A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of NK Cells Administration to Prevent Disease Relapse for Patient With High-Risk Myeloid Malignancies Undergoing Haploidentical Stem-Cell Transplantation
Phase: PHASE1
Conditions: Accelerated Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive, Acute Myeloid Leukemia Arising From Previous Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Gene Mutations, Blast Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive, de Novo Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Recurrent Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Recurrent Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 Positive, Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Sponsor: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

 
 
 
 
MD Anderson IND Sponsor Cover Sheet 
 
Protocol ID 
2012-0708 
Protocol Title 
A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of NK cells Administration to Prevent 
Disease Relapse for Patient with High-risk Myeloid Malignancies 
Undergoing Haploidentical Stem-cell Transplantation 
Protocol Phase 
Phase I/II 
Protocol Version Version 38 
Version Date 
14 May 2020 
 
Protocol PI 
Samer Srour, MD 
Department 
Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy 
 
IND Sponsor 
MD Anderson Cancer Center 
IND # 
15659 

 
 
 
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A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of NK cells Administration to Prevent Disease 
Relapse for Patient with High-risk Myeloid Malignancies Undergoing 
Haploidentical Stem-cell Transplantation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Biostatistics Department 
2 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Laboratory Medicine Department 
3 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Department 
4 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Thoracic, Head & Neck Department 
5 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Leukemia Department 
6 Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 
Institution Study Number:  2012-0708 
IND Holder:  The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  
 
IND Number:  15969 
Principal Investigator:  Samer Srour, MD 
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  
Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Department 
1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0432 
Houston, TX 77030 
Telephone: 713.794.4354 
ssrour@mdanderson.org 
 
Collaborators:  Roland L. Bassett, Jr.1 
Kai Cao, PhD2 
Richard E. Champlin, MD3 
John Heymach4 
Marina Konopleva, MD5 
Dean A. Lee, MD, PhD6 
Betul Oran, MD 
Katy Rezvani, MD, PhD 
Elizabeth J. Shpall, MD 
 
 

 
 
 
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Table of Contents 
 
 
1.0   Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................3 
2.0   Background....................................................................................................................................................3 
3.0   Patient Eligibility ...........................................................................................................................................11 
4.0  Study Evaluations .........................................................................................................................................12 
5.0  Donor ............................................................................................................................................................13 
6.0  Treatment Plan .............................................................................................................................................14 
7.0  Study Criteria ................................................................................................................................................19 
8.0  Adverse Events and Reporting Requirements.............................................................................................21 
9.0  Statistical Considerations .............................................................................................................................26 
10.0 Drug Information ..........................................................................................................................................31 
11.0 References ..................................................................................................................................................33 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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Protocol Body 
1.0 Objectives 
1. 
Primary objective: 
1. 
To evaluate safety, tolerability and identify the maximum tolerated dose 
(MTD) of expanded NK cells to be used in patients with myeloid 
malignancies undergoing a haploidentical stem-cell transplant. 
 
2. 
Secondary objectives: 
1. 
To determine survival of NK cells in vivo post-transplant. 
2. 
To determine the function of NK cells post-transplant and compare 
with a retrospective control treated with no NK cells. 
3. 
To estimate the proportion of patients with engraftment/graft failure. 
4. 
To estimate the non-relapse mortality (NRM) at day 100 post transplant. 
5. 
To estimate the cumulative incidence of grade III-IV aGVHD at day 100. 
6. 
To assess the rate of chronic GVHD within the first year post 
transplantation. 
7. 
To assess immune reconstitution post transplant. 
8. 
To assess disease response, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall 
survival (OS) after transplantation. 
9. 
To perform a retrospective comparison of patients treated on the study 
with NK cells will be performed with a Center for International Blood and 
Bone Marrow Research (CIBMTR) control of similar patients who did not 
receive NK cells. 
2.0 Background 
Haploidentical stem-cell transplantation: 
Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (HaploSCT) is an attractive form of 
transplantation for patients lacking an HLA identical sibling donor, due to the immediate 
availability, ease of stem cell procurement and the possibility to further collect donor 
cells for cellular therapy. Historically, HaploSCT has been limited by the high rates of 
graft rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) elicited by the presence of 
donor T-cells in the haploidentical graft, while a strong anti-tumor effect was observed.
(1)
 
We have previously shown that, in T-cell depleted (TCD) haploidentical stem cell 
transplantation, the conditioning regimen consisting of fludarabine, melphalan and 
thiotepa (FMT) was very effective in clearing the bone marrow of leukemia, inducing 
remission in the great majority of patients with relapse or refractory disease. More than 
90% of AML/MDS patients achieved remission after transplant in this study; however, 
almost all patients with advanced disease at the time of transplant relapsed. This could 
be attributed, at least in part, to a poor graft-versus-tumor effect related to the lack of 
T-cells in the graft. 
(2)
 
 
Recently, we have changed our approach to haploidentical transplantation by using a 
T-cell replete (TCR) graft and high-dose post transplant cyclophosphamide (Cy) for 

 
 
 
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GVHD prevention, followed by immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate. 
Administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide early post transplantation in combination 
with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil has proven safe, and produced engraftment 
and GVHD rates similar to HLA-matched sibling transplants.
(3, 4)
 
 
We are investigating the use of post-transplant Cy in a phase II clinical trial ongoing at 
MD Anderson Cancer Center. To date, more than 40 patients were treated, and 
outcomes for the first 32 consecutive patients were initially reported in abstract format. 
(5) 
TCR HaploSCT patients received the same conditioning regimen (FMT) as previously 
reported by us in TCD HaploSCT and we compared the outcomes between these 2 
groups of patients. 
 
After a median follow-up of approximately 12 months for the TCR group (and 44 
months for the TCD group), the outcomes of the patients treated with TCR 
haploidentical transplants were significantly better, due to better immune reconstitution 
in the first 6 months post transplant.
(5)
 
 
Primary engraftment was achieved in 94% in the TCR group and 81% in the TCD group 
(p=0.1). Day-100 non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 12% in the TCR group vs. 21% in 
the TCD group, and at 1 year was 16% vs. 42% (p=0.02), respectively. Progression-free 
survival (PFS) was 50% vs. 21% (p=0.02). For patients treated while in remission from 
their malignancy, treatment-related mortality was 0% vs. 67% (p=0.001) and PFS 82% 
vs. 25% (p=0.01). The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD was 20% vs. 11% 
(p=0.2) and cGVHD 7% vs. 18% (p=0.03). Actuarial OS and PFS at 1 year 
post-transplant were 64% and 30% (p=0.02) and 50% vs. 21% (p=0.02) for the TCR vs. 
TCD groups, respectively. For patients in remission, survival was 92% vs. 33%, p=0.02) 
and PFS 82% vs. 25% (p=0.01).
(5)
 
 
Improved NRM in the TCR group was related to significantly better immunologic 
reconstitution of T-cell subsets. On day 30 post transplant, there was a significantly 
better recovery of absolute CD4 cells in the TCR group (median 26 vs. 1, p=0.00084) 
and CD8 cells (median 22 vs. 1, p=0.006). CD4 cells remained significantly lower in the 
TCD group until after day 180 when the median CD4 count was 194 vs. 69 in the TCR 
group (p=0.04), while the difference in CD8 counts became non-significantly higher in 
the TCR after day 90 (median 167 vs. 54, p=0.4).
(5) Similar results are seen when 
analysis was restricted for pates with AML only between the two groups (analysis in 
progress). 
 
These results suggested that, using the same conditioning regimen, TCR HaploSCT is a 
safer approach with lower treatment-related mortality and improved outcomes 
compared with TCD HaploSCT. We have decided to use this approach in future studies 
of haploidentical transplants. While outcomes have improved primarily based on 
improving treatment-related mortality, disease relapse post transplant remains a 
concern, especially for patients with high risk disease or not in remission at transplant. 
This provides on opportunity to use NK cells in an attempt to decrease relapse rate after 
haploidentical transplants. 

