Effect of Plyometric Training on Lower Limbs Explosive Strength and Skill Performance Among University Student Latin Dancer in China
Phase: NA
Conditions: Physical Education and Training/Methods
Sponsor: Universiti Putra Malaysia

Validation of Expert
Dear Experts:
Thank you kindly for giving your time in your busy schedule to support my research, my
name is Ai Mengqi, I am a PhD student at Universiti Putra Malaysia, major in Physical
Education, my research is under the supervision of Prof. Soh Kim Geok, my dissertation is
titled “Effect of plyometric training on lower limbs explosive strength and skill performance
among university student Latin dancer in China”. I'm working on my protocol right now ,
with your comments and feedback being very important to me. You are a scholar with rich
theoretical knowledge and practical experience, I cordially invite you to make suggestions for
my protocol, and I will refine and improve my protocol according to your suggestions, which
can make my experiments more reliable and can help me to continue the next step of my
research. What you fill in will be used as research material only and I will keep it absolutely
confidential and will not divulge it to anyone else. So please feel free to fill in the details.
Thank you very much for your help and cooperation ！
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Supervisor committee: Prof. Dr. Soh Kim Geok
Dr. Borhannudin Bin Abdullah

Expert Name:
Discipline：
Degree:
Work Unit：
1 Study Overview
1.1 Brief Summary
Physical fitness training improves the physical fitness level of dancers and increases
their explosive power(Angioi et al., 2012; de la Cruz-Torres et al., 2019; Dowse et al., 2020;
Hutt & Redding, 2014; Karim et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2017; Ko et al., 2020; Kolokythas et al.,
2022; Koutedakis et al., 2007; Koutedakis & Sharp, 2004; Liu & Wang, 2024; Marshall &
Wyon, 2012). In the past, traditional training methods were generally used to improve
the strength of dancers, but there are drawbacks to this training method, which cannot fully
develop physical fitness and may lead to athletic injuries or limitations in improving
skills(Moro et al., 2020). Plyometric training is a high-intensity training method that has been
shown to have significant benefits in terms of increasing explosive power (Huang et al., 2023;
Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2014; Ramírez-Campillo et al., 2013). However, there is little
research on the effects of plyometric training on explosive power and skill in dance programs.
Exercise improves physical fitness, plyometric training improves explosive power, and
plyometric training should also improve explosive power and specialized performance in
Latin dancers. Therefore, the research on improving the explosive power of Latin dancers'
lower limbs through plyometric training is of great theoretical and practical significance,
which can find suitable means of explosive power training for Latin dance programs, provide
reference for coaches in training, and increase the theoretical research on the effect of
plyometric training on explosive power.
1.2 Detailed Description
The Intervention Protocol of this research used part of the research protocol of Chinese
scholar Du Min (Du, 2020). This research utilized augmentative training as an intervention,
with the dependent variables being the subject's lower limb explosive power and Latin dance
skill performance. Through extensive literature review, countermovement jumps, standing
long jump, and 20m-sprint were identified as measures of lower limb explosive power(Chen
et al., 2023). The experimental and control groups will be tested on the same Cha Cha Dance
Gold Medal solo routine and recorded with a video camera. Score athletic performance
according to ‘the Latin Dance Technical Quality Elements of the World DanceSport
Federation（WDSF）2.1 Evaluation System’. Lower limb explosive power is closely related
to the skill performance of cha-cha dance, and the review of the relevant literature was

determined to be posture, balance, footwork, preparation-movement-reduction, spinning and
rotation, dynamic performance, and line extension as the test indicators of elementary skill
(pei, 2023). In order to make the experiment more rigorous and scientific , to reduce the
interference of uncontrollable factors , this research is Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
(CRCT) design , the students come from different areas . This experiment lasted for 8 weeks,
1.5 hours each time (Du, 2020), including one hour of physical fitness training and half an
hour of specialized technical training. The sample was a population of university students
who had been studying Latin dance for one year as well as more than one year, from Guangxi
Normal University (Guilin) and Guilin University of Electronic Technology (Beihai), a total
of 48 people. Dancers were randomly assigned to two different training locations and divided
into experimental and control groups. Both groups will be trained in the Cha Cha Dance
Single Gold Medal Moves. The experimental group will undergo plyometric training and the
control group will undergo general training. This study measured the dependent variable three
times throughout the intervention: baseline before the experimental intervention, post-test 1
after 4 weeks, and post-test 2 after 8 weeks. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted on the
three test results.
2 Protocol Design
The experiment will last a total of 8 weeks in order to familiarize the experimenter with the
plyometric training protocol and to make the whole process more fluid. It is necessary to
ensure correct technique during the jumping exercises to minimize the occurrence of injuries.
This research will monitor heart rate to ensure that the training load is the same for the
experimental group (plyometric training) and the control group (general training). Both
groups will have the same heart rate for each session of training load from the preparation
phase - training phase - stretching and relaxation phase during the intervention. The
experimental and control groups will undergo 3 interventions a week, with one session lasting
90 minutes. The experimental group
will perform 15 minutes of dynamic stretching, 30
minutes of Latin dance-specific technique training, 30 minutes of plyometric training, and 15
minutes of relaxation stretching. The control group will perform 15 minutes of dynamic
stretching, 30 minutes of Latin dance-specific technique training, 30 minutes of general
training, and 15 minutes of relaxation stretching.

