
0 
824,072 
Inclusion 3 - Age >= 18 
-82
209,753 
-187
194,125 
-68
824,004 
Inclusion #2- Afib (Inpatient, principal) 7 days prior OR Afib or 
flutter (any setting, any position) 2 diagnoses separated by 14 
to 351 days, measured 365 days prior to drug initiation 
-86406
123,347 
-96150
97,975 
-275611
548,393 
Inclusion #3- One or more of the 5 risk factor(s) for stroke 
-2636
120,711 
-2941
95,034 
-5239
543,154 
Excluded based on Exclusion #2- Mitral Stenosis (any position, 
any setting) 
-320
120,391 
-127
94,907 
-626
542,528 
Excluded based on Exclusion #3 - intracranial hemorrhage 
-503
119,888 
-309
94,598 
-1823
540,705 
Excluded based on Exclusion #4 - Prosthetic heart valve 
-1916
117,972 
-1004
93,594 
-8562
532,143 
Excluded based on Exclusion #5 - Uncontrolled hypertension 
-701
117,271 
-218
93,376 
-1753
530,390 
Excluded based on Exclusion #6 - Active infective endocarditis 
-83
117,188 
-43
93,333 
-456
529,934 
Excluded based on Exclusion #11 - Aspirin and Thienopyridine 
days supply overlap >7 days, measured 14 days prior to drug 
initiation 
-10
117,178 
-24
93,309 

 
Excluded based on Exclusion #12- CCI (180 days)>=10 
-5059
112,119 
-1788
91,521 
-6685
523,239 
Excluded based on Exclusion #13- Active alcohol or drug abuse 
-1381
110,738 
-563
90,958 
-5143
518,096 
Excluded based on Exclusion #14 - Ischemic stroke (w and w/o 
mention of cerebral infarction)- 7 days prior 
-1178
109,560 
-558
90,400 
-5741
512,355 
Excluded based on Exclusion #15 - Severe renal impairment 
-9885
99,675 
-5151
85,249 
-50219
462,136 
Excluded based on Exclusion #17 - Thrombocytopenia 
-411
99,264 
-290
84,959 
-2040
460,096 
Excluded based on Exclusion #18 - Anemia 
-933
98,331 
-1034
83,925 
-7386
452,710 
Excluded based on Exclusion #23b - Pregnancy 
-3
98,328 
-9
83,916 
-11
452,699 
Final cohort 
98,328 
83,916 
452,699 
*Medicare database includes all patients using a novel oral anticoagulant and a subset of patients using warfarin during 
2011-2017.
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Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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6. Variables
6.1 Exposure-related variables: 
Study drug:  
The study exposure of interest is initiation of apixaban. Initiation will be defined by no use of apixaban or a comparator in the prior 6 
months before treatment initiation (washout period). 
Comparator agents- 
•
Initiators of apixaban will be compared to initiators of- 
o Warfarin 
6.2 Covariates: 
•
Age
•
Sex
•
Combined Comorbidity Index (CCI), measured over the baseline covariate assessment period, defined as 180 days prior to
and including index date
Covariates listed above represent only a small subset of covariates that will ultimately be controlled for in the design and
analysis. We use the covariates above only for initial feasibility analyses to judge whether there is likely to be sufficient
overlap between treatment groups to proceed with the study. Remaining covariates are defined only after the study has
passed the initial feasibility analysis and the initial power assessment and are listed in Table 1 (Appendix B).
6.3 Outcome variables and study follow-up:  
6.3.1 Outcome variables 
Primary Effectiveness outcomes of interest (definitions provided in Appendix A): 
•
Primary outcome: Stroke (hemorrhagic, ischemic) and systemic embolism
•
Secondary outcomes: Individual components:
o
Hospital admission for stroke (principal diagnosis position)

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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o
Hospital admission for systemic embolism (principal diagnosis position)
Control outcomes of interest (control outcomes only serve to assess aspects of study validity but are not further interpreted): 
1. Major bleeding
6.3.2 Study follow-up 
Both as-treated (AT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses will be conducted with treatment defined as the index drug on the day of 
cohort entry. Because adherence in the real-world databases is expected to be much worse than in the trial, the AT analysis is the 
primary analysis, as it targets the relative hazard of outcomes on treatment.  
For the AT analyses, the follow-up will start the day after initiation of apixaban and comparator and will continue until the earliest 
date of the following events: 
•
The first occurrence of the outcome of interest, unless otherwise specified for selected outcomes,
•
The date of end of continuous registration in the database,
•
End of the study period,
•
Measured death event occurs,
•
Nursing home admission
o
Nursing home admissions are considered a censoring event because the data sources utilized typically provide little to
no data on a patient, particularly on drug utilization, after admission. We will utilize this as an exclusion reason for
cohorts for the same reason.
•
The date of drug discontinuation, defined as the date of the last continuous treatment episode of the index drug (apixaban
and comparator) plus a defined grace period (i.e., 10 days after the end of the last prescription’s days’ supply in main
analyses).
•
The date of augmentation or switching from exposure to comparator or vice versa or augmentation/switching to any other
NOAC (e.g. switching from apixaban or warfarin to rivaroxaban would be a censoring event);
o
A dosage change on the index treatment does not fulfill this criterion
o
An added treatment that is not part of the exposure or comparator group does not fulfill this criterion
For the intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses, the censoring based on the augmentation/switching and treatment discontinuation 
will be replaced with a maximum allowed follow-up time of 365 days.  

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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7. Initial Feasibility Analysis
Aetion report name:
Optum- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/707/results/58231/result/0  
Marketscan- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/708/results/58232/result/0 
Medicare- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/709/results/58233/result/0  
Date conducted: 9/4/2020 
Complete Aetion feasibility analysis using age, sex, and CCI as the only covariates and the primary endpoint (Section 6.3.1) as the 
outcome. No measures of association will be computed nor will incidence rates stratified by treatment group. 
•
Report patient characteristics by treatment group
•
Report summary parameters of study population
•
Report median follow-up time by treatment group
•
Report reasons for censoring in the overall study population
8. Initial Power Assessment
Aetion report name:
For apixaban vs. warfarin 
Optum- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/711/results/53838/result/0 
Marketscan- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/712/results/53839/result/0 
Medicare- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/713/results/53840/result/0 
Date conducted: 05/12/2020 
In order to complete the initial power analysis, the dummy outcome of a 90-day gap in database enrollment will be used. This 
outcome is used to ensure that no information on the comparative risks of the outcomes of interest are available at this stage. 
Complete a 1:1 PS-matched comparative analysis using this outcome. PS should include only 3 covariates: age, sex, and combined 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
8 
comorbidity index. Power calculations are based on the formulas from Chow et al. (2008). 
•
Stop analyses until feasibility and power are reviewed by primary investigators, FDA, and assigned members of advisory board.
Reviewed by PI: 
Jessica Franklin 
Date reviewed: 
6/3/20 
Reviewed by FDA: 
Ken Quinto 
Date reviewed: 
6/30/20 
Reasons for stopping 
analysis (if required): 
9. Balance Assessment
Aetion report name: 
For apixaban vs. warfarin 
Optum- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/711/results/57927/result/0  
Marketscan- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/712/results/57928/result/0 
Medicare- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/713/results/57982/result/0  
Date conducted: 8/27/2020 (Medicare 8/30/2020) 
After review of initial feasibility and power analyses, complete creation of the remaining covariates (see Table 1 below for list of 
covariates). Again, using the dummy outcome of a 90-day gap in database enrollment, complete a 1:1 PS-matched analysis. The PS 
should include the complete list of covariates (excluding laboratory values, which are missing in some patients). 
•
Provide plot of PS distributions stratified by treatment group.
Note- Please refer to Appendix B.
•
Report covariate balance after matching.
Note- For Table 1, please refer to Appendix B.

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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•
Report reasons for censoring by treatment group.
Overall 
Referent 
Exposure 
Dummy Outcome 
0 (0.00%) 
0 (0.00%) 
0 (0.00%) 
Death 
3,281 (1.49%) 
1,664 (1.51%) 
1,617 (1.47%) 
Start of an additional exposure 
4,890 (2.22%) 
3,122 (2.83%) 
1,768 (1.60%) 
End of index exposure 
157,724 (71.52%) 
78,153 (70.88%) 
79,571 
(72.17%) 
Specified date reached (Dec 
17/Dec 18/Dec 19) 
23,353 (10.59%) 
10,720 (9.72%) 
12,633 
(11.46%) 
End of patient enrollment 
9,203 (4.17%) 
4,146 (3.76%) 
5,057 (4.59%) 
Switch to other NOACs (for 
censoring) + nursing home 
admission 
22,067 (10.01%) 
12,454 (11.30%) 
9,613 (8.72%) 
•
Report follow-up time by treatment group.
Median Follow-Up Time (Days) [IQR] 
Patient Group 
Optum 
Truven 
Medicare 
Overall Patient Population 
98 [38-192] 
98 [38-213] 
98 [38-213] 
Referent 
98 [38-182] 
98 [38-180] 
98 [39-191] 
Exposure 
98 [38-211] 
98 [38-264] 
98 [38-242] 
•
Report overall risk of the primary outcome.
Optum 
MarketScan 
Medicare 
Pooled 
Risk per 1,000 patients 
3.61 
3.6 
5.64 
5.06 
10. Final Power Assessment
Date conducted: 
•
Re-calculate power in the appropriate excel table, using the revised number of matched patients from the PS-match in Section 9.

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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All other parameters in the table should be the same as in Section 8. 
§
For apixaban vs. warfarin
o
Pooled
 
o
Optum
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
110,259
Exposed
110,259
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.06
Desired HR from RCT
0.79
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
1115.82108
Power
0.975982555
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
110,259
Exposed
110,259
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.06
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.38
Number of events expected
1115.82108
Power
0.999686272

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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o
MarketScan
 
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
15,273
Exposed
15,273
Risk per 1,000 patients
3.61
Desired HR from RCT
0.79
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
110.27106
Power
0.235746761
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
15,273
Exposed
15,273
Risk per 1,000 patients
3.61
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.38
Number of events expected
110.27106
Power
0.394017124
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
14,849
Exposed
14,849
Risk per 1,000 patients
3.6
Desired HR from RCT
0.79
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
106.9128
Power
0.229997009
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
14,849
Exposed
14,849
Risk per 1,000 patients
3.60
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.38
Number of events expected
106.9128
Power
0.384067948

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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o
Medicare
 
•
Stop analyses until balance and final power assessment are reviewed by primary investigators, FDA, and assigned members of
advisory board.
Reviewed by PI: 
Jessica Franklin 
Date reviewed: 
9/8/20 
Reviewed by FDA: 
Ken Quinto 
Date reviewed: 
9/29/20 
Reasons for stopping 
analysis (if required): 
11. Study Confidence and Concerns
Deadline for voting on study confidence and listing concerns: 
Date votes and concerns are summarized:    
•
If final feasibility and power analyses are reviewed and approved, proceed to the remaining protocol steps.
•
All study team and advisory board members that review this protocol should at this stage provide their level of confidence for the
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
80,137
Exposed
80,137
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.64
Desired HR from RCT
0.79
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
903.94536
Power
0.943359069
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
Reference
80,137
Exposed
80,137
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.64
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.38
Number of events expected
903.94536
Power
0.998023363

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
13 
success of the RWD study in the Google Form. This form also provides space for reviewers to list any concerns that they feel may 
contribute to a failure to replicate the findings of the RCT, including differences in study populations, poor measurement of study 
variables, or residual confounding. All responses will be kept confidential and individual-level results will only be shared with the 
individual respondent. 
•
After the deadline for voting has passed, provide the distribution of responses and summarize all concerns here.
12. Register study protocol on clinicalTrials.gov
Date conducted: 
•
Register the study on clinicalTrials.gov and upload this document.
13. Comparative Analyses
Aetion report name: 
Date conducted:    
13.1 
For primary analysis:  
13.2 
For sensitivity analyses: 
14. Requested Results
14.1 
Table 1: Baseline characteristics before and after adjustment 
Variable 
Before adjustment 
After adjustment 
Referent 
Exposure 
Std. diff. 
Referent 
Exposure 
Std. diff. 
Number of patients 
- 
- 
Age categories 
… 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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14.2 
Table 2: Follow-up time 
Patient Group 
Median Follow-Up Time (Days) [IQR] 
Overall Patient Population 
Referent 
Exposure 
14.3 
Table 3: Censoring events 
Overall 
Referent 
Exposure 
Outcome 
Death 
Start of an additional exposure 
End of index exposure 
Specified date reached 
End of patient data 
End of patient enrollment 
… 
14.4 
Table 4: Results from primary analyses; 
Analysis 
No. exposed events 
No. referent events 
Exposed rate 
Referent rate 
HR (95% CI) 
Crude 
Analysis 1 
Analysis 2 
... 
HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
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14.5 
Table 5: Results from secondary analyses; 
15. References
Chow S, Shao J, Wang H. 2008.  Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. 2nd Ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series. page 
177 
Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC. Apixaban 
versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; 365(11):981-92. 

#
ARISTOTLE trial definitions 
Implementation in routine care
References/Rationale
Color coding
Please see the following Google Drive for further details or any missing 
information: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WD618wrywYjEaXzfLTcuK-
VCcnb6b-gV
Criteria
ICD-10 codes are not listed in this document because of excel cell size 
limitations and excessive number of ICD-10 codes. Full ICD-10 code lists will 
be available in the above Google Drive Folder (link above). ICD-9 to ICD-10 
code conversions were completed using a SAS macro that implements 
forward/ backward mapping based on the CMS ICD-9 to ICD-10 mapping: 
https://www.nber.org/data/icd9-icd-10-cm-and-pcs-crosswalk-general-
equivalence-mapping.html
Adequate mapping in claims
apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) versus warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0)
Apixaban 5mg vs warfarin
Intermediate mapping in claims
Poor mapping or cannot be measured in claims 
The primary outcome was ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism.
Measured 1 days after drug initiation in diagnosis position specified below and inpatient care 
setting:
For stroke : 
Primary diagnosis position in inpatient care setting 
430.xx  Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
431.xx  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
433.x1  Occlusion and stenosis of precerebral arteries with cerebral infarction
434.xx (excluding 434.x0)  Occlusion and stenosis of cerebral arteries with cerebral infarction
436.x  Acute, but ill-defined cerebrovascular events
Systemic embolism: (inpatient, any position)
ICD-9: 444.xx (arterial embolism)
ICD-10: I74.x arterial embolism and thrombosis 
For stroke:
PPV of 85% or higher for ischemic stroke
PPV ranging from 80% to 98% for hemorrhagic stroke
➜[Andrade SE, Harrold LR, Tjia J, et al. A systematic review of validated 
methods for identifying cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack 
using administrative data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2012;21 
Suppl 1:100-28.]
➜[Tirschwell DL, Longstreth WT, Jr. Validating administrative data in stroke 
research. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2002;33:2465-70.]
➜[Roumie CL, Mitchel E, Gideon PS, Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, Griffin MR.
Validation of ICD-9 codes with a high positive predictive value for incident 
strokes resulting in hospitalization using Medicaid health data. 
Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2008;17:20-6.]
Can't be measured in claims but not important 
for the analysis
1 Age ≥ 18 years
Measured on the day of drug initiation 
Age >=18 years 
2 Either of the following:
2a • In atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter not due to a reversible cause and documented by ECG at the time of enrollment.
Measured 7 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in primary diagnosis position and 
inpatient care setting
Atrial fibrillation ICD-9 diagnosis: 427.31, 427.32
Reversible causes listed in exclusion criteria.
2b
• If not in atrial fibrillation/flutter at the time of enrollment, must have atrial fibrillation/flutter documented on two 
separate occasions, not due to a reversible cause at least 2 weeks apart in the 12 months prior to enrollment. Atrial
fibrillation/flutter may be documented by ECG, or as an episode lasting at least one minute on a rhythm strip, Holter 
recording, or intracardiac electrogram (from an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator).
Measured 365 days prior to and including day of drug initiation 2 diagnoses of Atrial 
fibrillation/flutter separated by 14 to 351 days in any diagnosis position and inpatient or 
outpatient care setting
Atrial fibrillation or flutter ICD-9 diagnosis: 427.31, 427.32
Reversible causes listed in exclusion criteria.
3 One or more of the following risk factor(s) for stroke:
3a • Age 75 years or older
Measured on the day of drug initiation 
Age >=75
3b • Prior stroke, TIA or systemic embolus
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation in diagnosis position and care 
setting specified below
Stroke (inpatient care setting, primary diagnosis position) 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 430.x, 431.xx, 433.xx, 434.xx, 436.xx
ICD-10 diagnosis: I63.5x, I63.6x, I63.8x, I63.9x, I65.0x, I65.1x, I65.2x, I66.0x, I66.1x, I66.2x, 
I66.3x, I66.8x, I66.9x 
Hemorrhagic stroke:  
ICD-9 diagnosis: 431.x 
Ischemic stroke: 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 433.x, 434.x 
Systemic embolism (inpatient care setting, any diagnosis position)
ICD-9 diagnosis: 444.x 
ICD-10 diagnosis: I74.x arterial embolism and thrombosis 
TIA (inpatient or ED care setting, any diagnosis position)
ICD-9 diagnosis: 435.xx ( Transient cerebral ischemia )
3c • Either symptomatic congestive heart failure within 3 months or left ventricular dysfunction with an LV ejection fraction
(LVEF) ≤ 40% by echocardiography, radionuclide study or contrast angiography
Measured 90 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient care setting 
Heart failure 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 428.x, 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.11, 404.91, 404.03, 
404.13, 404.93
ICD-10 diagnosis: I09.81, I11.0, I13.0, I13.2, I50.1x, I50.2x, I50.3x, I50.4x, I50.9
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Cardiovascular outcomes associated with 
canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based 
cohort study." BMJ 2018;360:k119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k119
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Empagliflozin and the Risk of Heart Failure 
Hospitalization in Routine Clinical Care: A First Analysis from the Empagliflozin 
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety (EMPRISE) Study."  Circulation. 2019 Apr 
8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039177
PRIMARY OUTCOME
Trial details- Primary approval, Unintended S with label change
EXPOSURE vs. COMPARISON
INCLUSION CRITERIA
Appendix A

3d • Diabetes mellitus
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
any care setting
Type 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus
ICD-9 diagnosis: 250.x1, 250.x3, 250.x0, 250.x2
ICD-10 diagnosis: E10.x, E11.x
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Cardiovascular outcomes associated with 
canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based 
cohort study." BMJ 2018;360:k119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k119
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Empagliflozin and the Risk of Heart Failure 
Hospitalization in Routine Clinical Care: A First Analysis from the Empagliflozin 
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety (EMPRISE) Study."  Circulation. 2019 Apr 
8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039177
3e • Hypertension requiring pharmacological treatment
Measured 180 days to 3650 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis 
position and inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Hypertension
ICD-9 diagnosis: 401.x – 405.x 
ICD-10 diagnosis: I10.x - I13.x, I15.x
Plus following medication use on the same day: (Hypertension Medications sheet)
ACE/ARB/beta-blocker/Calcium channel blockers/thiazides/loop diuretics/other 
diuretics/other hypertensive medications 
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Cardiovascular outcomes associated with 
canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based 
cohort study." BMJ 2018;360:k119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k119
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Empagliflozin and the Risk of Heart Failure 
Hospitalization in Routine Clinical Care: A First Analysis from the Empagliflozin 
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety (EMPRISE) Study."  Circulation. 2019 Apr 
8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039177
4
Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must be using an adequate method of contraception to avoid pregnancy 
throughout the treatment period of the study or for 2 weeks after the last dose of study medication, whichever is longer, in 
such a manner that the risk of pregnancy is minimized.
N/A - Incorporated in the exclusion criteria.
5 WOCBP must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG) within 
48 hours prior to the start of investigational product.
N/A - Incorporated in the exclusion criteria.
6 All subjects must provide signed written informed consent.
N/A
1 Atrial fibrillation or flutter due to reversible causes (e.g. thyrotoxicosis, pericarditis)
N/A
2 Clinically significant (moderate or severe) mitral stenosis
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Mitral stenosis
ICD-9 diagnosis: 396.0x, 396.1x, 394, 746.5
ICD-10 diagnosis: I34.2x, I05.1x, I05.2x
3 Increased bleeding risk that is believed to be a contraindication to oral anticoagulation (e.g. previous intracranial
hemorrhage)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient care setting 
Intracranial hemorrhage
ICD-9 diagnosis: 430.x, 431.x, 432.x 
4 Conditions other than atrial fibrillation that require chronic anticoagulation (e.g. prosthetic mechanical heart valve)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
ICD-9 diagnosis: V43.3x
ICD-10 diagnosis: Z95.2x
CPT procedure codes: (TAVR with prosthetic valve) 
33361, 33362, 33363, 33364, 33365, 33366, 33367, 33368, 33369, 33477, 0483T, 0484T, 
0569T, 0570T
5 Persistent, uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP > 180 mm Hg, or diastolic BP > 100 mm Hg)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or ED care setting 
Malignant hypertension
ICD-9 diagnosis: 401.0x 
Hypertensive urgency/ Hypertensive crisis 
ICD-10 diagnosis: I16.xx 
6 Active infective endocarditis
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Endocarditis
ICD-9 diagnosis: 421.xx 
ICD-10 diagnosis: I33.xx
7 Planned major surgery
N/A
8 Planned atrial fibrillation or flutter ablation procedure
N/A
9 Use of an unapproved, investigational drug or device within the past 30 days
N/A
10 Required treatment with aspirin > 165 mg/day
N/A
11 Simultaneous treatment with both aspirin and a thienopyridine (e.g., clopidogrel, ticlopidine)
Measured 14 days prior to and including day of drug initiation 
Days supply overlap of >7 days of:
1) Prescription for any dose of Aspirin (Note: Unable to capture over the counter use.) 
AND
2) Prescription for any dose of Clopidogrel/Ticlopidine/prasugrel
12 Severe comorbid condition with life expectancy of ≤ 1 year
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation
CCI ≥ 10
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Appendix A

