Neurosteroids in PTSD - Biomarkers to Therapeutics
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sponsor: VA Office of Research and Development

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Neurosteroids as Novel Therapeutic Agents for PTSD in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
PI: Steven T. Szabo, MD, PhD 
 
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NCT03491007

PROTOCOL  
Neurosteroids as Novel Therapeutic Agents for PTSD in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
PI: Steven T. Szabo, MD, PhD 
 
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Purpose 
This is a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, randomized Phase 2 
pilot study using adjunctive dehydroxyepiandrosterone [DHEA (400 mg)] will be 
evaluated to establish Proof of Concept (POC) for this agent in Veterans with PTSD. 
 
Our first objective is POC target engagement to evaluate a one-time adjunctive oral 
dose of DHEA (400 mg) relative to PBO on the neuronal circuity of fear-anxiety-emotion 
connectivity. This will be achieved by comparing pre- to post-treatment changes in 
amygdala-hippocampal functional connectivity to DHEA and PBO during fMRI 
activation. We hypothesize that compared with PBO, DHEA will increase task-
associated fMRI functional connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus 
(primary outcome).  
 
Our second objective is to determine if an 8-week treatment with adjunctive DHEA is 
superior to PBO in reducing symptoms of PTSD (CAPS-5) and depression (BDI) in 
OEF/OIF/OND Veterans, and enhancing resilience (CD-RISC). We hypothesize that 
400mg DHEA will result in reduced PTSD and depression symptom severity relative to 
PBO, as determined by a pre- to post-treatment decrease in CAPS-5 and BDI scores, 
respectively, with enhancement in resilience scores using the CD-RISC at 6-weeks.  
 
Our third objective is to evaluate the impact of DHEA relative to PBO on serum 
neurosteroid levels in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with PTSD. We hypothesize that DHEA 
will result in a statistically-significant increase in serum neurosteroid levels (DHEA, 
DHEAS, androsterone) relative to PBO, as determined by pre- to post-treatment 
reductions in PTSD symptoms severity. This association will be evaluated by correlating 
neurosteroid levels with PTSD, depression, and resilience scores over 6 weeks of 
treatment.  
 
Our exploratory objective is to determine preliminary evidence for an association of 
fMRI and myelin integrity measures of fear-anxiety-emotion circuits with serum 
neurosteroid levels and treatment response to DHEA. Changes in myelin integrity 
following DHEA treatment will be evaluated using novel susceptibility diffusion imaging 
[STI]), as DHEA impacts myelination in preclinical rodent models. We will also 
determine if serum neurosteroid levels are correlated with myelin integrity on STI. We 
hypothesize that fMRI and myelin integrity of fear-anxiety circuits will correlate with 
serum neurosteroids and treatment response.  
 
Background and Significance 
 
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is extremely common among 
Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn 
(OEF/OIF/OND) Veterans, impacting approximately 20% of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
enrolled in VA healthcare. Pharmacological management of PTSD is unfortunately 
frequently suboptimal, and many OEF/OIF/OND Veterans experience persistent and 

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unalleviated symptoms.  Currently there are only two FDA-approved pharmacological 
treatments for PTSD (sertraline and paroxetine, each approved ~15 years ago). There 
is thus an acute and urgent need for the development of new pharmacological 
treatments for PTSD that are effective and well-tolerated. Neurosteroids are 
endogenous molecules that are enriched in human brain, and many neurosteroids 
exhibit anxiolytic-like actions and modulate the HPA axis. In addition, neurosteroids 
such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are immediately accessible for translation to 
clinical trials, as DHEA is available over-the-counter as a dietary supplements in the 
U.S. Neurosteroid interventions may represent an important new lead for the 
management of PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. Based on our preliminary 
data in 660 OEF/OIF/OND male Veterans (indicating DHEAS levels as significantly 
reduced in PTSD) and rodent data from multiple research groups demonstrating 
anxiolytic actions of neurosteroids.   
 
Several groups of investigators have reported that serum DHEA and/or DHEAS levels 
are altered in PTSD (Kanter 2000; Spivak et al., 2000; Sondergaard et al., 2002, and 
Rasmusson et al., 2004; Yehuda et al., 2006). Possibly contributing to somewhat mixed 
findings, prior studies contained relatively small numbers of participants with PTSD (the 
largest study reports findings for 52 participants with PTSD), and few studies controlled 
for age and smoking in their analysis plans (two critical co-variates). In contrast, our 
DHEAS findings support the current project include 213 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with 
PTSD, controlling for age and smoking (we report DHEAS levels in a total over 660 
OEF/OIF/OND Veterans). It has been hypothesized that greater DHEA release following 
ACTH administration may represent a compensatory response to severe stress 
(Rasmusson et al 2004). In a small sample of untreated Israeli male combat Veterans 
with chronic PTSD, higher plasma DHEA and DHEAS levels were observed in 
comparison to healthy male control subjects without PTSD (Spivak et al., 2000); 
however, it is unknown if DHEA and/or DHEAS levels were correlated with PTSD 
symptoms specifically in that investigation. Perhaps even more importantly, serum 
DHEAS levels are positively associated with resilience in several recent studies (Petros 
et al., 2013; Radant et al., 2001, Taylor 2013), and a series of innovative investigations 
in Special Forces also support the concept that DHEAS is associated with enhanced 
resilience (Morgan et al 2009, 2004). It is thus possible that treatment with DHEA has 
the potential to increase resilience among OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with PTSD. 
Although difficult to quantify as a variable that is sensitive to change, initial studies 
suggest that the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) may be a useful tool to 
begin to understand the construct of resilience (Davidson et al 2008), as the 
neurobiological underpinnings of resilience continue to be elucidated (McEwen et al 
2015, Russo et al 2012). Recent neuroimaging evidence also supports a possible role 
for DHEA in the treatment of PTSD. Specifically, efforts in collaboration with 
investigators at the University of Michigan (Dr. Rebecca Sripada and Dr. Israel 
Liberzon) demonstrate that one-time DHEA administration (400 mg orally) appears to 
alter functional connectivity between the amygdala and the hippocampus (Sripada et al 
2013, 2014), brain regions that are implicated in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In 

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Neurosteroids as Novel Therapeutic Agents for PTSD in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
PI: Steven T. Szabo, MD, PhD 
 
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addition, peripheral DHEA levels were associated with neuroimaging parameters on 
fMRI (Sripada et al 2013, 2014). It is thus possible that characterization of serum 
neurosteroids during fMRI tasks implicating anxiety behaviors may help clarify the 
neurobiological mechanisms of the anxiolytic actions of these molecules. DHEA 
administration in humans (healthy controls) was also associated with greater activity in 
anxiety regulatory processes and with reductions in negative emotion circuits (Sripada 
et al., 2013). These fMRI findings following DHEA administration support the possibility 
that Veterans with PTSD and co-occurring symptoms may benefit from the 
enhancement of levels of this neurosteroid (Sripada et al., 2014). Resting state brain 
activity in response to DHEA administration both reduces amygdala and dorsolateral 
prefrontal cortex connectivity, and shifts the balance between salience and default 
networks for anxiety reduction (Sripada et al., 2014b). Recently, a fear generalization 
paradigm in Veterans with PTSD using fMRI indicated that amygdala-thalamus and 
amygdala-calcarine sulcus connectivity are increased, which may represent 
neurobiological correlates of triggering PTSD symptoms by threat cues resembling 
index trauma (Morey et al., 2015). Serum levels of DHEAS in healthy subjects also 
negatively correlate with fear-potentiated startle (Grillon et al, 2006), an experimental 
paradigm viewed largely as one with possible relevance to PTSD (Norrholm et al., 
2011).  
 
The majority of research in Veterans with PTSD that has focused on white matter 
assessment has utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Reductions in fractional 
anisotropy in cingulum (white matter fibers that project from the amygdala to prefrontal 
cortex; involved in emotion processing) and other areas near the prefrontal cortex (Kim 
et al., 2005; 2006; Schuff et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2011) have been reported in 
patients with PTSD. Overall, however, DTI studies in PTSD have been somewhat mixed 
(Daniels et al., 2013 review). Technological limitations of DTI may be contributing to 
these disparate results among PTSD investigations, as DTI lacks the resolution and 
sensitivity required for the optimal assessment of white matter microstructure (Cao et 
al., 2014). As an exploratory aim, we are thus proposing to use a new neuroimaging 
technology - quantitative susceptibility mapping and susceptibility tensor MRI 
(QSM/STI), which provides superior resolution and sensitivity to non-invasively assess 
in vivo fiber tract alterations in Veterans with PTSD. This is a promising new technology 
created by our collaborator at Duke, Dr. Chunlei Liu. 
 
Significance: This project may lead to a novel new therapeutic for OEF/OIF/OND 
Veterans with PTSD that is safe, efficacious, inexpensive, and well-tolerated. It could 
also identify serological and/or neuroimaging biomarkers for therapeutic response, 
potentially leading to personalized treatments for Veterans with PTSD.  There is 
currently a paucity of safe and effective pharmacological agents for the treatment of 
PTSD, a disorder that impacts large numbers of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans and is 
frequently accompanied by co-occurring conditions that include depression and TBI. 
DHEA may be a promising new therapeutic in PTSD, as it demonstrates anti-anxiety 
effects in rodent models and fear-anxiety circuit regulation in humans. Based on our 

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Neurosteroids as Novel Therapeutic Agents for PTSD in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
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preliminary data in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans, treatment with DHEA has potential as a 
safe, effective, well tolerated, immediately accessible, and inexpensive treatment for 
PTSD and multiple associated symptom domains. 
 
Design 
This is a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, randomized Phase 2 
pilot study using adjunctive dehydroxyepiandrosterone [DHEA (400 mg)] will be 
evaluated to establish Proof of Concept (POC) for this agent in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans 
with PTSD. 
 
