Pilot Study on the Use of Sarilumab in Patients With COVID-19 Infection
Phase: EARLY_PHASE1
Conditions: COVID19
Sponsor: ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco

 
 
PILOT STUDY ON THE USE OF SARILUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 
INFECTION 
 
 
 
Protocol number: 
COVID-SARI-001 
Version Date: 
April 15, 2020 
Revision: 
3.1 
 
 
 
 
Sponsor: 
Divisione Interdipartimentale di Malattie Infettive 
 
ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco 
 
Via G.B Grassi, 74 
 
20157 – Milan 
 
Italy 
 
Principal Investigator:  
Prof. Massimo Galli, MD 
 
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche - Sezione di Malattie Infettive 
 
Università degli Studi di Milano 
 
Via G.B Grassi, 74 – 20157 Milan 
 
Telephone: +39-02-39042451 
 
Fax: +39-02-50319758 
 
Co-Investigator:  
Agostino Riva, MD 
 
Divisione di Malattie Infettive 3 – ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco 
 
Via G.B Grassi, 74 – 20157 Milan 
 
Telephone: +39-02-39042451 
 
Fax: +39-02-50319758 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
This study protocol has been designed and will be carried out in compliance with the principles of 
the Good Clinical Practice guidelines as far as they are applicable and in observance of the Helsinki 
declaration and the current guidelines in force for observational studies.  
 
 

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Table of content: 
 
1 BACKGROUND 
 
 
1.1 Study rationale 
 
1.2 Rationale for dose selection 
 
2 OBJECTIVES 
 
 
2.1 Primary objective 
 
2.2 Secondary objective 
 
3 STUDY DESIGN  
 
 
3.1 Study Population  
 
3.2 Inclusion criteria 
 
3.3 Exclusion criteria  
 
4 PROCEDURES  
 
 
4.1 Drug preparation and administration 
 
4.2 Study treatments 
 
4.3 Study Visits 
 
4.4 Biological samples  
 
4.5 Safety variables 
 
4.6 Adverse events 
 
5 DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
5.1 Data Management 
 
5.2 Sample size and statistical analysis  
 
6 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 
 
 
6.1 Good Clinical Practice  
6.2 Protocol Amendments 
6.3 Ethics Committee  
6.4 Study Insurance 
6.5 Informed consent 
6.6 Document storage 
6.7 Owner of scientific data 
6.8 Privacy  
6.9 Result publication and communication policies  
 
7 REFERENCES 
 
8 APPENDIXES 
 
 
 
 

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1 BACKGROUND 
 
The zoonotic transmission of a novel coronavirus called COVID 19 caused an outbreak of viral 
pneumonia in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The outbreak originated in a fish market in Wuhan, but it 
is evident that the virus is transmitted efficiently in an interhuman way by means of droplets from 
the respiratory tract. Currently an autochthonous epidemic is underway in Lombardy. Scientific 
knowledge about the virus and the course of the disease is still extremely limited. Patients with 
COVID 19 infection with a serious course develop a pneumonia that can quickly degenerate into 
respiratory failure. The elderly and comorbid subjects, especially with cardio-circulatory diseases, 
are at greater risk of complications which can lead to an ARDS. A recent study has shown that 
patients who need hospitalization in ICU show a perturbated cytokine profile with high levels of IL-
6, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, and TNF-α. These alterations correspond to the cytokine release syndrome 
(CRS) which is an acute systemic syndrome characterized by fever and multi-organ failure 
associated with CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy) therapy1-2. 
Although immuno-inflammatory therapy is not routinely recommended in COVID 19 pneumonia, 
the presence of such a CRS-like profile, and the pulmonary anatomopathological findings of edema 
and hyaline membrane formation, suggest that a temporally targeted therapeutic approach 
accompanied by adequate ventilatory support could be beneficial in patients with severe pneumonia 
who develop ARDS. 
Given the clinical and cytokine picture in patients with severe COVID 19 pneumonia, the use of an 
anti-IL-6 receptor drug could be justified for blocking the SIRS caused by the virus, in patients with 
high levels of IL-6. 
In a study conducted in China (Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with 
Tocilizumab), a single dose of 400 mg tocilizumab IV was used; a preliminary paper reports 
promising results on 21 treated patients, with significant reduction of IL-6, fever and improvement 
of lung function3. Always in China, a trial is underway in the Anhui Province Hospital for the use 
of tocilizumab in the PCN (ChiCTR 2000029765). 
Sarilumab is an anti-interleukin-6 human monoclonal antibody, such as tocilizumab, which is 
administered subcutaneously every two weeks for the treatment of moderate to severe active 
rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients. 
 