 
 
 
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Figure 1. Cumulative incidence of NRM for all pts (left) and OS and PFS for pts in remission at transplant 
(right) treated with TCD and TCR HaploSCT. 
 
 
 
Natural Killer Cells 
 
Natural killer (NK) cells are a unique class of lymphocytes, with cytotoxic, and 
immunoregulatory function which can mediate potent antileukemia effects.
(6-8) NK cells 
are regulated by KIR receptor-ligand interactions and mediate cytotoxicity against 
certain HLA class I mismatched targets.
(9) Alloreactive HLA haploidentical NK cells have 
been reported to enhance engraftment, reduce GVHD and prevent relapse of leukemia 
post transplant. 
(6-8) This study will utilize NK cells from the same donors as stem cells as 
adjuvant treatment to eradicate leukemia and prevent disease relapse after 
transplantation. 
 
Natural killer cells have both cytotoxic and immunoregulatory functions. Human NK cells 
are characterized by expression of CD56 with or without CD16, and the absence of 
T-cell receptor and CD3 expression.
(7, 8) There are 2 subtypes of NK cells: CD56dim 
CD16bright cells, which compose 90% of the NK cells from circulation which have 
cytotoxic function, and express MHC class I allele-specific Killer-cell 
Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR), and the CD56brightCD16neg cells present in 
small numbers in the peripheral blood but 100% in lymphoid tissues, and secrete 
immunoregulatory cytokines, like interferon gamma, and promote adaptive immune 
responses. NK cell cytotoxicity can be upregulated by increased secretion of cytokines 
including interleukin (IL)-2 (IL-2) and IL-15, whereas IL-12 and IL-18 increase INF-ã 
secretion by NK cells.
(8)
 
 
NK cell reactivity is governed by activating and inhibitory receptors. By the “missing 
ligand model” initially described by Karre in 1986, killing of tumor cells by NK cells 

 
 
 
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occurs when there is a missing signal (or missing self) on the target cells.
(10) Several 
inhibitory receptors and putative activation receptors of the NK have been characterized 
and they can be classified as lectin-like receptors (CD94) receptors and KIR.
(11-13) In 
man, some HLA class I molecules expressed on the target cells are ligands of the CD94 
and KIR receptors. The interactions between NK receptors molecules are specific for 
different HLA isotypes, for example, the inhibitory receptor KIR2 DL4 interacts with 
HLA-G molecules. KIRs interact with groups of alleles of HLA-C and HLA-B. It is of 
interest that the KIR2DL1 receptor interacts with alleles of the HLA-C locus that have 
the amino acid lysine (Lys) at residue 80 (C-lys-80) while the receptors KIR2DL2 and 
KIR2DL3 interact with alleles of HLA-C that have asparagine (Asn) at residue 80 
(C-asn-80). Interestingly, the substitutions Lys/Asn at residue 80 define a bi-allelic 
system in all alleles of HLA-C in which all the alleles of this locus carry either of these 
amino acids.  The alleles of HLA-B locus present also different capacities to interact 
with the receptor KIR3DL1; only the HLA-B alleles carrying the supertypic serologic 
epitope HLA-Bw4 (encoded in the amino acid stretch spanning residues 77-83) interact 
with KIR3DL1.
(11-13) Therefore, in an allogeneic transplantation setting, in which the donor 
and recipient are mismatched in the alleles of HLA-B or in HLA-C, the NK cells from the 
donor may not be inhibited by the target cells of the recipient that lack the appropriate 
HLA alleles which interact with the KIR receptors. In allogeneic bone marrow 
transplants the graft-versus-leukemia effect has been attributed in part to NK cells not 
inhibited because of the lack of the appropriate HLA ligand in the recipient. 
 
It is important to note that the KIR genes are encoded as a haplotype block (KIR loci) on 
chromosome 19q. The KIR haplotypes differ in gene content between individuals and 
some individuals may lack some KIR genes. The NK repertoire therefore may vary from 
individual to individual and will depend on the HLA phenotype and in the KIR haplotype 
gene composition. It is generally accepted, that in order to avoid auto-reactivity, the NK 
repertoire is developed when both, the inhibitory receptor and its specific HLA ligand are 
present and expressed in the same individual. 
 
In the proposed study, we will use NK cells from the same haploidentical stem-cell 
donor. The genotype KIR analysis of the donors paired with the analysis of HLA alleles 
of the donor and the mismatched alleles (absent) of the patient will allow the evaluation 
of the potential NK anti-leukemia repertoire for each donor-recipient pair (Appendix C). 
 
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation confers an immune mediated graft-vs.-leukemia 
effect. NK cells have been shown to mediate a potent antileukemia effect against 
myeloid leukemias. As indicated above, KIRs recognize HLA-C and -Bw antigens, when 
the corresponding ligand (HLA molecule) is present, cytotoxicity is inhibited; when the 
ligand is absent, cytotoxicity occurs (based on the “missing ligand” principle). Thus, NK 
cytotoxicity is most marked when NK cells react against haploidentical target missing 
the relevant class of HLA class I molecules. Velardi et al. have studied the results of 
T-cell depleted haploidentical transplants from alloreactive or nonalloreactive donors 
based upon this “missing ligand” principle, and demonstrated that patients predicted to 
have alloreactive NK cells had no relapses compared to a 75% relapse in recipients of 
nonalloreactive transplants.
(14) The positive effect of KIR ligand incompatibility has been 

 
 
 
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best seen with haploidentical transplants. 
 
Clinical experience using infusion of NK cells after transplant: 
Several lines of evidence suggest that increased numbers of alloreactive NK cells 
would have benefit in the transplant setting, despite the fact that retrospective results 
vary depending on patient population, underlying diseases, conditioning regimens, graft 
composition and cell dose, degree of T-cell depletion, post-transplant 
immunosuppressive regimens and differing methods of determining alloreactivity. 
Ruggeri et al. proposed the infusion of NK cells after transplant to target disease 
relapse based on a retrospective evaluation of NK alloreactivity in transplanted patients 
(14) and supportive NK models. This group analyzed 92 patients with high risk leukemia 
who received a haplotype mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and 
reported that NK cell alloreactivity improved engraftment, protected from 
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and reduced the rate of relapse. In mouse xenograft 
models it was demonstrated the role of alloreactive NK cells in eradicating human 
leukemia, improved engraftment by targeting host T lymphocytes, and reduced GVHD 
by eliminating recipient-type dendritic cells.
(15) In addition, the NK cell dose of the 
infusion product has been associated with better outcomes following matched sibling 
transplants.
(16)
 
A number of small prospective studies published mostly in abstract format (listed in 
Table 1), have reported on the safety of NK cell infusion. This experience has been 
recently reviewed by us.
(8) While no dose-limiting toxicities have been described, none of 
the studies in the post-transplant setting were powered to assess the therapeutic effect 
of the NK cells. The only study published in manuscript format that reported on a higher 
number of patients infused with NK cells post transplant, was a study reported by the 
Duke University group on non-expanded NK cells.
(17) This group infused a total of 51 NK 
cell-enriched donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) to 30 patients following a 3-6/6 HLA 
matched T-cell-depleted non-myeloablative allogeneic transplant using with 
alemtuzumab part of the conditioning regimen.
(17) Eight weeks following transplantation, 
donor NK cell-enriched DLIs were processed using a CD56+ selecting column, with up 
to 3 fresh infusions allowed. Fourteen matched and 16 haploidentical transplant patients 
received a total of 51 NK cell-enriched DLIs. The median number of CD3- CD56+ NK 
cells infused was 10.6×10
6 cells/kg and 9.21×10
6 cells/kg for matched and mismatched, 
respectively. The median number of contaminating CD3+CD56- T-cells infused was 
0.53×10
6 and 0.27×10
6 in the matched and mismatched setting, respectively. All but 2 
subjects had donor engraftment accounting for >80% of their hematopoiesis at the time 
of first infusion. After a median follow-up of 12 months for matched sibling donor 
transplants, and 27 months for the haploidentical transplants, 1 year overall survival 
was 43% and 42%, respectively.
(15) Evaluating outcomes by disease, 1-year survival was 
50% for the 19 patients with myeloid diseases 29% for patients with lymphoid diseases. 
Only 1 patient each in the matched (n=14) or mismatched (n=16) groups experienced 
severe aGVHD with little other toxicity attributable to the infusions. Importantly, 
long-term responders had improved T-cell phenotypic recovery and improved duration 
of responses and overall survival after multiple NK cell-enriched infusions.
(17)
 