Table 1 Training Intervention Information
Week
Frequency
Types
Duration
(min)
Warm -up
/min
Physical training /min
Specialized Training
Cool-down
/min
Intensity
Suggestions
1-3
3times/week
Plyometric
Training
90min
15min
30min
30min
15
(40%-50%)
HRmax
General
Training
(60%-70%)
HRmax
4-5
3times/week
Plyometric
Training
90min
15min
30min
30min
15
(60%-70%)
HRmax
Standard
Training
(60%-70%)
HRmax
6-8
3times/week
Plyometric
Training
90min
15min
30min
30min
15
(80%-90%)
HRmax
Standard
Training
(70%-85%)
HRmax

Table 2 Plyometric Training Protocol for Experimental Group
Week
Movements
Sets/reps
Rest
(sets/reps)
Intensity
Warm up
Cool down
1-3
Standing Vertical
Jump
10sets /
3reps
60-120s
(40%-50%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
Consecutive
leapfrog
8sets /
2reps
Squat jump
6sets /
3reps
Rocket jump
6sets /
3reps
High knee
10sets /
3reps
Jumping jacks
followed by
lateral quick run
10sets /
2reps
4-5
Jump on the jump
box
10sets /
3reps
60-120s
(60%-70%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
Frontal consecutive
jumping obstacle
8sets /
3reps
Rocket jump
10sets /
3reps
Star jump
6sets /
3reps
Squat jump
10sets /
3reps
Consecutive
leapfrog
6sets /
3reps
6-8
Tuck jump
10sets /
3reps
60-120s
(80%-90%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
Weighted
leapfrog followed
by vertical jump
10sets /
3reps
Jump on the jump
box
10sets /
3reps
Depth jump
followed by jump
on the jump box
8sets /
3reps
Depth jump over
obstacle
10sets /
3reps
Side lunge
10sets /
3reps

Table 3 General Training Protocol for Control Group
Week
Movements
Sets/reps
Rest
(sets/reps)
Intensity
Warm up
Cool down
1-3
Jumping Jacks
15sets /
3reps
60-120s
(60%-70%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle
stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
Split-legged
left-right jump
10sets /
3reps
50%1RM squat
10sets /
3reps
Single-leg squat
10sets /
3reps
Supine leg raise
10sets /
3reps
Horizontal
skip
10sets /
3reps
4-5
20%1RM Calf
raises
10sets /
3reps
60-120s
(60%-70%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle
stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
60%1RM Squat
10sets /
3reps
50%1RM
Deadlift
10sets /
3reps
Split-legged
left-right jump
10sets /
3reps
Horizontal
skip
10sets /
3reps
Lunge squat
10sets /
3reps
6-8
30%1RM Calf
raises
10sets /
3reps
60-120s
(70%-85%)
HRmax
Move the
wrist,
shoulder,
hip, knee,
and ankle.
Muscle
stretching—
arm cross stretch，
low lunge stretch,
half split,
ankle to knee
60%1RM squat
10sets /
3reps
50%1RM
Deadlift
10sets /
3reps
Lunge squat
10sets /
3reps
Standing leg lift
15sets /
3reps
Prone sprint
30sets /
3reps

3 Questionnaire information
The questionnaire adopts a 4-point ordinal scale to evaluate intervention, with 1- 4 representing increasing support (1=not relevant, 2=somewhat relevant,
3=quite relevant, 4=highly relevant). Please score the plyometric training intervention. If there are other content, you can add them and indicate the name.
After reading the questionnaire, please rate the following aspects and tick "√"on the corresponding rating scale.
Table 4 Expert Evaluation Form
Type
Relevance
Clarity
Improvement suggestions
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Overall evaluation of the program
Duration
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Content of warm- up
Content of physical training
Content of cool down
Sets and reps
Rest time

4 Outcome Measures
4.1 Lower limb explosive power:
Countermovement jumps: experimenters test using either arm swing or crossed hips
(without any arm swing) while performing vertical longitudinal jumps on a smart jumping
mat. The experimenter in this research uses a cross-legged waist when performing both the
pre-test and post-test. The Smart Jump Pad in this research has been performed to measure the
performance of the CMJ by providing signals from the platform in an iPad 7,5 IOS 12.1.1).
When the test equipment is ready, under the direction of the test administrator, the
experimenter stands on the Smart Jump Mat and performs a vertical longitudinal jump. The
experimenter jumps to the best of their ability and each jump was automatically recorded on
the iPad. Each participant jumped three times, and the best jump results are selected for data
analysis in this research.(Meszler et al., 2019)
。
Stangding long jumps：Measure the distance of the standing long jump with a measuring
tape.
Participants stand slightly apart in front of the jump line, bend their knees, and move their
arms backwards, then swing their arms and jump as far as possible; Stand on both feet while
maintaining an upright position; Conduct two tests. Record the best score from two tests with
an accuracy of 1 centimeter (Ambroży et al., 2022).