1.1 Study rationale 
 
Despite the effectiveness reported for tocilizumab in the recently published experiences, the need to 
rapidly find alternative therapies to manage the complications of Covid-19 infection remains 
extremely high. The lack of clinical experience on the usage of sarilumab in such patients prevents 
the possibility of adopting early access programs for using commercially available sarilumab 
(prefilled syringe) packs in patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia. The present study is aimed to 
generate a rapid, still robustly documented, evidence on the potential clinical efficacy and 
tolerability of a further IL-6R antagonist in Covid-19 pneumonia. 
 
1.2 Rationale for dose selection 
 
In February 2020 the emergence of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy and, above all, in Lombardy, 
with a potential fatal outcome in a significant proportion of cases, determined the need for adopting 
new therapeutic approached based on the few data available in literature. Among them, the use of 
tocilizumab in Covid-19 pneumonia as reported in the publication on the Chinese experience3 has 
rapidly grown. 
Also at our Institution the treatment protocol reported there was initially adopted. The preliminary 
data obtained from 14 patients treated with tocilizumab 400 mg iv showed however a very modest 

Protocol COVID-SARI-001 
 
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effect on respiratory function. According to the recommendation of the Società Italiana di Malattie 
Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT) expert group, recently published online4, higher dose levels of 
tocilizumab seems to provide a more favorable efficacy, yet maintaining a convenient safety profile. 
Such an assumption has been confirmed by our direct experience, as higher doses (8-10 mg/Kg) of 
tocilizumab evidenced a more promising response in 12 further patients treated later, with 80% 
having a significant clinical improvement (i.e. significant reduction of ventilation support). Such 
dosage is currently the standard used in CRS at our Institution. 
Although there are no clinical data available in COVID-19 patients concomitantly treated with 
Sarilumab subcutaneously (SC) nor intravenously (IV), there is scientific rationale that supports the 
exploration of sarilumab to treat pulmonary complications related to Covid-195-6. By inhibiting IL-6 
signaling, sarilumab may potentially interrupt cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury precipitated by 
infection with SARS-CoV-2 and thereby ameliorate severity and/or reduce mortality among 
patients presenting with Covid-19 pneumonia when administered in conjunction with antiviral 
therapy. 
The PK, PD and safety of sarilumab and tocilizumab were compared in several Sarilumab 
randomized trials. In a single-dose, open-label randomized trial the PK and PD were assessed in 
patients with RA randomized 1:1:1:1 to either 150 mg or 200 mg (SC) of sarilumab, or 4 mg/kg or 
8 mg/kg (IV) of tocilizumab. In a single dose PK/PD study, 150 mg of sarilumab (SC) was 
compared to 162 mg of tocilizumab (SC) in Japanese patients with RA randomized 1:17. In these 
single dose studies, consistent with saturation of the target-mediated pathway for sarilumab and 
tocilizumab, all dose levels regardless of the route of administration demonstrated similar maximal 
effect in suppression in CRP and ANC lowering. Higher dose levels and the associated higher 
concentrations beyond that need to achieve saturation, resulted in a longer duration of the maximal 
PD response, but did not result in a deeper response. Subcutaneous single doses of sarilumab (150 
mg) or tocilizumab (162 mg) resulted in similar concentration time profiles and yielded nearly 
identical PD response in CRP and ANC, as well as changes in sIL-6R and IL-6 over time8. 
Although PK/PD modeling suggested that the higher binding affinity to IL-6Rα of sarilumab 
compared to tocilizumab translates to greater receptor occupancy9 there is currently no detailed 
information available on sIL-6Rα concentrations in patients with COVID-19. 
Therefore, given the apparent dose/dose PK/PD equivalence of 400 mg of tocilizumab to 400 mg of 
sarilumab, we propose a dose escalation protocol by which the first 5 included patients will be 
treated with a dosage of 200 mg of sarilumab IV as 1st dose, followed by clinical reassessment after 
12 hours and in case of no major adverse events and lack of improvement in respiratory function 
and / or persistence of fever and persistently high inflammatory markers re-administration of 200 
mg IV of sarilumab. 
If no patients showed unfavorable safety signals, and no clear improvement is detected in >50% of 
the initially treated five patients after 96hrs since last administration, the dosage will be increase to 
sarilumab 400 mg IV as 1st and 2nd dose in the remaining patients. 
 