 
 
 
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Table 1. Clinical studies using adoptive NK cell immunotherapy after hematopoietic stem cell 
transplantation. 
First 
author 
Disease and # of 
treated patients 
Type of 
transplant 
(n) 
Median NK 
cell dose 
infused 
Method of 
generation of NK 
cell product 
Phase of 
clinical 
trial 
aGVHD 
Y/N 
Response/outcome 
Koehl 
AML (1), ALL 
(4), HD (1), RMS 
(1) 
Haplo (7) 
N/A 
Unstimulated 
leukapheresis, 
CD3 depletion 
and CD56 
selection, IL2 
activation 
I 
Y (3 pts) 
5/7 patients were 
alive in CR 4-13 
months post SCT 
Passweg 
AML (4), CML (1) Haplo (5) 
N/A 
Unstimulated 
leukapheresis, 
CD3 depletion 
and CD56 
selection 
I 
N 
3/5 pts were alive and 
CR 18-36 months after 
NK infusion 
Slavin 
MDS (2), AML (1), 
ALL (1), 
biphenotypic (1), 
HD (1); NHL (2). 
Haplo (3) 
MRD (4) 
MUD (1) 
2.1x106/kg CD56 selection 
from rIL-2 activated 
lymphocytes 
I 
N 
One pt with relapsed 
ALL and one with 
MDS had CR. 4 pts 
alive, 3 disease free 
9-22 month post SCT. 
Barkholt 
Solid tumors (4), 
CLL (1) 
MRD (5) 
13.2x106/k 
g 
Expanded NK 
cells and NK 
cell-like T cells 
I 
N 
CLL patient progressed
Uharek 
AML (16), ALL (5),
CML (2), HD (1), 
MDS (1) 
Haplo (25) 
9.6x106/kg 
NK cells isolated 
from CD34- cell 
fraction; CD3 
depletion and 
CD56 selection 
I/II 
Y (4 pts) 
9/25 patients alive and 
in CR, with 2-year OS 
of 29% 
Rizzieri 
30 patients with 
myeloid and 
lymphoid 
malignancies 
Haplo (16) 
MRD (14) 
10.6106/kg 
Unstimulated 
leukapheresis 
enriched in NK 
cells using CD56 
antibody 
I/II 
Y (14 pts, 6
/14 had 
grade I skin 
aGVHD) 
Total of 16 patients in 
CR with 1 year OS of 
43% and 42% of 
matched and 
mismatched 
respectively 
 
Legend: MRD – matched related donor transplant; MUD – matched unrelated, Haplo – haploidentical transplant, AML – acute 
myeloid leukemia, ALL – acute lymphoblastic leukemia, HD – Hodgkin’s disease, RMS – rhabdomyosarcoma, CML – chronic 
myeloid leukemia, MDS – myelodysplastic syndrome, NHL – non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, CLL – chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Y – 
yes, N – no; GVHD – graft-versus-host disease. (Adapted from Farhan S, et al. NK cell therapy: targeting disease relapse after 
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunotherapy. 2012;4:305.) 
 
Our group recently reported in abstract format the preliminary results from a phase I 
study demonstrating the safety of haploidentical alloreactive NK cell infusion after 
allogeneic matched related and unrelated donor transplants added to the preparative 
regimen.
(16) Patients received escalating doses of NK cells (10
6/kg to 3x10
7/kg) followed 
by infusion of IL-2 for 5 days. All patients had rapid engraftment and tolerated the 
treatment well. Only 3 patients developed grade 2 aGVHD while none had grade 3-4 
aGVHD. Only one patient died of treatment-related mortality. This trial confirmed that 
infusion of haploidentical NK cells post transplant is feasible and was not associated 
with increased incidence of GVHD, delayed engraftment, or higher treatment-related 
mortality (at NK cell doses of 10
6/kg to 3x10
7/kg).
(18)
 

 
 
 
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Ex vivo expansion of NK cells: 
The major obstacle for adoptive NK cell immunotherapy has been obtaining 
sufficient cell numbers for cell therapy, as these cells represent a small fraction of 
peripheral white blood cells, propagate poorly ex vivo, and have limited life spans in vivo 
. Thus ex vivo expansion of NK cells is likely needed to maximize the therapeutic 
potential of this approach. Common gamma-chain cytokines are important in NK cell 
activation, maturation, and proliferation. Miller et al. have described improved ex vivo 
expansion with soluble cytokines, artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), and aAPC 
engineered with co-stimulatory molecules and/or membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15).
(19) 
Our group generated a membrane-bound IL-21 fusion protein (mIL-21), and found 
superior ex vivo expansion of NK cells when stimulated with K562 aAPC genetically 
modified to express mIL21 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD86 and CD137L. 
Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are co-cultured with 
irradiated K562 aAPC at a ratio of 2:1 (aAPC:PBMC) in the presence of 50 IU/ml of 
rhIL-2 and then re-stimulated with aAPC every seven days at ratio of 1:1.
(20)
 
K562-mIL-21 aAPCs were able to promote a mean NK-cell expansion of 37,200-fold by 
day 21, with 85% of donors achieving at least 5,000-fold expansion (Appendix D; Figure 
1 - Ex vivo expansion of NK cells). Expanded cells expressed very high CD16 levels, 
NCR levels, and retained the pre-expansion KIR repertoire (Appendix D; Figure 2 - 
Phenotype of ex vivo expanded NK cells). These cells and showed high cytotoxicity to 
tumor targets and ADCC participation (Appendix D; Figure 3 - Cytotoxicity of expanded 
NK cells). Thus, clinically significant NK cell expansion from small peripheral blood 
samples is possible using aAPCs expressing mIL-21.
(20)
 
 
There is limited experience of infusion of expanded NK cells in patients. Five patients 
were treated at the NCI (PI Crystal Mackall) with 10
5/kg expanded NK cells using IL-15. 
Two patients had significant GVHD which responded to steroids. The other 3 patients 
tolerated the infusions very well with no adverse effects. All patients had solid tumors 
and received T-cell depleted transplants with no post-transplant immunosuppression. 
We are planning to use post transplant cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus and 
mycophenolate for GVHD prophylaxis which will likely eliminate or dampen any GVHD 
reactions, attributed mostly to infusion of contaminating T cells. 
 