13 Active alcohol or drug abuse, or psychosocial reasons that make study participation impractical
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Alcohol abuse or dependence 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 291.xx, 303.xx, 305.0x, 571.0x, 571.1x, 571.2x, 571.3x, 357.5x, 425.5x, 
E860.0x, V11.3x
Drug abuse or dependence 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 292.xx, 304.xx, 305.2x-305.9x, 648.3x, 965.0x, 967.x, 969.x, 970.81
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Cardiovascular outcomes associated with 
canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based 
cohort study." BMJ 2018;360:k119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k119
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Empagliflozin and the Risk of Heart Failure 
Hospitalization in Routine Clinical Care: A First Analysis from the Empagliflozin 
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety (EMPRISE) Study."  Circulation. 2019 Apr 
8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039177
14 Recent ischemic stroke (within 7 days)
Measured 7 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in primary diagnosis position and 
inpatient care setting
Ischemic stroke 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 433.xx, 434.xx, 436.xx
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Cardiovascular outcomes associated with 
canagliflozin versus other non-gliflozin antidiabetic drugs: population based 
cohort study." BMJ 2018;360:k119 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k119
Patorno, Elisabetta et al. "Empagliflozin and the Risk of Heart Failure 
Hospitalization in Routine Clinical Care: A First Analysis from the Empagliflozin 
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety (EMPRISE) Study."  Circulation. 2019 Apr 
8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039177
15 Severe renal insufficiency (serum creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL or a calculated creatinine clearance < 25 mL/min, See Section
6.3.2.2)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
CKD stage 4/5/ESRD  
ICD-9 diagnosis: 585.4x, 585.5x, 585.6x
ICD-10 diagnosis: N18.4x, N18.5x, N18.6x 
OR
Dialysis/ Renal transplant code list in sheet "Dialysis and Renal Transplant'"
16 ALT or AST > 2X ULN or a Total Bilirubin  ≥  1.5X ULN (unless an alternative causative factor [e.g., Gilbert’s syndrome] is 
identified)
N/A
17 Platelet count ≤ 100,000/ mm3
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Thrombocytopenia
ICD-9 diagnosis: 287.3x, 287.4x, 287.5x
ICD-10 diagnosis: D69.3x, D69.4x, D69.5x, D69.6x
18 Hemoglobin < 9 g/dL
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Anemia (non-deficiency/neoplastic/chemotherapy/hemorrhagic assoicated)
ICD-9 diagnosis: 282.x, 283.x, 284.x, 285.0, 285.2 (acute posthemorrhagic anemia), 285.22 
(anemia of neoplastic disease), 285.3 (antineoplastic chemotherapy induced anemia)
ICD-10 diagnosis: D55 - D62, D63.0
19 Inability to comply with INR monitoring
N/A
20 Prior randomization into an apixaban clinical study
N/A
21 Prisoners or subjects who are involuntarily incarcerated
N/A
22 Subjects who are compulsorily detained for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (e.g., infectious disease) illness
N/A
23 Women of child bearing potential (WOCBP) unwilling or unable to use an acceptable method to avoid pregnancy:
N/A
23a • WOCBP using a prohibited contraceptive method
N/A
23b
• WOCBP include any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone successful surgical sterilization 
(hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or is not postmenopausal [defined as amenorrhea ≥ 12
consecutive months; or women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with documented serum follicle stimulating 
hormone (FSH) level > 35 mIU/mL]. 
Even women who are using oral contraceptives, other hormonal contraceptives (vaginal
products, skin patches, or implanted or injectable products), or mechanical products such as an intrauterine device or 
barrier methods (diaphragm, condoms, spermicides) to prevent pregnancy, or are practicing abstinence or where their
partner is sterile (e.g., vasectomy) should be considered to be of child bearing potential
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and 
inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Codes are in the sheet "Pregnancy"
23c • Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
23d • Women with a positive pregnancy test on enrollment or prior to administration of investigational product.
Appendix A

Trial ID 
pNDA15
Trial Name (with web links)
ARISTOTLE 
NCT
NCT00412984 
Therapeutic Area
Cardiology/Vascular Diseases
Brand Name
Eliquis 
Generic Name
apixaban
Sponsor
 Bristol-Myers Squibb
Year
2012
pNDA Indication
 For the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism resulting from 
nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Measurable endpoint
Primary outcomes:
Effectiveness: ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism
Safety: Major bleeding
Trial finding
HR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.95; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.01 for 
superiority
Blinding
Double-blinded
No. of Patients
 18,201 
Comparator
Active
Appendix A

ACE inhibitor
Benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, 
perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril
ARB
Azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, 
olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan
Beta blocker
Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, carvedilol, 
esmolol, labetalol, metoprolol tartrate, metoprolol succinate, 
propranolol, penbutolol, pindolol, nadolol, nebivolol, sotalol, 
timolol
Calcium channel blocker
Diltiazem, mibefradil, verapamil, amlodipine, clevidipine, 
bepridil, felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, 
nimodipine, nisoldipine
Other hypertension drugs
Doxazosin, eplerenone, prazosin, terazosin, clonidine, 
guanabenz, guanadrel, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, 
methyldopa, metyrosine, reserpine, minoxidil, aliskiren 
Thiazides
Benzthiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, cyclothiazide, 
hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, 
methyclothiazide, metolazone, polythiazide, quinethazone, 
trichlormethiazide, bendroflumethiazide
Loop diuretics
Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid
Other diuretics
Amiloride, eplerenone, spironolactone, triamterene
Hypertension medication
Appendix A

Dialysis codes
ESRD, defined as 2 codes (either inpatient or outpatient), separated by at least 30 days
Codes include:
- ICD9 prox codes:
39.95, Hemodialysis
54.98, Peritoneal dialysis
- ICD9 dx codes:
585.5x, Chronic kidney disease, Stage V (for ESRD with no mention of dialysis)
585.6x, End stage renal disease (for ESRD with dialysis)
V56.0x, encounter for dialysis NOS
V56.8x, encounter for peritoneal dialysis
V45.1x, renal dialysis status
- CPT4 codes:
90957, 90960, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 4 or more face-to-face physician
visits per month
90958, 90961, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 2-3 face-to-face physician visits per
month
90959, 90962, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 1 face-to-face physician visit per
month
90920, 90921, ESRD related services per full month; for patients 12-19 and twenty years of age and over
90924, 90925, ESRD related services (less than full month), per day; for patients 12-19 and twenty years of age and over
90935, Hemodialysis procedure with single physician evaluation
90937, Hemodialysis procedure requiring repeated evaluation(s) with or without substantial revision of dialysis prescription
90945, Dialysis procedure other than hemodialysis (eg, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, or other continuous renal replacement
therapies), with single physician evaluation
90947, Dialysis procedure other than hemodialysis (eg, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, or other continuous renal replacement
therapies) requiring repeated physician evaluations, with or without substantial revision of dialysis prescription
90965, 90966, ESRD related services for home dialysis per full month, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older
90969, 90970, ESRD related services for dialysis less than a full month of service, per day; for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and
older
90989, Dialysis training, patient, including helper where applicable, any mode, completed course
90993, Dialysis training, patient, including helper where applicable, any mode, course not completed, per training session
90999, Unlisted dialysis procedure, inpatient or outpatient
99512, Home visit for hemodialysis
- HCPCS codes:
G0257, Unscheduled or emergency dialysis treatment for ESRD patient in a hospital outpatient dept. that is not certified as an ESRD 
facility
G0314, G0317, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age an over to include monitoring
for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/4 or more physician visit per month
G0315, G0318, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20yrs of age and over to include monitoring
for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/2 or 3 physician visit per month
Appendix A

G0316, G0319, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age and over to include monitoring 
for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/1 physician visit per month
G0322, G0323, ESRD related services for home dialysis patients per full month: for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age and over to include 
monitoring for adequacy of nutrition and etc.
G0326, G0327, ESRD related services for home dialysis (less than full month), per day; for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age and over
S9335, Home therapy, hemodialysis; administrative services, professional pharmacy services, care coordination, and all necessary 
supplies and equipment (drugs and nursing services coded separately), per diem
S9339, Home therapy, peritoneal dialysis, administrative services, care coordination and all necessary supplies and equipment, per diem
OR
Kidney transplant, defined as either 1 inpatient or 1 outpatient code
Codes include:
-ICD9 dx codes:
V42.0x, Kidney transplant status
996.81 Complications of transplanted kidney
-ICD9 prox codes:
55.6x, Transplant of kidney (Exclude 55.61)
- CPT4 codes:
Appendix A

Pregnancy 
Dx codes 
650   NORMAL DELIVERY
660   OBSTRUCTED LABOR
661   ABNORMALITY OF FORCES OF LABOR
662   LONG LABOR
663   UMBILICAL CORD COMPLICATIONS DURING LABOR AND DELIVERY
664   TRAUMA TO PERINEUM AND VULVA DURING DELIVERY
665   OTHER OBSTETRICAL TRAUMA
667   RETAINED PLACENTA OR MEMBRANES WITHOUT HEMORRHAGE
668   COMPLICATIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANESTHETIC OR OTHER SEDATION IN LABOR AND DELIVERY
669.94   UNSPECIFIED COMPLICATION OF LABOR AND DELIVERY POSTPARTUM CONDITION OR COMPLICATION
V24   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION
V24.0   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION IMMEDIATELY AFTER DELIVERY
V24.1   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION OF LACTATING MOTHER
V24.2   ROUTINE POSTPARTUM FOLLOW
V27   OUTCOME OF DELIVERY
V27.0   MOTHER WITH SINGLE LIVEBORN
V27.1   MOTHER WITH SINGLE STILLBORN
V27.2   MOTHER WITH TWINS BOTH LIVEBORN
V27.3   MOTHER WITH TWINS ONE LIVEBORN AND ONE STILLBORN
V27.4   MOTHER WITH TWINS BOTH STILLBORN
V27.5   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH ALL LIVEBORN
V27.6   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH SOME LIVEBORN
V27.7   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH ALL STILLBORN
V27.9   MOTHER WITH UNSPECIFIED OUTCOME OF DELIVERY
Procedure codes 
72.0   LOW FORCEPS OPERATION
72.1   LOW FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.2   MID FORCEPS OPERATION
72.21   MID FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.29   OTHER MID FORCEPS OPERATION
72.3   HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION
72.31   HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.39   OTHER HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION
Appendix A

72.4   FORCEPS ROTATION OF FETAL HEAD
72.5   BREECH EXTRACTION
72.51   PARTIAL BREECH EXTRACTION WITH FORCEPS TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.52   OTHER PARTIAL BREECH EXTRACTION
72.53   TOTAL BREECH EXTRACTION WITH FORCEPS TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.54   OTHER TOTAL BREECH EXTRACTION
72.6   FORCEPS APPLICATION TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.7   VACUUM EXTRACTION
72.71   VACUUM EXTRACTION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.79   OTHER VACUUM EXTRACTION
72.8   OTHER SPECIFIED INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY
72.9   UNSPECIFIED INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY
73.0   ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.01   INDUCTION OF LABOR BY ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.09   OTHER ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.1   OTHER SURGICAL INDUCTION OF LABOR
73.2   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION AND EXTRACTION
73.21   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION WITHOUT EXTRACTION
73.22   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION WITH EXTRACTION
73.3   FAILED FORCEPS
73.4   MEDICAL INDUCTION OF LABOR
73.5   MANUALLY ASSISTED DELIVERY
73.51   MANUAL ROTATION OF FETAL HEAD
73.59   OTHER MANUALLY ASSISTED DELIVERY
73.6   EPISIOTOMY
73.8   OPERATIONS ON FETUS TO FACILITATE DELIVERY
73.9   OTHER OPERATIONS ASSISTING DELIVERY
73.91   EXTERNAL VERSION ASSISTING DELIVERY
73.92   REPLACEMENT OF PROLAPSED UMBILICAL CORD
73.93   INCISION OF CERVIX TO ASSIST DELIVERY
73.94   PUBIOTOMY TO ASSIST DELIVERY
73.99   OTHER OPERATIONS ASSISTING DELIVERY
74.0   CLASSICAL CESAREAN SECTION
74.1   LOW CERVICAL CESAREAN SECTION
74.2   EXTRAPERITONEAL CESAREAN SECTION
Appendix A

74.3   REMOVAL OF EXTRATUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
74.4   CESAREAN SECTION OF OTHER SPECIFIED TYPE
74.9   CESAREAN SECTION OF UNSPECIFIED TYPE
74.91   HYSTEROTOMY TO TERMINATE PREGNANCY
74.99   OTHER CESAREAN SECTION OF UNSPECIFIED TYPE
75.4   MANUAL REMOVAL OF RETAINED PLACENTA
75.5   REPAIR OF CURRENT OBSTETRIC LACERATION OF UTERUS
75.6   REPAIR OF OTHER CURRENT OBSTETRIC LACERATION
75.7   MANUAL EXPLORATION OF UTERINE CAVITY, POSTPARTUM
75.9   OTHER OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS
Appendix A

AFTER PS MATCHING
BEFORE PS MATCHING
Optum
MarketScan
Medicare
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.911. The post-matching c-statistic 
was 0.547.
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.904. The post-matching 
c-statistic was 0.54.
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.901. The post-matching c-statistic 
was 0.531.
Appendix B: Apixaban vs Warfarin

Variable
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
St. Diff.
Number of patients
                                          46,518                                           51,684 
47,096
                                         