Aim 1. To determine the effects of an acute oral administration of adjunctive DHEA (400 
mg) on neuroimaging measures of functional connectivity. We will conduct a parallel-
group, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, randomized Phase 2 pilot study with 
one-time oral DHEA 400 mg in target engagement. To establish POC, we seek to 
determine if DHEA is superior to PBO in target engagement of neural circuits related to 
fear-anxiety-emotion regulation using the shifted-attention emotion appraisal (SEAT) 
paradigm (see below). Following a two-week placebo lead-in period (all participants), 
subjects will be randomized to receive a one-time oral dose of adjunctive DHEA 
(400mg) or PBO. Neuroimaging will occur 2 hours following drug administration for peak 
level effects on target engagement of fear-anxiety emotion circuit connectivity, as 
previously conducted by Sripada, Marx, Liberzon et al). 
 
Primary Outcome Measure  The primary outcome measure will be functional 
connectivity between amygdala-hippocampus assessed using fMRI based SEAT 
Paradigm as a target engagement endpoint. The fMRI based SEAT Paradigm has been 
previously validated to an acute administration of DHEA (400 mg) in healthy volunteers 
by members of my career development team, Drs. Liberzon and Marx (Sripada et al., 
2013). 
 
Aim 2. To evaluate a sustained 6-week adjunctive DHEA treatment compared to PBO 
on PTSD symptoms severity (CAPS-5), co-occurring depression (BDI), and other 
secondary outcome measures such as resilience (CD-RISC). Following randomization 
to acute DHEA administration or PBO the subject will continue to receive study drug for 
6 weeks (for DHEA, fixed escalating doses: 100 mg per day in divided doses x 1 week, 
followed by 200 mg per day in divided doses x 1 week, followed by 400 mg per day in 
divided doses x 4 weeks). 
 
Secondary Outcome Measures 
Secondary outcome measures will include: Change in the Clinician-Administered PTSD 
Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). The CAPS-5 is a structured interview for assessing PTSD 
diagnostic status and symptom severity. The clinical coordinators in our research group 
have been trained in the administration of the CAPS by Frank Weathers, PhD. We will 
use a threshold of ≥ 33 on the CAPS-5, consistent with recently reported 
pharmacological intervention studies in Veterans with combat PTSD (Sullivan et al 

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2016; ACNP annual meeting). Depression symptoms (as assessed with the Beck-
Depression Inventory (II), HAM-D, and NIH derived PROMIS scales for depression; 
anxiety symptoms, as assessed by the HAM-A and PROMIS-Anxiety scale; overall 
assessment of psychological functioning, as assessed by the SCL-90R CGI component; 
pain symptoms, as assessed by the PROMIS-Pain Intensity scale and Brief Pain 
Inventory (BPI); sleep disturbance, as assessed by the PROMIS-Sleep Disturbance 
scale; anger, as assessed by the PROMIS-Anger scale; impulsivity as assessed by the 
Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) and resilience, as assessed by the Connor-Davidson 
Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). 
 
Aim 3. To determine the metabolic profile of DHEA in order to identify specific 
downstream neurosteroid alterations that may contribute to its clinical effects using 
mass spectrometry based techniques. We will use highly sensitive and specific mass 
spectrometry-based technology for neurosteroid quantifications, as previously described 
and as outlined below. While neurosteroids such as DHEA and DHEAS have been 
measured in serum by immunoassay for many years, some high-impact journals are 
now requiring mass spectrometry approaches - and will no longer publish papers that 
utilize other methods such as immunoassay (as of January 1, 2015 for the Journal of 
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism). Thus, the reliable quantification of the 
neurosteroids proposed in this study requires mass spectrometry-based techniques. 
The PI’s primary mentor, Dr. Chris Marx, has optimized and validated a highly sensitive 
and specific GC/MS method for quantifying neurosteroids (preceded by HPLC 
purification), and her laboratory will donate these mass spectrometry analyses for this 
CDA-II application. This equipment is located in her Durham VA laboratory and 
dedicated solely to neurosteroid analyses. Dr. Marx has conducted numerous clinical 
studies in which she has quantified neurosteroid profiles following pregnenolone 
administration, and determined that increases in neurosteroids post-treatment appear to 
be predictive of treatment response (Marx et al, 2016 – pregnenolone in mild TBI; Marx 
et al 2014 – neurosteroid intervention in schizophrenia; Brown et al 2014 –bipolar 
depression and pregnenolone; Marx et al 2009 – neurosteroid intervention in 
schizophrenia). We will conduct neurosteroid analyses in approximately 40 participants 
across 5 visits (approximately 400 neurosteroid assessments, although it is anticipated 
that there will be a 20% drop-out rate among the total of 40 participants who are 
randomized). 
 
Tertiary Outcome Measures 
Tertiary outcome measures will include: Radioimmunoassay for Neurosteroid 
quantifications of serum levels of DHEA, DHEAS, and androsterone. These 
neurosteroids will be correlated with symptomatic rating scales.  
 
Exploratory Aim: To investigate if treatment with DHEA impacts myelin integrity (as 
assessed by susceptibility tensor imaging/STI), and to examine myelin integrity as a 
possible biomarker for PTSD treatment response. We will also determine if serum 
neurosteroid levels are correlated with neuroimaging parameters utilizing STI (QSM) 

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and fMRI. We estimate that approximately 80% of all participants enrolling in the 
proposed randomized controlled trial will also receive neuroimaging to an acute 
administration of DHEA or PBO placebo and post-treatment with DHEA or PBO. We 
thus anticipate that approximately 32 or more participants will undergo neuroimaging to 
an acute treatment with DHEA or PBO and at study completion (a minimum of 
approximately 16 participants per group in this pilot POC study). Susceptibility tensor 
imaging is a new methodology created by our collaborator at Duke, Dr. Chunlei Liu. 
 
Exploratory Outcome Measures 
The exploratory outcome measures will include: STI (myelin integrity); fMRI measures 
(amygdala and hippocampal connectivity); serum neurosteroid levels (DHEA; DHEAS; 
androsterone); PTSD symptom severity (CAPS-5); and other rating scale measures of 
co-occurring symptoms.  
 
Experimental Design: The proposed design is a parallel-group, double-blind, PBO-
controlled, randomized Phase 2 pilot study of adjunctive DHEA vs. PBO to determine 
target engagement of fear-anxiety-emotional circuit regulation and potential efficacy of 
DHEA in 40 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with PTSD. Subjects will be randomized to receive 
a one-time oral dose of DHEA (400mg) or PBO and sustained administration of the 
study drug for 6 weeks. There will be a 2 week placebo lead-in period [all participants], 
followed by subjects continuing in the randomization block of DHEA or placebo for 6 
weeks following acute administration). 40 subjects will be randomly assigned to one of 
two groups; assuming approximately a 20% drop-out rate, we anticipate that 32 
participants will have at least one visit post-randomization and will be included in the 
statistical analysis plan (approximately 16 participants per group); a modified intent-to-
treat approach will be utilized. The research pharmacist at the Durham VA will be 
responsible for randomization of participants in this study; a randomized block design 
will be utilized (4 participants).  
 
Shifted-Attention Emotion Appraisal (SEAT) Paradigm: In order to investigate the brain 
basis of fear-anxiety emotional response and regulation, Dr. Liberzon’s laboratory has 
developed an emotion appraisal task (Klumpp et al, 2011; Sripada et al., 2013), 
modifying the task of Anderson et al (2003), and collaborating with Dr. Chris Marx to 
evaluate the impact DHEA in healthy volunteers. My mentoring and collaborative team 
has thus demonstrated that the SEAT paradigm is an effective probe of neurosteroid 
regulatory effects (Sripada et al, 2013). The SEAT task uses compound stimuli that 
include emotional faces and neutral scenes. Stimuli include pictures of faces in front of 
buildings, as well as 20 pictures of faces or buildings alone. The face pictures represent 
neutral, angry, or fearful expressions, and the buildings are of indoor or outdoor 
portraits. 
 
Participants are asked to respond to three different questions, in three different 
conditions: (1) ‘Gender': whether the face is male or female; (2) ‘Inside/Outside': 

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whether buildings are indoors or outdoors; or (3) ‘Like/Dislike': whether the face is liked 
or disliked. This task probes emotion regulation: (1) implicit emotional 
processing, (2) attentional modulation of emotion, and (3) modulation of emotion by 
appraisal. The ‘Gender' condition probes implicit emotional processing, as attention is 
focused on an emotional face while identifying its gender, and it is established that 
negative emotional faces induce negative emotions. The ‘Inside/Outside' 
condition engages attentional modulation of emotion as in focusing attention on the 
building components superimposed on the emotional face. Attention modulation is 
recognized as a core component of emotion regulation. The ‘Like/Dislike' condition 
engages cognitive appraisal of one's emotional/evaluative state and engaging appraisal 
increases activation of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (Liberzon et al, 2000; Phan et al, 
2004). Behavioral studies of emotional appraisal find that this strategy lowers distress 
(Lieberman et al, 2011).  The ability of DHEA to impact functional connectivity between 
the amygdala and hippocampus in healthy volunteers undergoing the SEAT paradigm 
will be evaluated in Veterans with PTSD to an acute target engagement dose of DHEA 
(400 mg) and following a sustained 6-week treatment. 
 
Risk/Benefit Assessment 
1. Human Participants Involvement and Characteristics Research participants will be 
recruited from Durham VA IRB-approved local advertising (flyers), Durham VA IRB-
approved letters (and follow-up phone calls utilizing a Durham VA IRB-approved phone 
script), the VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Repository and Post-Deployment Mental Health 
Study (which currently contains 3,200 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans; over 94% of these 
Registry participants have already provided permission to be re-contacted for future 
research studies), and by referral from their Durham VA medical and behavioral health 
providers, for a target number of 40 randomized participants; of these 40 randomized 
participants, it is estimated that at least 32 participants will receive at least one study 
visit following randomization (20% drop-out assumed). We thus estimate that 
approximately 16 participants per group will be randomized to either adjunctive DHEA 
or placebo and will complete at least one study visit post-randomization; these 32 
participants will thus be included in the modified intent-to-treat analyses.  
 