NK cells regenerating post transplant are functionally immature: 
NK cells generated post transplant have an immature phenotype with low KIR 
expression and overexpression of NKG2A. During the first 6-9 months post transplant, 
NK cells gradually acquire phenotypic characteristics of mature cells.
(21) The ratio of 
CD56bright/CD56dim cells was found to be reversed for the first 4-6 months post 
transplant with increase production of interferon gamma, while the numbers of cytotoxic 
NK cells were strongly reduced. Moreover, the killing potential of NK cells derived from 
transplanted patients was 4 fold reduced compared with the those of NK cells isolated 
from normal donor.
(22)
 

 
 
 
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Nguyen and colleagues analyzed recovery of function of NK cells in patients treated 
with T-cell depleted haploidentical transplants and found important phenotypic and 
functional abnormalities in the first 3-6 months post transplant.
(23) During the first 3 
months, CD56brightCD3- population was a small fraction of NK cells in donors, while 
this fraction was 10 times higher in recipients. The recipients’ NK cells had lower KIR 
expression and increased expression of CD94/NKG2A while the NK killing potential of 
K526 cell line was much lower than in donor counterparts. This group concluded that 
NK cells generated post T-cell depleted haploidentical transplant had an immature 
phenotype and poor effector against leukemia cell lines in the first 6 months 
post-transplant. Strikingly, 7/10 relapses occurred in the immediate post transplant 
period, all relapses occurred in the first 6 months post-transplant, and median time to 
relapse was 4 months.
(23)
 
 
Wang and colleagues evaluated the function of NK cells differentiated and cultured from 
healthy donors in the presence of immunosuppressive medication (cyclosporin). 
Cyclosporin treated cultures showed fewer CD56+CD16+KIR+ NK cells while there was 
a reciprocal increase in CD56+CD16-KIR- NK cells, and increase in INFã producing 
cells. However, NK cells cultured in the presence of cyclosporin retained cytotoxicity 
against K562, Raji and KIR ligand expressing lymphoblastoid cells, suggesting the 
effector stage of cytotoxicity was not affected.
(24)
 
Several retrospective clinical studies evaluated the risk of disease relapse 
post-transplant in relationship with recovery of NK cells post-transplant and the 
presence of KIR ligand mismatch between the donor and recipient.
(25, 26) A high NK cell 
count on day 30 or 60 post transplant has been associated with improved outcomes.
(25,
 
26) 
 
 
 
These studies suggested that, early post-transplant, NK cells are functionally deficient 
and patients who had higher NK cell numbers in the early post-transplant period had 
improved outcomes. 
 
Rationale for the current study: 
Disease relapse represents the most important cause of treatment failure after 
hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for patients with AML/MDS. Patients with 
high-risk disease and those that do not achieve remission prior to transplant have 
higher risk of relapse after transplant. Preventing disease relapse post transplant 
represents the most important therapeutic approach, and NK cell therapy is one of the 
most promising interventions to do that. 
 
Preclinical studies have suggested that NK cells generated early post-transplant are 
functionally deficient. With this new study, we propose to infuse ex vivo expanded NK 
cells, and aim to compensate for decreased in NK cell function early post-transplant. 
Our hypothesis is that infusion of mature, fully functional NK cells generated ex vivo will 
enhance the antitumor effect of the graft and decrease the rate of relapse 
post-transplant. We will identify the dose of NK cells suitable for clinical use in 

 
 
 
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haploidentical transplantation in patients with high-risk myeloid malignancies including 
AML, MDS, and blast-phase CML. A decrease in relapse rate will be appreciated by 
comparing outcomes of this group with a retrospective control of patients treated with 
the same conditioning regimen and no NK cells on the current protocol 2009-0266. If 
successful, this may set the stage for future use of NK cells after hematopoietic stem 
cell transplantation. 
3.0 Patient Eligibility 
3.1 Inclusion criteria 
1. 
Patients age 18 to 65 years old. Eligibility for pediatric patients will be determined 
in conjunction with an MDACC pediatrician. Patients age 2-17 years old may be 
enrolled after at least 4 adults (ages 18-65 years old) have been treated without 
toxicity, as defined in the Statistical Considerations section. 
 
2. 
Patient with no matched related donor who has a related haploidentical donor 
identified (</= 7/8 allele match at the A, B, C,DR loci) who is willing to undergo a 
bone marrow harvest and an NK cell collection approximately 2 weeks of the 
recipient's admission for transplant. The donor must be 16 years of age or older 
and weigh at least 110 pounds. 
 
3. 
Patients with one of the following diseases: 
3.1 
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): 
a. 
First complete remission with high-risk features defined as: 
(i) Greater than 1 cycle of induction therapy required to achieve 
remission; 
(ii) Preceding myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); 
(iii) Presence of FLT3 mutations or internal tandem duplication or 
other mutations associated with poor-risk AML (e.g. DNMT3A, 
TET2); (iv) FAB M6 or M7 classification; (v) Adverse cytogenetics: 
-5, del 5q, -7, del7q, abnormalities involving 3q, 9q, 11q, 20q, 21q, 
17, +8 or complex karyotype [> 3 abnormalities]; 
(vi) Treatment-related AML; or 
b. 
Second or greater remission; patients beyond second 
remission have to be in CR at transplant to be eligible, or 
c. 
Primary induction failure with partial response to therapy who 
achieve adequate cytoreduction. 
 
3.2 
Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): 
a. 
De novo MDS with intermediate or high-risk IPSS scores. Patients 
with intermediate-1 features should have failed to respond to 
hypomethylating agent therapy, or 
b. 
Patients with treatment-related MDS. 
 
3.3 
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): 
a. 
Failed to achieve cytogenetic remission or have cytogenetic 
relapse after treatment with at least 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or 

 
 
 
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b. 
Accelerated phase or blast phase at any time. 
 
4. 
Performance score of at least 70% by Karnofsky or 0 to 1 by ECOG (age > 12 
years), or Lansky Play-Performance Scale of at least 70% or greater (age <12 
years). 
 
5. Adequate major organ system function as demonstrated by: 
a. Serum creatinine clearance equal or more than 50 ml/min (calculated with 
Cockroft-Gault formula). 
b. Bilirubin equal or less than 1.5 mg/dl except for Gilbert’s disease. ALT or AST 
equal or less than 200 IU/ml for adults. Conjugated (direct) bilirubin less than 
2x upper limit of normal. 
c. Left ventricular ejection fraction equal or greater than 40%. 
d. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) equal or greater than 50% 
predicted corrected for hemoglobin. For children < 7 years of age who are 
unable to perform PFT, oxygen saturation > 92% on room air by pulse 
oximetry. 
 
6. Patient or patient’s legal representative, parent(s) or guardian should provide written 
informed consent. Assent of a minor if participant’s age is at least seven and less 
than eighteen years. 
 
3.2 Exclusion criteria 
1. HIV positive; active hepatitis B or C. 
2. Uncontrolled infections; PI is the final arbiter of this criterion. 
3. Liver cirrhosis. 
4. CNS involvement within 3 months. 
5. Positive pregnancy test in a woman with child bearing potential defined 
as 
not post-menopausal for 12 months or no previous surgical sterilization. 
6. Inability to comply with medical therapy or follow-up. 
4.0 Study Evaluations 
Evaluation During Study 
Every effort will be made to adhere to the schedule of events and all protocol 
requirements. Variations in schedule of events and other protocol requirements that do 
not affect the rights and safety of the patient will not be considered as deviations. Such 
variations may include laboratory assessments completed outside of schedule and 
occasional missed required research samples. Missed samples for correlative studies 
will not constitute protocol deviations. 
 
Evaluation Prior to Transplant (baseline). 
Standard work up for transplant as well as disease assessment is done prior to 
study entry as part of diagnostic or routine pre-transplant evaluation. 

 
 
 
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Treatment Evaluations. 
Blood will be drawn approximately on D+7, D+14, D+21, +28, before and 
approximately 1 week after the 3rd NK cell infusion, and then approximately at 3 
months, 6 months and 12 months post-transplant, if feasible. Additional testing can be 
done at other timepoints as clinically indicated. 
 
1. Peripheral blood immunophenotype panel/transplant panel. 
2. Correlative studies may include: 
a. Evaluation for KIR expression on NK cells; 
b. NK cell function; 
c. Cytotoxicity of NK cells against patient’s leukemia. 
 