36,714
                                         
277,248
                                      
174,898
                                      
                                       370,862                                        263,296 
Age
...mean (sd)
75.30 (8.70)
74.09 (9.49)
74.33 (11.29)
69.50 (12.30)
77.79 (8.41)
77.33 (8.13)
77.04 (8.86)
75.60 (9.09)
0.16
...median [IQR]
77.00 [70.00, 82.00]
75.00 [68.00, 81.00]
76.00 [66.00, 83.00]
69.00 [60.00, 79.00]
78.00 [72.00, 84.00]
77.00 [72.00, 83.00]
Age categories without zero category
...18 - 54; n (%)
1,093 (2.3%)
1,861 (3.6%)
2,201 (4.7%)
3,698 (10.1%)
2,803 (1.0%)
1,281 (0.7%)
6,097 (1.6%)
6,840 (2.6%)
-0.01
...55 - 64; n (%)
4,064 (8.7%)
5,668 (11.0%)
8,470 (18.0%)
11,308 (30.8%)
8,161 (2.9%)
4,224 (2.4%)
20,695 (5.6%)
21,200 (8.1%)
-0.01
...65 - 74; n (%)
13,880 (29.8%)
16,773 (32.5%)
10,436 (22.2%)
7,808 (21.3%)
83,745 (30.2%)
59,633 (34.1%)
108,061 (29.1%)
84,214 (32.0%)
-0.01
...>= 75; n (%)
27,481 (59.1%)
27,382 (53.0%)
25,989 (55.2%)
13,900 (37.9%)
182,539 (65.8%)
109,760 (62.8%)
236,009 (63.6%)
151,042 (57.4%)
0.01
Gender without zero category- United
...Males; n (%)
25,508 (54.8%)
25,542 (49.4%)
26,865 (57.0%)
20,513 (55.9%)
135,230 (48.8%)
76,603 (43.8%)
187,603 (50.6%)
122,658 (46.6%)
0.01
...Females; n (%)
21,010 (45.2%)
26,142 (50.6%)
20,231 (43.0%)
16,201 (44.1%)
142,018 (51.2%)
98,295 (56.2%)
183,259 (49.4%)
140,638 (53.4%)
-0.01
Race without zero category
...White; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
259,440 (93.6%)
162,140 (92.7%)
259,440 (93.6%)
162,140 (92.7%)
#REF!
...Black; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
8,892 (3.2%)
5,772 (3.3%)
8,892 (3.2%)
5,772 (3.3%)
0.00
...Asian; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2,208 (0.8%)
1,884 (1.1%)
2,208 (0.8%)
1,884 (1.1%)
0.00
...Hispanic; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2,251 (0.8%)
1,567 (0.9%)
2,251 (0.8%)
1,567 (0.9%)
0.00
...North American Native; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
773 (0.3%)
394 (0.2%)
773 (0.3%)
394 (0.2%)
0.00
...Other/Unknown; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3,684 (1.3%)
3,141 (1.8%)
3,684 (1.3%)
3,141 (1.8%)
0.00
Region without zero category- United v3 (lumping 
missing&other category with West)
...Northeast; n (%)
6,849 (14.7%)
6,040 (11.7%)
11,511 (24.4%)
7,944 (21.6%)
62,468 (22.5%)
32,667 (18.7%)
80,828 (21.8%)
46,651 (17.7%)
0.01
...South; n (%)
15,118 (32.5%)
23,275 (45.0%)
15,235 (32.3%)
9,410 (25.6%)
95,216 (34.3%)
77,615 (44.4%)
125,569 (33.9%)
110,300 (41.9%)
-0.01
...Midwest; n (%)
10,705 (23.0%)
10,011 (19.4%)
12,823 (27.2%)
14,967 (40.8%)
73,735 (26.6%)
36,209 (20.7%)
97,263 (26.2%)
61,187 (23.2%)
0.01
...West; n (%)
13,846 (29.8%)
12,358 (23.9%)
7,324 (15.6%)
4,225 (11.5%)
45,829 (16.5%)
28,407 (16.2%)
66,999 (18.1%)
44,990 (17.1%)
0.00
...Unknown+missing; n (%)
N/A
N/A
203 (0.4%)
168 (0.5%)
N/A
N/A
203 (0.4%)
168 (0.5%)
0.00
Calendar Time by day (March 29, 2013 to CED)
...mean (sd)
1,024.53 (739.16)
1,652.15 (579.60)
535.68 (509.15)
1,132.76 (552.83)
3,905 (1.4%)
2,792 (1.6%)
3115.82 (318.51)
2336.89 (329.48)
2.40
...median [IQR]
943.00 [351.00, 
1,649.00]
1,757.00 [1,289.00, 
2,132.00]
389.00 [121.00, 838.00] 148.00 [687.00, 1,587.00]
8,444 (3.0%)
4,048 (2.3%)
CV Covariates
Ischemic heart disease; n (%)
15,366 (33.0%)
18,835 (36.4%)
15,378 (32.7%)
12,189 (33.2%)
85,977 (31.0%)
61,345 (35.1%)
116,721 (31.5%)
92,369 (35.1%)
-0.01
Acute MI; n (%)
1,062 (2.3%)
1,789 (3.5%)
1,106 (2.3%)
1,178 (3.2%)
5,202 (1.9%)
4,915 (2.8%)
7,370 (2.0%)
7,882 (3.0%)
-0.01
ACS/unstable angina; n (%)
996 (2.1%)
1,826 (3.5%)
1,029 (2.2%)
1,272 (3.5%)
5,178 (1.9%)
5,389 (3.1%)
7,203 (1.9%)
8,487 (3.2%)
-0.01
Old MI; n (%)
2,154 (4.6%)
3,103 (6.0%)
1,390 (3.0%)
1,228 (3.3%)
12,481 (4.5%)
9,804 (5.6%)
16,025 (4.3%)
14,135 (5.4%)
0.00
Stable angina; n (%)
1,906 (4.1%)
3,373 (6.5%)
1,430 (3.0%)
1,709 (4.7%)
7,700 (2.8%)
7,862 (4.5%)
11,036 (3.0%)
12,944 (4.9%)
-0.01
Coronary atherosclerosis and other forms of chronic 
ischemic heart disease; n (%)
14,190 (30.5%)
16,844 (32.6%)
14,344 (30.5%)
10,912 (29.7%)
80,277 (29.0%)
55,930 (32.0%)
108,811 (29.3%)
83,686 (31.8%)
0.00
Other atherosclerosis with ICD10 v2 Copy; n (%)
640 (1.4%)
482 (0.9%)
767 (1.6%)
353 (1.0%)
3,716 (1.3%)
1,837 (1.1%)
5,123 (1.4%)
2,672 (1.0%)
0.00
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) 
v4; n (%)
466 (1.0%)
590 (1.1%)
582 (1.2%)
378 (1.0%)
2,737 (1.0%)
1,850 (1.1%)
3,785 (1.0%)
2,818 (1.1%)
0.00
History of CABG or PTCA; n (%)
3,408 (7.3%)
5,202 (10.1%)
1,986 (4.2%)
1,679 (4.6%)
21,847 (7.9%)
17,991 (10.3%)
27,241 (7.3%)
24,872 (9.4%)
-0.01
Any stroke; n (%)
3,889 (8.4%)
5,294 (10.2%)
4,154 (8.8%)
3,107 (8.5%)
22,265 (8.0%)
16,801 (9.6%)
30,308 (8.2%)
25,202 (9.6%)
0.00
Ischemic stroke (w and w/o mention of cerebral 
infarction); n (%)
3,868 (8.3%)
5,274 (10.2%)
4,139 (8.8%)
3,089 (8.4%)
22,171 (8.0%)
16,733 (9.6%)
30,178 (8.1%)
25,096 (9.5%)
0.00
Hemorrhagic stroke; n (%)
39 (0.1%)
43 (0.1%)
33 (0.1%)
29 (0.1%)
140 (0.1%)
110 (0.1%)
212 (0.1%)
182 (0.1%)
0.00
TIA; n (%)
1,324 (2.8%)
2,160 (4.2%)
1,325 (2.8%)
1,405 (3.8%)
6,957 (2.5%)
6,574 (3.8%)
9,606 (2.6%)
10,139 (3.9%)
-0.01
Other cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
1,133 (2.4%)
1,895 (3.7%)
1,082 (2.3%)
1,018 (2.8%)
6,167 (2.2%)
5,465 (3.1%)
8,382 (2.3%)
8,378 (3.2%)
-0.01
Late effects of cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
1,203 (2.6%)
1,446 (2.8%)
1,059 (2.2%)
660 (1.8%)
6,565 (2.4%)
4,464 (2.6%)
8,827 (2.4%)
6,570 (2.5%)
0.00
Cerebrovascular procedure; n (%)
36 (0.1%)
74 (0.1%)
40 (0.1%)
37 (0.1%)
272 (0.1%)
239 (0.1%)
348 (0.1%)
350 (0.1%)
0.00
Heart failure (CHF); n (%)
11,451 (24.6%)
13,056 (25.3%)
10,527 (22.4%)
7,845 (21.4%)
57,750 (20.8%)
37,998 (21.7%)
79,728 (21.5%)
58,899 (22.4%)
0.00
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) or PVD Surgery v2; 
n (%)
4,031 (8.7%)
4,290 (8.3%)
3,753 (8.0%)
2,213 (6.0%)
22,154 (8.0%)
13,347 (7.6%)
29,938 (8.1%)
19,850 (7.5%)
0.00
Atrial fibrillation; n (%)
44,976 (96.7%)
50,504 (97.7%)
45,020 (95.6%)
36,026 (98.1%)
258,810 (93.3%)
162,538 (92.9%)
348,806 (94.1%)
249,068 (94.6%)
0.00
Other cardiac dysrhythmia; n (%)
28,564 (61.4%)
46,297 (89.6%)
18,736 (39.8%)
27,343 (74.5%)
128,350 (46.3%)
124,814 (71.4%)
175,650 (47.4%)
198,454 (75.4%)
-0.04
Cardiac conduction disorders; n (%)
3,879 (8.3%)
6,455 (12.5%)
3,318 (7.0%)
3,652 (9.9%)
18,316 (6.6%)
16,705 (9.6%)
25,513 (6.9%)
26,812 (10.2%)
-0.01
Other CVD; n (%)
15,662 (33.7%)
21,521 (41.6%)
15,575 (33.1%)
14,236 (38.8%)
74,638 (26.9%)
58,184 (33.3%)
105,875 (28.5%)
93,941 (35.7%)
-0.01
Diabetes-related complications
Diabetic retinopathy; n (%)
618 (1.3%)
532 (1.0%)
530 (1.1%)
251 (0.7%)
2,648 (1.0%)
1,270 (0.7%)
3,796 (1.0%)
2,053 (0.8%)
0.00
Diabetes with other ophthalmic manifestations; n 
(%)
70 (0.2%)
105 (0.2%)
394 (0.8%)
152 (0.4%)
1,768 (0.6%)
753 (0.4%)
2,232 (0.6%)
1,010 (0.4%)
0.00
Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, 
vitrectomy; n (%)
46 (0.1%)
38 (0.1%)
54 (0.1%)
32 (0.1%)
278 (0.1%)
132 (0.1%)
378 (0.1%)
202 (0.1%)
0.00
Retinal laser coagulation therapy; n (%)
36 (0.1%)
42 (0.1%)
55 (0.1%)
21 (0.1%)
331 (0.1%)
169 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
232 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of Diabetic Neuropathy v2 Copy; n (%)
2,516 (5.4%)
2,284 (4.4%)
2,055 (4.4%)
1,237 (3.4%)
10,444 (3.8%)
5,519 (3.2%)
15,015 (4.0%)
9,040 (3.4%)
0.00
Occurrence of diabetic nephropathy V3 with ICD10 
Copy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Hypoglycemia v2; n (%)
362 (0.8%)
146 (0.3%)
523 (1.1%)
168 (0.5%)
3,539 (1.3%)
2,349 (1.3%)
4,424 (1.2%)
2,663 (1.0%)
0.00
Hyperglycemia; n (%)
2,214 (4.8%)
3,478 (6.7%)
1,225 (2.6%)
1,520 (4.1%)
14,276 (5.1%)
12,139 (6.9%)
17,715 (4.8%)
17,137 (6.5%)
-0.01
Disorders of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance; n 
(%)
3,947 (8.5%)
6,950 (13.4%)
3,246 (6.9%)
3,753 (10.2%)
20,433 (7.4%)
9,603 (5.5%)
27,626 (7.4%)
20,306 (7.7%)
0.00
Diabetic ketoacidosis; n (%)
38 (0.1%)
27 (0.1%)
48 (0.1%)
28 (0.1%)
266 (0.1%)
142 (0.1%)
352 (0.1%)
197 (0.1%)
0.00
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome 
(HONK); n (%)
42 (0.1%)
58 (0.1%)
35 (0.1%)
31 (0.1%)
227 (0.1%)
171 (0.1%)
304 (0.1%)
260 (0.1%)
0.00
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders with 
ICD-10 v2 Copy; n (%)
1,168 (2.5%)
1,166 (2.3%)
912 (1.9%)
460 (1.3%)
7,176 (2.6%)
3,365 (1.9%)
9,256 (2.5%)
4,991 (1.9%)
0.00
Diabetic Foot; n (%)
1,114 (2.4%)
882 (1.7%)
1,235 (2.6%)
568 (1.5%)
8,445 (3.0%)
3,903 (2.2%)
10,794 (2.9%)
5,353 (2.0%)
0.01
Gangrene v2; n (%)
55 (0.1%)
56 (0.1%)
74 (0.2%)
46 (0.1%)
434 (0.2%)
236 (0.1%)
563 (0.2%)
338 (0.1%)
0.00
Lower extremity amputation; n (%)
193 (0.4%)
158 (0.3%)
116 (0.2%)
64 (0.2%)
995 (0.4%)
494 (0.3%)
1,304 (0.4%)
716 (0.3%)
0.00
Osteomyelitis; n (%)
179 (0.4%)
166 (0.3%)
211 (0.4%)
116 (0.3%)
1,256 (0.5%)
633 (0.4%)
1,646 (0.4%)
915 (0.3%)
0.00
Skin infections v2; n (%)
2,805 (6.0%)
2,863 (5.5%)
3,119 (6.6%)
1,972 (5.4%)
17,378 (6.3%)
9,518 (5.4%)
23,302 (6.3%)
14,353 (5.5%)
0.00
Erectile dysfunction; n (%)
831 (1.8%)
1,104 (2.1%)
743 (1.6%)
766 (2.1%)
1,957 (0.7%)
1,418 (0.8%)
3,531 (1.0%)
3,288 (1.2%)
0.00
Diabetes with unspecified complication; n (%)
558 (1.2%)
813 (1.6%)
441 (0.9%)
487 (1.3%)
2,180 (0.8%)
1,571 (0.9%)
3,179 (0.9%)
2,871 (1.1%)
0.00
Diabetes mellitus without mention of complications; 
n (%)
12,418 (26.7%)
11,942 (23.1%)
12,169 (25.8%)
8,307 (22.6%)
72,769 (26.2%)
39,895 (22.8%)
97,356 (26.3%)
60,144 (22.8%)
0.01
Hypertension: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims 
within 365 days; n (%)
38,202 (82.1%)
44,939 (86.9%)
34,957 (74.2%)
30,224 (82.3%)
240,781 (86.8%)
156,352 (89.4%)
313,940 (84.7%)
231,515 (87.9%)
0.00
Hyperlipidemia v2; n (%)
26,248 (56.4%)
31,513 (61.0%)
22,282 (47.3%)
20,521 (55.9%)
132,828 (47.9%)
95,142 (54.4%)
181,358 (48.9%)
147,176 (55.9%)
-0.01
Edema; n (%)
5,070 (10.9%)
6,386 (12.4%)
4,232 (9.0%)
3,436 (9.4%)
22,434 (8.1%)
15,113 (8.6%)
31,736 (8.6%)
24,935 (9.5%)
0.00
Renal Dysfunction (non-diabetic) v2; n (%)
33 (0.1%)
33 (0.1%)
36 (0.1%)
16 (0.0%)
140 (0.1%)
91 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
140 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of acute renal disease v2; n (%)
27 (0.1%)
23 (0.0%)
31 (0.1%)
13 (0.0%)
102 (0.0%)
74 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
110 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
CKD Stage 3-4; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of hypertensive nephropathy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of miscellaneous renal insufficiency v2; n 
(%)
3 (0.0%)
10 (0.0%)
**
**
28 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Glaucoma or cataracts v2; n (%)
9,485 (20.4%)
10,339 (20.0%)
9,917 (21.1%)
6,637 (18.1%)
3,434 (1.2%)
2,714 (1.6%)
22,836 (6.2%)
19,690 (7.5%)
0.00
Cellulitis or abscess of toe; n (%)
741 (1.6%)
968 (1.9%)
490 (1.0%)
504 (1.4%)
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
Foot ulcer; n (%)
1,122 (2.4%)
873 (1.7%)
1,259 (2.7%)
569 (1.5%)
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
Bladder stones; n (%)
68 (0.1%)
73 (0.1%)
50 (0.1%)
55 (0.1%)
3,748 (1.4%)
2,644 (1.5%)
3,866 (1.0%)
2,772 (1.1%)
0.00
Kidney stones; n (%)
610 (1.3%)
909 (1.8%)
750 (1.6%)
703 (1.9%)
32,381 (11.7%)
22,757 (13.0%)
33,741 (9.1%)
24,369 (9.3%)
0.00
Urinary tract infections (UTIs); n (%)
4,369 (9.4%)
5,714 (11.1%)
3,794 (8.1%)
2,807 (7.6%)
92,251 (33.3%)
65,655 (37.5%)
100,414 (27.1%)
74,176 (28.2%)
0.00
Dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
13,186 (28.3%)
17,082 (33.1%)
10,409 (22.1%)
9,436 (25.7%)
30,263 (10.9%)
17,838 (10.2%)
53,858 (14.5%)
44,356 (16.8%)
-0.01
Non-dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
5,387 (11.6%)
5,784 (11.2%)
2,901 (6.2%)
2,362 (6.4%)
11,517 (4.2%)
7,449 (4.3%)
19,805 (5.3%)
15,595 (5.9%)
0.00
Urine function test; n (%)
1,455 (3.1%)
1,651 (3.2%)
1,846 (3.9%)
1,279 (3.5%)
6,355 (2.3%)
4,126 (2.4%)
9,656 (2.6%)
7,056 (2.7%)
0.00
Cytology; n (%)
783 (1.7%)
904 (1.7%)
1,128 (2.4%)
750 (2.0%)
6,641 (2.4%)
4,090 (2.3%)
8,552 (2.3%)
5,744 (2.2%)
0.00
Cystoscopy; n (%)
887 (1.9%)
926 (1.8%)
1,187 (2.5%)
772 (2.1%)
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
Other Covariates
Liver disease; n (%)
1,283 (2.8%)
1,887 (3.7%)
1,178 (2.5%)
1,168 (3.2%)
6,381 (2.3%)
4,922 (2.8%)
8,842 (2.4%)
7,977 (3.0%)
0.00
Osteoarthritis; n (%)
9,198 (19.8%)
12,284 (23.8%)
8,391 (17.8%)
6,628 (18.1%)
54,070 (19.5%)
39,271 (22.5%)
71,659 (19.3%)
58,183 (22.1%)
-0.01
Other arthritis, arthropathies and musculoskeletal 
pain; n (%)
17,803 (38.3%)
21,436 (41.5%)
18,046 (38.3%)
13,933 (38.0%)
99,452 (35.9%)
65,655 (37.5%)
135,301 (36.5%)
101,024 (38.4%)
0.00
Dorsopathies; n (%)
9,910 (21.3%)
12,917 (25.0%)
9,393 (19.9%)
8,215 (22.4%)
54,493 (19.7%)
38,821 (22.2%)
73,796 (19.9%)
59,953 (22.8%)
-0.01
Fractures; n (%)
2,192 (4.7%)
2,353 (4.6%)
2,232 (4.7%)
1,440 (3.9%)
13,695 (4.9%)
8,779 (5.0%)
18,119 (4.9%)
12,572 (4.8%)
0.00
Falls v2; n (%)
2,600 (5.6%)
3,404 (6.6%)
1,210 (2.6%)
1,061 (2.9%)
5,600 (2.0%)
4,195 (2.4%)
9,410 (2.5%)
8,660 (3.3%)
0.00
Osteoporosis; n (%)
3,562 (7.7%)
4,642 (9.0%)
2,679 (5.7%)
1,895 (5.2%)
23,503 (8.5%)
17,259 (9.9%)
29,744 (8.0%)
23,796 (9.0%)
0.00
Hyperthyroidism; n (%)
503 (1.1%)
708 (1.4%)
390 (0.8%)
492 (1.3%)
2,653 (1.0%)
2,180 (1.2%)
3,546 (1.0%)
3,380 (1.3%)
0.00
Hypothyroidism v2; n (%)
7,899 (17.0%)
10,367 (20.1%)
6,211 (13.2%)
5,753 (15.7%)
34,405 (12.4%)
17,156 (9.8%)
48,515 (13.1%)
33,276 (12.6%)
0.00
Other disorders of thyroid gland V2; n (%)
1,449 (3.1%)
2,396 (4.6%)
1,396 (3.0%)
1,570 (4.3%)
8,147 (2.9%)
6,371 (3.6%)
10,992 (3.0%)
10,337 (3.9%)
0.00
Depression; n (%)
3,549 (7.6%)
4,771 (9.2%)
3,003 (6.4%)
2,603 (7.1%)
20,125 (7.3%)
14,758 (8.4%)
26,677 (7.2%)
22,132 (8.4%)
0.00
Anxiety; n (%)
3,653 (7.9%)
6,666 (12.9%)
2,601 (5.5%)
3,574 (9.7%)
17,650 (6.4%)
16,767 (9.6%)
23,904 (6.4%)
27,007 (10.3%)
-0.01
Sleep_Disorder; n (%)
4,189 (9.0%)
2,487 (4.8%)
5,819 (12.4%)
3,549 (9.7%)
20,780 (7.5%)
9,518 (5.4%)
30,788 (8.3%)
15,554 (5.9%)
0.01
Dementia; n (%)
2,848 (6.1%)
3,687 (7.1%)
2,376 (5.0%)
1,622 (4.4%)
16,857 (6.1%)
12,337 (7.1%)
22,081 (6.0%)
17,646 (6.7%)
0.00
Delirium; n (%)
691 (1.5%)
1,059 (2.0%)
733 (1.6%)
532 (1.4%)
4,542 (1.6%)
3,724 (2.1%)
5,966 (1.6%)
5,315 (2.0%)
0.00
Psychosis; n (%)
481 (1.0%)
482 (0.9%)
500 (1.1%)
235 (0.6%)
3,738 (1.3%)
2,232 (1.3%)
4,719 (1.3%)
2,949 (1.1%)
0.00
Obesity; n (%)
6,410 (13.8%)
10,641 (20.6%)
4,779 (10.1%)
6,689 (18.2%)
30,638 (11.1%)
22,749 (13.0%)
41,827 (11.3%)
40,079 (15.2%)
-0.01
Overweight; n (%)
1,900 (4.1%)
4,100 (7.9%)
813 (1.7%)
1,462 (4.0%)
7,636 (2.8%)
7,748 (4.4%)
10,349 (2.8%)
13,310 (5.1%)
-0.01
Smoking; n (%)
6,155 (13.2%)
11,928 (23.1%)
2,707 (5.7%)
3,811 (10.4%)
46,166 (16.7%)
42,054 (24.0%)
55,028 (14.8%)
57,793 (21.9%)
-0.02
Alcohol abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
00 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Drug abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
00 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
COPD; n (%)
7,249 (15.6%)
8,641 (16.7%)
5,994 (12.7%)
4,383 (11.9%)
37,766 (13.6%)
26,713 (15.3%)
51,009 (13.8%)
39,737 (15.1%)
0.00
Asthma; n (%)
2,805 (6.0%)
4,018 (7.8%)
2,515 (5.3%)
2,517 (6.9%)
15,333 (5.5%)
12,262 (7.0%)
20,653 (5.6%)
18,797 (7.1%)
-0.01
Obstructive sleep apnea; n (%)
5,531 (11.9%)
8,010 (15.5%)
5,762 (12.2%)
6,537 (17.8%)
20,547 (7.4%)
16,157 (9.2%)
31,840 (8.6%)
30,704 (11.7%)
-0.01
Pneumonia; n (%)
2,506 (5.4%)
3,423 (6.6%)
2,722 (5.8%)
2,155 (5.9%)
14,911 (5.4%)
11,869 (6.8%)
20,139 (5.4%)
17,447 (6.6%)
0.00
Imaging; n (%)
90 (0.2%)
126 (0.2%)
91 (0.2%)
40 (0.1%)
7,508 (2.7%)
3,335 (1.9%)
7,689 (2.1%)
3501 (1.3%)
0.01
Diabetes Medications
DM Medications - AGIs; n (%)
27 (0.1%)
25 (0.0%)
37 (0.1%)
26 (0.1%)
189 (0.1%)
96 (0.1%)
253 (0.1%)
147 (0.1%)
0.00
DM Medications - Glitazones; n (%)
386 (0.8%)
463 (0.9%)
498 (1.1%)
373 (1.0%)
2,191 (0.8%)
1,445 (0.8%)
3,075 (0.8%)
2,281 (0.9%)
0.00
DM Medications - GLP-1 RA; n (%)
269 (0.6%)
428 (0.8%)
405 (0.9%)
452 (1.2%)
1,300 (0.5%)
944 (0.5%)
1,974 (0.5%)
1,824 (0.7%)
0.00
DM Medications - Insulin; n (%)
1,928 (4.1%)
1,470 (2.8%)
2,484 (5.3%)
1,267 (3.5%)
700 (0.3%)
377 (0.2%)
5,112 (1.4%)
3,114 (1.2%)
0.00
DM Medications - Meglitinides; n (%)
67 (0.1%)
58 (0.1%)
187 (0.4%)
84 (0.2%)
36,304 (13.1%)
21,098 (12.1%)
36,558 (9.9%)
21,240 (8.1%)
0.01
DM Medications - Metformin; n (%)
6,525 (14.0%)
6,660 (12.9%)
6,133 (13.0%)
4,912 (13.4%)
17 (0.0%)
**
12,675 (3.4%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Alogliptin; n (%)
**
**
**
**
0.03 (0.17)
0.04 (0.21)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Unmatched
Truven
Medicare
POOLED
Optum
Table 1: Unmatched