Enrolled participants will 1) Be OEF/OIF/OND Veterans; 2) 18 – 65 years of age; 3) 
Have a diagnosis of PTSD as assessed using the CAPS-5 (minimum CAP-5 score ≥ 
33); 4) Be on a stable medication regimen (no change in past 4 weeks); 5) Have no 
anticipated change in medications during study; 6) Only OEF/OIF/OND Veterans will be 
enrolled into this study; 7) No non-Veteran participants will be included; and 8) fully 
participate in the informed consent process. 
 
 
2. Sources of Materials. All of the data for this study will be collected specifically for 
research purposes. All study data will be kept in a secured file to which only study 
investigators and study personnel will have access. Each participant will be assigned a 

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study number and all data and specimens will be identified by that study number. The 
list linking this number to participant identity will be kept in a file on a secure, password-
protected computer to which only the Principal Investigator and study staff have access. 
Five sources of data will be maintained for this study and all collected information will be 
de-identified: a) the initial telephone screening, b) diagnostic interviews, c) physical 
examinations, d) psychiatric rating scales (both self-report and clinician administered, e) 
neurosteroid profiles and other laboratory measurements. 
 
3. Potential Risks 
a) Physical Risk: Physical risks associated with participation in this study include the 
risks of drawing blood and adverse effects from the study medication. Possible side 
effects from drawing blood include bruising, bleeding, or pain at the injection site, and 
(rarely) fainting and infection. Blood draws at each visit are minimal risk. In terms of the 
study medication, DHEA has been well-tolerated at doses up to 1,600mg per day over 
several weeks of administration. Side effects exceeding placebo that have occurred in 
previous clinical trials with DHEA have included mild acne, hirsutism, and decreased 
HDL levels. If a participant develops side effects at any dose, they may be brought 
down to the previously tolerated dose or they may be withdrawn from the study and, as 
by the PI or MD members of the research team (Drs. Szabo, Marx, and Hertzberg), 
referred for evaluation and treatment. We will perform laboratories at each study visit 
(Chem 7, CBC, GI Panel) and an ECG at study entry and completion. No serious 
adverse events have been reported to date utilizing DHEA (sold as a dietary 
supplement over the-counter in the U.S.). Of note, participants will NOT be tapered from 
their current stable medication regimen; DHEA will only be “added on” to treatment-as-
usual. 
 
Similar to multiple prior investigations that have utilized at least the proposed dose and 
duration of DHEA administration in patients with psychiatric illness, it is important to 
obtain a personal and family history of breast, uterine, and prostate cancer in these 
individuals.  For example, in the report by Bloch et al., 1999 published in Biological 
Psychiatry entitled "Dehydroepiandrosterone Treatment of Mid-Life Dysthimia" and 
Schmidt et al., 2005 published in The American Journal of Psychiatry entitled 
"Dehydroepiandrosterone Monotherapy in the Treatment of Midlife onset Major and 
Minor Depression" (conducted at the NIMH), men and women up to the age of 65 
needed to be physically healthy and exclusion criteria included symptoms of prostatism, 
family history of breast cancer, and abnormal laboratory mammograms or gynecological 
examination findings.  For our study, we thus plan to follow these same exclusionary 
criteria, specifically:  1.) Abnormally elevated PSA at screening will be exclusionary in 
males. In men below 50 years of age a serum value of PSA < 2.5 ng/ml is considered 
normal and will be exclusionary if greater than this value.  Men 50 years and older 
having a serum PSA of greater than 4.0 ng/ml will be exclusionary.  These are generally 
considered to be conservative values as PSA cut-off scores and will be used to guard 
against enrolling an individual than may have an undiagnosed prostate cancer.  2.) 
Female participants must have had a normal mammogram within the last year (if older 

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than 40), and 3.) Female participants must have had a normal pelvic exam in within the 
last year.  The National Cancer Institute does not recommend screening for uterine 
cancers and the American Cancer Society advocates that at the time of menopause 
women should report any unexpected bleeding or spotting to their physician.  Given that 
endometrial biopsy and transvaginal ultrasound are not appropriate screening methods 
according to the National Cancer Institute, during the screening interview for this study 
we will obtain a detailed history related to onset of menopause (if appropriate), and 
whether bleeding or spotting has occurred since then; unexpected bleeding or spotting 
will be exclusionary.  This will help guard against placing a subject in the study that may 
have an undiagnosed uterine cancer. 
 
b) Emotional Distress: Participants may potentially experience emotional distress as a 
result of participating in this study. The study procedures could potentially lead to 
emotional distress from discussing trauma histories during PTSD assessments. Being 
placed in an MRI machine can at times induce feeling associated with claustrophobia. 
Each participant will be closely monitored for emotional distress, suicidal ideation and 
homicidal ideation at screening and each study visit (the Columbia Suicide Severity 
Rating Scale) will be administered at each study visit). If a participant becomes 
significantly distressed or their psychiatric symptoms worsen and intervention is 
deemed appropriate, they will be walked to the emergency psychiatry clinic (on site) for 
evaluation and treatment (including potential hospitalization). The study medication will 
be discontinued and they will be withdrawn from the study if the patient is hospitalized, 
or if medical and/or psychiatric issues take precedence over study participation.  
 
c) Safety Plan: We will implement a rigorous safety plan that encompasses close 
monitoring and care of medical issues in this study. The conduction of safety monitoring 
includes the following procedures outlined in the Physician On-Call Cascade. The FDA 
has issued an IND number #129,623 for the conduction of this study; once the study 
has been approved by the Durham VA IRB, we will enroll the first participant; we will 
follow all FDA guidelines for annual progress, adverse event, and other reporting 
procedures for this outpatient randomized control trial. 
 
Overview of Facilities: The Durham VA Medical Center has acute psychiatric care 
available onsite 24 hours per day/7days per week provided by the Psychiatric 
Emergency Care (PEC) team, which is staffed by a Duke psychiatry resident, 
psychiatric social worker, and VA psychiatry attending. Should participants require 
immediate psychiatric care, they will be escorted to the PEC for further assessment and 
care. Dr. Szabo is the PEC attending once a week. 
 
Vital Sign and Side Effect Monitoring: Vital signs will be assessed at each study visit. 
Blood pressure greater than 160/95 will addressed by a study physician. If vital sign 
abnormalities require same-day medical follow-up, the patient will be assessed in the 
Durham VAMC Acute Care Clinic/Emergency Department. Patients will receive an 
extensive side effect scale at each study visit and will be queried regarding potential 

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side effects during follow-up telephone phone calls (after study medication has been 
discontinued). Potential side effects will be monitored closely by the PI and MD 
members of the research team (Drs. Szabo, Marx, and Hertzberg). A participant may be 
asked to return for an unscheduled appointment to assess a potential side effect if 
clinically indicated. 
  
Laboratory Results: Patients will receive a CBC, clinical chemistry panel, and GI panel 
at each study visit. Laboratory results that are outside of the normal range will be 
addressed by a member of the physician team. All labs will be reviewed by the study 
physician within 24 hours, and clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities will receive 
prompt follow-up attention. The Durham VA’s Clinical Chemistry Laboratory will page 
the PI with any “alert” laboratory values that require immediate attention. Female 
patients will receive a serum pregnancy test. Male participants will receive a prostate 
specific antigen test (PSA). 
 
ECG Monitoring: Final ECG readings issued by a cardiologist are available from the 
Durham VAMC Heart Station within 48 hours. Each patient will have an ECG at 
baseline and completion of the study. If the patient does not complete the study and 
withdraws prior to the final study visit, every effort will be made to obtain an ECG at the 
patient’s last study visit. Any abnormal ECG findings will be discussed with a VA 
cardiologist by study physician (Dr. Szabo, Marx, or Hertzberg). If additional medical 
follow-up is suggested, we will proceed according to their recommendation. Additional 
potential follow-up actions may include, but are not limited to: Primary care provider 
notification by pager or email, the placement of a cardiology consult, a repeat ECG (if 
lead placement is suspected to have been suboptimal, for example), or referral to an 
onsite Acute Care Clinic/Emergency Department for assessment. 
 
B. Adequacy of Protection from Risks 
1. Recruitment and Informed Consent. Study participants who are receiving outpatient 
care will be recruited from the Durham VA Medical Center by local advertising (flyers 
placed in VA-approved areas), via the VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Repository and Post-
Deployment Mental Health Study, and by referral from Durham VA psychiatrists, PCPs 
and other providers. Potential participants who are not self-referred will be sent a 
recruitment letter followed by a phone call from a study member. A participant who is 
judged likely to meet all of the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria will 
meet with a member of the research team to discuss the research protocol, and to 
determine if the patient is capable of providing informed consent. The participant will be 
provided with a description (verbal and written) of the informed consent form, which 
includes the risks along with procedures to minimize these risks, and the participants’ 
rights and responsibilities. 
 
Participants will be given the opportunity to read the consent form and ask questions. 
Participants will be assured that participation in this research study is voluntary and that 
they may withdraw from the study at any time without adversely affecting their medical 

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care or any benefits they might be receiving. They may also refuse to answer any 
research questions during interviews. Participants who are eligible for the study and 
choose to participate will sign the consent form in the presence of a member of the 
research team and a witness. 
 
2. Protection Against Risk. 
a) Physical Risk and Participant Safety: Possible side effects from drawing blood (as 
mentioned above) will be attended to as usual in the phlebotomy laboratory. If a 
participant experiences serious adverse effects from the study medication, it will be 
discontinued and s/he will be withdrawn from the study. The participant will immediately 
be referred for appropriate evaluation and treatment. All serious adverse effects will be 
documented and reported as required by the FDA and local IRB committee. 
 
b) Emotional Distress and Participant Safety: All participants will be carefully assessed 
before the study and will be made aware of emergency services. In addition, they will be 
closely monitored at screening and each study visit. During the informed consent 
process, they will be advised that the study procedures could potentially lead to distress 
and that they may withdraw from the study at any time without adversely affecting their 
medical care or any benefits they may be receiving. If a participant withdraws from the 
study and they are not currently in psychiatric or medical treatment, they will be referred 
to the appropriate mental health clinic (MHC, PTSD clinic, etc.) and/or primary care 
provider. If a participant is significantly distressed during a study visit and intervention is 
deemed appropriate, they will be walked to the emergency psychiatry clinic onsite for 
evaluation and treatment (including potential hospitalization if clinically indicated). Dr. 
Szabo and the physician study team will be available by cell phone (per the schedule 
outlined below) at all times for any concerns regarding potential worsening psychiatric 
symptoms, including suicidal and homicidal ideation. In terms of risks to confidentiality, 
pertinent information regarding potential harm, including suicidal and homicidal intent 
will be shared as necessary and required by law with clinicians and/or the appropriate 
authorities. In such circumstances, records may be made available to authorities, even 
without the participant’s consent. Upon completion of the study any participants not 
currently in psychiatric treatment will be referred for treatment as deemed appropriate. 
 