 
2 OBJECTIVES  
  
2.1 Primary objective  
 
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of sarilumab in 
adult patients hospitalized due to severe Covid-19 pneumonia based on the proportion of patients 
who show an improvement of the respiratory function, described as ≥30% decrease in oxygen 
requirement compared to baseline (as defined as the ratio of O2 flow through the Venturi mask). 
 
2.2 Secondary objective  
 

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Further investigate the potential effectiveness of sarilumab in Covid-19 pneumonia by means of: 
 In patients with fever at baseline, evaluation of the time to resolution of fever, defined as 
body temperature ≤36.6°C axilla, ≤37.8°C rectal or tympanic for at least 48 hours without 
antipyretics; 
 Evaluation of the viral load on blood and sputum for COVID-19 before administration of 
sarilumab, 48 hours and 96 hours after administration; 
 Evaluation of the plasma concentration of Il-6, TNF-α, Il-10, and GM-CSF pre-treatment 
and 96 and 120 hours post-treatment; 
 Evaluation of the rate of progression of WBC fraction of immature granulocytes - IG - 
(absolute and % counts) and the morphological-functional parameters defined by: 
o cytoplasmic complexity 
o fluorescence intensity 
o size 
o distribution magnitude of events on both axes of the WDF cytogram. 
 
 
3 STUDY DESIGN  
 
This is an open-label, single arm, dose-escalation design, single center study.  
 
3.1 Study Population  
 
The study will enroll 40 patients in total, over a period of approximately 6 weeks (since the first 
patient enrolment), from adults hospitalized in the Interdepartemental Unit of Infectious Diseases of 
our Institution. 
Patients eligibility will be assessed according to the Brescia-COVID respiratory severity scale 
(BCRSS) reported in Appendix 1, and only patients with documented (chest X-Ray or TC scan) 
Covid-19 (PCR+ swab test) interstitial pneumonia and BCRSS ≥3 and <4 will be requested consent 
to the study. 
 
3.2 Inclusion criteria  
 
 Age ≥ 18 years and < 85 years. 
 Documented (chest X-Ray or TC scan), severe (BCRSS ≥3 and <4) interstitial pneumonia 
with respiratory failure (requiring supplemental oxygen) with positive Covid-19 swab 
testing. 
 Worsening of respiratory exchanges such as to require ventilation with Venturi mask >31% 
(6L/minute). 
 Increased levels of D-dimer (> 1500 ng/mL) or D-dimer progressively increasing (over 3 
consecutive measurements) and reaching ≥ 1000 ng/mL. 
 Signed informed consent. 
 
3.3 Exclusion criteria  
 
 Age < 18 years or ≥ 85 years. 
 AST / ALT > 5x ULN. 
 Neutrophil count lower than 500 cells / mL. 
 PTL count lower than 50,000 cells / mL. 
 Documented sepsis due to infections other than Covid-19. 

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 Presence of serious co-morbidities (such as COPD, diabetes, or cardiomyopathies) likely to 
cause, according to the clinical judgment, an unfavorable outcome. 
 Complicated diverticulitis or intestinal perforation. 
 Immunosuppressive therapy due to organ transplant. 
 
 
4 PROCEDURES 
 
Patients will be followed up for at least 6 weeks after enrollment. During hospitalization, vital sign, 
body temperature, and oxygen delivery will be measured twice daily, clinical status and blood 
samples daily, blood and sputum for Covid-19 viral load assessment before administration of 
sarilumab, 48 hours and 96 hours after administration, and blood to assess the plasma concentration 
of Il-6, TNF-α, Il-10, and GM-CSF pre-treatment and 96 and 120 hours post-treatment. Once 
patients are discharged subsequent visits may occur remotely via available options for 
telecommunication (eg., telephone, Internet). 
 