A total of 2cc/kg up to 60cc will be required, 5 (10cc) green top tubes and 1 (10cc) red 
top tube. 
 
Standard Post Transplant Evaluations 
These evaluations follow our standard practice and are done to monitor engraftment 
and disease status: 
 
1. Chimerism studies from peripheral blood performed on separated T-cells and 
myeloid cells. 
2. At each visit, a physical examination and adverse event documentation including 
GvHD assessment. 
3. Transplant Panel from the peripheral blood T-cell subsets, B-cell immune 
reconstitution, +/- NK cell studies. 
4. Disease specific assessment as per standard of care and SCT&CT guidelines 
including bone marrow aspirate with cytogenetics and molecular studies if clinically 
indicated. 
 
The following lab tests are to be performed as frequently as clinically indicated: CBC, 
differential, platelets, SGPT, calcium, glucose, uric acid, magnesium, serum bilirubin, 
BUN and creatinine, serum protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, electrolytes, 
urinalysis, tacrolimus levels and CMV antigenemia. 
5.0 Donor 
To determine patient eligibility for this study, the donor must be previously identified. 
This process is carried out following standard procedures for donor eligibility. The 
donor must be 16 years of age or older and weigh at least 110 pounds. 
 
This study involves two donations. One unit (approximately 500 mL or 3 ml/kg of 
recipient weight for pediatric patients) of peripheral blood will be drawn from the donor 
to start the NK cell expansion on aAPC for 14 days. The donor, parent(s) or guardian 
will provide consent as part of this research. 
 
This process will occur approximately 16 days before the bone marrow stem cell 
infusion and after both patient and donor have provided consent. 

 
 
 
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The second donation is a bone marrow harvest of progenitor stem cells which will take 
place on the same day of the transplant. The process of bone marrow harvest is 
considered standard of care and the donor, parent(s), or guardian will sign a separate 
informed consent. 
6.0 Treatment Plan 
In this study the transplant day is referred to as day zero (D0), treatment plan activities 
prior or after D0 are denoted as day minus (D-) or day plus (D+). 
 
Approximately D-16. Collection and generation of NK cells 
 
The NK product on this trial will be manufactured in the Cell Therapy Laboratory GMP 
facility and all procedures will be validated according to their Laboratory Policy. The NK 
cell product is produced by first isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells over 
Ficoll-Hypaque. NK cells are then propagated according to the procedures outlined in 
the CMC. Briefly, PBMC are co cultured with irradiated mIL21-aAPCs at a 2:1 (aAPC: 
PBMC) ratio.  Cultures are maintained in culture media supplemented with 10% fetal 
calf serum and 100 IU/mL IL-2, with replenishment of media as needed. After 7 days, 
the cultures are restimulated with aAPCS at a 1:1 ratio.  After one week, cultures may 
be depleted of residual CD3+ T-cells using the Miltenyi system (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, 
CA) using MACS colloidal super-paramagnetic CD3 MicroBeads conjugated with 
monoclonal mouse anti-human CD3 antibodies (Miltenyi Biotec) according to laboratory 
procedures. The Laboratory has well-established procedures for this system and is 
currently using this method for cell manufacturing under other INDs. Release criteria are 
according to the departmental guidelines. 
The NK cell infusion is depleted of CD3+ cells by immunomagnetic separation as a 
method to eliminate T-cells in order to prevent development of GVHD. 
The NK cell product will undergo lot release testing and cryopreservation in at least 2 
aliquots per dose. Sterility testing will be partially completed at the time of 
cryopreservation, and will be repeated upon thawing of each product bag at the time of 
infusion. 
 
Excess NK cells produced during expansion beyond what is required to meet the 
current dose level will be delivered to the Dr. Dean Lee's laboratory at Nationwide 
Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio and to Dr. John Heymach’s and Dr. Marina 
Konopleva's laboratories at MD Anderson for correlative studies. The samples will be 
labeled with name, date, and medical record number. 
 
Dr. Dean Lee will collect data specific to the quantity, quality, phenotype, purity, and 
sterility at each step of manufacturing the NK cell products. Donor information related to 
expansion would include only the volume and cell count of the initial blood product 
received by the GMP facility, and HLA type, KIR type, and CMV status in order to 
correlate these variables with characteristics of the final product. The data will be used 

 
 
 
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for a publication describing the real-life outcomes of manufacturing clinical-grade NK 
cells with this method. 
D-8 Admit/ Hydration- D-7 Melphalan Administration. Figure 1. 
 
Melphalan will be administered after fludarabine on D- 7 at a dose of 140 mg/m
2 (4.6 
mg/kg for patients less than 12 years old) in NS at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL IV for 
one dose only. Patients weighing within 20% above their ideal body weight will be dosed 
according to actual body weight. Patients weighing more than 20% above their ideal 
body weight will be dosed according to the adjusted body weight. Formula to calculate 
adjusted body weight: Adjusted BW (Kg) = IBW + 0.5 (Actual body weight-IBW). 
Dosage will not be adjusted for pediatric patients weighing more than 20% above their 
ideal body weight. All patients will receive TBI 200 cGy which will be administrated on 
D-3. Figure 1. 
 
Melphalan can be administered on D-8 at a dose of 100 mg/m2 in patients who won't 
be able to tolerate a full regimen based on comorbidities and /or age. Figure 2. 
 
D-7 to D-4 Fludarabine Administration. Figure 1. 
 
Fludarabine will be administered at the dose of 40 mg/m
2 in 100 ml of NS IV daily for 
four doses on days -7 to -4. Patients weighing within 20% above their ideal body weight 
will be dosed according to actual body weight. Patients weighing more than 20% above 
their ideal body weight will be dosed according to the adjusted body weight. Formula to 
calculate adjusted body weight: Adjusted BW (Kg) = IBW + 0.5 (Actual body 
weight-IBW). Dosage will not be adjusted for pediatric patients weighing more than 20% 
above their ideal body weight. Pediatric patients < 12 Kg will receive 1.3 mg/kg/day x 4 
days. 
 
D-2 or D-1: First NK infusion 
 
Escalating doses of NK cells will be used in this study, starting at Dose level 2 (1x10
5
 
/kg) through dose level 6 (1x10
8/kg) CD3- CD56+ cells/kg. Dose level 1 (1x10
4/kg) will 
only be used if dose level 2 is not tolerated. 
 
The Phase I study will find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) which will be used in the 
Phase II study. The first infusion of expanded NK cells will be on day -2 or day -1, and 
the other 2 infusions will be using cryopreserved expanded NK cells. In case the 
transplant is delayed, all infusions will be with frozen expanded NK cells. 
 
The NK cell content will be based on total nucleated cell (TNC) count and flow 
cytometry assessment of CD56+ CD3- percentage. T-cell content will be based on total 
nucleated cell (TNC) count and flow cytometry assessment of CD3+ percentage. 
Patients will be infused cells according to the dosing scheme described below. 
-The maximum volume of cell product infused is approximately 100 ml. 
-The cells infused will be delivered on the basis of NK cells/kg recipient weight as 

 
 
 
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defined by the current cohort. 
-Total CD3+ T cells must be less than 1x10
5/kg recipient weight for all cohorts. In order 
to get T cells < 10
5/kg we might need to do an additional T-cell depletion. 
-If infusing the number of NK cells for the current cohort will result in delivering equal or 
higher than 10
5 CD3+ cells/kg recipient weight, the NK cell dose for infusion will be 
reduced to that of the highest cohort at which the infused CD3+ cells will be less than 
1x10
5/ kg recipient weight. 
-Some donor NK cell expansions may not yield sufficient cells to reach the planned NK 
cell dose. If the target NK cell/kg recipient weight cannot be delivered, then the NK cell 
dose for infusion will be reduced to the highest cohort achievable. The patient data will 
be included on that cohort for statistical analysis, and the current dose level will enroll 
an additional subject. 
 