Linagliptin; n (%)
76 (0.2%)
128 (0.2%)
125 (0.3%)
106 (0.3%)
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Saxagliptin; n (%)
130 (0.3%)
115 (0.2%)
164 (0.3%)
76 (0.2%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Sitagliptin; n (%)
519 (1.1%)
513 (1.0%)
1,048 (2.2%)
603 (1.6%)
0.08 (0.40)
0.10 (0.44)
1,567 (0.4%)
1116 (0.4%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of 2nd 
Generation SUs; n (%)
2,811 (6.0%)
2,013 (3.9%)
2,878 (6.1%)
1,524 (4.2%)
222 (0.1%)
87 (0.0%)
5,911 (1.6%)
3,624 (1.4%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of AGIs; n (%)
22 (0.0%)
20 (0.0%)
20 (0.0%)
20 (0.1%)
85 (0.0%)
59 (0.0%)
127 (0.0%)
99 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Concomitant initiation or current use of Glitazones; 
n (%)
296 (0.6%)
383 (0.7%)
394 (0.8%)
295 (0.8%)
10,008 (3.6%)
4,508 (2.6%)
10,698 (2.9%)
5,186 (2.0%)
0.01
Concomitant initiation or current use of GLP-1 RA; n 
(%)
175 (0.4%)
313 (0.6%)
295 (0.6%)
325 (0.9%)
75 (0.0%)
24 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Concomitant initiation or current use of Insulin; n 
(%)
1,335 (2.9%)
1,061 (2.1%)
1,855 (3.9%)
943 (2.6%)
5,097 (1.8%)
1,483 (0.8%)
8,287 (2.2%)
3,487 (1.3%)
0.01
Concomitant initiation or current use of 
Meglitinides; n (%)
41 (0.1%)
46 (0.1%)
147 (0.3%)
61 (0.2%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Concomitant initiation or current use of Metformin; 
n (%)
5,447 (11.7%)
5,502 (10.6%)
5,060 (10.7%)
3,953 (10.8%)
0.09 (0.06)
0.08 (0.06)
10,507 (2.8%)
9,455 (3.6%)
0.00
Past use of 2nd Generation SUs Copy; n (%)
536 (1.2%)
437 (0.8%)
638 (1.4%)
322 (0.9%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of AGIs Copy; n (%)
**
**
17 (0.0%)
**
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of Glitazones Copy; n (%)
90 (0.2%)
80 (0.2%)
104 (0.2%)
78 (0.2%)
40 (0.0%)
19 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
177 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
Past use of GLP-1 RA Copy; n (%)
96 (0.2%)
119 (0.2%)
113 (0.2%)
128 (0.3%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of Insulin Copy; n (%)
593 (1.3%)
410 (0.8%)
630 (1.3%)
324 (0.9%)
42 (0.0%)
21 (0.0%)
1,265 (0.3%)
755 (0.3%)
0.00
Past use of Meglitinides Copy; n (%)
26 (0.1%)
12 (0.0%)
40 (0.1%)
23 (0.1%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of metformin (final) Copy; n (%)
1,078 (2.3%)
1,158 (2.2%)
1,073 (2.3%)
959 (2.6%)
365.00 (0.00)
365.00 (0.00)
2,516 (0.7%)
2,482 (0.9%)
0.00
Other Medications
Use of ACE inhibitors; n (%)
16,031 (34.5%)
16,348 (31.6%)
15,709 (33.4%)
11,934 (32.5%)
94,664 (34.1%)
55,262 (31.6%)
126,404 (34.1%)
83,544 (31.7%)
0.00
Use of ARBs; n (%)
9,327 (20.1%)
12,884 (24.9%)
10,532 (22.4%)
9,485 (25.8%)
58,704 (21.2%)
44,745 (25.6%)
78,563 (21.2%)
67,114 (25.5%)
-0.01
Use of Loop Diuretics - United; n (%)
13,519 (29.1%)
12,517 (24.2%)
14,343 (30.5%)
8,029 (21.9%)
88,917 (32.1%)
46,134 (26.4%)
116,779 (31.5%)
66,680 (25.3%)
0.01
Use of other diuretics- United; n (%)
2,991 (6.4%)
2,857 (5.5%)
3,338 (7.1%)
2,090 (5.7%)
18,938 (6.8%)
9,440 (5.4%)
25,267 (6.8%)
14,387 (5.5%)
0.01
Use of nitrates-United; n (%)
3,113 (6.7%)
3,398 (6.6%)
3,604 (7.7%)
2,376 (6.5%)
23,060 (8.3%)
14,532 (8.3%)
29,777 (8.0%)
20,306 (7.7%)
0.00
Use of other hypertension drugs; n (%)
3,138 (6.7%)
3,262 (6.3%)
3,277 (7.0%)
2,136 (5.8%)
19,290 (7.0%)
11,843 (6.8%)
25,705 (6.9%)
17,241 (6.5%)
0.00
Use of digoxin- United; n (%)
7,261 (15.6%)
3,916 (7.6%)
8,724 (18.5%)
3,451 (9.4%)
48,844 (17.6%)
17,770 (10.2%)
64,829 (17.5%)
25,137 (9.5%)
0.02
Use of Anti-arrhythmics; n (%)
7,019 (15.1%)
11,603 (22.4%)
8,401 (17.8%)
9,912 (27.0%)
43,026 (15.5%)
41,098 (23.5%)
58,446 (15.8%)
62,613 (23.8%)
-0.02
Use of COPD/asthma meds- United; n (%)
7,511 (16.1%)
10,113 (19.6%)
8,597 (18.3%)
7,219 (19.7%)
50,139 (18.1%)
36,786 (21.0%)
66,247 (17.9%)
54,118 (20.6%)
-0.01
Use of statins; n (%)
25,912 (55.7%)
28,245 (54.6%)
26,335 (55.9%)
19,285 (52.5%)
156,203 (56.3%)
97,740 (55.9%)
208,450 (56.2%)
145,270 (55.2%)
0.00
Use of other lipid-lowering drugs; n (%)
2,792 (6.0%)
2,670 (5.2%)
4,079 (8.7%)
2,525 (6.9%)
19,312 (7.0%)
11,011 (6.3%)
26,183 (7.1%)
16,206 (6.2%)
0.00
Use of antiplatelet agents; n (%)
3,472 (7.5%)
5,766 (11.2%)
4,580 (9.7%)
4,623 (12.6%)
23,628 (8.5%)
22,256 (12.7%)
31,680 (8.5%)
32,645 (12.4%)
-0.01
Use of oral anticoagulants (Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, 
Apixaban, Warfarin); n (%)
46,518 (100.0%)
51,684 (100.0%)
47,096 (100.0%)
36,714 (100.0%)
277,248 (100.0%)
174,898 (100.0%)
370,862 (100.0%)
263,296 (100.0%)
0.00
Use of heparin and other low-molecular weight 
heparins; n (%)
1,826 (3.9%)
262 (0.5%)
17 (0.0%)
9 (0.0%)
11,736 (4.2%)
1,025 (0.6%)
13,579 (3.7%)
1,296 (0.5%)
0.02
Use of NSAIDs; n (%)
3,545 (7.6%)
6,273 (12.1%)
3,897 (8.3%)
4,968 (13.5%)
23,704 (8.5%)
22,086 (12.6%)
31,146 (8.4%)
33,327 (12.7%)
-0.01
Use of oral corticosteroids; n (%)
8,410 (18.1%)
11,399 (22.1%)
8,644 (18.4%)
7,663 (20.9%)
55,726 (20.1%)
40,611 (23.2%)
72,780 (19.6%)
59,673 (22.7%)
-0.01
Use of bisphosphonate (United); n (%)
1,626 (3.5%)
1,754 (3.4%)
1,385 (2.9%)
849 (2.3%)
9,601 (3.5%)
5,899 (3.4%)
12,612 (3.4%)
8,502 (3.2%)
0.00
Use of opioids- United; n (%)
11,125 (23.9%)
11,856 (22.9%)
12,311 (26.1%)
8,801 (24.0%)
73,353 (26.5%)
44,667 (25.5%)
96,789 (26.1%)
65,324 (24.8%)
0.00
Use of antidepressants; n (%)
9,146 (19.7%)
11,418 (22.1%)
8,850 (18.8%)
7,378 (20.1%)
60,026 (21.7%)
40,727 (23.3%)
78,022 (21.0%)
59,523 (22.6%)
0.00
Use of antipsychotics; n (%)
720 (1.5%)
918 (1.8%)
680 (1.4%)
531 (1.4%)
5,996 (2.2%)
4,070 (2.3%)
7,396 (2.0%)
5,519 (2.1%)
0.00
Use of anticonvulsants; n (%)
5,473 (11.8%)
6,369 (12.3%)
4,883 (10.4%)
3,637 (9.9%)
34,654 (12.5%)
22,276 (12.7%)
45,010 (12.1%)
32,282 (12.3%)
0.00
Use of lithium- United; n (%)
38 (0.1%)
38 (0.1%)
29 (0.1%)
29 (0.1%)
200 (0.1%)
173 (0.1%)
267 (0.1%)
240 (0.1%)
0.00
Use of Benzos- United; n (%)
5,108 (11.0%)
6,832 (13.2%)
5,792 (12.3%)
4,959 (13.5%)
36,471 (13.2%)
27,284 (15.6%)
47,371 (12.8%)
39,075 (14.8%)
-0.01
Use of anxiolytics/hypnotics- United; n (%)
2,139 (4.6%)
2,540 (4.9%)
2,857 (6.1%)
2,470 (6.7%)
16,581 (6.0%)
11,562 (6.6%)
21,577 (5.8%)
16,572 (6.3%)
0.00
Use of dementia meds- United; n (%)
1,633 (3.5%)
1,682 (3.3%)
1,713 (3.6%)
885 (2.4%)
12,226 (4.4%)
7,476 (4.3%)
15,572 (4.2%)
10,043 (3.8%)
0.00
Use of antiparkinsonian meds- United; n (%)
1,231 (2.6%)
1,449 (2.8%)
1,232 (2.6%)
836 (2.3%)
8,890 (3.2%)
5,878 (3.4%)
11,353 (3.1%)
8,163 (3.1%)
0.00
Any use of pramlintide; n (%)
**
**
**
**
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Any use of 1st generation sulfonylureas; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
18 (0.0%)
12 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0.00
Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan); n (%)
142 (0.3%)
387 (0.7%)
51 (0.1%)
139 (0.4%)
9,353 (3.4%)
6,025 (3.4%)
9,546 (2.6%)
6,551 (2.5%)
0.00
Initiation as monotherapy v4 Copy; n (%)
**
**
**
**
585 (0.2%)
519 (0.3%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dual therapy with metformin v4 (latest based on 
Aetion's suggestion)- not adding to PS; n (%)
22 (0.0%)
69 (0.1%)
29 (0.1%)
67 (0.2%)
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
Labs
                                          93,614                                           88,398 
Lab values- HbA1c (%) v3; n (%)
5,987 (12.9%)
8,246 (16.0%)
614 (1.3%)
450 (1.2%)
N/A
N/A
6,601 (7.1%)
8,696 (9.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 3 months) v3; n (%)
3,745 (8.1%)
5,104 (9.9%)
409 (0.9%)
311 (0.8%)
N/A
N/A
4,154 (4.4%)
5,415 (6.1%)
-0.01
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 6 months) v3; n (%)
5,987 (12.9%)
8,246 (16.0%)
614 (1.3%)
450 (1.2%)
N/A
N/A
6,601 (7.1%)
8,696 (9.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- BNP; n (%)
745 (1.6%)
999 (1.9%)
67 (0.1%)
52 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
812 (0.9%)
1,051 (1.2%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 3 months); n (%)
450 (1.0%)
709 (1.4%)
47 (0.1%)
40 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
497 (0.5%)
749 (0.8%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 6 months); n (%)
745 (1.6%)
999 (1.9%)
67 (0.1%)
52 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
812 (0.9%)
1,051 (1.2%)
0.00
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl); n (%)
12,115 (26.0%)
16,732 (32.4%)
734 (1.6%)
690 (1.9%)
N/A
N/A
12,849 (13.7%)
17,422 (19.7%)
-0.01
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
7,935 (17.1%)
11,391 (22.0%)
495 (1.1%)
494 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
8,430 (9.0%)
11,885 (13.4%)
-0.01
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
12,115 (26.0%)
16,732 (32.4%)
734 (1.6%)
690 (1.9%)
N/A
N/A
12,849 (13.7%)
17,422 (19.7%)
-0.01
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
12,356 (26.6%)
17,327 (33.5%)
755 (1.6%)
724 (2.0%)
N/A
N/A
13,111 (14.0%)
18,051 (20.4%)
-0.02
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; 
n (%)
8,090 (17.4%)
11,865 (23.0%)
510 (1.1%)
511 (1.4%)
N/A
N/A
8,600 (9.2%)
12,376 (14.0%)
-0.01
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; 
n (%)
12,356 (26.6%)
17,327 (33.5%)
755 (1.6%)
724 (2.0%)
N/A
N/A
13,111 (14.0%)
18,051 (20.4%)
-0.02
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl); n (%)
8,381 (18.0%)
11,485 (22.2%)
545 (1.2%)
482 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
8,926 (9.5%)
11,967 (13.5%)
-0.01
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
4,958 (10.7%)
6,825 (13.2%)
352 (0.7%)
313 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
5,310 (5.7%)
7,138 (8.1%)
-0.01
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
8,381 (18.0%)
11,485 (22.2%)
545 (1.2%)
482 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
8,926 (9.5%)
11,967 (13.5%)
-0.01
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
8,846 (19.0%)
12,078 (23.4%)
636 (1.4%)
481 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
9,482 (10.1%)
12,559 (14.2%)
-0.01
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; n 
(%)
5,236 (11.3%)
7,197 (13.9%)
412 (0.9%)
312 (0.8%)
N/A
N/A
5,648 (6.0%)
7,509 (8.5%)
-0.01
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; n 
(%)
8,846 (19.0%)
12,078 (23.4%)
636 (1.4%)
481 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
9,482 (10.1%)
12,559 (14.2%)
-0.01
Lab values- NT-proBNP; n (%)
107 (0.2%)
230 (0.4%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 3 months); n (%)
77 (0.2%)
174 (0.3%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 6 months); n (%)
107 (0.2%)
230 (0.4%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
8,532 (18.3%)
11,722 (22.7%)
532 (1.1%)
483 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
9,064 (9.7%)
12,205 (13.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 3 
months) v2; n (%)
5,050 (10.9%)
6,978 (13.5%)
340 (0.7%)
312 (0.8%)
N/A
N/A
5,390 (5.8%)
7,290 (8.2%)
-0.01
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 6 
months) v2; n (%)
8,532 (18.3%)
11,722 (22.7%)
532 (1.1%)
483 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
9,064 (9.7%)
12,205 (13.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl); n (%)
8,377 (18.0%)
11,624 (22.5%)
531 (1.1%)
482 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
8,908 (9.5%)
12,106 (13.7%)
-0.01
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 3 
months); n (%)
4,953 (10.6%)
6,914 (13.4%)
343 (0.7%)
311 (0.8%)
N/A
N/A
5,296 (5.7%)
7,225 (8.2%)
-0.01
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 6 
months); n (%)
8,377 (18.0%)
11,624 (22.5%)
531 (1.1%)
482 (1.3%)
N/A
N/A
8,908 (9.5%)
12,106 (13.7%)
-0.01
Lab result number- HbA1c (%) mean (only 2 to 20 
included) v4
N/A
N/A                                           93,614                                           88,398 
...mean (sd)
6.50 (1.17)
6.23 (1.06)
7.03 (1.38)
6.79 (1.44)
N/A
N/A
6.77 (1.28)
6.46 (1.23)
0.25
...median [IQR]
6.20 [5.80, 6.90]
6.00 [5.60, 6.60]
6.68 [6.10, 7.60]
6.40 [5.90, 7.20]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
40,583 (87.2%)
43,466 (84.1%)
46,544 (98.8%)
36,271 (98.8%)
N/A
N/A
87,127 (93.1%)
79,737 (90.2%)
Lab result number- BNP mean v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
302.74 (403.46)
318.02 (487.53)
425.66 (678.07)
473.61 (790.82)
N/A
N/A
364.58 (455.54)
382.64 (631.44)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
195.00 [103.08, 347.00]
193.80 [98.90, 363.00]
207.00 [80.00, 445.00]
180.50 [110.50, 418.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
45,773 (98.4%)
50,685 (98.1%)
47,029 (99.9%)
36,662 (99.9%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- BUN (mg/dl) mean v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
18.61 (6.76)
17.56 (5.86)
495.31 (9,425.53)
829.31 (12,410.83)
N/A
N/A
258.43 (6685.44)
354.70 (7998.29)
-0.01
...median [IQR]
18.00 [14.00, 21.80]
17.00 [14.00, 20.50]
18.00 [14.00, 22.00]
17.33 [14.00, 21.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
34,403 (74.0%)
34,952 (67.6%)
46,362 (98.4%)
36,024 (98.1%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Creatinine (mg/dl) mean (only 0.1 
to 15 included) v3
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
0.99 (0.26)
0.95 (0.23)
1.01 (0.28)
0.97 (0.23)
N/A
N/A
1.00 (0.27)
0.96 (0.23)
0.16
...median [IQR]
0.96 [0.82, 1.12]
0.92 [0.79, 1.07]
0.97 [0.82, 1.14]
0.95 [0.82, 1.09]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
34,278 (73.7%)
34,562 (66.9%)
46,368 (98.5%)
35,998 (98.0%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- HDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
50.77 (16.18)
53.45 (17.10)
43.18 (16.42)
47.27 (15.00)
N/A
N/A
46.95 (16.30)
50.88 (16.26)
-0.24
...median [IQR]
48.00 [40.00, 59.00]
51.00 [42.00, 63.00]
42.00 [34.50, 51.00]
45.00 [37.00, 54.62]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
38,137 (82.0%)
40,199 (77.8%)
46,552 (98.8%)
36,234 (98.7%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- LDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
87.02 (32.99)
88.96 (33.32)
84.94 (37.99)
89.35 (31.51)
N/A
N/A
85.97 (35.59)
89.12 (32.58)
-0.09
...median [IQR]
83.00 [65.00, 106.00]
86.00 [66.00, 108.00]
83.00 [64.38, 106.00]
86.00 [67.00, 109.50]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
37,882 (81.4%)
39,820 (77.0%)
46,566 (98.9%)
36,261 (98.8%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
165.05 (40.75)
166.85 (40.46)
157.07 (50.15)
164.40 (39.47)
N/A
N/A
161.04 (45.72)
165.83 (40.05)
-0.11
...median [IQR]
161.00 [138.00, 189.00]
164.00 [140.00, 191.00]
158.00 [133.00, 186.00]
164.00 [139.00, 189.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
37,994 (81.7%)
39,972 (77.3%)
46,565 (98.9%)
36,233 (98.7%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
132.42 (81.91)
121.39 (71.34)
143.61 (82.44)
139.76 (74.46)
N/A
N/A
138.05 (82.18)
129.02 (72.65)
0.12
...median [IQR]
114.00 [83.00, 158.00]
106.00 [78.00, 145.00]
129.00 [94.19, 177.00]
124.00 [90.00, 166.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
38,141 (82.0%)
40,060 (77.5%)
46,566 (98.9%)
36,234 (98.7%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Hemoglobin mean (only >0 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
13.70 (1.63)
13.68 (1.63)
514.98 (8,374.12)
558.78 (9,177.87)
N/A
N/A
265.89 (5939.68)
240.07 (5914.77)
0.00
...median [IQR]
13.70 [12.70, 14.80]
13.70 [12.70, 14.70]
13.50 [12.50, 14.60]
14.00 [12.90, 14.90]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
37,380 (80.4%)
38,689 (74.9%)
46,538 (98.8%)
36,147 (98.5%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Serum sodium mean (only > 90 
and < 190 included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
140.17 (2.93)
140.38 (2.99)
139.54 (2.89)
139.81 (2.47)
N/A
N/A
139.85 (2.91)
140.14 (2.79)
-0.10
...median [IQR]
140.40 [139.00, 142.00]
141.00 [139.00, 142.00]
140.00 [138.00, 141.00]
140.00 [138.00, 141.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
34,759 (74.7%)
35,281 (68.3%)
46,421 (98.6%)
36,040 (98.2%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Albumin mean (only >0 and <=10 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
4.14 (0.33)
4.18 (0.33)
3.97 (0.82)
4.17 (0.39)
N/A
N/A
4.05 (0.63)
4.18 (0.36)
-0.25
...median [IQR]
4.20 [3.98, 4.35]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
4.10 [3.80, 4.35]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
N/A
N/A
Table 1: Unmatched