4.1 Drug preparation and administration 
 
The study has a dose-escalation design. As such, doses will be escalated according to the overall 
safety of the investigational drug, and the initial efficacy response shown by patients. 
The first 5 (five) included patients will be in fact treated with a dosage of 200 mg of sarilumab IV 
as 1st dose, followed by clinical reassessment after 12 hours and, in case of no major adverse events 
and of lack of improvement in respiratory function and / or persistence of fever and persistently 
high inflammatory markers, re-administered with further 200 mg IV of sarilumab. 
If no clear improvement (as defined in the Primary Objective) is detected in >50% of the initially 
treated five patients after 96hrs since last administration, the dosage will be increase to sarilumab 
400 mg IV as 1st and 2nd dose in the remaining patients. 
200 mg IV dose preparation: one single-dose pre-filled syringe containing 200 mg sarilumab in 1.14 
ml solution (175 mg/ml) added to 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride for a 1-hour intravenous infusion. 
400 mg IV dose preparation: two single-dose pre-filled syringes, each containing 200 mg sarilumab 
in 1.14 ml solution (175 mg/ml) added to 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride for a 1-hour intravenous 
infusion. 
 
4.2 Study treatments 
 
Sarilumab administration must be associated with an antiviral treatment as defined by the treatment 
protocol suggested by the SIMET Experts group4 and AIFA recommendations 
 chloroquine 500 mg 1 tablet twice daily or 
 hydroxychloroquine 400 mg 1 tablet twice daily in the first day and then 200 mg 1 tablet 
twice daily. 
Patients with potential latent HBV infection (HBsAg positive, or HBcAb positive but HBsAb 
negative) can be treated also with lamivudine 100 mg 1 tablet daily as prophylaxis. 
 
4.3 Study Visits 
 
Adult patients selected on the basis of the inclusion/exclusion criteria will be asked to participate to 
the study and informed consent will be obtained.  
The clinical history, laboratory and instrumental data of patients will be collected and recorded in 
the CRF according to the following scheme: 
 
 

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Study Procedure 
Screening 
Visit1 
Baseline 
Visit1 
Daily Follow-up 
Post-
discharge 
Day 
-1 or 1 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
7 
15 or 
discharge 
45 
Window (day) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
±2 
±3 
±15 
Screening/Baseline: 
 
 
    
   
 
  
 
 
Inclusion/Exclusion 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Informed Consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics and 
Medical History 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Enrollment 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment: 
 
 
   
 
   
 
  
 
 
Study Drug 
Administration 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assessments: 
Body Temperature 
X 
Predose and 4 times a day Day 1-4;  
2 times a day Day 5-Discharge 
X 
 
Oxygen Delivery and 
Oxygenation 
X 
4 times a day (Day 1-4);  
Day 4-discharge record results as 
assessed 
X 
 
Resting SpO2 
X 
4 times a day (Day 1-4);  
Day 4-discharge record results as 
assessed 
X 
 
Clinical Daily Assessment 
X 
Daily until discharge 
X 
 
Vital Status (and cause of 
death) 
 
Daily until discharge 
X 
 
Vital Signs (other than 
temperature and SpO2) 
X 
Daily until discharge 
X 
 
Limited physical 
examination 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
Record Targeted 
Medications 
 
Daily until discharge 
X 
 
Adverse Events 
X 
Daily until discharge 
X 
X 
Laboratory Testing Standard-of-Care:  
Hematology Results 
X 
Daily (Day 1-4);  
Day 4-discharge record results as 
assessed 
X 
 
Blood Chemistry Results 
X 
Daily (Day 1-4);  
Day 4-discharge record results as 
assessed 
X 
 
C-Reactive Protein Results 
X 
Daily until discharge 
X 
 
Biomarkers/Research: 
Serum cytokines including 
IL-6 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X4 
Serum sIL-6R 
 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
Blood/sputum for Covid-
19 viral load assessment 
X 
Daily until discharge 
X 
X4 
 
 

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4.4 Biological samples  
 
Before each infusion and after 48, 96 and 148 hours from the last infusion, collect 1 plasma and 1 
blood sample in EDTA to be stored at -20 °C (2-3 vials of 1 ml aliquots of plasma) or in liquid 
nitrogen (1 vial of cells after Ficoll centrifugation) for any post hoc analyses. 
 