Escalating doses of NK cells to be infused in the Phase I study as follows: 
-Cohort 1 - 10
4/kg 
-Cohort 2 - 10
5/kg 
-Cohort 3- 10
6/kg 
-Cohort 4 - 10
7/kg 
-Cohort 5 - 3 x 10
7/kg 
-Cohort 6 - 10
8/kg 
 
For recipients who weigh > 100 kg, the NK cell dose will be determined as if their body 
weight is 100 kg. 
 
NK cell infusion criteria: 
 
To be able to receive the NK infusion(s) patients must meet the following requirements: 
 
1. Off corticosteroids within prior 72 hour period (less than 0.5mg/kg prednisone 
or equivalent). 
2. No active grade 2-4 aGVHD. 
3. No uncontrolled infection or fever  38.5 C within 24 hours. 
4. For day 28 dose, no grade 3 or greater nonhematologic organ toxicity. 
5. Not requiring ventilator support or supplemental oxygen. 
 
Premedication: 
 
Patients are premedicated with diphenhydramine 25 mg intravenous piggy back (IVPB). 
Epinephrine and antihistamines should be available at the patient’s bedside during the 
NK cell infusion to help treat any allergic reaction that might occur. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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D-1 Rest 
 
D0 Haploidentical bone marrow transplant 
Infusion of a non T-cell depleted fresh graft. The target TNC number is 3x10
8cells/kg. 
D+3 and D+4 Post Transplant Cyclophosphamide Administration with Mesna: 
 
Patients will receive a dose of Mesna 10 mg/kg IVPB just prior to the first dose of 
cyclophosphamide,that will be repeated every 4 hours for a total of ten (10) doses. 
Patients will also receive ondansetron (or a comparable anti-emetic) and 
dexamethasone prior to each dose of Cyclophosphamide (Cy). 
 
Patients will receive Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 50 mg/kg per dose. Patients 
weighing within 20% above their ideal body weight will be dosed according to actual 
body weight. Patients weighing more than 20% above their ideal body weight will be 
dosed according to the adjusted body weight. Formula to calculate adjusted body 
weight: Adjusted BW (Kg) = IBW + 0.5 (Actual body weight-IBW). 
 
Hydration will be given per standard practice. 
 
D+5 GvHD prophylaxis with Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil per standard 
practice.Tacrolimus start 0.015 mg /kg (based on IBW (adjusted to a level 5-15ng/mL) 
IV daily continued PO for at least 4 months post transplant. The dose may be modified 
as clinically indicated. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 15 mg/kg (max. 1000mg per dose, 
based on actual body weight) p.o. It is recommended start tapering at D+180, unless 
otherwise indicated, weekly over at least 3 weeks. 
 
D+7 and D+28: Second and Third NK infusions 
 
The second and third NK infusions will be performed on Day +7 (+/- 1 day) and Day 
+28-90 (when counts have recovered as indicated by ANC >/= 1.5 and no clinically 
significant GVHD), as described above. 
 
G-CSF (Zarxio, filgrastim-sndz) and Supportive Care Antimicrobial prophylaxis as per 
standard practice. 
 
D+7. G-CSF 5mcg/kg/day (rounded up to the nearest vial) s.q. once a day daily until 
neutrophil recovery. 
Antimicrobial prophylaxis will be employed according to departmental standard practice. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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Figure 1. Treatment schema using the myeloablative conditioning regimen. 
 
 
NK infusion days: 
1st NK infusion: Day -2 or -1 
2nd NK infusion: Day 7 (+/- 1 day) 
3rd NK infusion: Day 28-90 (when counts have recovered as indicated by ANC >/= 1.5 and no clinically 
significant GVHD), as described above. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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Figure 2. Treatment schema using the non-myeloablative conditioning regimen. 
 
 
 
 
NK infusion days: 
1st NK infusion: Day -2 or -1 
2nd NK infusion: Day 7 (+/- 1 day) 
3rd NK infusion: Day 28-90 (when counts have recovered as indicated by ANC >/= 1.5 and no clinically 
significant GVHD), as described above. 
 
7.0 Study Criteria 
Active treatment administration is defined from the first day of treatment 
administration as outlined in the treatment plan through the NK infusions. 
Active treatment period is defined from the first day of treatment administration 
through 30 days post the third NK infusion. 
Follow-up period is defined from 31 days post the third NK infusion until two years of 
treatment completion. 
Engraftment is defined as the evidence of donor derived cells (more than 95%) by 
chimerism studies in the presence of neutrophil recovery by day 28 post stem cell 
infusion. 

 
 
 
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Other definitions used to assess engraftment: 
Neutrophil recovery is defined as a sustained absolute neutrophil count (ANC) > 0.5 x 
10
9/L for 3 consecutive days. 
Engraftment date is the first day of three (3) consecutive days that the ANC exceeds 
0.5 x10
9/L. 
Delayed engraftment is defined as the evidence of engraftment beyond day 28 post 
SC infusion achieved after the administration of therapeutic (high dose) hematopoietic 
growth factors. 
Primary Graft failure is defined as failure to achieve an ANC > 0.5 x 10
9/L for 3 
consecutive days by day 28 post SC infusion, with no evidence of donor derived cells 
by bone marrow chimerism studies and no evidence of persistent or relapsing disease. 
Secondary graft failure is defined as a sustained declined of ANC <0.5 x 10
9/L for 3 
consecutive days after initial documented engraftment with no evidence of disease 
progression. 
Autologous reconstitution is defined by the presence of ANC > 0.5 x 10
9/L without 
evidence of donor-derive cells by bone marrow chimerism studies. This can occur at 
initial engraftment or later after initial engraftment has been documented. 
 
Disease Response as per CIBMTR criteria. 
A. For AML/MDS: 
Complete remission (CR): 
BM < 5% blasts (absence of blasts with Auer rods). 
ANC > 1000/ul. 
Platelet count >100 x 10e9/ul (independent of red cell transfusions). 
Absence of extramedullary disease. 
 
Marrow CR (CRi) (incomplete hematologic recovery). 
BM < 5% blasts (absence of blasts with Auer rods). 
ANC < 1000/ul or Platelet count <100 x 10e9/ul. 
Absence of extramedullary disease. 
 
No Response (NR) or Disease Progression 
BM > 5% leukemia blasts 
Persistent presence of blasts in peripheral blood. 
Presence of extramedullary disease. 
 
B. For CML: 
Cytogenetic Response 
Complete: No Ph positive metaphases. 
Major: 0-35% Ph positive metaphases. 
Partial: 1-34% Ph positive metaphases. 
Minor: 35-90% Ph positive metaphases. 
 
Complete Hematologic Response 
Complete normalization of peripheral blood counts with leukocyte count <10x10
9
 

 
 
 
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/L. 
Platelet count <450x10
9/L. 
No immature cells in peripheral blood. 
No signs and symptoms of disease with disappearance of palpable 
splenomegaly. 
 
Partial Hematologic Response 
Same as complete hematologic response, except for: 
Presence of immature cells. 
Platelet count < 50% of the pretreatment count, but >450x10
9/L.. 
Persistent splenomegaly, but < 50% of the pretreatment extent. 
 
Molecular Response: 
Complete molecular response: BCR-ABL mRNA undetectable by RT-PCR. 
Major molecular response equal or more 3-log reduction of BCR-ABL mRNA. 
 
Non-relapse mortality (NRM) is defined as death from any cause other than 
relapse disease. 
 
Disease free survival (DFS) is defined as the interval between day of transplant 
and day of death or disease progression. 
 
Overall Survival (OS) is defined as the interval between day of transplant and 
day of death. 
 