Medical Monitoring and Physician On-Call Schedule / Cascade: 
Physician Cell Phone / Pager 
1. Steven Szabo, MD PhD - 919-970-2769 
2. Chris Marx, MD MA - 919-323-6205 
3. Michael Hertzberg - 919-614-7484 
 
Dr. Steven T. Szabo will be the 1st-call physician for any medical issues involving the 
proposed randomized controlled trial with an adjunctive neurosteroid intervention. If Dr. 
Szabo is not immediately accessible within 5 minutes on his cell phone, then Dr. Chris 
Marx will be called on her cell phone - who will function as the 2nd-line physician if Dr. 
Szabo is unavailable. Dr. Marx has extensive experience in the conduction of 

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randomized controlled trials. Should Dr. Marx not be available, the cell phone cascade 
would then move to the 3rd-line physician, Dr. Michael Hertzberg There will be a master 
schedule available that adapts the above call-schedule to the annual leave and travel 
schedules of the individual MDs listed in this cascade. This on-call schedule will be 
circulated weekly, so that the order of the call cascade is always up-to-date for any 
particular week (and incorporates any changes that may be necessary secondary to 
individual MD schedules). 
 
The designated physician on-call will have the following responsibilities: The designated 
study team MD will conduct physical exams at baseline and study completion, medical 
chart review, determination of patient eligibility for study entry, review of all clinical 
laboratory results and ECG tracings within 24 hours (with ECG confirmation by a 
Durham VA cardiologist), assessments of potential   to study medication by reviewing a 
structured rating assessment administered to each research participant at each study 
visit and by interviewing and examining the participant as clinically indicated, and will 
attend to any other medical issues that arise during the course of this study. 
 
Should any emergent issues arise that require immediate medical and/or psychiatric 
attention, the Durham VA has fully staffed Emergency Department and Psychiatric 
Emergency Care (PEC) services – which provide acute medical and psychiatric care 24 
hours per day/7 days per week. The PEC is staffed by a psychiatry resident, psychiatric 
social worker, and a VA psychiatry attending, of which Dr. Szabo is available there one 
day a week. In addition, the Durham VA has a 28 bed, onsite inpatient psychiatric unit, 
staffed by three VA Mental Health Service Line psychiatry attendings, three Duke 
Medical Center psychiatry residents, and other mental health care professionals.]  
 
c) Potential Difficulties and Limitations: One potential limitation of any pharmacological 
clinical trial is medication compliance. In order to increase the likelihood of patients 
taking study medication as prescribed, we will conduct “pill counts” of returned/unused 
study medication. Patients who miss more than 6 consecutive doses of medication or 
are less than 80% compliant will be withdrawn from the study. [In addition, serum levels 
of DHEA and DHEAS will be determined using GC/MS post-treatment, which will 
provide us with additional compliance information for individuals randomized to the 
DHEA treatment arm. 
 
Blood samples for serum analysis will be collected in three red-top vacutainers at each 
study visit. All blood and serum samples will be de-identified. Blood will be centrifuged, 
and serum will be aliquoted into 1.5 ml cryovials and stored in a -80 degree freezer at 
the Durham VAMC. GC/MS analyses will be conducted when all participants have 
completed the study.] Another potential challenge with any clinical trial is patient 
recruitment. 
 
d) Data Monitoring and Confidentiality: Reports from participants’ clinical records 
concerning research observations will not be made available to outside medical facilities 

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without the written consent of the patient. All clinical and biological data obtained from 
research interviews and the laboratory will be deidentified.  The data will be kept in 
locked file cabinets and accessible only to qualified research personnel. Only coded 
study numbers will appear on data and documents used for evaluation or statistical 
analysis. In addition, any publications resulting from this research will not identify 
individual participants. 
 
3. Risks for Study Personnel. 
There is minimal risk involved to study personnel. A trained laboratory phlebotomist will 
draw patient blood for laboratory analysis and serum/blood storage. There is a slight 
risk of potential needle stick, however the Durham VA Chemical Laboratory provides 
extensive risk prevention training for all phlebotomists, thus the likelihood of an 
accidental needle stick is low. The blood samples will be transported to -80º freezer for 
storage by study personnel. In order to reduce the risk of direct exposure, personnel will 
wear personal protective equipment while transporting patient serum/blood 
 
C. Potential Benefit of the Proposed Research to the Participant and Others. 
While study participants may not receive benefits from the proposed research other 
than monetary compensation ($75 per visit), their participation may lead to a better 
understanding of their symptomatology. A travel stipend will also be provided (averaging 
$15, depending upon distance traveled). 
 
For those not currently treated, study participation may lead to referral for treatment 
upon completion (or withdrawal) of the study. In terms of benefit to others, knowledge 
gained from the study may help the evaluation and treatment of patients with PTSD and 
co-occurring symptoms in the future. No serious adverse events have been attributed to 
DHEA to date. 
 
Selection of Subjects 
Forty OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with PTSD between the ages of 18-65 will be 
randomized. Both male and female subjects and all ethnic groups will be eligible to 
participate in this study. All subjects will be currently experiencing PTSD, as evidenced 
by a CAPS-5 score that is ≥ 33 at baseline. We chose a CAPS-5 score of ≥ 33 after 
review of the available limited literature on this area. For example, a recent poster 
presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) provided for 
rationale on use of CAPS-5 score of ≥ 29 for non-combat PTSD vs ≥ 33 for combat 
PTSD (Sullivan, G et al., 55th Annual Meeting; ACNP, December 7, 2016). We 
anticipate that a number of participants will have co-occurring depression symptoms 
and a history of mild TBI (mild TBI and major depression are not exclusionary); we will 
thus control for the presence of major depression and a history of mild TBI in the 
statistical analysis. Patients who have a history of moderate or severe TBI will be 
excluded. Veterans will be recruited from the Durham VA Medical Center and VA Mid-
Atlantic MIRECC Repository and Post-deployment Health Study in OEF/OIF/OND 
Veterans. This Repository has enrolled over 3,200 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans to date, and 

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over 94% of these participants have provided permission to be re-contacted for future 
research studies such as the one proposed. 
 
Inclusion of Women and minorities: Women comprise a significant proportion of the 
Veteran population and will be recruited into the proposed study at a rate expected to 
match the standard female percentage in the Veteran population. In addition, minorities 
will also be included similarly. We estimate that our study population will be 
approximately 20% female and approximately 40% African American (based upon 
demographics of the VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Repository and Post-Deployment Mental 
Health Study).  
 
Inclusion Criteria:  
1. OEF/OIF/OND era Veterans, 18-65 years of age,  
2. PTSD diagnosis (CAPS-5 score ≥ 33).  
3. Negative pregnancy test if female. Sexually active subjects are required to use a 
medically acceptable form of birth control if they are of childbearing potential and 
could become pregnant during the study. A medically acceptable form of birth 
control includes non-hormonal intrauterine devices, surgical sterilization, or 
double barrier methods (e.g., diaphragm with contraceptive jelly, condom with 
contraceptive foam, cervical caps with contraceptive jelly). Sexual abstinence 
with agreement to continue abstinence or to use a medically acceptable method 
of contraception should sexual activity occur is permissible.  
4. Female participants must have had a normal mammogram within the last year (if 
older than 40) 
5. Female participants must have had a normal pelvic exam within the last year 
6. No change in medications less than 4 weeks before baseline assessment.  
7. No anticipated need to alter medications for PTSD for the 6-week study duration 
(as determined by study physician’s review of records and/or discussion with 
prescribing physician).  
8. Ability to fully participate in the informed consent process.  
 
Exclusion Criteria:  
1. Unstable medical or neurological illness, including seizures, renal impairment or 
CVA and inability to participate in neuroimaging (fMRI).  
2. Use of oral contraceptives or other hormonal supplements, as it is unclear if 
DHEA metabolism to other neurosteroids such as estradiol may potentially 
impact contraceptive efficacy.  
3. Significant suicidal or homicidal ideation.  
4. Current DSM-5 diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic 
disorder (including major depression with psychotic features), or cognitive 
disorder due to a general medical condition.  
5. Female patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding. 6. Known allergy to study 
medication.  
6. History of moderate or severe TBI.  

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7. Substance dependence within past three months, per DSM-5 criteria (excluding 
caffeine and nicotine).  
8. Abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA; >2.5ng/ml in males age 49 or less; 
>4ng/ml in males age 50 or greater) or history of prostate cancer, breast cancer, 
or uterine cancer.  
9. A family history of prostate, breast or endometrial cancer in a first-degree relative 
10. Presence of any factors/conditions, medical or non-medical, that may interfere 
with conduction of study assessments in the judgment of the study team,  
11. Serious or unstable cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, metabolic, respiratory, or 
hematologic illness, symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, or other medical 
condition or psychiatric conditions or behaviors that would compromise 
participation and/or likely to lead to worsening of symptoms during the course of 
the study in the opinion of study physician and research team.  
12. Are non-ambulatory or require the use of crutches or a walker. 
13. Taking Narcotic medications or benzodiazepines for any reason. 
 
Subject Recruitment 
Participants will be recruited from Durham VA IRB-approved local advertising (flyers), 
by referral from their Durham VA medical and behavioral health providers and from the 
OEF/OIF/OND cohort who previously participated in the PDMH study. We will obtain 
contact information from the VISN 6 MIRECC Data Repository (Repository) (which 
currently contains 3,200 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans; over 94% of these Registry 
participants have already provided permission to be re-contacted for future research 
studies) that contains contact information provided by participants at the time of their 
PDMH Study participation. Prospective participants will be sent Durham VA IRB-
approved letters and follow-up phone calls utilizing a Durham VA IRB-approved phone 
script. 
 