...Missing; n (%)
36,095 (77.6%)
37,242 (72.1%)
46,570 (98.9%)
36,184 (98.6%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Glucose (fasting or random) mean 
(only 10-1000 included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
110.98 (35.59)
108.13 (31.46)
129.63 (47.03)
126.66 (44.91)
N/A
N/A
120.36 (41.74)
115.83 (37.63)
0.11
...median [IQR]
101.00 [92.00, 118.00]
100.00 [91.67, 114.00]
116.50 [97.50, 148.00]
113.00 [98.00, 140.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
34,922 (75.1%)
35,423 (68.5%)
46,441 (98.6%)
36,039 (98.2%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Potassium mean (only 1-7 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
4.35 (0.43)
4.39 (0.42)
4.34 (0.42)
4.37 (0.42)
N/A
N/A
4.34 (0.43)
4.38 (0.42)
-0.09
...median [IQR]
4.32 [4.10, 4.60]
4.40 [4.10, 4.65]
4.30 [4.10, 4.60]
4.35 [4.10, 4.60]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
34,273 (73.7%)
34,566 (66.9%)
46,398 (98.5%)
36,047 (98.2%)
N/A
N/A
Comorbidity Scores
CCI (180 days)- ICD9 and ICD10 v2
...mean (sd)
3.31 (1.80)
3.52 (1.80)
3.03 (1.71)
3.16 (1.63)
2.07 (1.92)
2.18 (2.00)
3.17 (1.76)
3.37 (1.73)
-0.11
...median [IQR]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
3.00 [2.00, 5.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
2.00 [0.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
Frailty Score: Qualitative Version 365 days as 
Categories, v1
...0; n (%)
14,245 (30.6%)
28,483 (55.1%)
4,407 (9.4%)
13,475 (36.7%)
277,248 (100.0%)
174,898 (100.0%)
295,900 (79.8%)
216,856 (82.4%)
0.00
...1 to 2; n (%)
16,218 (34.9%)
16,697 (32.3%)
19,921 (42.3%)
13,626 (37.1%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
36,139 (9.7%)
30,323 (11.5%)
-0.01
...3 or more; n (%)
16,055 (34.5%)
6,504 (12.6%)
22,768 (48.3%)
9,613 (26.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
38,823 (10.5%)
16,117 (6.1%)
0.02
Frailty Score: Empirical Version 365 days as 
Categories, v3
...< 0.12908; n (%)
4,465 (9.6%)
5,291 (10.2%)
4,016 (8.5%)
3,794 (10.3%)
221,855 (80.0%)
143,801 (82.2%)
230,336 (62.1%)
152,886 (58.1%)
0.01
...0.12908 - 0.1631167; n (%)
13,374 (28.8%)
14,905 (28.8%)
12,576 (26.7%)
10,993 (29.9%)
23,931 (8.6%)
14,240 (8.1%)
49,881 (13.5%)
40,138 (15.2%)
0.00
...>= 0.1631167; n (%)
28,679 (61.7%)
31,488 (60.9%)
30,504 (64.8%)
21,927 (59.7%)
31,462 (11.3%)
16,857 (9.6%)
90,645 (24.4%)
70,272 (26.7%)
0.00
Non-Frailty; n (%)
25,223 (54.2%)
29,309 (56.7%)
23,478 (49.9%)
18,490 (50.4%)
5,444 (2.0%)
3,205 (1.8%)
54,145 (14.6%)
51,004 (19.4%)
-0.01
Frailty Score (mean): Qualitative Version 365 days, v1
...mean (sd)
2.12 (2.29)
0.97 (1.59)
2.84 (2.14)
1.65 (1.91)
51 (0.0%)
23 (0.0%)
2.48 (2.22)
1.25 (1.73)
0.62
...median [IQR]
2.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
2.00 [1.00, 4.00]
1.00 [0.00, 3.00]
**
0 (0.0%)
Frailty Score (mean): Empirical Version 365 days, v2
...mean (sd)
0.19 (0.06)
0.19 (0.06)
0.18 (0.06)
0.18 (0.05)
12.09 [7.08, 19.38]
10.59 [5.75, 17.41]
0.18 (0.06)
0.19 (0.06)
-0.17
...median [IQR]
0.18 [0.15, 0.21]
0.17 [0.15, 0.21]
0.17 [0.15, 0.21]
0.17 [0.14, 0.20]
#REF!
#REF!
Healthcare Utilization
Any hospitalization; n (%)
8,809 (18.9%)
15,564 (30.1%)
11,202 (23.8%)
12,977 (35.3%)
63,143 (22.8%)
60,091 (34.4%)
83,154 (22.4%)
88,632 (33.7%)
-0.02
Any hospitalization within prior 30 days; n (%)
5,463 (11.7%)
9,233 (17.9%)
6,631 (14.1%)
8,475 (23.1%)
36,930 (13.3%)
35,816 (20.5%)
49,024 (13.2%)
53,524 (20.3%)
-0.02
Any hospitalization during prior 31-180 days; n (%)
3,995 (8.6%)
7,277 (14.1%)
5,230 (11.1%)
5,135 (14.0%)
31,440 (11.3%)
29,065 (16.6%)
40,665 (11.0%)
41,477 (15.8%)
-0.01
Endocrinologist Visit; n (%)
1,287 (2.8%)
1,529 (3.0%)
1,484 (3.2%)
1,290 (3.5%)
10,807 (3.9%)
7,100 (4.1%)
13,578 (3.7%)
9,919 (3.8%)
0.00
Endocrinologist Visit (30 days prior); n (%)
378 (0.8%)
487 (0.9%)
470 (1.0%)
414 (1.1%)
116,999 (42.2%)
106,990 (61.2%)
117,847 (31.8%)
107,891 (41.0%)
-0.02
Endocrinologist Visit (31 to 180 days prior); n (%)
1,086 (2.3%)
1,231 (2.4%)
1,269 (2.7%)
1,066 (2.9%)
163,170 (58.9%)
107,358 (61.4%)
165,525 (44.6%)
109,655 (41.6%)
0.00
Internal medicine/family medicine visits; n (%)
40,302 (86.6%)
45,027 (87.1%)
37,673 (80.0%)
30,010 (81.7%)
228,150 (82.3%)
148,191 (84.7%)
306,125 (82.5%)
223,228 (84.8%)
0.00
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (30 days 
prior) v2; n (%)
25,980 (55.8%)
27,969 (54.1%)
22,962 (48.8%)
18,628 (50.7%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (31 to 180 
days prior) v2; n (%)
37,369 (80.3%)
40,783 (78.9%)
34,952 (74.2%)
26,875 (73.2%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Cardiologist visit; n (%)
31,404 (67.5%)
43,792 (84.7%)
25,898 (55.0%)
25,364 (69.1%)
199,955 (72.1%)
148,611 (85.0%)
257,257 (69.4%)
217,767 (82.7%)
-0.02
Number of Cardiologist visits (30 days prior); n (%)
18,721 (40.2%)
32,136 (62.2%)
14,126 (30.0%)
19,025 (51.8%)
138,538 (50.0%)
89,178 (51.0%)
171,385 (46.2%)
140,339 (53.3%)
-0.01
Number of Cardiologist visits (31 to 180 days prior); 
n (%)
25,239 (54.3%)
31,683 (61.3%)
21,920 (46.5%)
18,451 (50.3%)
208,192 (75.1%)
132,225 (75.6%)
255,351 (68.9%)
182,359 (69.3%)
0.00
Electrocardiogram v2; n (%)
25,997 (55.9%)
41,720 (80.7%)
26,827 (57.0%)
29,235 (79.6%)
168,037 (60.6%)
145,748 (83.3%)
220,861 (59.6%)
216,703 (82.3%)
-0.03
Use of glucose test strips; n (%)
423 (0.9%)
515 (1.0%)
405 (0.9%)
324 (0.9%)
2,878 (1.0%)
1,883 (1.1%)
3,706 (1.0%)
2,722 (1.0%)
0.00
Dialysis; n (%)
**
**
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#REF!
#REF!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Naive new user v8 Copy; n (%)
37,301 (80.2%)
43,095 (83.4%)
37,454 (79.5%)
30,197 (82.2%)
53,264 (19.2%)
28,431 (16.3%)
128,019 (34.5%)
101,723 (38.6%)
-0.01
N antidiabetic drugs at index date v3 Copy
...mean (sd)
0.23 (0.58)
0.20 (0.56)
0.26 (0.64)
0.23 (0.61)
0.24 (0.59)
0.20 (0.55)
0.24 (0.60)
0.20 (0.56)
0.07
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
number of different/distinct medication 
prescriptions
...mean (sd)
8.79 (4.31)
9.43 (4.56)
9.29 (4.50)
9.54 (4.63)
9.19 (4.28)
9.79 (4.53)
9.15 (4.31)
9.68 (4.55)
-0.12
...median [IQR]
8.00 [6.00, 11.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [7.00, 12.00]
Number of Hospitalizations
...mean (sd)
0.23 (0.52)
0.35 (0.60)
0.27 (0.53)
0.39 (0.57)
0.29 (0.61)
0.43 (0.69)
0.28 (0.59)
0.41 (0.66)
-0.21
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of hospital days
...mean (sd)
1.26 (4.08)
1.73 (4.09)
1.58 (4.59)
1.73 (3.80)
1.72 (5.06)
2.25 (5.28)
1.64 (4.89)
2.08 (4.88)
-0.09
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
Number of Emergency Department (ED) visits v3
...mean (sd)
0.59 (1.33)
0.88 (1.63)
0.44 (1.86)
0.81 (2.41)
0.76 (1.63)
1.02 (1.82)
0.70 (1.63)
0.96 (1.88)
-0.15
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
Number of Office visits
...mean (sd)
5.81 (4.53)
5.95 (4.05)
6.57 (5.23)
6.08 (4.28)
14.12 (13.27)
14.14 (12.71)
12.12 (11.73)
11.41 (10.63)
0.06
...median [IQR]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
5.00 [3.00, 9.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
11.00 [5.00, 19.00]
11.00 [6.00, 18.00]
Number of Endocrinologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.10 (0.93)
0.10 (0.92)
0.12 (1.03)
0.12 (1.01)
0.17 (1.42)
0.17 (1.44)
0.15 (1.32)
0.15 (1.30)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of internal medicine/family medicine visits
...mean (sd)
10.66 (13.33)
9.59 (12.68)
8.16 (11.92)
7.22 (10.73)
8.63 (10.80)
8.05 (9.86)
8.82 (11.29)
8.24 (10.59)
0.05
...median [IQR]
7.00 [2.00, 15.00]
6.00 [2.00, 12.00]
4.00 [1.00, 11.00]
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
5.00 [1.00, 12.00]
5.00 [2.00, 11.00]
Number of Cardiologist visits
...mean (sd)
4.51 (6.33)
6.12 (6.43)
3.39 (5.69)
4.21 (5.48)
5.31 (7.47)
6.15 (6.94)
4.97 (7.13)
5.87 (6.66)
-0.13
...median [IQR]
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
4.00 [2.00, 9.00]
1.00 [0.00, 4.00]
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
3.00 [0.00, 7.00]
4.00 [2.00, 8.00]
Number electrocardiograms received v2
...mean (sd)
1.52 (2.38)
2.68 (2.89)
1.35 (1.98)
2.31 (2.43)
1.59 (2.19)
2.66 (2.59)
1.55 (2.19)
2.62 (2.63)
-0.44
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
2.00 [1.00, 4.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
2.00 [1.00, 4.00]
Number of HbA1c tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.38 (0.69)
0.39 (0.67)
0.20 (0.53)
0.23 (0.55)
0.38 (0.70)
0.37 (0.68)
0.36 (0.68)
0.35 (0.66)
0.01
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of glucose tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.14 (1.31)
0.17 (1.72)
0.12 (0.69)
0.13 (0.75)
0.12 (0.56)
0.12 (0.57)
0.12 (0.71)
0.13 (0.94)
-0.01
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of lipid tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.59 (0.81)
0.64 (0.79)
0.31 (0.79)
0.42 (0.91)
0.61 (0.74)
0.66 (0.75)
0.57 (0.76)
0.62 (0.78)
-0.06
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of creatinine tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.08 (0.39)
0.08 (0.36)
0.07 (0.42)
0.06 (0.34)
0.10 (0.43)
0.10 (0.40)
0.09 (0.42)
0.09 (0.38)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of BUN tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.04 (0.31)
0.04 (0.26)
0.04 (0.33)
0.04 (0.26)
0.06 (0.33)
0.06 (0.31)
0.05 (0.33)
0.05 (0.29)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of tests for microalbuminuria
...mean (sd)
0.19 (0.63)
0.18 (0.60)
0.09 (0.44)
0.10 (0.43)
0.11 (0.40)
0.10 (0.40)
0.12 (0.44)
0.12 (0.45)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Total N distinct ICD9/ICD10 diagnoses at the 3rd 
digit level Copy
...mean (sd)
6.46 (8.68)
11.88 (10.69)
3.40 (6.52)
7.07 (8.23)
6.76 (9.67)
11.41 (11.56)
6.30 (9.21)
10.90 (10.98)
-0.45
...median [IQR]
4.00 [0.00, 10.00]
10.00 [4.00, 17.00]
0.00 [0.00, 4.00]
5.00 [0.00, 11.00]
3.00 [0.00, 10.00]
9.00 [1.00, 17.00]
For PS
0
0
Hemorrhagic stroke+Other cerebrovascular 
disease+Cerebrovascular procedure (for PS); n (%)
1,191 (2.6%)
1,971 (3.8%)
1,132 (2.4%)
1,054 (2.9%)
267 (0.1%)
225 (0.1%)
2,590 (0.7%)
3,250 (1.2%)
-0.01
Occurrence of creatinine tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
2,569 (5.5%)
3,140 (6.1%)
2,388 (5.1%)
1,798 (4.9%)
12,740 (4.6%)
8,116 (4.6%)
17,697 (4.8%)
13,054 (5.0%)
0.00
Occurrence of BUN tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
1,488 (3.2%)
1,620 (3.1%)
1,449 (3.1%)
1,013 (2.8%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2,937 (0.8%)
2,633 (1.0%)
0.00
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency w/o CKD 
(for PS) v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 1-2 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2,864 (1.0%)
648 (0.4%)
2,864 (0.8%)
648 (0.2%)
0.01
Chronic kidney disease Stage 3-6 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
14 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Bladder stones+Kidney stones (for PS); n (%)
653 (1.4%)
948 (1.8%)
778 (1.7%)
734 (2.0%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory 
disorders+Gangrene+Osteomyelitis(for PS) v3 with 
ICD10 Copy; n (%)
1,344 (2.9%)
1,332 (2.6%)
1,122 (2.4%)
592 (1.6%)
14,208 (5.1%)
7,605 (4.3%)
16,674 (4.5%)
9,529 (3.6%)
0.00
Age decile (for PS) v3
…Age decile 1
202 (0.4%)
393 (0.8%)
250 (0.5%)
474 (1.3%)
7,714 (2.8%)
5,832 (3.3%)
8,166 (2.2%)
6,699 (2.5%)
0.00
…Age decile 2
301 (0.6%)
542 (1.0%)
485 (1.0%)
883 (2.4%)
17,543 (6.3%)
13,018 (7.4%)
18,329 (4.9%)
14,443 (5.5%)
0.00
…Age decile 3
813 (1.7%)
1,242 (2.4%)
550 (1.2%)
880 (2.4%)
19,750 (7.1%)
13,440 (7.7%)
21,113 (5.7%)
15,562 (5.9%)
0.00
…Age decile 4
863 (1.9%)
1,362 (2.6%)
916 (1.9%)
1,461 (4.0%)
21,587 (7.8%)
14,984 (8.6%)
23,366 (6.3%)
17,807 (6.8%)
0.00
…Age decile 5
1,827 (3.9%)
2,518 (4.9%)
1,559 (3.3%)
2,262 (6.2%)
25,288 (9.1%)
17,244 (9.9%)
28,674 (7.7%)
22,024 (8.4%)
0.00
…Age decile 6
2,950 (6.3%)
3,782 (7.3%)
1,531 (3.3%)
2,003 (5.5%)
37,490 (13.5%)
23,478 (13.4%)
41,971 (11.3%)
29,263 (11.1%)
0.00
…Age decile 7
3,901 (8.4%)
4,928 (9.5%)
2,859 (6.1%)
3,929 (10.7%)
46,637 (16.8%)
27,456 (15.7%)
53,397 (14.4%)
36,313 (13.8%)
0.00
…Age decile 8
6,512 (14.0%)
7,553 (14.6%)
3,394 (7.2%)
3,911 (10.7%)
73,124 (26.4%)
41,582 (23.8%)
83,030 (22.4%)
53,046 (20.1%)
0.00
…Age decile 9
9,581 (20.6%)
10,918 (21.1%)
7,111 (15.1%)
5,307 (14.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
16,692 (4.5%)
16,225 (6.2%)
-0.01
…Age decile 10
19,568 (42.1%)
18,446 (35.7%)
28,441 (60.4%)
15,604 (42.5%)
2,335 (0.8%)
1,031 (0.6%)
50,344 (13.6%)
35,081 (13.3%)
0.00
Alcohol abuse or dependence+Drug abuse or 
dependence (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
86,677 (31.3%)
67,711 (38.7%)
86,677 (23.4%)
67,711 (25.7%)
0.00
Diabetes with other ophthalmic 
manifestations+Retinal detachment, vitreous 
hemorrhage, vitrectomy+Retinal laser coagulation 
therapy (for PS); n (%)
151 (0.3%)
183 (0.4%)
485 (1.0%)
200 (0.5%)
22,946 (8.3%)
18,676 (10.7%)
23,582 (6.4%)
19,059 (7.2%)
0.00
Other atherosclerosis+Cardiac conduction 
disorders+Other CVD (for PS) v2 Copy; n (%)
17,838 (38.3%)
24,593 (47.6%)
17,553 (37.3%)
16,124 (43.9%)
39,765 (14.3%)
20,259 (11.6%)
75,156 (20.3%)
60,976 (23.2%)
-0.01
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) + 
History of CABG or PTCA (for PS) v3; n (%)
3,573 (7.7%)
5,383 (10.4%)
2,289 (4.9%)
1,844 (5.0%)
7,438 (2.7%)
5,427 (3.1%)
13,300 (3.6%)
12,654 (4.8%)
-0.01
Hyperthyroidism + Hypothyroidism + Other disorders 
of thyroid gland (for PS); n (%)
9,026 (19.4%)
11,941 (23.1%)
7,281 (15.5%)
6,829 (18.6%)
700 (0.3%)
377 (0.2%)
17,007 (4.6%)
19,147 (7.3%)
-0.01
Delirium + Psychosis (for PS); n (%)
1,077 (2.3%)
1,426 (2.8%)
1,097 (2.3%)
716 (2.0%)
189 (0.1%)
96 (0.1%)
2,363 (0.6%)
2,238 (0.8%)
0.00
Any use of Meglitinides (for PS); n (%)
67 (0.1%)
58 (0.1%)
187 (0.4%)
84 (0.2%)
59,061 (21.3%)
37,917 (21.7%)
59,315 (16.0%)
38,059 (14.5%)
0.00
Any use of AGIs (for PS); n (%)
27 (0.1%)
25 (0.0%)
37 (0.1%)
26 (0.1%)
732 (0.3%)
454 (0.3%)
796 (0.2%)
505 (0.2%)
0.00
CKD stage 3-6 + dialysis (for PS); n (%)
**
**
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
32,383 (11.7%)
21,697 (12.4%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 1: Unmatched