4.5 Safety variables 
 
Safety variables include incidence of adverse events (AE), serious adverse events (SAE), and 
laboratory safety test results (white cell count including ANC, hemoglobin, platelets, creatinine, 
total bilirubin, ALT, AST). 
 
4.6 Adverse events 
 
Management 
All events will be recorded in the CRF. All serious Adverse Events, either related or non-related, 
will be reported to Sanofi within 1 (one) working day. 
 
Definitions 
 Adverse Event of Special Interest (AESI): An adverse event of special interest (AESI) is an 
adverse event (serious or non-serious) of scientific and medical concern specific to the 
product, for which ongoing monitoring and rapid communication by the Investigator to the 
Sponsor may be appropriate. Such events may require further investigation in order to 
characterize and understand them. AESIs may be added or removed during a study by 
protocol amendment. 
 New safety finding : Any (other than reportable individual case safety report (ICSR)) safety 
issue that may require expedited reporting because providing information that may lead to a 
change in the known risk-benefit balance for the  product and as mentioned, but not limited 
to, in the following regulatory texts: Europe: Good Pharmacovigilance Practices , modules 
VI and VII; and US: FDA: 21 CFR Parts 312 Investigational New Drug Application- 
Section 312.32, (c) (1) IND safety reports. 
 Related Adverse Event, i.e. Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): There is a reasonable possibility 
according to the Investigator that the product may have caused the event. 
 Serious adverse event (SAE): any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose:  
• 
Results in death 
• 
Is life threatening, (Note: the term “life-threatening” refers to an event/reaction in which 
the patient was at risk of death at the time of the event/reaction; it does not refer to an 
event/ reaction which hypothetically might have caused death if it were more severe) 
• 
Requires inpatient hospitalization or results in prolongation of existing hospitalization 
• 
Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity 
• 
Is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or 
• 
Is a medically important event or reaction. Medical and scientific judgment should be 
exercised in deciding whether other situations should be considered serious, such as 
important medical events that might not be immediately life-threatening or result in 
death or hospitalization, but might jeopardize the patient or might require intervention 
to prevent one of the other outcomes listed in the definition above. 
 Unexpected related Adverse Event, i.e. Unexpected Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): An 
adverse reaction, the nature or severity of which is not consistent with the applicable product 
information (e.g., Investigator's Brochure for an unapproved investigational medicinal 
product or package insert/summary of product characteristics for an approved product). An 
expected ADR with a fatal outcome should be considered unexpected unless the 

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local/regional product labeling specifically states that the ADR might be associated with a 
fatal outcome. 
 
 
5 DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS  
 
5.1 Data Management  
 
The Principal Investigator or the Co-investigator will perform all the assessments and collect all the 
measurements. This information will be recorded on an electronic database and statistically 
analyzed.  
 
5.2 Sample size and statistical analysis  
 
Considering that no data are available about the effectiveness of sarilumab in Covid-19 pneumonia, 
no formal sample size calculation has been performed. All collected Efficacy and Safety variables 
will be summarized by descriptive statistics, as total group observations or summarized by the type 
of concomitant antiviral treatment, and changes from baseline over time assessed with appropriate 
inferential statistical tests assuming an error alpha-level of 5%. 
 
 
6 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 
 
6.1 Good Clinical Practice  
 
This study will be conducted in accordance with the Good Clinical Practice [ICH Harmonized 
Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice 1996 Directive 91/507/EEC; D.M. 15.7.1997], the 
Helsinki declaration and National regulations concerning observational studies. Signing the 
protocol, the investigator agrees to adhere to the listed procedures and the instructions and to 
conduct the study in accordance to GCP, the Helsinki declaration and National regulations 
concerning the conduction of observational studies.  
 
6.2 Protocol Amendments  
 
Any modification to the protocol will be made as an amendment. No modification to the protocol 
will be allowed during the study period.  
 