Once an individual has been successfully contacted, research staff will read a brief 
script introducing the study and providing context related to the participant’s previous 
enrollment in the PDMH Study. Early in this script, the individual will be asked if they are 
interested in hearing about the current study. If the individual is not interested, they will 
be thanked for their time and the call will end. If the individual is interested, the 
remainder of the script will be read providing information about what activities will occur 
should the individual choose to participate. Any questions regarding participation will be 
answered. If the participant wishes to participate, they will then be rescheduled to report 
in-person to complete the study. Additionally, decision-making capacity will be 
evaluated by consulting clinical records (if available) and by asking the patient if they 
have a legal guardian. Individuals without decision-making capacity and/or with a legal 
guardian will not be contacted. 
, for a target number of 40 randomized participants; of these 40 randomized 
participants, it is estimated that at least 32 participants will receive at least one study 
visit following randomization (20% drop-out assumed). 
 

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Consent Process 
The informed consent process, including completion of the Informed Consent and 
HIPAA forms will occur in a private room at the Durham VA Health Care System and will 
be completed prior to the initiation of any study activities. The informed consent process 
will be conducted by a member of the research team who has been trained in the proper 
procedures and language to be used so as to minimize the possibility of coercion or 
undue influence and to ensure that the individual understands the information being 
provided 
 
A participant who is judged likely to meet all of the inclusion criteria and none of the 
exclusion criteria will meet with a member of the research team to discuss the research 
protocol, and to determine if the patient is capable of providing informed consent. 
Individuals without decision-making capacity will not be enrolled. Eligible participants 
will be provided with a description (verbal and written) of the informed consent form, 
which includes the risks along with procedures to minimize these risks, and the 
participants’ rights and responsibilities. Participants will be given the opportunity to read 
the consent form and ask questions. Participants will be assured that participation in this 
research study is voluntary and that they may withdraw from the study at any time 
without adversely affecting their medical care or any benefits they might be receiving. 
They may also refuse to answer any research questions during the interview.  
Participants who are eligible for the study and choose to participate will sign the consent 
form in the presence of a member of the research team.   
 
Digital Audio-recording: 
Participants will be explicitly asked for permission to digitally audio-tape CAPS-5 
interviews in the IRB-approved written Informed Consent Form.  Participants will be 
informed that audiotaped sessions may be reviewed by an expert (Dr. Sara Kleiman) for 
the purposes of interviewer fidelity.  We anticipate that the expert will review CAPS-5 
interviews of the first 2 participants seen by each assessor, and 1-2 randomly selected 
interviews every 3-6 months.  Digital audio recordings and corresponding CAPS-5 
assessments will be identified only by subject ID and stored on the S-drive, behind the 
VA firewall at S:\MIRECC\Collaborators.  Audio recordings will be captured using a  
 Philips Pocket Memo Voice Recorder DPM8000 or other approved audio recorder. 
Only approved study staff and the expert reviewer will have access to this file 
path/folder.  No other portion of study visits will be recorded. 
 
Study Interventions 
We will conduct a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, randomized 
Phase 2 pilot study with 400mg DHEA to test whether we can establish proof of concept 
(POC) for this agent. 40 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with PTSD will be randomized to 
receive a one-time oral adjunctive treatment with DHEA or PBO in the fMRI paradigm 
(same day).  Participants will then continue to receive a 6-week sustained treatment of 
DHEA or PBO. To establish POC, we seek to determine whether DHEA is superior to 

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PBO on neural circuits related to fear-anxiety-emotional regulation. We will determine 
potential fear-anxiety circuit target engagement following one-time oral 
adjunctive dose of DHEA (400 mg) using a same-day fMRI paradigm (the SEAT 
procedure, see below) to assess derived functional connectivity measures between the 
amygdala and the hippocampus as compared to PBO (primary outcome). Further, we 
will also determine if fMRI and serum neurosteroids (DHEA, DHEAS, androsterone, 
and/or other neurosteroids) may be candidate biomarkers of PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) 
that predict therapeutic response to a DHEA intervention (secondary outcomes). The 
proposed set of studies will enable us to investigate these neurosteroids as novel 
pharmacological interventions for PTSD, and to identify biomarkers of therapeutic 
response in PTSD. Finally, as an exploratory goal, the current study will determine if 
treatment with DHEA impacts myelin integrity (as assessed by STI), and if peripheral 
neurosteroid levels are potentially associated with myelin content, other neuroimaging 
parameters, or therapeutic response. 
 
Schedule of Events: 
Week
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Follow up
Study Visit
1
Phone 
Call
2
Phone 
Call
3
Phone 
Call
4
Phone 
Call
5
Phone Call
Informed Consent 
X
Demographics, Medical History
X
Mental Health Diagnosis 
X
Physical Exam and ECG 
X
X
Clinician Adminstered PTSD Scale
X
X
X
X
X
Adverse Events 
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mental/Physical Health Assessments
X
X
X
X
X
Suicide Assessment  
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Blood draw and Vital Signs
X
X
X
X
X
Urine Drug Test 
X
X
X
X
X
Urinalysis
X
X
X
X
X
Urine Pregnancy Test
X
X
X
X
X
Dispense Drug or Placebo
X
X
X
X
X
MRI
X
X
 
 
Treatment Compliance 
Compliance for each visit interval is defined as taking between 80% and 100% of the 
study drug prescribed for that interval. For subjects who demonstrate noncompliance, 
the PI and/or study coordinator will counsel patients on the importance of study drug 
compliance and drug accountability. 
 
The following procedures will be employed to assure appropriate drug accountability: 
-Drug accountability will be emphasized at the screening visit and throughout the clinical 
trial. 
-Drug accountability forms will be provided in the clinical trial records binder or similar 
file. 

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-Drug accountability will be monitored throughout the study. 
-Each patient will be instructed to return all study drug packaging and unused study 
drug at each visit. 
-Records will be kept of all drug dispensed to and returned by participants throughout 
the study. 
   
Adverse Events 
This protocol presents minimal risks to participants.  In the unlikely event than an 
adverse event occurs, serious and unanticipated and related adverse events or 
unanticipated problems involving risks to participants or others will be reported in writing 
within 48 hours to the IRB at the Durham VA Health Center and any appropriate funding 
and regulatory agencies.  Adverse events will be recorded by administration of a side 
effect rating scale (Hillside Adverse Events Form) and reviewed by a study physician. 
Adverse events will be assessed at all study visits after the screening visit (i.e. Visits 2-
5). In addition to receiving these regular adverse effect assessments, patients will be 
given a toll-free study number that they can call if they have questions regarding the 
dose escalation schedule or medication side effects. Participants will also be provided 
with the cell phone numbers of Dr. Szabo and Dr. Marx. 
   
We will also summarize all adverse events (cumulative to date) in our reports to the 
FDA, Clinical Science Research & Development Central Data Monitoring Committee at 
Hines (CSR&D DMC), and annual request for continuing approval to the IRB.  The 
principal investigator is responsible for monitoring the data, assuring protocol 
compliance, and conducting the safety reviews at intervals appropriate to the study.  
During the review process the principal investigator will evaluate whether the study 
should continue unchanged, require modification/amendment, continue or close to 
enrollment.  Specifically, the principal investigator will assess whether the adverse event 
affects the Risk/Benefit ratio of the study and whether modifications to the protocol (at 
Risks to Subjects) or consent form (at Risk and Inconveniences) are required.  The 
investigator will apprise fellow investigation and study personnel of all adverse events 
will be reported to the appropriate regulatory and oversight agencies in accordance with 
their reporting requirements and regulations. 
 
a) Physical Risk: Physical risk associated with participation in this study include the 
risks of drain blood (for serum and clinical lab tests).  Possible side effects from drawing 
blood include bruising, bleeding, or pain at the injection site, and (rarely) fainting, 
infection and peripheral nerve damage.  Blood draws are minimal risks.  Pregnant 
women tend to be more anemic than non-pregnant women.  Therefore, the risk of blood 
draw (90 mL) in a pregnant woman could represent negligibly greater risk by increasing 
the magnitude of anemia.  There are no known long-term health risks to use of 
magnetic resonance imaging per se when operated under FDA guidelines.  However, 
there are safety concerns posed by strong magnetic fields used to produce images.  All 
sequences conducted under this protocol are clinically approved by the FDA.  Our 
scanner meets the FDA’s guidelines for non-significant risk for static field strength, 

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specific absorption ate (SAR), time varying magnetic fields (dB/dt), and acoustic noise.  
If a subject has previously worked with metal, they will need a skull x-ray prior to the 
MRI scan.  The skull x-ray involves a small amount of radiation.  The radiation received 
in this x-ray is the same as from living in a high-altitude city such as Denver for 4 weeks, 
or taking 8 airplanes flights from New York to Los Angeles. 
 
b) Emotional Distress: Participants may experience emotional distress because of 
participating in this study.  The study procedures could potentially lead to emotional 
distress from discussing medical histories or deployment experiences.  Being placed in 
an MRI machines can at times induce feeling associated with claustrophobia.  Each 
participant will be closely monitored for emotional distress and emergent suicidal 
ideation and homicidal ideation at screening and each study visit (it is anticipated that 
this will be rare).  If a participant becomes significantly distressed or if intervention is 
deemed appropriate, they will be escorted to the Durham VA Emergency Room for 
additional assessment.    
 
c) Unauthorized Access to Data: There is a possibility of an unauthorized party gaining 
access to secure PHI contained in the database.  This is also a low risk, and several 
precautions have been implemented to minimize unauthorized access.  First, reports 
from participants’ clinical records concerning research observations will not be made 
available to outside medical facilities without the written consent of the patients.  All 
clinical biological data obtained from research interviews and the laboratory will be 
coded.  The data will be kept in a locked file cabinets and accessible only to authorized 
research personnel.  Only study numbers will appear on specimens, data and 
documents used for evaluation or statistical analysis.  In addition, any publication 
resulting from this research will not identify individual participants.   
      