Off study criteria 
1. 
Inability to infuse the NK cell product due to product contamination or 
insufficient cell dose. 
2. 
Disease progression requiring further treatment. 
3. 
Prolonged cytopenia requiring treatment beyond GCSF. 
4. 
Unexpected pattern of toxicity. 
5. 
Patient withdrawal of the informed consent. 
6. 
Patient is noncompliant with treatment schema. 
7. 
After two years of treatment completion. 
8.0 Adverse Events and Reporting Requirements 
PDMs/CORe will be used as the electronic case report form (eCRF) for this protocol 
and protocol specific data including adverse events will be entered into PDMs/CORe. 
The Investigator or physician designee is responsible for verifying and providing source 
documentation for all adverse events and assigning the attribution for each event for all 
subjects enrolled on the trial. Only adverse events with a direct relationship to the NK 
cell infusion will be captured in PDMS/CORE. 
 
Assessment of the Adverse Events Attribution. 
The investigational component of the treatment plan of this study is the NK cell infusion. 

 
 
 
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The preparative regimens used in this study are considered standard of care and their 
associated adverse events are well known. Therefore, for the purpose of this study 
when, in the presence of an adverse event which a direct relationship to the NK 
cellinfusion is suspected, the event will be attributed to the NK cell infusion. 
 
Events known to be caused by the preparative regimens and their direct consequences, 
as well as those events known to be related to drugs used for the prophylaxis and 
treatment of GvHD, infections, and supportive treatment will be scored as unrelated to 
the NK cell infusion. 
 
The principal investigator will be the final arbiter in determining the attribution of the 
event. 
 
Assessment of the Adverse Events Severity. 
The severity of the adverse events (AEs) will be graded according to the Common 
Terminology Criteria v4.0 (CTCAE) from the start of the day of the first NK cell infusion 
to Day 70 post-transplant. Events not included in the CTCAE chart will be scored as 
follows: 
 
General grading: 
Grade 1: Mild: discomfort present with no disruption of daily activity, no treatment 
required beyond prophylaxis. 
Grade 2: Moderate: discomfort present with some disruption of daily activity, require 
treatment. 
Grade 3: Severe: discomfort that interrupts normal daily activity, not responding to first 
line 
treatment. 
Grade 4: Life Threatening: discomfort that represents immediate risk of death. 
 
Expected Adverse Events possibly associated with infusion of allogeneic NK 
cells: 
1. 
Acute adverse events: 
Events lasting less than 24 hours: 
Grade I chills 
Grade I cough 
Grade I or II angioedema 
Grade I or II dyspnea 
Grade I or II hypotension 
Grade I or II tachycardia 
Grade I or II headache 
 
Events lasting less than 48 hours: 
Grade I or II fatigue 
Grade I or II neuropathic pain 
Grade I or II vomiting 
Grade I or II SGPT changes 
Grade I or II hypoalbuminemia 
Grade I or II hypocalcemia 

 
 
 
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Grade I or II fever 
Grade I or II pruritus 
Grade I rash 
Grade I or II lymphopenia 
Grade I or II neutropenia 
Grade I or II leukopenia 
Grade I or II cytokine release/acute infusion reaction 
 
2. 
Events lasting less than 72 hours: 
Grade I or II nausea 
Tumor Lysis Syndrome 
 
List of most common expected adverse events related to Stem Cell 
transplantation and Preparative Regimen. 
1. Infections in the presence or absence of neutropenia: fungal, bacterial and or viral 
infections. 
2. Fever: Non-neutropenic or neutropenic without infection 
3. Acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD): most commonly manifested by skin rash, 
diarrhea and abnormal liver function tests could also present with some degree of 
fever, upper gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea and vomiting) mucositis and eye 
dryness. 
4. Gastrointestinal (GI tract): the GI tract manifestations could be not only due to 
direct damage from the preparative regiment but also be a manifestation of GvHD 
or infections. Therefore, the time course and its presentation are crucial when 
assessing these as adverse events. Nausea/vomiting, mucositis, diarrhea when 
presented within first 7 to 10 days most likely will be related to the preparative 
regimen. 
5. Skin rash: not related to GvHD could be caused by chemotherapy used for the 
preparative regimen or antibiotics used a supportive treatment. 
6. Transaminitis: liver function test elevation. 
7. Pulmonary events: not related to CHF most likely caused by drug injury or infection. 
These could present with a pneumonitis pattern manifested with shortness of 
breath, pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph, sometimes accompanied by fever 
and cough and progress to acute respiratory insufficiency and a diffuse bilateral 
alveolar pattern. 
8. Cytokine Storm/ engraftment syndrome: most likely caused by released cytokines. 
9. Hemorrhagic cystitis: not related to chemotherapy agents used in the proposed 
preparative regimen is most likely caused by viral infection. 
10. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). 
11. Veno-occlusive Disease of the Liver (VOD): could be caused by busulfan. Some 
antimicrobial agents have been also incriminated in its development. 
12. Fluid overload due to hydration required for conditioning regimen, blood product 
transfusions and or IV alimentation 
13. Graft failure. 
14. Chronic GvHD. 
15. For the purpose of this study the following events would not be considered adverse 
events and would not be recorded in the database: 

 
 
 
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1. Flu-like symptoms not associated with infection 
2. Abnormal laboratory findings considered associated to the original disease 
Isolated changes in laboratory parameters such as electrolyte, magnesium 
and metabolic imbalances, uric acid changes, elevations of ALT, AST, LDH 
and alkaline phosphatase. 
 
Adverse events data collection. 
From the the first NK infusion up to Day +70 post-transplant, only adverse events 
considered unexpected and related will be collected. The data will reflect the onset and 
resolution date and maximum grade. Beyond this point late complications post 
transplant such as chronic GvHD might be recorded up to a year from the time of their 
awareness with no grade or resolution date. 
 
Intermittent events should be labeled as such and followed until resolution. 
 
If a patient is taken off study while an event is still ongoing, this will be followed 
until resolution unless another therapy is initiated. Pre-existing medical conditions will be 
recorded only if an exacerbation occurs during the active treatment period. Co-morbid 
events will not be scored separately. 
 
Concurrent medication 
 
As stated in the treatment plan, patients treated on this protocol will required 
supportive care treatment (concurrent medication). These medications are considered 
standard of care and have no scientific contributions to the protocol, therefore no data 
will be captured on the various medications needed or their sides effects. 
 
AE and Protocol Deviations Reporting Requirements. 
Adverse events will be reported accordingly to MDACC (HSRM chapter 15.001) 
policy and procedures. This study will be conducted in compliance however in the 
event of any protocol deviations or violations these will be reported accordingly to 
MDACC (HSRM chapter 25). 
 
Serious Adverse Event Reporting (SAE) 
 
An adverse event or suspected adverse reaction is considered “serious” if, in the view of 
either the investigator or the sponsor, it results in any of the following outcomes: 
 
 Death 
 A life-threatening adverse drug experience – any adverse experience that places the 
patient, in the view of the initial reporter, at immediate risk of death from the adverse 
experience as it occurred. It does not include an adverse experience that, had it 
occurred in a more severe form, might have caused death. 
 Inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization 
 A persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct 
normal life functions. 
 A congenital anomaly/birth defect. 

 
 
 
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Important medical events that may not result in death, be life-threatening, or require 
hospitalization may be considered a serious adverse drug experience when, based 
upon appropriate medical judgment, they may jeopardize the patient or subject and may 
require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed in this 
definition. Examples of such medical events include allergic bronchospasm requiring 
intensive treatment in an emergency room or at home, blood dyscrasias or convulsions 
that do not result in inpatient hospitalization, or the development of drug dependency or 
drug abuse (21 CFR 312.32). 
 
 Important medical events as defined above, may also be considered serious 
adverse events. Any important medical event can and should be reported as 
an SAE if deemed appropriate by the Principal Investigator or the IND 
Sponsor, IND Office. 
 