Variable
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Reference - Warfarin
Apixaban (any dose)
Exposure - DPP4i
Exposure - DPP4i
St. Diff.
Number of patients
15273
15273
14849
14849
80137
80137                                        110,259                                        110,259 
Age
...mean (sd)
74.79 (8.86)
74.64 (9.26)
72.66 (11.86)
72.78 (11.72)
77.10 (8.28)
77.01 (8.32)
76.18 (8.92)
76.11 (8.98)
0.01
...median [IQR]
76.00 [70.00, 82.00]
76.00 [69.00, 82.00]
74.00 [63.00, 82.00]
74.00 [64.00, 82.00]
77.00 [71.00, 83.00]
77.00 [71.00, 83.00]
Age categories without zero category
...18 - 54; n (%)
412 (2.7%)
489 (3.2%)
1,005 (6.8%)
900 (6.1%)
736 (0.9%)
812 (1.0%)
2,153 (2.0%)
2,201 (2.0%)
0.00
...55 - 64; n (%)
1,359 (8.9%)
1,466 (9.6%)
3,129 (21.1%)
3,175 (21.4%)
2,397 (3.0%)
2,427 (3.0%)
6,885 (6.2%)
7,068 (6.4%)
0.00
...65 - 74; n (%)
4,944 (32.4%)
4,931 (32.3%)
3,428 (23.1%)
3,533 (23.8%)
27,342 (34.1%)
27,427 (34.2%)
35,714 (32.4%)
35,891 (32.6%)
0.00
...>= 75; n (%)
8,558 (56.0%)
8,387 (54.9%)
7,287 (49.1%)
7,241 (48.8%)
49,662 (62.0%)
49,471 (61.7%)
65,507 (59.4%)
65,099 (59.0%)
0.00
Gender without zero category- United
...Males; n (%)
7,950 (52.1%)
7,963 (52.1%)
8,187 (55.1%)
8,226 (55.4%)
36,474 (45.5%)
36,464 (45.5%)
52,611 (47.7%)
52,653 (47.8%)
0.00
...Females; n (%)
7,323 (47.9%)
7,310 (47.9%)
6,662 (44.9%)
6,623 (44.6%)
43,663 (54.5%)
43,673 (54.5%)
57,648 (52.3%)
57,606 (52.2%)
0.00
Race without zero category
...White; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
74,275 (92.7%)
74,299 (92.7%)
74,275 (92.7%)
74,299 (92.7%)
#REF!
...Black; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2,826 (3.5%)
2,833 (3.5%)
2,826 (3.5%)
2,833 (3.5%)
0.00
...Asian; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
788 (1.0%)
762 (1.0%)
788 (1.0%)
762 (1.0%)
0.00
...Hispanic; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
723 (0.9%)
776 (1.0%)
723 (0.9%)
776 (1.0%)
0.00
...North American Native; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
253 (0.3%)
238 (0.3%)
253 (0.3%)
238 (0.3%)
0.00
...Other/Unknown; n (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1,272 (1.6%)
1,229 (1.5%)
1,272 (1.6%)
1,229 (1.5%)
0.00
Region without zero category- United v3 (lumping 
missing&other category with West)
...Northeast; n (%)
2,074 (13.6%)
2,058 (13.5%)
3,638 (24.5%)
3,629 (24.4%)
15,635 (19.5%)
15,661 (19.5%)
21,347 (19.4%)
21,348 (19.4%)
0.00
...South; n (%)
5,550 (36.3%)
5,501 (36.0%)
4,451 (30.0%)
4,448 (30.0%)
30,844 (38.5%)
30,914 (38.6%)
40,845 (37.0%)
40,863 (37.1%)
0.00
...Midwest; n (%)
3,239 (21.2%)
3,229 (21.1%)
4,806 (32.4%)
4,766 (32.1%)
19,892 (24.8%)
20,032 (25.0%)
27,937 (25.3%)
28,027 (25.4%)
0.00
...West; n (%)
4,410 (28.9%)
4,485 (29.4%)
1,883 (12.7%)
1,933 (13.0%)
13,766 (17.2%)
13,530 (16.9%)
20,059 (18.2%)
19,948 (18.1%)
0.00
...Unknown+missing; n (%)
N/A
N/A
71 (0.5%)
73 (0.5%)
N/A
N/A
71 (0.5%)
73 (0.5%)
0.00
Calendar Time by day (March 29, 2013 to CED)
...mean (sd)
1,346.50 (640.11)
1,295.54 (647.77)
850.64 (519.69)
831.37 (525.46)
365.00 (0.00)
365.00 (0.00)
566.36 (305.17)
556.71 (308.71)
0.03
...median [IQR]
376.00 [837.00, 1,868.50] 308.00 [758.00, 1,820.00] 784.00 [436.00, 1,218.00] 753.00 [410.00, 1,197.00]
365.00 [365.00, 365.00]
365.00 [365.00, 365.00]
CV Covariates
Ischemic heart disease; n (%)
5,440 (35.6%)
5,555 (36.4%)
5,202 (35.0%)
5,293 (35.6%)
27,989 (34.9%)
28,209 (35.2%)
38,631 (35.0%)
39,057 (35.4%)
0.00
Acute MI; n (%)
525 (3.4%)
542 (3.5%)
510 (3.4%)
494 (3.3%)
2,314 (2.9%)
2,362 (2.9%)
3,349 (3.0%)
3,398 (3.1%)
0.00
ACS/unstable angina; n (%)
486 (3.2%)
497 (3.3%)
490 (3.3%)
475 (3.2%)
2,388 (3.0%)
2,389 (3.0%)
3,364 (3.1%)
3,361 (3.0%)
0.00
Old MI; n (%)
875 (5.7%)
830 (5.4%)
522 (3.5%)
532 (3.6%)
4,574 (5.7%)
4,707 (5.9%)
5,971 (5.4%)
6,069 (5.5%)
0.00
Stable angina; n (%)
863 (5.7%)
855 (5.6%)
624 (4.2%)
593 (4.0%)
3,262 (4.1%)
3,335 (4.2%)
4,749 (4.3%)
4,783 (4.3%)
0.00
Coronary atherosclerosis and other forms of chronic 
ischemic heart disease; n (%)
4,999 (32.7%)
4,972 (32.6%)
4,830 (32.5%)
4,809 (32.4%)
25,708 (32.1%)
25,961 (32.4%)
35,537 (32.2%)
35,742 (32.4%)
0.00
Other atherosclerosis with ICD10 v2 Copy; n (%)
201 (1.3%)
164 (1.1%)
198 (1.3%)
197 (1.3%)
984 (1.2%)
977 (1.2%)
1,383 (1.3%)
1,338 (1.2%)
0.00
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) 
v4; n (%)
280 (1.8%)
137 (0.9%)
316 (2.1%)
171 (1.2%)
1,502 (1.9%)
818 (1.0%)
2,098 (1.9%)
1,126 (1.0%)
0.01
History of CABG or PTCA; n (%)
1,401 (9.2%)
1,435 (9.4%)
718 (4.8%)
802 (5.4%)
8,095 (10.1%)
8,580 (10.7%)
10,214 (9.3%)
10,817 (9.8%)
0.00
Any stroke; n (%)
1,429 (9.4%)
1,424 (9.3%)
1,356 (9.1%)
1,370 (9.2%)
7,131 (8.9%)
7,238 (9.0%)
9,916 (9.0%)
10,032 (9.1%)
0.00
Ischemic stroke (w and w/o mention of cerebral 
infarction); n (%)
1,416 (9.3%)
1,418 (9.3%)
1,352 (9.1%)
1,365 (9.2%)
7,092 (8.8%)
7,200 (9.0%)
9,860 (8.9%)
9,983 (9.1%)
0.00
Hemorrhagic stroke; n (%)
21 (0.1%)
**
11 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
59 (0.1%)
62 (0.1%)
091 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
TIA; n (%)
561 (3.7%)
562 (3.7%)
514 (3.5%)
510 (3.4%)
2,620 (3.3%)
2,699 (3.4%)
3,695 (3.4%)
3,771 (3.4%)
0.00
Other cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
471 (3.1%)
470 (3.1%)
409 (2.8%)
409 (2.8%)
2,303 (2.9%)
2,287 (2.9%)
3,183 (2.9%)
3,166 (2.9%)
0.00
Late effects of cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
433 (2.8%)
425 (2.8%)
321 (2.2%)
335 (2.3%)
2,165 (2.7%)
2,209 (2.8%)
2,919 (2.6%)
2,969 (2.7%)
0.00
Cerebrovascular procedure; n (%)
14 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
103 (0.1%)
99 (0.1%)
130 (0.1%)
132 (0.1%)
0.00
Heart failure (CHF); n (%)
4,026 (26.4%)
4,076 (26.7%)
3,528 (23.8%)
3,512 (23.7%)
18,310 (22.8%)
18,437 (23.0%)
25,864 (23.5%)
26,025 (23.6%)
0.00
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) or PVD Surgery v2; 
n (%)
1,343 (8.8%)
1,384 (9.1%)
1,142 (7.7%)
1,102 (7.4%)
6,437 (8.0%)
6,466 (8.1%)
8,922 (8.1%)
8,952 (8.1%)
0.00
Atrial fibrillation; n (%)
14,720 (96.4%)
14,720 (96.4%)
14,428 (97.2%)
14,375 (96.8%)
74,269 (92.7%)
74,268 (92.7%)
103,417 (93.8%)
103,363 (93.7%)
0.00
Other cardiac dysrhythmia; n (%)
11,951 (78.2%)
11,531 (75.5%)
8,702 (58.6%)
8,479 (57.1%)
49,385 (61.6%)
48,611 (60.7%)
70,038 (63.5%)
68,621 (62.2%)
0.00
Cardiac conduction disorders; n (%)
1,633 (10.7%)
1,697 (11.1%)
1,347 (9.1%)
1,372 (9.2%)
7,098 (8.9%)
7,032 (8.8%)
10,078 (9.1%)
10,101 (9.2%)
0.00
Other CVD; n (%)
5,937 (38.9%)
5,926 (38.8%)
5,813 (39.1%)
5,710 (38.5%)
25,840 (32.2%)
25,851 (32.3%)
37,590 (34.1%)
37,487 (34.0%)
0.00
Diabetes-related complications
Diabetic retinopathy; n (%)
179 (1.2%)
165 (1.1%)
125 (0.8%)
134 (0.9%)
686 (0.9%)
724 (0.9%)
990 (0.9%)
1,023 (0.9%)
0.00
Diabetes with other ophthalmic manifestations; n 
(%)
29 (0.2%)
25 (0.2%)
92 (0.6%)
93 (0.6%)
420 (0.5%)
437 (0.5%)
541 (0.5%)
555 (0.5%)
0.00
Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, 
vitrectomy; n (%)
15 (0.1%)
14 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
15 (0.1%)
58 (0.1%)
66 (0.1%)
089 (0.1%)
095 (0.1%)
0.00
Retinal laser coagulation therapy; n (%)
**
12 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
12 (0.1%)
85 (0.1%)
90 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
114 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of Diabetic Neuropathy v2 Copy; n (%)
763 (5.0%)
784 (5.1%)
557 (3.8%)
568 (3.8%)
2,858 (3.6%)
2,971 (3.7%)
4,178 (3.8%)
4,323 (3.9%)
0.00
Occurrence of diabetic nephropathy V3 with ICD10 
Copy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Hypoglycemia v2; n (%)
76 (0.5%)
80 (0.5%)
128 (0.9%)
103 (0.7%)
1,106 (1.4%)
1,103 (1.4%)
1,310 (1.2%)
1,286 (1.2%)
0.00
Hyperglycemia; n (%)
862 (5.6%)
903 (5.9%)
505 (3.4%)
496 (3.3%)
5,184 (6.5%)
4,951 (6.2%)
6,551 (5.9%)
6,350 (5.8%)
0.00
Disorders of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance; n 
(%)
1,693 (11.1%)
1,852 (12.1%)
1,339 (9.0%)
1,402 (9.4%)
6,132 (7.7%)
5,838 (7.3%)
9,164 (8.3%)
9,092 (8.2%)
0.00
Diabetic ketoacidosis; n (%)
**
13 (0.1%)
14 (0.1%)
11 (0.1%)
69 (0.1%)
80 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
104 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome 
(HONK); n (%)
18 (0.1%)
15 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
**
71 (0.1%)
74 (0.1%)
105 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders with 
ICD-10 v2 Copy; n (%)
344 (2.3%)
356 (2.3%)
230 (1.5%)
217 (1.5%)
1,779 (2.2%)
1,746 (2.2%)
2,353 (2.1%)
2,319 (2.1%)
0.00
Diabetic Foot; n (%)
322 (2.1%)
320 (2.1%)
339 (2.3%)
301 (2.0%)
2,082 (2.6%)
2,062 (2.6%)
2,743 (2.5%)
2,683 (2.4%)
0.00
Gangrene v2; n (%)
17 (0.1%)
19 (0.1%)
24 (0.2%)
25 (0.2%)
115 (0.1%)
130 (0.2%)
156 (0.1%)
174 (0.2%)
0.00
Lower extremity amputation; n (%)
66 (0.4%)
49 (0.3%)
30 (0.2%)
36 (0.2%)
274 (0.3%)
275 (0.3%)
370 (0.3%)
360 (0.3%)
0.00
Osteomyelitis; n (%)
57 (0.4%)
67 (0.4%)
58 (0.4%)
56 (0.4%)
312 (0.4%)
343 (0.4%)
427 (0.4%)
466 (0.4%)
0.00
Skin infections v2; n (%)
888 (5.8%)
885 (5.8%)
892 (6.0%)
905 (6.1%)
4,624 (5.8%)
4,625 (5.8%)
6,404 (5.8%)
6,415 (5.8%)
0.00
Erectile dysfunction; n (%)
278 (1.8%)
299 (2.0%)
271 (1.8%)
274 (1.8%)
632 (0.8%)
626 (0.8%)
1,181 (1.1%)
1,199 (1.1%)
0.00
Diabetes with unspecified complication; n (%)
238 (1.6%)
233 (1.5%)
182 (1.2%)
153 (1.0%)
767 (1.0%)
712 (0.9%)
1,187 (1.1%)
1,098 (1.0%)
0.00
Diabetes mellitus without mention of complications; 
n (%)
3,809 (24.9%)
3,816 (25.0%)
3,576 (24.1%)
3,582 (24.1%)
20,010 (25.0%)
20,230 (25.2%)
27,395 (24.8%)
27,628 (25.1%)
0.00
Hypertension: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims 
within 365 days; n (%)
13,001 (85.1%)
12,934 (84.7%)
11,752 (79.1%)
11,730 (79.0%)
71,410 (89.1%)
71,353 (89.0%)
96,163 (87.2%)
96,017 (87.1%)
0.00
Hyperlipidemia v2; n (%)
8,962 (58.7%)
9,005 (59.0%)
7,798 (52.5%)
7,774 (52.4%)
41,925 (52.3%)
42,279 (52.8%)
58,685 (53.2%)
59,058 (53.6%)
0.00
Edema; n (%)
1,847 (12.1%)
1,843 (12.1%)
1,485 (10.0%)
1,453 (9.8%)
7,070 (8.8%)
7,141 (8.9%)
10,402 (9.4%)
10,437 (9.5%)
0.00
Renal Dysfunction (non-diabetic) v2; n (%)
15 (0.1%)
**
**
12 (0.1%)
55 (0.1%)
49 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of acute renal disease v2; n (%)
12 (0.1%)
**
**
11 (0.1%)
46 (0.1%)
42 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Chronic kidney disease v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
CKD Stage 3-4; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Occurrence of hypertensive nephropathy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Occurrence of miscellaneous renal insufficiency v2; n 
(%)
**
**
0 (0.0%)
**
6 (0.0%)
6 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Glaucoma or cataracts v2; n (%)
2,873 (18.8%)
3,064 (20.1%)
3,051 (20.5%)
2,941 (19.8%)
16,717 (20.9%)
16,763 (20.9%)
22,641 (20.5%)
22,768 (20.6%)
0.00
Cellulitis or abscess of toe; n (%)
264 (1.7%)
293 (1.9%)
198 (1.3%)
195 (1.3%)
1,108 (1.4%)
1,212 (1.5%)
1,570 (1.4%)
1,700 (1.5%)
0.00
Foot ulcer; n (%)
322 (2.1%)
323 (2.1%)
345 (2.3%)
304 (2.0%)
1,810 (2.3%)
1,795 (2.2%)
2,477 (2.2%)
2,422 (2.2%)
0.00
Bladder stones; n (%)
18 (0.1%)
27 (0.2%)
19 (0.1%)
32 (0.2%)
79 (0.1%)
105 (0.1%)
116 (0.1%)
164 (0.1%)
0.00
Kidney stones; n (%)
222 (1.5%)
225 (1.5%)
253 (1.7%)
275 (1.9%)
1,205 (1.5%)
1,230 (1.5%)
1,680 (1.5%)
1,730 (1.6%)
0.00
Urinary tract infections (UTIs); n (%)
1,543 (10.1%)
1,671 (10.9%)
1,230 (8.3%)
1,255 (8.5%)
10,192 (12.7%)
10,461 (13.1%)
12,965 (11.8%)
13,387 (12.1%)
0.00
Dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
4,469 (29.3%)
4,791 (31.4%)
3,305 (22.3%)
3,551 (23.9%)
28,148 (35.1%)
29,526 (36.8%)
35,922 (32.6%)
37,868 (34.3%)
0.00
Non-dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
1,692 (11.1%)
1,664 (10.9%)
852 (5.7%)
837 (5.6%)
8,405 (10.5%)
8,371 (10.4%)
10,949 (9.9%)
10,872 (9.9%)
0.00
Urine function test; n (%)
469 (3.1%)
469 (3.1%)
599 (4.0%)
563 (3.8%)
3,241 (4.0%)
3,261 (4.1%)
4,309 (3.9%)
4,293 (3.9%)
0.00
Cytology; n (%)
263 (1.7%)
296 (1.9%)
379 (2.6%)
334 (2.2%)
1,845 (2.3%)
1,923 (2.4%)
2,487 (2.3%)
2,553 (2.3%)
0.00
Cystoscopy; n (%)
280 (1.8%)
283 (1.9%)
351 (2.4%)
358 (2.4%)
1,868 (2.3%)
1,863 (2.3%)
2,499 (2.3%)
2,504 (2.3%)
0.00
Other Covariates
Liver disease; n (%)
510 (3.3%)
533 (3.5%)
472 (3.2%)
438 (2.9%)
2,239 (2.8%)
2,253 (2.8%)
3,221 (2.9%)
3,224 (2.9%)
0.00
Osteoarthritis; n (%)
3,454 (22.6%)
3,462 (22.7%)
2,918 (19.7%)
2,847 (19.2%)
18,155 (22.7%)
18,116 (22.6%)
24,527 (22.2%)
24,425 (22.2%)
0.00
Other arthritis, arthropathies and musculoskeletal 
pain; n (%)
6,231 (40.8%)
6,235 (40.8%)
5,911 (39.8%)
5,814 (39.2%)
30,674 (38.3%)
30,992 (38.7%)
42,816 (38.8%)
43,041 (39.0%)
0.00
Dorsopathies; n (%)
3,580 (23.4%)
3,578 (23.4%)
3,184 (21.4%)
3,218 (21.7%)
17,414 (21.7%)
17,640 (22.0%)
24,178 (21.9%)
24,436 (22.2%)
0.00
Fractures; n (%)
750 (4.9%)
760 (5.0%)
694 (4.7%)
680 (4.6%)
4,114 (5.1%)
4,059 (5.1%)
5,558 (5.0%)
5,499 (5.0%)
0.00
Falls v2; n (%)
962 (6.3%)
954 (6.2%)
483 (3.3%)
445 (3.0%)
1,949 (2.4%)
1,935 (2.4%)
3,394 (3.1%)
3,334 (3.0%)
0.00
Osteoporosis; n (%)
1,246 (8.2%)
1,242 (8.1%)
814 (5.5%)
803 (5.4%)
7,381 (9.2%)
7,387 (9.2%)
9,441 (8.6%)
9,432 (8.6%)
0.00
Hyperthyroidism; n (%)
188 (1.2%)
198 (1.3%)
141 (0.9%)
176 (1.2%)
940 (1.2%)
987 (1.2%)
1,269 (1.2%)
1,361 (1.2%)
0.00
Hypothyroidism v2; n (%)
2,823 (18.5%)
2,797 (18.3%)
2,132 (14.4%)
2,237 (15.1%)
9,312 (11.6%)
9,443 (11.8%)
14,267 (12.9%)
14,477 (13.1%)
0.00
Other disorders of thyroid gland V2; n (%)
575 (3.8%)
584 (3.8%)
537 (3.6%)
555 (3.7%)
2,752 (3.4%)
2,713 (3.4%)
3,864 (3.5%)
3,852 (3.5%)
0.00
Depression; n (%)
1,401 (9.2%)
1,452 (9.5%)
1,075 (7.2%)
1,049 (7.1%)
7,087 (8.8%)
7,141 (8.9%)
9,563 (8.7%)
9,642 (8.7%)
0.00
Anxiety; n (%)
1,672 (10.9%)
1,675 (11.0%)
1,148 (7.7%)
1,100 (7.4%)
7,191 (9.0%)
7,353 (9.2%)
10,011 (9.1%)
10,128 (9.2%)
0.00
Sleep_Disorder; n (%)
1,106 (7.2%)
1,225 (8.0%)
1,780 (12.0%)
1,831 (12.3%)
5,633 (7.0%)
5,896 (7.4%)
8,519 (7.7%)
8,952 (8.1%)
0.00
Dementia; n (%)
1,054 (6.9%)
1,079 (7.1%)
796 (5.4%)
795 (5.4%)
5,565 (6.9%)
5,591 (7.0%)
7,415 (6.7%)
7,465 (6.8%)
0.00
Delirium; n (%)
305 (2.0%)
288 (1.9%)
261 (1.8%)
257 (1.7%)
1,714 (2.1%)
1,661 (2.1%)
2,280 (2.1%)
2,206 (2.0%)
0.00
Psychosis; n (%)
176 (1.2%)
178 (1.2%)
148 (1.0%)
142 (1.0%)
1,251 (1.6%)
1,230 (1.5%)
1,575 (1.4%)
1,550 (1.4%)
0.00
Obesity; n (%)
2,673 (17.5%)
2,688 (17.6%)
1,997 (13.4%)
2,032 (13.7%)
10,755 (13.4%)
11,087 (13.8%)
15,425 (14.0%)
15,807 (14.3%)
0.00
Overweight; n (%)
826 (5.4%)
831 (5.4%)
389 (2.6%)
382 (2.6%)
2,929 (3.7%)
2,932 (3.7%)
4,144 (3.8%)
4,145 (3.8%)
0.00
Smoking; n (%)
2,920 (19.1%)
2,909 (19.0%)
1,271 (8.6%)
1,276 (8.6%)
18,325 (22.9%)
18,345 (22.9%)
22,516 (20.4%)
22,530 (20.4%)
0.00
Alcohol abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Drug abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
COPD; n (%)
2,611 (17.1%)
2,687 (17.6%)
1,976 (13.3%)
1,974 (13.3%)
12,587 (15.7%)
12,821 (16.0%)
17,174 (15.6%)
17,482 (15.9%)
0.00
Asthma; n (%)
1,068 (7.0%)
1,079 (7.1%)
907 (6.1%)
907 (6.1%)
5,437 (6.8%)
5,528 (6.9%)
7,412 (6.7%)
7,514 (6.8%)
0.00
Obstructive sleep apnea; n (%)
2,016 (13.2%)
2,030 (13.3%)
2,129 (14.3%)
2,124 (14.3%)
7,215 (9.0%)
7,401 (9.2%)
11,360 (10.3%)
11,555 (10.5%)
0.00
Pneumonia; n (%)
1,033 (6.8%)
1,038 (6.8%)
966 (6.5%)
941 (6.3%)
5,444 (6.8%)
5,446 (6.8%)
7,443 (6.8%)
7,425 (6.7%)
0.00
Imaging; n (%)
41 (0.3%)
38 (0.2%)
35 (0.2%)
15 (0.1%)
262 (0.3%)
231 (0.3%)
338 (0.3%)
284 (0.3%)
0.00
Diabetes Medications
DM Medications - AGIs; n (%)
12 (0.1%)
**
**
18 (0.1%)
47 (0.1%)
51 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
DM Medications - Glitazones; n (%)
117 (0.8%)
166 (1.1%)
145 (1.0%)
177 (1.2%)
617 (0.8%)
740 (0.9%)
879 (0.8%)
1,083 (1.0%)
0.00
DM Medications - GLP-1 RA; n (%)
88 (0.6%)
100 (0.7%)
142 (1.0%)
164 (1.1%)
410 (0.5%)
386 (0.5%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
DM Medications - Insulin; n (%)
535 (3.5%)
574 (3.8%)
650 (4.4%)
657 (4.4%)
2,877 (3.6%)
2,247 (2.8%)
4,062 (3.7%)
3,478 (3.2%)
0.00
DM Medications - Meglitinides; n (%)
20 (0.1%)
20 (0.1%)
51 (0.3%)
43 (0.3%)
172 (0.2%)
204 (0.3%)
243 (0.2%)
267 (0.2%)
0.00
DM Medications - Metformin; n (%)
2,137 (14.0%)
2,197 (14.4%)
1,966 (13.2%)
2,055 (13.8%)
10,495 (13.1%)
10,854 (13.5%)
14,598 (13.2%)
15,106 (13.7%)
0.00
Alogliptin; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
**
0.04 (0.20)
0.04 (0.21)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
PS-matched
Truven
Medicare
POOLED
Optum
Table 1: Matched