20m-sprint : Use a stopwatch to record the duration of the participants' 30 m sprint.
Set cones at 0 and 20 meters along a straight line. Participants place their toes on the starting
line or behind the starting line, start from a stationary position, and sprint at maximum speed
over the cone at a distance of 20 meters before safely slowing down (Fischetti et al., 2018).
4.2 Latin Dance Performance
Using a video camera, a recorded video of the Cha Cha Gold Medal solo routine is send to the
6 judges, and the pre- and post-tests need to be rated using the same criteria ‘the Latin Dance
Technical Quality Elements of WDSF2.1 Evaluation System’ Objectively assess posture,
balance,
footwork,
preparation-movement-reduction,
spinning
and
rotation,
dynamic
performance, and line extension (pei, 2023).

Table 5 Scoring Standards for the Qualities of Cha-cha-cha Dancing Skills
Indictors
Very excellent.（10 points）
excellent（8 points）
Above average（6 points）
Posture
Requires the ability to adopt and maintain
correct posture during dynamic movement
and, with
minimal
effort,
to
consciously
demonstrate spatial transition postures.
It can drive the entire body to be
integrated into the pose, so that the
gesture blends with the posture.
The
body,
in
static
or
dynamic
motion, has a well-balanced body
structure
that
includes
the
head,
shoulders, chest, hips, legs, and feet.
Balance
Static: the line of gravity can be reconstructed
after dynamic balance movement; Dynamic:
can be used naturally and smoothly to generate
three-dimensional movement effects, to realize
the balance and effect of dance.
Static: can keep its own gravity in
the extension line; Dynamic: the use
of correct force to achieve dance
balance,
producing
three-dimensional effects
Static: maintains the line of gravity
from
head
to
toe;
Dynamic:
maintaining balance while moving.
Footwork
Control of the spine through the flow of the
steps and the transition between centers of
gravity to complete the footwork.
Ability
to
properly
utilize
foot
technique, connecting the necessary
foot pressures and hip and body
movements.
Ability
to
properly
utilize
foot
technique.
Preparation-movement-reduction
The ability to perform the full range of motion
with a natural and smooth transition from one
movement to the next.
It is possible to make the transition
from
one
movement
to
another
during
the
performance
of
a
complete movement.
Most of the articulated pre-reduction
from movement to movement can be
accomplished when performing full
movements.
Spinning and rotation
Maximize
the
use
of
centripetal
and
centrifugal forces in rotating and turning
motions.
It is possible to combine the sagittal
plane with the coronal plane when
accomplishing
rotational
and
turning. movements.
Ability to combine the sagittal and
coronal planes most of the time
when completing rotational and
turning maneuvers
Dynamic performance
Precise
use
and
maximization
of
power
generation in dance movements.
Precise use of power in dance
movements
Precise application of power in most
dance movements
Line extension
Maintains the lines and extensions of all body
parts in both static and dynamic situations.
Maintains
most
body
lines
and
extensions
in
both
static
and
dynamic situations.
Maintains a portion of the body line
and extends the line in both static and
dynamic situations.

Table 6 Outcome Measurement Information
Test Name
Outcome
Measure
Measure Method
Instrument
Unit
Suggestions
Explosive power
Countermo
vement
jumps
Recorded
maximum
altitude
Smart jump
mats，iPad
Centimeters
(cm)
Stangding
long jumps
Measure the distance
of the standing long
jump
with
a
measuring tape.
Measuring
tape
Centimeters
(cm)
20m-sprint
Use a stopwatch to
record the duration of
the participants' 20 m
sprint.
Stopwatch
Seconds
Posture
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Balance
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Footwork
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Preparation-movement
-reduction
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Spinning and rotation
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Dynamic performance
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores
Line extension
6 Experts
Recording
cha-cha-cha solo gold
medal moves, expert
scoring
M120
high-speed
camera
scores

5 Questionnaire information
This questionnaire adopts a 5-point Likert scale, with 1-5 representing increasing support
(1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=not necessarily; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree). Please score
the intervention program. If there is other content, you can add them and indicate the name.
After reading the questionnaire, please rate the following aspects and tick "√" on the
corresponding rating scale.
Table 7 Expert Evaluation Form for Outcome Measurement
Type
Measurement Method
Relevance
Clarity
Improvement
suggestions
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Explosive
power
Countermovement jumps
Stangding long jumps
20m-sprint
Latin dance
performance
Posture
Balance
Footwork
Preparation-movement-reduction
Spinning and rotation
Dynamic performance
Line extension

6 References
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