Costs and/or Payments to Subjects 
Participants will be reimbursed $75 for each study visit plus an additional $100 for each 
MRI. Therefore, if they participate in all 5 study visits and 2 MRIs, they will receive $575. 
There will be an additional allowanced based on distance traveled by the participant.  
For ease of calculation, concentric zones will be used as summarized in the table 
below.   
 
Distance  
(miles) 
Allowance 
Typical towns and cities 
0-25 
$10 
Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill 
25-50 
$20 
Henderson, Wake Forest, Burlington 
50-100 
$30 
Greensboro, Fayetteville, Goldsboro 
100-150 
$35 
Salisbury, Greenville, Rocky Mount 

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150-200 
$40 
Wilmington, Charlotte, Hickory 
> 200 
$50 
 
Data and Safety Monitoring 
We will follow all IRB, Clinical Science Research & Development Central Data 
Monitoring Committee at Hines (CSR&D DMC), and FDA guidelines for annual 
progress, adverse event, and other reporting procedures for this outpatient randomized 
control trial. We will collect only the minimum amount of information required to report 
SAE’s to reporting agencies; SAE date, date of study visit, and medical information 
related to the SAE. The SAE information will be collected during the study visit, by 
telephone calls with study participants, and by data collection from study files and 
Electronic Medical Records. Safety data collection will begin upon study enrollment. The 
principal investigator is responsible for monitoring the data, assuring protocol 
compliance, and conducting and submitting the safety reviews to the IRB, CSR&D 
DMC, and FDA at intervals appropriate to the study. During the review process the 
principal investigator, along with monitoring committees will evaluate whether the study 
should continue unchanged, require modification/amendment, continue or close to 
enrollment. Specifically, the principal investigator will assess whether the adverse event 
affects the Risk/Benefit ratio of the study and whether modifications to the protocol (at 
Risks to Subjects) or consent form (at Risks and Inconveniences) are required. 
 
Privacy, Confidentiality, and Information Security 
1. Lists of Data Reviewed and/or Collected for Screening/Recruitment and 
Conduction of Study:  
The Personal Health Information that will be obtained, used, and/or shared for this study 
includes:   
 
2. Data and/or Specimen Acquisition:   
Data for this study will be collected through: 
Identifier(s)
Source(s) of Health Information
 Names 
 Medical history & physical exam 
information
 All geographic subdivisions smaller than 
a State, including street address, city, 
county, precinct, and zip code.  Describe: 
street address, city, county, and zip code 
 Photographs, videotapes, audiotapes, 
or digital or other images 
CAPS-5 interviews will be audio-
recorded 
 All elements of dates (except year) for 
dates directly related to an individual, 
including birth date, admission date, 
 Biologic specimens (e.g., blood, 
tissue, urine, saliva). Describe: Blood, 
urine 

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Identifier(s)
Source(s) of Health Information
discharge date, visit or treatment dates, etc.; 
and all ages over 89,  Describe: Date of birth, 
date of death, visit dates, treatment dates, 
admission and/or discharge dates. 
Telephone numbers
Progress notes
Fax numbers
Diagnostic / Laboratory test results
Electronic mail addresses
Operative reports
Social Security Numbers
Imaging (x-ray, CT, MRI, etc.)
Medical record numbers
Discharge summaries
Health plan beneficiary numbers
Survey / Questionnaire responses
 Account numbers: Bank routing numbers 
for EFT payment for participant payment 
 Billing records 
Certificate and/or license numbers 
HIV testing or infection records
 Vehicle identifiers and serial numbers, 
including license plate numbers 
 Sickle cell anemia information 
Device identifiers and serial numbers
Alcoholism or alcohol use information
 Web Universal Resource Locators 
(URLs)
 Drug abuse information 
 Internet Protocol (IP) address numbers 
 Mental health (not psychotherapy) 
notes
 Biometric identifiers, including finger & 
voice prints
 Psychological test results 
 Full-face photographic images and any 
comparable images
 Genetic testing 
 Any other unique identifying number, 
linked study ID, characteristic, or code, 
describe:  Unique study ID and unique study 
blood sample barcode
 Other, describe:  Emergency 
contact’s name, address, and phone 
number 
 
  Prospective data and/or specimen collection obtained from participants.  Provide 
description of processes:  This is a prospective study administering study drug (DHEA) 
or placebo for 8 weeks with 5 in-person visits.  Prospective data will be collected via 
self-report, questionnaires, brain images (collected by MRI), and blood specimen 
(collected via venipuncture). 
  Retrospective data collection and/or specimens obtained from medical chart 
review/data access.  Describe how data will be obtained (e.g., fileman, CDW, etc.):  
Electronic Medical Chart review by study staff.  

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  Retrospective data collection and/or specimens obtained from an IRB-approved 
data and/or specimen repository.  Indicate the repository source including name, VA 
location, and IRB number:  VISN 6 MIRECC Post-Deployment Mental Health Data 
Repository, Durham VAHCS, VISN 6 MIRECC, 3022 Croasdaile Dr., Durham, NC 
27705 – IRB #1706. 
3. Level of Data:   
The following level(s) of data will be acquired/maintained for this study: 
  Identified (e.g., names, addresses or other identifiers included)  
  Coded (direct and/or all identifiers removed, but study code/ID included)  
  De-Identified (all HIPAA 18 and study ID/code removed): 
  Verified Statistically  
 
OR 
  Verified by Absence or Removal of HIPAA 18 and study ID  
  Limited Data Set 
  Other: Describe:        
 
4. Location of Data and/or Specimens, and Data Retention Plan:   
A. Data and/or Specimen Location:  
Data will be stored electronically behind the VA firewall in S:\MIRECC\PI 
Folders\Szabo\Szabo Study Files. Data stored electronically will include PHI and Study 
Assessment responses. PHI will be stored in the database separate from any Study 
Assessment responses. 
Paper records of data include Study Assessments, Informed Consent Form, HIPAA 
Authorization, Subject Payment Forms, and will be stored at the DVAHS in Building 15, 
4th floor; building 1, room D3009; and/or the MIRECC Croasdaile Building, 3rd floor. PHI 
in paper form will be stored in file cabinets separate from the coded data. 
Specimens include coded subject blood and serum samples, and will be frozen at -80 
Celsius and stored in the freezer rooms in MIRECC Croasdaile Building, 3rd floor; 
Building 6 and/or Building 15 at the DVAHS.  
Audio recordings and CAPS-5 assessments will be coded with a subject ID and stored 
on the VA S-drive at: S:\MIRECC\Collaborators.  This folder will be accessible to 
approved study staff and to the expert PTSD assessor, Dr. Kleiman. Dr. Kleiman will not 
have access to the key code and will not be able to identify participants from the audio 
tape or written CAPS-5 assessment. 

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  Data will be also be placed at the VA Informatics and Computing Interface (VINCI; 
http://vaww.vinci.med.va.gov/vincicentral/VINCIWorkspace.aspx). The VA Informatics 
and Computing Infrastructure is a partnership between the VA Office of Information 
Technology and the Veterans’ Health Administration Office of Research and 
Development.  Researchers and operations staff can use VINCI to access data and 
statistical analysis tools in a virtual working environment through a certified VHA 
network computer using the VA Intranet or Virtual Private Network (VPN).  
B. Data Retention Plan 
 Research records will be maintained and destroyed according to the National 
Archives and Records Administration, Records Schedule Number:  DAA-0015-2015-
0004.  Records destruction, when authorized, will be accomplished using the then 
current requirements for the secure disposal of paper and electronic records.  Currently, 
destruction of research records (see DAA-0015-2015-0004, section 7.6 “Research 
Investigator Files” for materials included in research records) is scheduled for 6 years 
after the cut-off (the cut-off is the completion of the research project) and may be 
retained longer if required by other federal agencies.  Records will not be destroyed 
without pre-notification to the facility records manager.   
  Other data retention plan, describe:   
5. Data Access and Data Recipients:   
 
Only members of our DVAMC research team will have access to identifiers and coded 
data, whether it resides behind the VA firewall or in paper form.  All VA research 
personnel who have access to VHA records are instructed, in accordance with VA 
policy, on the requirements of Federal privacy and information laws and regulations, VA 
regulations and policies, and VHA policy. All study personnel who are VA employees 
working within the VA system have fulfilled all required HIPAA and other VA security 
and privacy policy training requirements and have agreed to follow guidelines pertaining 
to the protection of patient data. All research staff sign VA Rules of Behavior, and all 
study staff are up-to-date with VHA Privacy Policy Training and the VA Office of Cyber 
and Information Security Awareness Training Course. The data security and privacy 
procedures summarized in that course include logging off or locking the computer when 
walking away from it; no sharing of access codes, verify codes or passwords; not 
allowing anyone else to use the computer under one’s password; and disposing of 
sensitive information using VA-approved methods (e.g., shredder bins). 
 

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Access to study data will be removed for all study personnel when they are no longer 
part of the research team. 
 
6. Data and/or Specimen Transportation and/or Transmission for all data and/or 
specimens involved in the study:   
 
I. 
  Data and/or specimens will not be transported or transmitted outside of 
Durham VAMC environment. 
 
II. 
  Data and/or specimens will be transported BETWEEN sites that are under 
the auspices of the Durham VA Medical Center. Blood samples will be 
transported for lab testing or storage in -80 freezers by trained study staff 
between the main study site at 3022 Croasdaile Drive and the DVAHS building 1, 
6, or 15. Specimens will be contained in a biohazard zip-lock bag within a 
marked biohazard cooler. Data files will be securely boxed and labeled. Trained 
study staff will use the VA shuttle van or personal automobile. No additional 
stops will be made during transportation.  
 