Linagliptin; n (%)
32 (0.2%)
23 (0.2%)
45 (0.3%)
51 (0.3%)
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Saxagliptin; n (%)
41 (0.3%)
37 (0.2%)
49 (0.3%)
40 (0.3%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Sitagliptin; n (%)
149 (1.0%)
158 (1.0%)
296 (2.0%)
241 (1.6%)
0.09 (0.42)
0.09 (0.42)
#VALUE!
399 (0.4%)
#VALUE!
Concomitant initiation or current use of 2nd 
Generation SUs; n (%)
801 (5.2%)
721 (4.7%)
768 (5.2%)
753 (5.1%)
529 (0.7%)
381 (0.5%)
2,098 (1.9%)
1,855 (1.7%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of AGIs; n (%)
**
**
**
14 (0.1%)
0 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Concomitant initiation or current use of Glitazones; 
n (%)
89 (0.6%)
132 (0.9%)
115 (0.8%)
140 (0.9%)
43 (0.1%)
48 (0.1%)
247 (0.2%)
320 (0.3%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of GLP-1 RA; n 
(%)
58 (0.4%)
70 (0.5%)
101 (0.7%)
122 (0.8%)
27 (0.0%)
17 (0.0%)
186 (0.2%)
209 (0.2%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of Insulin; n 
(%)
370 (2.4%)
402 (2.6%)
485 (3.3%)
483 (3.3%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Concomitant initiation or current use of 
Meglitinides; n (%)
15 (0.1%)
15 (0.1%)
39 (0.3%)
30 (0.2%)
19 (0.0%)
16 (0.0%)
073 (0.1%)
061 (0.1%)
0.00
Concomitant initiation or current use of Metformin; 
n (%)
1,747 (11.4%)
1,811 (11.9%)
1,584 (10.7%)
1,650 (11.1%)
1,019 (1.3%)
824 (1.0%)
4,350 (3.9%)
4,285 (3.9%)
0.00
Past use of 2nd Generation SUs Copy; n (%)
167 (1.1%)
183 (1.2%)
160 (1.1%)
165 (1.1%)
**
12 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
360 (0.3%)
#VALUE!
Past use of AGIs Copy; n (%)
**
**
**
**
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of Glitazones Copy; n (%)
28 (0.2%)
34 (0.2%)
30 (0.2%)
37 (0.2%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of GLP-1 RA Copy; n (%)
31 (0.2%)
31 (0.2%)
43 (0.3%)
42 (0.3%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of Insulin Copy; n (%)
165 (1.1%)
172 (1.1%)
165 (1.1%)
174 (1.2%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of Meglitinides Copy; n (%)
5 (0.0%)
5 (0.0%)
12 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Past use of metformin (final) Copy; n (%)
390 (2.6%)
386 (2.5%)
382 (2.6%)
405 (2.7%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Other Medications
Use of ACE inhibitors; n (%)
5,108 (33.4%)
5,185 (33.9%)
4,931 (33.2%)
4,911 (33.1%)
26,746 (33.4%)
26,769 (33.4%)
36,785 (33.4%)
36,865 (33.4%)
0.00
Use of ARBs; n (%)
3,359 (22.0%)
3,277 (21.5%)
3,611 (24.3%)
3,632 (24.5%)
18,865 (23.5%)
18,827 (23.5%)
25,835 (23.4%)
25,736 (23.3%)
0.00
Use of Loop Diuretics - United; n (%)
4,236 (27.7%)
4,204 (27.5%)
4,099 (27.6%)
3,973 (26.8%)
23,856 (29.8%)
23,618 (29.5%)
32,191 (29.2%)
31,795 (28.8%)
0.00
Use of other diuretics- United; n (%)
910 (6.0%)
954 (6.2%)
979 (6.6%)
1,026 (6.9%)
4,712 (5.9%)
4,994 (6.2%)
6,601 (6.0%)
6,974 (6.3%)
0.00
Use of nitrates-United; n (%)
1,096 (7.2%)
1,033 (6.8%)
1,163 (7.8%)
1,081 (7.3%)
7,226 (9.0%)
6,925 (8.6%)
9,485 (8.6%)
9,039 (8.2%)
0.00
Use of other hypertension drugs; n (%)
987 (6.5%)
1,075 (7.0%)
944 (6.4%)
1,009 (6.8%)
5,421 (6.8%)
5,927 (7.4%)
7,352 (6.7%)
8,011 (7.3%)
0.00
Use of digoxin- United; n (%)
1,982 (13.0%)
1,340 (8.8%)
2,364 (15.9%)
1,677 (11.3%)
11,421 (14.3%)
8,950 (11.2%)
15,767 (14.3%)
11,967 (10.9%)
0.01
Use of Anti-arrhythmics; n (%)
2,830 (18.5%)
2,881 (18.9%)
3,408 (23.0%)
3,334 (22.5%)
16,013 (20.0%)
16,120 (20.1%)
22,251 (20.2%)
22,335 (20.3%)
0.00
Use of COPD/asthma meds- United; n (%)
2,680 (17.5%)
2,826 (18.5%)
2,867 (19.3%)
2,911 (19.6%)
16,242 (20.3%)
16,177 (20.2%)
21,789 (19.8%)
21,914 (19.9%)
0.00
Use of statins; n (%)
8,379 (54.9%)
8,384 (54.9%)
8,068 (54.3%)
8,126 (54.7%)
44,642 (55.7%)
44,673 (55.7%)
61,089 (55.4%)
61,183 (55.5%)
0.00
Use of other lipid-lowering drugs; n (%)
807 (5.3%)
809 (5.3%)
1,122 (7.6%)
1,135 (7.6%)
4,999 (6.2%)
5,066 (6.3%)
6,928 (6.3%)
7,010 (6.4%)
0.00
Use of antiplatelet agents; n (%)
1,518 (9.9%)
1,535 (10.1%)
1,870 (12.6%)
1,810 (12.2%)
9,611 (12.0%)
9,781 (12.2%)
12,999 (11.8%)
13,126 (11.9%)
0.00
Use of oral anticoagulants (Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, 
Apixaban, Warfarin); n (%)
15,273 (100.0%)
15,273 (100.0%)
14,849 (100.0%)
14,849 (100.0%)
80,137 (100.0%)
80,137 (100.0%)
110,259 (100.0%)
110,259 (100.0%)
0.00
Use of heparin and other low-molecular weight 
heparins; n (%)
201 (1.3%)
246 (1.6%)
**
**
838 (1.0%)
1,007 (1.3%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of NSAIDs; n (%)
1,595 (10.4%)
1,554 (10.2%)
1,662 (11.2%)
1,661 (11.2%)
9,357 (11.7%)
9,421 (11.8%)
12,614 (11.4%)
12,636 (11.5%)
0.00
Use of oral corticosteroids; n (%)
3,107 (20.3%)
3,092 (20.2%)
2,955 (19.9%)
2,974 (20.0%)
17,909 (22.3%)
17,955 (22.4%)
23,971 (21.7%)
24,021 (21.8%)
0.00
Use of bisphosphonate (United); n (%)
525 (3.4%)
526 (3.4%)
365 (2.5%)
355 (2.4%)
2,725 (3.4%)
2,741 (3.4%)
3,615 (3.3%)
3,622 (3.3%)
0.00
Use of opioids- United; n (%)
3,699 (24.2%)
3,758 (24.6%)
3,918 (26.4%)
3,910 (26.3%)
21,952 (27.4%)
22,299 (27.8%)
29,569 (26.8%)
29,967 (27.2%)
0.00
Use of antidepressants; n (%)
3,362 (22.0%)
3,379 (22.1%)
3,016 (20.3%)
3,005 (20.2%)
19,019 (23.7%)
19,236 (24.0%)
25,397 (23.0%)
25,620 (23.2%)
0.00
Use of antipsychotics; n (%)
280 (1.8%)
283 (1.9%)
244 (1.6%)
243 (1.6%)
1,983 (2.5%)
2,058 (2.6%)
2,507 (2.3%)
2,584 (2.3%)
0.00
Use of anticonvulsants; n (%)
1,932 (12.6%)
1,991 (13.0%)
1,587 (10.7%)
1,608 (10.8%)
10,833 (13.5%)
10,990 (13.7%)
14,352 (13.0%)
14,589 (13.2%)
0.00
Use of lithium- United; n (%)
12 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
11 (0.1%)
59 (0.1%)
86 (0.1%)
087 (0.1%)
110 (0.1%)
0.00
Use of Benzos- United; n (%)
1,886 (12.3%)
1,904 (12.5%)
2,009 (13.5%)
1,965 (13.2%)
12,174 (15.2%)
12,263 (15.3%)
16,069 (14.6%)
16,132 (14.6%)
0.00
Use of anxiolytics/hypnotics- United; n (%)
699 (4.6%)
770 (5.0%)
952 (6.4%)
962 (6.5%)
5,173 (6.5%)
5,258 (6.6%)
6,824 (6.2%)
6,990 (6.3%)
0.00
Use of dementia meds- United; n (%)
533 (3.5%)
499 (3.3%)
491 (3.3%)
495 (3.3%)
3,443 (4.3%)
3,510 (4.4%)
4,467 (4.1%)
4,504 (4.1%)
0.00
Use of antiparkinsonian meds- United; n (%)
444 (2.9%)
450 (2.9%)
401 (2.7%)
389 (2.6%)
2,817 (3.5%)
2,844 (3.5%)
3,662 (3.3%)
3,683 (3.3%)
0.00
Any use of pramlintide; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Any use of 1st generation sulfonylureas; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0.00
Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan); n (%)
65 (0.4%)
74 (0.5%)
35 (0.2%)
20 (0.1%)
99 (0.1%)
114 (0.1%)
199 (0.2%)
208 (0.2%)
0.00
Initiation as monotherapy v4 Copy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
**
**
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Dual therapy with metformin v4 (latest based on 
Aetion's suggestion)- not adding to PS; n (%)
**
**
13 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
194 (0.2%)
203 (0.3%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Labs
                                          30,122                                           30,122 
Lab values- HbA1c (%) v3; n (%)
2,202 (14.4%)
2,238 (14.7%)
173 (1.2%)
142 (1.0%)
N/A
N/A
2,375 (7.9%)
2,380 (7.9%)
0.00
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 3 months) v3; n (%)
1,417 (9.3%)
1,436 (9.4%)
111 (0.7%)
97 (0.7%)
N/A
N/A
1,528 (5.1%)
1,533 (5.1%)
0.00
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 6 months) v3; n (%)
2,202 (14.4%)
2,238 (14.7%)
173 (1.2%)
142 (1.0%)
N/A
N/A
2,375 (7.9%)
2,380 (7.9%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP; n (%)
266 (1.7%)
324 (2.1%)
37 (0.2%)
22 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
303 (1.0%)
346 (1.1%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 3 months); n (%)
177 (1.2%)
226 (1.5%)
27 (0.2%)
19 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
204 (0.7%)
245 (0.8%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 6 months); n (%)
266 (1.7%)
324 (2.1%)
37 (0.2%)
22 (0.1%)
N/A
N/A
303 (1.0%)
346 (1.1%)
0.00
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl); n (%)
4,345 (28.4%)
4,694 (30.7%)
258 (1.7%)
231 (1.6%)
N/A
N/A
4,603 (15.3%)
4,925 (16.4%)
0.00
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
2,953 (19.3%)
3,245 (21.2%)
181 (1.2%)
155 (1.0%)
N/A
N/A
3,134 (10.4%)
3,400 (11.3%)
0.00
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
4,345 (28.4%)
4,694 (30.7%)
258 (1.7%)
231 (1.6%)
N/A
N/A
4,603 (15.3%)
4,925 (16.4%)
0.00
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
4,447 (29.1%)
4,846 (31.7%)
273 (1.8%)
237 (1.6%)
N/A
N/A
4,720 (15.7%)
5,083 (16.9%)
0.00
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; 
n (%)
3,016 (19.7%)
3,373 (22.1%)
191 (1.3%)
157 (1.1%)
N/A
N/A
3,207 (10.6%)
3,530 (11.7%)
0.00
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; 
n (%)
4,447 (29.1%)
4,846 (31.7%)
273 (1.8%)
237 (1.6%)
N/A
N/A
4,720 (15.7%)
5,083 (16.9%)
0.00
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl); n (%)
2,935 (19.2%)
3,065 (20.1%)
175 (1.2%)
140 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,110 (10.3%)
3,205 (10.6%)
0.00
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
1,764 (11.5%)
1,845 (12.1%)
99 (0.7%)
81 (0.5%)
N/A
N/A
1,863 (6.2%)
1,926 (6.4%)
0.00
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
2,935 (19.2%)
3,065 (20.1%)
175 (1.2%)
140 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,110 (10.3%)
3,205 (10.6%)
0.00
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
3,142 (20.6%)
3,273 (21.4%)
192 (1.3%)
139 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,334 (11.1%)
3,412 (11.3%)
0.00
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; n 
(%)
1,887 (12.4%)
1,978 (13.0%)
114 (0.8%)
82 (0.6%)
N/A
N/A
2,001 (6.6%)
2,060 (6.8%)
0.00
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; n 
(%)
3,142 (20.6%)
3,273 (21.4%)
192 (1.3%)
139 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,334 (11.1%)
3,412 (11.3%)
0.00
Lab values- NT-proBNP; n (%)
42 (0.3%)
61 (0.4%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 3 months); n (%)
34 (0.2%)
44 (0.3%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 6 months); n (%)
42 (0.3%)
61 (0.4%)
**
**
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
-
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
3,012 (19.7%)
3,125 (20.5%)
174 (1.2%)
137 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,186 (10.6%)
3,262 (10.8%)
0.00
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 3 
months) v2; n (%)
1,805 (11.8%)
1,886 (12.3%)
97 (0.7%)
79 (0.5%)
N/A
N/A
1,902 (6.3%)
1,965 (6.5%)
0.00
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 6 
months) v2; n (%)
3,012 (19.7%)
3,125 (20.5%)
174 (1.2%)
137 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,186 (10.6%)
3,262 (10.8%)
0.00
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl); n (%)
2,951 (19.3%)
3,091 (20.2%)
171 (1.2%)
139 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,122 (10.4%)
3,230 (10.7%)
0.00
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 3 
months); n (%)
1,771 (11.6%)
1,870 (12.2%)
98 (0.7%)
80 (0.5%)
N/A
N/A
1,869 (6.2%)
1,950 (6.5%)
0.00
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 6 
months); n (%)
2,951 (19.3%)
3,091 (20.2%)
171 (1.2%)
139 (0.9%)
N/A
N/A
3,122 (10.4%)
3,230 (10.7%)
0.00
Lab result number- HbA1c (%) mean (only 2 to 20 
included) v4
N/A
N/A                                           30,122                                           30,122 
...mean (sd)
6.40 (1.12)
6.39 (1.20)
6.82 (1.24)
6.91 (1.52)
N/A
N/A
6.61 (1.18)
6.65 (1.37)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
6.10 [5.75, 6.80]
6.10 [5.70, 6.80]
6.40 [5.93, 7.38]
6.50 [6.00, 7.40]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
13,085 (85.7%)
13,041 (85.4%)
14,685 (98.9%)
14,710 (99.1%)
N/A
N/A
27,770 (92.2%)
27,751 (92.1%)
#DIV/0!
Lab result number- BNP mean v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
334.80 (511.25)
327.40 (485.45)
490.63 (779.90)
716.39 (1,080.94)
N/A
N/A
411.62 (538.40)
519.16 (833.97)
-0.15
...median [IQR]
208.20 [113.64, 386.12]
199.30 [101.17, 400.30]
243.00 [89.00, 496.62]
312.25 [137.62, 545.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
15,007 (98.3%)
14,949 (97.9%)
14,812 (99.8%)
14,827 (99.9%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- BUN (mg/dl) mean v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
18.06 (6.33)
18.01 (6.20)
869.98 (13,695.52)
18.61 (6.49)
N/A
N/A
438.02 (9615.95)
18.31 (6.34)
0.06
...median [IQR]
17.00 [14.00, 21.00]
17.00 [14.00, 21.00]
17.00 [14.00, 20.00]
18.00 [15.00, 21.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
10,928 (71.6%)
10,579 (69.3%)
14,591 (98.3%)
14,618 (98.4%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Creatinine (mg/dl) mean (only 0.1 
to 15 included) v3
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
0.97 (0.25)
0.97 (0.23)
0.97 (0.24)
1.00 (0.25)
N/A
N/A
0.97 (0.25)
0.98 (0.24)
-0.04
...median [IQR]
0.94 [0.80, 1.10]
0.94 [0.81, 1.09]
0.94 [0.80, 1.08]
0.98 [0.85, 1.13]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
10,873 (71.2%)
10,470 (68.6%)
14,582 (98.2%)
14,615 (98.4%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- HDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
51.89 (16.24)
52.65 (17.24)
45.20 (16.08)
45.00 (13.88)
N/A
N/A
48.59 (16.16)
48.88 (15.67)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
49.50 [41.00, 60.25]
50.00 [41.00, 62.00]
43.25 [35.88, 52.00]
44.00 [35.12, 52.75]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
12,338 (80.8%)
12,208 (79.9%)
14,675 (98.8%)
14,709 (99.1%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- LDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
90.04 (33.51)
87.75 (33.30)
88.64 (36.83)
88.11 (32.58)
N/A
N/A
89.35 (35.19)
87.93 (32.95)
0.04
...median [IQR]
87.00 [67.00, 111.00]
84.00 [65.00, 106.50]
85.00 [64.00, 109.25]
87.10 [64.75, 111.25]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
12,217 (80.0%)
12,075 (79.1%)
14,680 (98.9%)
14,719 (99.1%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
168.20 (41.65)
165.29 (40.13)
160.92 (47.56)
160.86 (41.76)
N/A
N/A
164.61 (44.66)
163.11 (40.94)
0.04
...median [IQR]
164.00 [139.50, 194.00]
162.00 [138.00, 190.00]
164.00 [131.00, 188.00]
164.00 [132.50, 187.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
12,266 (80.3%)
12,150 (79.6%)
14,676 (98.8%)
14,712 (99.1%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
128.76 (82.61)
122.22 (73.94)
137.46 (73.77)
140.81 (71.38)
N/A
N/A
133.05 (78.38)
131.38 (72.69)
0.02
...median [IQR]
112.00 [82.00, 153.50]
106.00 [78.00, 145.00]
125.50 [94.00, 164.00]
130.00 [96.50, 167.00]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
12,322 (80.7%)
12,182 (79.8%)
14,679 (98.9%)
14,710 (99.1%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Hemoglobin mean (only >0 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
13.62 (1.68)
13.67 (1.62)
699.98 (9,732.82)
13.69 (1.84)
N/A
N/A
351.97 (6833.64)
13.68 (1.73)
0.07
...median [IQR]
13.60 [12.60, 14.70]
13.70 [12.65, 14.70]
13.55 [12.53, 14.72]
13.70 [12.87, 14.76]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
11,942 (78.2%)
11,699 (76.6%)
14,648 (98.6%)
14,667 (98.8%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Serum sodium mean (only > 90 
and < 190 included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
140.28 (2.98)
140.22 (3.00)
139.19 (2.88)
139.82 (2.30)
N/A
N/A
139.74 (2.93)
140.02 (2.68)
-0.10
...median [IQR]
140.50 [139.00, 142.00]
140.50 [139.00, 142.00]
140.00 [137.94, 141.00]
140.00 [138.00, 141.38]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
11,075 (72.5%)
10,754 (70.4%)
14,595 (98.3%)
14,639 (98.6%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Albumin mean (only >0 and <=10 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
4.15 (0.34)
4.17 (0.34)
3.98 (0.77)
4.13 (0.47)
N/A
N/A
4.07 (0.59)
4.15 (0.41)
-0.16
...median [IQR]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
4.10 [3.80, 4.40]
4.20 [3.90, 4.40]
N/A
N/A
Table 1: Matched