6.3 Ethics Committee  
 
The study protocol and relative documents will be submitted to the competent Ethics Committee for 
approval. The study will only begin after the necessary authorizations have been received, 
according to the internal procedures of the Institution. 
Amendments related to safety measures can be applied without prior written authorization from the 
Ethics Committee, which has to be informed within 30 working days. 
 
6.4 Study Insurance 
 
Taking into consideration that not-for-profit nature of the study, study insurance is not foreseen as 
patients are already covered by the Institution insurance. 

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6.5 Informed consent 
 
After the study has been fully explained, written informed consent will be obtained from either the 
patient or his/her guardian or legal representative before study participation. The method of 
obtaining and documenting the informed consent and the contents of the consent must comply with 
the ICH-GCP and all applicable regulatory requirements.  
Each patient who meets the study’s inclusion criteria will be asked to sign an informed consent for 
the participation into the study. Signing the consent will allow the blood samples collection for 
determining acid beta-glucosidase enzyme activity (screening and, if required, confirmatory test) 
and the access to personal and clinical data for the purpose of this study.   
 
6.6 Document storage 
 
Principal Investigator is responsible for storage of data and preservation of study documents, during 
and after the end of the study, in accordance with the regulations in force and the Good Clinical 
Practice.  
 
6.7 Owner of scientific data 
 
The study sponsor, Divisione Interdipartimentale di Malattie Infettive - ASST Fatebenefratelli 
Sacco, will be the owner of the collected data. 
 
6.8 Privacy  
 
Personal patient data will be collected on the Case Report Form (CRF) which contains only the 
patient’s initials and a specific identification number, assigned to each participating center, 
followed by another progressive identification number for each patient, based on the recruitment 
order. 
Study documents will be stored in a safe place to grant confidentiality and privacy. Data has not to 
be disclosed without written authorization by the Principal Investigator.  
 
6.9 Result publication and communication policies  
 
The Principal Investigator will undertake to draw up a final report and a scientific article, and to 
publish the results on completing the study in a peer-reviewed journal. In the final scientific article, 
the Principal Investigator will be listed as first author.  
The patient’s data will be made public in anonymous form and will be presented just as group data. 
 
 

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7 REFERENCES 
 
1. Wang Z, Han W. Biomarkers of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity related to CAR-T 
cell therapy. Biomark Res. 2018 Jan 22;6:4. doi:10.1186/s40364-018-0116-0. eCollection 
2018. 
2. Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, Louis CU, Ahmed N, Jensen M, Grupp SA, Mackall CL. 
Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood. 2014 
Jul 10;124(2):188-95. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729. Epub 2014 May 29. Erratum in: 
Blood. 2015 Aug 20;126(8):1048. Dosage error in article text. Blood. 2016 Sep 
15;128(11):1533. 
3. X. Xu, M. Han, T. Li, et al. Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with 
Tocilizumab. 
Epub 
online: 
http://www.chinaxiv.org/user/download.htm?id=30387&filetype=pdf. 
4. E. Focà, M. Rizzi, F. Castelli, et al. Vademecum per la cura delle persone con malattia da 
COVID-19 
- 
Edizione 
2.0, 
13 
marzo 
2020. 
Published 
online: 
http://www.simit.org/medias/1569-covid19-vademecum-13-03-202.pdf. 
5. Wang J, Wang Q, Han T, et al. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor is elevated during influenza A 
virus infection and mediates the IL-6 and IL-32 inflammatory cytokine burst. Cellular & 
molecular immunology 2015;12:633-44. 
6. Kang S, Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic. 
Immunity 2019;50:1007-23. 
7. Ishii T, Sato Y, Munakata Y, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect and safety of single-dose 
sarilumab SC or tocilizumab intravenous or subcutaneous in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. 
Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development 2018;7:31-3. 
8. Emery P, Rondon J, Parrino J, Lin Y, Pena-Rossi C, van Hoogstraten H, et al. Safety and 
tolerability of subcutaneous sarilumab and intravenous tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid 
arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58(5):849-58. 
9. Xu C, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2019;78(Suppl 2):719-20 (Abstract FRI0106). 
 
 
 

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8 APPENDIXES 
 
Appendix 1 
 
 
Brescia-COVID respiratory severity scale (BCRSS)