III. 
   Data and/or specimens will be transmitted to other VA sites using the 
following method(s): 
A. Data 
  Data are de-identified and thus will be sent via unencrypted e-mail or 
unencrypted disk (encryption is optional). 
  Data are coded or contain identifiers and thus will be sent  
  Other, describe:        
B. Specimens 
  Specimens are de-identified and thus will be sent via standard carrier 
(tracking is optional). 
  Specimens are coded or contain identifiers and thus will be sent via VA-
authorized carrier with tracking.   
  Other, describe:        
IV. 
   Data and/or specimens will be transported to non-VA/VHA sites (e.g., 
academic affiliates, laboratories, etc.) using the following method(s): 
A. Data 

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  Data are de-identified and thus will be sent via unencrypted e-mail or 
unencrypted CD. 
  Data are coded or contain identifiers and thus will be sent via using VA—
approved carrier with tracking.   
  Data are coded or identified and will be sent via the Safe Access File 
Exchange (SAFE) at https://safe.amrdec.army.mil/safe/.  SAFE is a secure 
method of exchanging files <2GB to and from individuals with a valid .gov, 
.mil, .com, or .edu email address. Data will be sent via SAFE to Duke 
University for statistical computing purposes (including Ryan Wagner, PhD). 
  Data are coded or identified and will be uploaded to sponsor website 
using electronic case report form (eCRF)  
 Other, describe:  
B. Specimens 
  Specimens are de-identified and thus will be sent via standard carrier 
(tracking is optional) or will be hand-delivered by research study personnel.  
Specify method of delivery:        
   Specimens are coded and thus will be sent via VA-approved carrier with 
tracking or will be hand-delivered by research study personnel.  Specify 
method of delivery:   
In accordance with the HIPAA and the Privacy Act, for any coded or 
identifiable data or specimens released from the Durham VAMC (with the 
exception of Limited Data Sets), an Accounting of Disclosure (AOD) will be 
maintained (e.g., in a database or spreadsheet) that includes the participant’s 
name, date of the disclosure, description of the nature of the Individually 
Identifiable Information (III) disclosed, purpose of each disclosure, and the 
name and address of the person/agency to whom the disclosure was made. 
C. 
 Local DVAMC memorandum “Authorization to Use, Process, Store, or 
Transmit VA Sensitive Information Outside VA Owned or Managed Facilities” 
has been pre-filled out for each study team member who may transport the 
data and/or specimens off-site.  This (these) forms are included with the IRB 
materials. 
 

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D. 
  Containers (e.g., briefcase, bin) are labeled with the following notice (label 
placed on the outside of container): 
NOTICE!!! 
Access to these records is limited to: AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY. 
Information may not be disclosed from this file unless permitted by all applicable 
legal authorities, which may include the Privacy Act; 38 U.S.C. §§ 5701, 5705, 
7332; the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; and regulations 
implementing those provisions, at 38 C.F.R. §§ 1.460 – 1.599 and 45 C.F.R. 
Parts 160 and 164. Anyone who discloses information in violation of the above 
provisions may subject to civil and criminal penalties. 
 
V. 
  We will communicate with veterans enrolled as participants in this research 
study through MyHealtheVet.    
7. Risk Mitigation Strategies:   
 
  Data are fully de-identified (stripped of HIPAA 18 and study ID/code) before being 
shared outside of Durham VAMC. 
  Specimens are fully de-identified (stripped of HIPAA 18 and study ID/code before 
being shared outside of Durham VAMC. 
   Direct identifiers will be maintained separately from data and or specimens by using 
a code to “identify” subjects.  In a separate database (i.e., a “linking” or “cross-walk” 
database) this code will be linked to identifying subject information.  All study staff have 
been trained on the requirements of Federal privacy and information laws and 
regulations as described in section #5 above. The PI bears the responsibility for 
overseeing the privacy and security of the data. 
  Other, specify:        
8. Suspected Loss of VA Information: 
Should any incident such as theft or loss of data, unauthorized access of sensitive data 
or non-compliance with security controls occur it will be immediately reported according 
to VA policy. All incidents regarding information security/privacy incidents will be 
reported to the ISO and PO within 1 hour of acknowledgement of issue and done so 
using the VHADUR Research Events Report e-mail group 
(VHADURResearchEventReport@va.gov). 
9. Reporting of Results:   

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  Reporting of results, such as in scientific papers and presentations, will never 
identify individual subjects.  Data will be presented in aggregate and individual-level 
data will not be published. 
  Other results reporting plan, describe:       
10. Future Use of Data: 
 
  Data will be retained for future use.  This is described elsewhere in the protocol and 
is noted in the HIPAA authorization. 
 
  Future Use of data is optional (i.e., not required by the research subject). 
  Future Use of data is required for participation in the study. 
  No future use of data is currently planned. 
11. Use of Mail Merge Technology 
  Mail merge programs will be used to generate letters and/or address labels for 
mailings to potential or already enrolled research subjects.  The study team is aware 
that to reduce risk of mail merge related privacy incidents, use of mail merge programs 
requires a 25% accuracy check to verify that (potential) research subject name and 
mailing address are properly “matched”.  If discrepancies are found, a 100% accuracy 
check is required before letters may be mailed.   
12. Use of Non-Standard Software 
 I do NOT intend to use any new specialized software (i.e. Software that’s not already 
approved OR installed) in this study. 
 
 I intend to use specialized software that has not already been installed and it has 
been approved for use by the VA Technical Reference Model (TRM) Group.  
(Note: All new software must be approved by TRM before it can be installed on VA 
systems.) 
 
 I intend to use previously installed software on my VA computer.  
 
13. Use of Cloud Computing Services 
 Cloud computing services will NOT be used in this study. 
 
 Cloud computing services WILL be used in this study as described below and have 
been approved nationally by the VA Chief Information Officer (CIO).  (Note: ONLY cloud 
computing services that have been approved nationally may be used.) 
 

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Data Analysis and Statistical Considerations 
The analysis plan is organized around the study’s hypotheses using a variety of statistical 
techniques. Univariate summary statistics, including means, medians, rates, proportions, and 
variances, will be calculated as appropriate for all variables. In addition to statistics, outcome 
measures will be examined graphically to assist in determining distributional form as a precursor 
to model selection. Preliminary bivariate analyses by treatment condition will use standard Chi-
square procedures for categorical outcomes; continuous outcomes meeting distribution 
requirements will be tested using Student’s t-test, whereas data not meeting distributional 
requirements will be analyzed by nonparametric (e.g., Kruskal-Wallis) procedures. Differences 
between covariates will be tested at baseline to assess randomization.  Putative covariates with 
significant asymmetry between groups will be considered for inclusion in subsequent modeling 
and testing (However, see Miller & Chapman, 2001). Inference for all analyses will be evaluated 
relative to p=0.05 within a given hypothesis.   
 
Analysis of primary outcomes in the Shifted-Attention Emotion Appraisal (SEAT) Paradigm will 
present compound stimuli that include both emotional faces (e.g. sad, happy, angry) and neutral 
scenes (Sripada et al 2014). In three different conditions, participants will be asked to respond 
to three different questions: (1) 'Gender': Whether the face in the foreground is male or female; 
(2) 'Inside/Outside': Whether the scene in the background is indoors or outdoors; or (3) 
'Like/Dislike': Whether the face in the foreground is liked or disliked. This allows multiple 
components of cognition to be probed including (1) implicit emotional processing, (2) attentional 
modulation, and (3) cognitive modulation of emotion. Item-specific memory will be tested first 
using yes/no recognition judgments. The conjunctive memory test will require participants to 
make "match" (previously viewed faces and buildings presented in a combinations seen during 
encoding) or "mismatch" (items in combinations not previously seen together) judgments.  
 
For fMRI analysis we will use FSL supplemented by BIRN tools for signal averaging, ROI 
analysis, and visualization of time series waveforms (Smith SM 2004). We use FreeSurfer for 
surface reconstruction and automatic segmentation. FMRIB Software Library (FSL) 
preprocessing will be used for motion correction, slice time correction, temporal and spatial 
filtering, and co-registration with the individual subject’s high resolution anatomical image. A first 
level analysis will be performed on each run separately using a standard GLM approach with 
regressors determined by the task timing convolved with a delayed canonical hemodynamic 
response. The first level analyses from a subject will then combined in a fixed effects second 
level analysis. These second level analyses are then combined into between group third level 
analyses using a mixed effects model. The functional MRI data will be analyzed by comparing 
whole brain voxelwise neural activity (BOLD) associated with cognitive processing between pre- 
and post-treatment, between active and placebo arms, between-face types (e.g. angry, fearful, 
neutral), and  between-task conditions (e.g. gender, indoor/outdoor, like/dislike), which is 
neurosteroid relevant (Sripada et al 2013a, Sripada et al 2013b). Dr. Isreal Liberzon was the 

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senior author on these pivotal trials and is a collaborator (please see accompanying letter) along 
with Dr. Marx who was a co-investigator and is the primary mentor for the CDA. Subsequent 
testing with functionally defined ROIs will be used to make statistical inferences about treatment 
response and to identify correlations with cognitive changes, CAPS-5 scores, and neurosteroid 
levels. In addition, we propose to study the correlation between PTSD symptom severity and 
disruption in fear systems interrogated by the task paradigms. This will be probed further by 
examining correlation between the hypothesized clinical behaviors and fear system activation 
during the associated task (e.g., severity of hypervigilance symptoms and activation. Correction 
for the family-wise error rate will be based upon the Gaussian random field (GRF) theory that is 
implemented in FSL (Worsley et al., 1996). 
Primary outcome analyses will be based on maps of activation, reaction time, and on-line 
accuracy judgments via a 2 (drug type: DHEA or Placebo) × 3 (face type: angry, fearful, neutral) 
× 3 (condition: male/female, inside/outside, like/dislike) repeated-measures ANOVA for main 
effects and interactions.  Follow-up effect analyses will be performed with two-tailed t-tests and 
significance threshold at 0.05 with correction for multiple comparisons.  Z-score images from the 
individual activation maps will be entered in second-level random-effects analyses using SPM8 
and corrected for multiple comparisons, p<0.05. Activation threshold and cluster size will be 
determined using AlphaSim (Ward, 2000) to correspond to a false-positive rate of p<0.05, 
corrected for multiple comparisons within ROIs. Voxel coordinates that will be reported will 
correspond to standardized MNI space.  The time series from significant clusters within regions 
of group difference will be used in a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. 
Deconvolved time series in the anatomical right amygdala will be extracted for each subject and 
represent the first regressor in the PPI analysis (physiological variable). The experimental 
condition is the second regressor (emotion processing; psychological variable). The regressor of 
interest will be the interaction between the time series of the seed region and the experimental 
condition. 
Secondary outcome analyses will be based on a repeated measures ANOVA approach 
modeling difference-from-baseline scores at Weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8. These time-dependent 
outcomes will be estimated using a class of statistical models variously referred to as 
hierarchical linear models (HLM), linear mixed-models, (LMM) or multilevel models.  Within this 
approach, each individual’s measurements over time are initially modeled as an individual 
growth trajectory plus an error term.  The individual trajectories are subsequently modeled as a 
function of differences between individuals on covariates of interest (e.g., treatment proxies, 
etc.).  These models extend traditional approaches for modeling longitudinal data (e.g., time-
series analyses or repeated measures ANOVAs) by allowing for missing values, covariance 
structures other than compound symmetry (e.g. unstructured typically is a first option), varied 
measurement intervals, and likelihood estimates based on all available (outcome) data. These 
procedures are be implemented in SAS v9.4 using PROC MIXED for normally distributed data 
and GLIMMIX for non-normally distributed data.  The latter can estimate a variety of categorical 
outcomes including Poisson and binomial distributions.  