...Missing; n (%)
11,535 (75.5%)
11,360 (74.4%)
14,655 (98.7%)
14,686 (98.9%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Glucose (fasting or random) mean 
(only 10-1000 included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
110.11 (33.77)
110.43 (36.05)
128.77 (45.98)
131.44 (51.52)
N/A
N/A
119.31 (40.26)
120.79 (44.36)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
101.00 [92.00, 117.00]
101.00 [92.00, 116.00]
115.00 [97.00, 144.75]
116.25 [97.83, 143.31]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
11,123 (72.8%)
10,823 (70.9%)
14,600 (98.3%)
14,639 (98.6%)
N/A
N/A
Lab result number- Potassium mean (only 1-7 
included)
N/A
N/A
...mean (sd)
4.36 (0.44)
4.39 (0.43)
4.32 (0.41)
4.37 (0.40)
N/A
N/A
4.34 (0.43)
4.38 (0.42)
-0.09
...median [IQR]
4.35 [4.10, 4.60]
4.40 [4.10, 4.65]
4.30 [4.10, 4.57]
4.40 [4.10, 4.60]
N/A
N/A
...Missing; n (%)
10,855 (71.1%)
10,470 (68.6%)
14,599 (98.3%)
14,632 (98.5%)
N/A
N/A
Comorbidity Scores
CCI (180 days)- ICD9 and ICD10 v2
...mean (sd)
3.50 (1.86)
3.50 (1.84)
3.22 (1.73)
3.20 (1.71)
2.20 (2.00)
2.22 (2.02)
3.36 (1.80)
3.35 (1.78)
0.01
...median [IQR]
3.00 [2.00, 5.00]
3.00 [2.00, 5.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
Frailty Score: Qualitative Version 365 days as 
Categories, v1
...0; n (%)
6,480 (42.4%)
5,808 (38.0%)
2,847 (19.2%)
2,765 (18.6%)
80,137 (100.0%)
80,137 (100.0%)
89,464 (81.1%)
88,710 (80.5%)
0.00
...1 to 2; n (%)
4,987 (32.7%)
5,444 (35.6%)
5,982 (40.3%)
6,121 (41.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
10,969 (9.9%)
11,565 (10.5%)
0.00
...3 or more; n (%)
3,806 (24.9%)
4,021 (26.3%)
6,020 (40.5%)
5,963 (40.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
9,826 (8.9%)
9,984 (9.1%)
0.00
Frailty Score: Empirical Version 365 days as 
Categories, v3
...< 0.12908; n (%)
1,344 (8.8%)
1,533 (10.0%)
1,237 (8.3%)
1,288 (8.7%)
63,958 (79.8%)
63,584 (79.3%)
66,539 (60.3%)
66,405 (60.2%)
0.00
...0.12908 - 0.1631167; n (%)
4,185 (27.4%)
4,252 (27.8%)
4,009 (27.0%)
4,061 (27.3%)
7,169 (8.9%)
7,168 (8.9%)
15,363 (13.9%)
15,481 (14.0%)
0.00
...>= 0.1631167; n (%)
9,744 (63.8%)
9,488 (62.1%)
9,603 (64.7%)
9,500 (64.0%)
9,010 (11.2%)
9,385 (11.7%)
28,357 (25.7%)
28,373 (25.7%)
0.00
Non-Frailty; n (%)
8,075 (52.9%)
8,222 (53.8%)
7,317 (49.3%)
7,321 (49.3%)
1,831 (2.3%)
1,475 (1.8%)
17,223 (15.6%)
17,018 (15.4%)
0.00
Frailty Score (mean): Qualitative Version 365 days, v1
...mean (sd)
1.62 (2.14)
1.69 (2.07)
2.40 (2.09)
2.39 (2.08)
0.09 (0.06)
0.09 (0.06)
2.00 (2.12)
2.04 (2.07)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
0.07 [0.05, 0.12]
0.07 [0.04, 0.12]
Frailty Score (mean): Empirical Version 365 days, v2
...mean (sd)
0.19 (0.06)
0.19 (0.06)
0.18 (0.05)
0.18 (0.05)
13.79 (10.60)
13.94 (11.23)
0.19 (0.06)
0.19 (0.06)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.18 [0.15, 0.22]
0.18 [0.15, 0.22]
0.17 [0.15, 0.21]
0.17 [0.15, 0.21]
11.48 [6.52, 18.58]
11.41 [6.23, 18.92]
Healthcare Utilization
Any hospitalization; n (%)
4,088 (26.8%)
4,353 (28.5%)
4,929 (33.2%)
4,940 (33.3%)
27,061 (33.8%)
27,502 (34.3%)
36,078 (32.7%)
36,795 (33.4%)
0.00
Any hospitalization within prior 30 days; n (%)
2,665 (17.4%)
2,680 (17.5%)
3,263 (22.0%)
3,266 (22.0%)
17,754 (22.2%)
17,978 (22.4%)
23,682 (21.5%)
23,924 (21.7%)
0.00
Any hospitalization during prior 31-180 days; n (%)
1,771 (11.6%)
1,906 (12.5%)
1,940 (13.1%)
1,967 (13.2%)
11,741 (14.7%)
11,790 (14.7%)
15,452 (14.0%)
15,663 (14.2%)
0.00
Endocrinologist Visit; n (%)
423 (2.8%)
422 (2.8%)
485 (3.3%)
480 (3.2%)
3,229 (4.0%)
3,111 (3.9%)
4,137 (3.8%)
4,013 (3.6%)
0.00
Endocrinologist Visit (30 days prior); n (%)
121 (0.8%)
130 (0.9%)
169 (1.1%)
151 (1.0%)
956 (1.2%)
926 (1.2%)
1,246 (1.1%)
1,207 (1.1%)
0.00
Endocrinologist Visit (31 to 180 days prior); n (%)
357 (2.3%)
341 (2.2%)
394 (2.7%)
399 (2.7%)
2,719 (3.4%)
2,622 (3.3%)
3,470 (3.1%)
3,362 (3.0%)
0.00
Internal medicine/family medicine visits; n (%)
13,081 (85.6%)
13,272 (86.9%)
12,120 (81.6%)
11,913 (80.2%)
66,414 (82.9%)
67,563 (84.3%)
91,615 (83.1%)
92,748 (84.1%)
0.00
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (30 days 
prior) v2; n (%)
8,371 (54.8%)
8,426 (55.2%)
7,582 (51.1%)
7,465 (50.3%)
42,114 (52.6%)
41,751 (52.1%)
58,067 (52.7%)
57,642 (52.3%)
0.00
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (31 to 180 
days prior) v2; n (%)
11,810 (77.3%)
11,921 (78.1%)
11,016 (74.2%)
10,766 (72.5%)
58,410 (72.9%)
59,572 (74.3%)
81,236 (73.7%)
82,259 (74.6%)
0.00
Cardiologist visit; n (%)
11,538 (75.5%)
12,069 (79.0%)
9,253 (62.3%)
9,102 (61.3%)
63,920 (79.8%)
66,537 (83.0%)
84,711 (76.8%)
87,708 (79.5%)
0.00
Number of Cardiologist visits (30 days prior); n (%)
8,214 (53.8%)
8,242 (54.0%)
6,208 (41.8%)
6,079 (40.9%)
46,109 (57.5%)
46,119 (57.6%)
60,531 (54.9%)
60,440 (54.8%)
0.00
Number of Cardiologist visits (31 to 180 days prior); 
n (%)
8,453 (55.3%)
8,712 (57.0%)
7,212 (48.6%)
6,953 (46.8%)
46,069 (57.5%)
47,552 (59.3%)
61,734 (56.0%)
63,217 (57.3%)
0.00
Electrocardiogram v2; n (%)
10,536 (69.0%)
11,542 (75.6%)
10,205 (68.7%)
11,063 (74.5%)
60,573 (75.6%)
64,303 (80.2%)
81,314 (73.7%)
86,908 (78.8%)
-0.01
Use of glucose test strips; n (%)
138 (0.9%)
157 (1.0%)
114 (0.8%)
133 (0.9%)
907 (1.1%)
988 (1.2%)
1,159 (1.1%)
1,278 (1.2%)
0.00
Dialysis; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Naive new user v8 Copy; n (%)
12,399 (81.2%)
12,421 (81.3%)
12,023 (81.0%)
11,989 (80.7%)
14,760 (18.4%)
14,638 (18.3%)
39,182 (35.5%)
39,048 (35.4%)
0.00
N antidiabetic drugs at index date v3 Copy
...mean (sd)
0.22 (0.56)
0.22 (0.58)
0.24 (0.62)
0.24 (0.63)
0.23 (0.58)
0.22 (0.57)
0.23 (0.58)
0.22 (0.58)
0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
number of different/distinct medication 
prescriptions
...mean (sd)
9.21 (4.49)
9.27 (4.57)
9.70 (4.58)
9.69 (4.72)
9.75 (4.49)
9.84 (4.55)
9.67 (4.50)
9.74 (4.58)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [7.00, 12.00]
9.00 [7.00, 12.00]
Number of Hospitalizations
...mean (sd)
0.33 (0.61)
0.33 (0.57)
0.38 (0.59)
0.38 (0.58)
0.43 (0.70)
0.43 (0.70)
0.41 (0.67)
0.41 (0.67)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of hospital days
...mean (sd)
1.71 (4.11)
1.72 (4.67)
1.94 (3.92)
1.92 (4.82)
2.42 (5.05)
2.41 (6.24)
2.26 (4.79)
2.25 (5.87)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
Number of Emergency Department (ED) visits v3
...mean (sd)
0.75 (1.46)
0.76 (1.44)
0.67 (2.44)
0.69 (2.09)
0.96 (1.92)
1.00 (1.88)
0.89 (1.94)
0.93 (1.86)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
Number of Office visits
...mean (sd)
5.55 (4.15)
5.59 (3.91)
6.05 (4.59)
5.98 (4.28)
13.20 (12.77)
13.26 (11.74)
11.18 (11.12)
11.22 (10.24)
0.00
...median [IQR]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
5.00 [3.00, 7.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
10.00 [5.00, 17.00]
10.00 [6.00, 17.00]
Number of Endocrinologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.09 (0.86)
0.09 (0.88)
0.12 (1.05)
0.10 (0.95)
0.16 (1.33)
0.16 (1.33)
0.14 (1.24)
0.14 (1.23)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of internal medicine/family medicine visits
...mean (sd)
9.28 (12.23)
9.34 (12.11)
7.57 (11.66)
7.44 (11.28)
7.89 (9.77)
7.90 (9.87)
8.04 (10.41)
8.04 (10.40)
0.00
...median [IQR]
6.00 [2.00, 12.00]
6.00 [2.00, 12.00]
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
5.00 [1.00, 11.00]
5.00 [2.00, 11.00]
Number of Cardiologist visits
...mean (sd)
5.17 (6.51)
5.26 (5.88)
3.57 (5.21)
3.55 (5.23)
5.65 (7.11)
5.72 (6.54)
5.30 (6.80)
5.36 (6.29)
-0.01
...median [IQR]
3.00 [1.00, 7.00]
4.00 [1.00, 8.00]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
3.00 [1.00, 8.00]
4.00 [1.00, 8.00]
Number electrocardiograms received v2
...mean (sd)
2.16 (2.89)
2.23 (2.51)
1.90 (2.42)
1.89 (2.05)
2.32 (2.61)
2.36 (2.40)
2.24 (2.63)
2.28 (2.37)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
1.00 [0.00, 3.00]
1.00 [0.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
Number of HbA1c tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.36 (0.67)
0.37 (0.66)
0.19 (0.50)
0.19 (0.50)
0.38 (0.68)
0.38 (0.68)
0.35 (0.66)
0.35 (0.66)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of glucose tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.15 (2.00)
0.18 (2.20)
0.10 (0.49)
0.13 (0.68)
0.12 (0.53)
0.14 (0.66)
0.12 (0.89)
0.14 (1.02)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of lipid tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.58 (0.79)
0.58 (0.78)
0.31 (0.82)
0.31 (0.69)
0.62 (0.74)
0.63 (0.74)
0.57 (0.76)
0.58 (0.74)
-0.01
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
Number of creatinine tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.07 (0.36)
0.07 (0.37)
0.06 (0.34)
0.06 (0.33)
0.10 (0.42)
0.10 (0.40)
0.09 (0.40)
0.09 (0.39)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of BUN tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.04 (0.26)
0.04 (0.27)
0.04 (0.25)
0.04 (0.27)
0.06 (0.32)
0.06 (0.30)
0.05 (0.30)
0.05 (0.29)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Number of tests for microalbuminuria
...mean (sd)
0.18 (0.62)
0.17 (0.59)
0.08 (0.40)
0.08 (0.40)
0.11 (0.40)
0.11 (0.40)
0.12 (0.44)
0.11 (0.43)
0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
Total N distinct ICD9/ICD10 diagnoses at the 3rd 
digit level Copy
...mean (sd)
9.31 (10.15)
9.08 (10.16)
5.28 (7.97)
5.18 (7.95)
9.65 (11.24)
9.65 (11.37)
9.01 (10.71)
8.97 (10.81)
0.00
...median [IQR]
7.00 [0.00, 14.00]
6.00 [0.00, 14.00]
2.00 [0.00, 7.00]
1.00 [0.00, 7.00]
6.00 [0.00, 15.00]
6.00 [0.00, 15.00]
For PS
Hemorrhagic stroke+Other cerebrovascular 
disease+Cerebrovascular procedure (for PS); n (%)
498 (3.3%)
488 (3.2%)
421 (2.8%)
426 (2.9%)
2,424 (3.0%)
2,410 (3.0%)
3,343 (3.0%)
3,324 (3.0%)
0.00
Occurrence of creatinine tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
843 (5.5%)
852 (5.6%)
705 (4.7%)
700 (4.7%)
6,314 (7.9%)
6,358 (7.9%)
7,862 (7.1%)
7,910 (7.2%)
0.00
Occurrence of BUN tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
448 (2.9%)
467 (3.1%)
406 (2.7%)
414 (2.8%)
3,672 (4.6%)
3,754 (4.7%)
4,526 (4.1%)
4,635 (4.2%)
0.00
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency w/o CKD 
(for PS) v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 1-2 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 3-6 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Bladder stones+Kidney stones (for PS); n (%)
234 (1.5%)
240 (1.6%)
263 (1.8%)
293 (2.0%)
1,254 (1.6%)
1,293 (1.6%)
1,751 (1.6%)
1,826 (1.7%)
0.00
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory 
disorders+Gangrene+Osteomyelitis(for PS) v3 with 
ICD10 Copy; n (%)
400 (2.6%)
420 (2.7%)
295 (2.0%)
281 (1.9%)
2,113 (2.6%)
2,100 (2.6%)
2,808 (2.5%)
2,801 (2.5%)
0.00
Age decile (for PS) v3
…Age decile 1
84 (0.5%)
109 (0.7%)
138 (0.9%)
104 (0.7%)
4,207 (5.2%)
4,193 (5.2%)
4,429 (4.0%)
4,406 (4.0%)
0.00
…Age decile 2
125 (0.8%)
125 (0.8%)
228 (1.5%)
201 (1.4%)
4,785 (6.0%)
4,825 (6.0%)
5,138 (4.7%)
5,151 (4.7%)
0.00
…Age decile 3
285 (1.9%)
344 (2.3%)
229 (1.5%)
231 (1.6%)
2,686 (3.4%)
2,680 (3.3%)
3,200 (2.9%)
3,255 (3.0%)
0.00
…Age decile 4
290 (1.9%)
336 (2.2%)
410 (2.8%)
364 (2.5%)
5,791 (7.2%)
5,956 (7.4%)
6,491 (5.9%)
6,656 (6.0%)
0.00
…Age decile 5
615 (4.0%)
661 (4.3%)
626 (4.2%)
626 (4.2%)
6,235 (7.8%)
6,207 (7.7%)
7,476 (6.8%)
7,494 (6.8%)
0.00
…Age decile 6
1,006 (6.6%)
1,023 (6.7%)
596 (4.0%)
538 (3.6%)
6,771 (8.4%)
6,805 (8.5%)
8,373 (7.6%)
8,366 (7.6%)
0.00
…Age decile 7
1,391 (9.1%)
1,463 (9.6%)
1,072 (7.2%)
1,099 (7.4%)
7,738 (9.7%)
7,940 (9.9%)
10,201 (9.3%)
10,502 (9.5%)
0.00
…Age decile 8
2,357 (15.4%)
2,204 (14.4%)
1,109 (7.5%)
1,214 (8.2%)
10,840 (13.5%)
10,712 (13.4%)
14,306 (13.0%)
14,130 (12.8%)
0.00
…Age decile 9
3,302 (21.6%)
3,097 (20.3%)
2,371 (16.0%)
2,419 (16.3%)
12,490 (15.6%)
12,405 (15.5%)
18,163 (16.5%)
17,921 (16.3%)
0.00
…Age decile 10
5,818 (38.1%)
5,911 (38.7%)
8,070 (54.3%)
8,053 (54.2%)
18,594 (23.2%)
18,414 (23.0%)
32,482 (29.5%)
32,378 (29.4%)
0.00
Alcohol abuse or dependence+Drug abuse or 
dependence (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
000 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Diabetes with other ophthalmic 
manifestations+Retinal detachment, vitreous 
hemorrhage, vitrectomy+Retinal laser coagulation 
therapy (for PS); n (%)
51 (0.3%)
51 (0.3%)
117 (0.8%)
116 (0.8%)
555 (0.7%)
579 (0.7%)
723 (0.7%)
746 (0.7%)
0.00
Other atherosclerosis+Cardiac conduction 
disorders+Other CVD (for PS) v2 Copy; n (%)
6,723 (44.0%)
6,783 (44.4%)
6,490 (43.7%)
6,462 (43.5%)
29,955 (37.4%)
29,898 (37.3%)
43,168 (39.2%)
43,143 (39.1%)
0.00
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) + 
History of CABG or PTCA (for PS) v3; n (%)
1,500 (9.8%)
1,484 (9.7%)
877 (5.9%)
876 (5.9%)
8,694 (10.8%)
8,876 (11.1%)
11,071 (10.0%)
11,236 (10.2%)
0.00
Hyperthyroidism + Hypothyroidism + Other disorders 
of thyroid gland (for PS); n (%)
3,257 (21.3%)
3,193 (20.9%)
2,528 (17.0%)
2,647 (17.8%)
10,893 (13.6%)
11,074 (13.8%)
16,678 (15.1%)
16,914 (15.3%)
0.00
Delirium + Psychosis (for PS); n (%)
444 (2.9%)
425 (2.8%)
371 (2.5%)
371 (2.5%)
2,665 (3.3%)
2,620 (3.3%)
3,480 (3.2%)
3,416 (3.1%)
0.00
Any use of Meglitinides (for PS); n (%)
20 (0.1%)
20 (0.1%)
51 (0.3%)
43 (0.3%)
172 (0.2%)
204 (0.3%)
243 (0.2%)
267 (0.2%)
0.00
Any use of AGIs (for PS); n (%)
12 (0.1%)
**
**
18 (0.1%)
47 (0.1%)
51 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
CKD stage 3-6 + dialysis (for PS); n (%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Table 1: Matched