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Analyses will be based on a modified intent-to-treat methodology; all participants who reached 
one or more study visits post-randomization will be included in the statistical analysis plan.  We 
will randomize a total of 40 participants; it is estimated that at least 32 participants will receive at 
least one study visit post-randomization and will be included in the statistical analyses (10% 
drop out rate assumed). Analyses thus utilize an n=32 for power calculations in the proposed 
modified intent-to-treat analysis.  We will make significant efforts to obtain final interviews with 
drop-out subjects to determine if drop-out is in fact treatment-related as opposed to MAR.  In 
instances where contact is not possible or assumptions of MAR are confirmed by interview, 
missing data will be augmented where assumptions that the pattern of ‘missingness’ are 
ignorable (e.g., MAR - Schafer, 1997) hold using multiple imputation procedures including 
maximum likelihood (e.g., PROC MIXED: see above) or, in instances where missing data 
include independent measures, multiple imputation (e.g., SAS: PROC MI; R: MICE).  
Subsequent sensitivity analyses comparing results based on various methodologies are of 
course essential in determining how robust results are to missing data.    
Change in total DSM5-defined PTSD symptoms from pre- to post- treatment, as assessed by 
the CAPS-5, the gold standard method for assessing PTSD symptoms in pharmacological 
treatment trials; measurements will be gathered at two-week intervals beginning at baseline and 
continuing through Week 8. Measures of pre-post treatment differences at the four study 
intervals will be regressed on a dichotomous proxy measure denoting treatment status coded 
positive for subjects randomized to the DHEA condition.  In addition to the treatment proxy, all 
models will include covariates for measurement interval (time), and an interaction term crossing 
the treatment proxy with time.   Test of the secondary hypothesis will be based on a 1 df test of 
the contrast of difference between drug and placebo at the final time point (SAS: 
LSMESTIMATE statement).  Specifically at Week 8,  H0: LSMEdhea >= LSMEplacebo versus 
Ha: LSMEdhea < LSMEplacebo.  We hypothesize rejection of a null hypothesis positing that 
difference in PTSD symptoms from baseline will be equivalent or greater among subjects 
randomized to DHEA at the final time point in lieu of an alternative hypothesis positing a 
reduction in PTSD symptoms in the DHEA cohort relative to placebo. 
Measures of serum levels of three neurosteroids: DHEA, DHEAS, and androsterone will also be 
analyzed. As above, the outcome measure will be the change in steroid level from baseline (i.e, 
following 2 week placebo lead in) to Week 8 with measurements at two-week intervals.  Models 
will be estimated as described above with tests of the primary hypothesis based on a 1 df test of 
the estimated contrast of the difference between drug and placebo at the final time point.  In all 
cases, the following hypothesis will be tested: H0: LSMEdhea <= LSMEplacebo versus Ha: 
LSMEdhea > LSMEplacebo.  Results for tests of Aim 2 will be adjusted for multiple comparisons 
using the method of Hochberg (1998).    
As secondary test of the hypothesized association between change in PTSD status and change 
in neurosteroid levels, Week 8 changes CAPS-5 scores will be regressed on Week 8 change in 
neurosteroid levels.  Models will include, as above, covariates for age, gender, smoking status, 
depression, TBI status, and a measure of the baseline level of the tested neurosteroid.  Based 

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on anticipated collinearities between the dichotomous randomization proxy and change, models 
will initially be estimated without the former.  A significant inverse association between change 
in steroid levels and change in CAPS-5 scores would support the hypothesized efficacy of 
DHEA as an adjunctive therapy in treating PTSD.  As above, results would be corrected for 
multiple comparisons. 
Tests of secondary measures will be conducted as described above.  Thus, proposed measures 
will be regressed as change from baseline scores on a model controlling for the baseline level of 
the tested outcome measure, the dichotomous randomization proxy, and an interaction term 
crossing the latter with time.  Tests will again be based on a 1 df test of the estimated contrast 
(LSME: see above) of the difference between drug and placebo at the final time point.  
Expectations are that change in adverse outcome measures will be significantly mitigated in the 
DHEA intervention arm; measures associated with salubrious outcomes will be, conversely, 
improved. All results will be adjusted for multiple comparisons. 

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Appendix A:  Expedited Review of Research 
 
The categories of research that may be reviewed by the IRB through the expedited review procedure 
include research activities that present no more than minimal risk to human subjects AND involve 
procedures listed in one or more of the specific categories listed below. 
 
The expedited review procedure is not to be used when identification of the subjects or their 
responses would reasonably place them at risk of criminal or civil liability; be damaging to the 
subjects’ financial standing, employability, insurability, or reputation; or be stigmatizing, unless 
reasonable and appropriate protections are implemented so that risks related to invasion of privacy 
and breach of confidentiality are no greater than minimal.   The IRB must apply the standard 
requirements for informed consent (or its waiver, alteration, or exception) to all studies that undergo 
expedited review. 
 
EXPEDITE CATEGORIES 
1-Drugs and Devices:  One of the following must be met: 
 (1) The research is on drugs for which an IND application is not required.   
 (2) The research is on medical devices for which an investigational device exemption (IDE) 
application is not required; or the medical device is cleared or approved for marketing, and the 
medical device is being used in accordance with its cleared or approved labeling. 
2-Blood Samples:  Collected by finger / heel / ear stick or venipuncture: 
 (1) From healthy, nonpregnant adults who weigh at least 110 pounds.  For these subjects, the 
amounts drawn may not exceed 550 milliliters (ml) in an 8-week period, and collection may not 
occur more frequently than two times per week; or 
 (2) From other adults and children, considering the age, weight, and health of the subjects, the 
collection procedure, the amount of blood to be collected, and the frequency with which it will 
be collected. For these subjects, the amount drawn may not exceed the lesser of 50 ml or 3 ml 
per kilogram (kg) in an 8-week period, and collection may not occur more frequently than two 
times per week.   
3-Noninvasive Collection of Biological Specimens:  Collected prospectively for research 
purposes by noninvasive means: 
(1) Hair and nail clippings in a non-disfiguring manner.  
(2) Deciduous teeth at time of exfoliation or if routine patient care indicates a need for 
extraction.  
(3) Permanent teeth if routine patient care indicates a need for extraction. 
(4) Excreta and external secretions (including sweat). 
(5) Uncannulated saliva collected either in an unstimulated fashion or stimulated by chewing 
gumbase or wax or by applying a dilute citric solution to the tongue. 
(6) Placenta removed at delivery. 
(7) Amniotic fluid obtained at the time of rupture of the membrane prior to, or during, labor. 
(8) Supra- and subgingival dental plaque and calculus, provided the collection procedure is not 
more invasive than routine prophylactic scaling of the teeth and the process is accomplished in 
accordance with accepted prophylactic techniques.  
(9) Mucosal and skin cells collected by buccal scraping or swab, skin swab, or mouth 
washings. 
(10) Sputum collected after saline mist nebulization.

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EXPEDITE CATEGORIES 
4-Noninvasive Collection of Data:  Data must be collected through noninvasive procedures 
(not involving general anesthesia or sedation) routinely employed in clinical practice, excluding 
procedures involving x-rays or microwaves.   
(1) Physical sensors that are applied either to the surface of the body or at a distance and do 
not involve input of significant amounts of energy into the subject or an invasion of the 
subject's privacy.  
(2) Weighing the subject. 
(3) Testing sensory acuity.  
(4) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  
(5) Electrocardiography, electroencephalography, thermography, detection of naturally 
occurring radioactivity, electroretinography, ultrasound, diagnostic infrared imaging, Doppler 
blood flow, and echocardiography. 
(6) Moderate exercise, muscular strength testing, body composition assessment, and flexibility 
testing, where appropriate, given the age, weight, and health of the individual. 
 
5-Collected Material: Research involves: 
(1) Materials (data, documents, records, or specimens) that have been collected for any 
purpose, including previous research; or 
(2) Materials (data, documents, records, or specimens) that will be collected solely for 
nonresearch purposes (such as medical treatment or diagnosis).  
6-Collection of Data From Voice, Video, or Photographs:  Research involves collection of 
data from voice, video, or photographs. 
 
7-Group Characteristics, Surveys, Interviews, and Quality Assurance:  Research must be 
on individual or group characteristics or behavior (including, but not limited to:  research on 
perception, cognition, motivation, identity, language, communication, cultural beliefs or 
practices, and social behavior), or will employ survey, interview, oral history, focus group, 
program evaluation, human factors evaluation, or quality assurance methodologies.  NOTE:  
Some research in this category may be exempt from the VA regulations for the protection of 
human subjects (38 CFR 16.101(b)(2) and (b)(3)).  This listing refers only to research that is 
not exempt.