 All events occurring during the conduct of a protocol and meeting the definition of a 
SAE must be reported to the IRB in accordance with the timeframes and procedures 
outlined in “The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Institutional 
Review Board Policy for Investigators on Reporting Unanticipated Adverse Events 
for Drugs and Devices”. Unless stated otherwise in the protocol, all SAEs, expected 
or unexpected, must be reported to the IND Office, regardless of attribution (within 5 
working days of knowledge of the event). 
 
 All life-threatening or fatal events, that are unexpected, and related to the study 
drug, must have a written report submitted within 24 hours (next working day) of 
knowledge of the event to the Safety Project Manager in the IND Office. 
 
 Unless otherwise noted, the electronic SAE application (eSAE) will be utilized 
for safety reporting to the IND Office and MDACC IRB. 
 
 Serious adverse events will be captured from the time of the first 
protocol-specific intervention, until 30 days after the last dose of drug, unless 
the participant withdraws consent. Serious adverse events must be followed 
until clinical recovery is complete and laboratory tests have returned to 
baseline, progression of the event has stabilized, or there has been acceptable 
resolution of the event. 
 
 Additionally, any serious adverse events that occur after the 30 day time 
period that are related to the study treatment must be reported to the IND 
Office. This may include the development of a secondary malignancy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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Reporting to FDA: 
 
 Serious adverse events will be forwarded to FDA by the IND Sponsor (Safety Project 
Manager IND Office) according to 21 CFR 312.32. 
 
It is the responsibility of the PI and the research team to ensure serious adverse 
events are reported according to the Code of Federal Regulations, Good Clinical 
Practices, the protocol guidelines, the sponsor’s guidelines, and Institutional Review 
Board policy. 
9.0 Statistical Considerations 
Background 
This is a phase I-II trial of natural killer (NK) cells used with the reduced intensity 
preparative regimen fludarabine + melphalan +/-TBI for allogeneic stem cell transplant 
(SCT) in high risk myeloid malignancies, defined as either at high risk of relapse while in 
complete remission (CR), or not in first CR. For the purpose of dose-finding, “toxicity” 
will be defined as any of the events (i) death, (ii) grade 3-4 infusion reaction, (iii) grade 4 
organ toxicity (not including mucositis or myelosuppression) (iv) graft failure, or (v) 
severe (grade 3 or 4) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) within the 72-day window 
occurring between the time of the first NK cell dose and day 70 post SCT. Patient 
outcome will be the time of occurrence of toxicity or, if toxicity has not yet occurred by 
an observation time prior to day +70, the outcome will be the patient’s follow up time 
(starting on the day of the first NK infusion) without toxicity. Additional outcomes include 
100-day treatment related mortality (TRM100), defined as death due to any cause 
without disease recurrence within 100 days post SCT, and overall survival (OS) time, 
relapse-free survival (RFS) time, and the times to engraftment and graft failure, each 
subject to right-censoring. Under the original study design, dose-finding was to be 
carried out using the time-to-event (TiTE) continual reassessment method (CRM) of 
Cheung and Chappell 
(27). The seven NK cell doses to be studied were d = number of 
NK cells = 10E4, 10E5, 10E6, 10E7, 3X10E7, 10E8, and 3X10E8. The TiTE CRM was 
to be applied with cohorts of size 2, starting at d = 10E5 (the second NK cell dose level), 
not skipping a dose level when escalating, target Pr(toxicity by day 70) = 0.50, and 
maximum sample size 30. There was at least a 96-hour interval between patient entry 
within the first cohort to be able to observe for severe infusion-related toxicity. If a new 
patient arrives to be treated at a time when either 1 or 2 of the patients in the previous 
cohort have been treated but not yet fully evaluated, then the new patient will be treated 
at one dose level below the current recommended level, up to a maximum of 3 new 
patients. 
 
The TiTE CRM design was to be implemented by Roland Bassett or his designee in the 
Department of Biostatistics using a specialized computer program, based on a 
repeatedly updated data file containing patient accession number, NK cell dose, 
transplant date, and outcome (T,C) and outcome date (either date of T or last visit date 
if no T) for each patient, provided by designated personnel in the Department of Stem 
Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. For Phase II safety monitoring, the method 
of Thall and Sung (28), based on an historical rate of 35%, will be applied to monitor the 

 
 
 
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TRM100 probability at any dose. All adverse events will be tabulated by dose, and the 
fitted dose-toxicity curve will be summarized. The distributions of all event time 
outcomes will be estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots. 
29
 
 
Overview 
This is a phase I-II trial of natural killer (NK) cells used with the reduced intensity 
preparative regimen fludarabine + melphalan +/- TBI for allogeneic stem cell transplant 
(SCT) in high risk myeloid malignancies, defined as either at high risk of relapse while in 
complete remission (CR), or not in first CR. The NK cells will be given at the prescribed 
dose three times: day -2 or day -1 pre-SCT and at days 7 and 28 post SCT. 
 
Phase I 
 
NK Cell Dose-Finding 
The original dose-finding algorithm is described in the following three paragraphs: 
 
For the purpose of dose-finding, “toxicity” will be defined as any of the events (i) death, 
(ii) grade 3-4 infusion reaction, (iii) grade 4 organ toxicity (not including mucositis or 
myelosuppression) (iv) graft failure, or (v) severe (grade 3 or 4) graft-versus-host 
disease (GVHD) occurring within 72 days of the first NK cell infusion on day -2 or day 
-1, that is, by day 70 post SCT. Consequently, the time window for evaluating toxicity 
will be of length 72 days, from the day of the first NK cell infusion to day 70. Patient 
outcome will be the time of occurrence of toxicity or, if toxicity has not yet occurred by 
an observation time prior to day 70 post-transplant, the outcome will be the patient’s 
follow up time without toxicity. Denoting the time of follow up or toxicity by T, and the 
right-censoring indicator C=1 if T is a follow up time without toxicity and C=0 if T is the 
time of observed toxicity, each patient’s data will consist of the pair (T,C), with T no 
larger than 72 days. A patient’s outcome (T,C) will be considered “fully evaluated” if 
either C= 0 (toxicity has occurred at some time up to day 70 post-transplant) or (T,C) = 
(72,1), which says that no toxicity has occurred by day 70. Patients age 2-17 years old 
may be enrolled after at least 4 adults (ages 18-65 years old) have been treated without 
toxicity. Toxicity data will be submitted for FDA review and approval prior to expanding 
access to subjects age 2-17 years old. Additional outcomes include 100-day treatment 
related mortality (TRM100), defined as death due to any cause without disease 
recurrence within 100 days post SCT, and possibly right-censored overall survival time, 
relapse-free survival time, and the times to engraftment and graft failure. 
 
Dose-finding will be carried out using the time-to-event (TiTE) continual reassessment 
method (CRM) of Cheung and Chappell (27). Denoting exponentiation by “E,” the six 
NK cell per-administration doses (PADs) to be studied are number of NK cells = 10E4, 
10E5, 10E6, 10E7, 3x10E7, and 10E8. The TiTE CRM will be applied with cohorts of 
size 2, starting at 10E5 (the second lowest NK cell PAD level), not skipping a dose level 
when escalating, target Pr(toxicity by day 70 post-transplant) = 0.50, and maximum 
sample size 30. To avoid aggressive/unsafe escalation early in the trial, the design will 
proceed in two stages. In Stage 1, the minimum waiting time between dose cohorts is 
49 days from the first NK infusion. The first cohort of two patients will be enrolled at d = 

 
 
 
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10E5 NK cells. If no toxicity is observed, then two new patients (the second cohort) will 
be enrolled at d = 10E6 NK cells. If no toxicities are observed among the previously 
accrued patients, then escalation will proceed in cohorts of size 2 to subsequently 
higher doses. If a new patient arrives to be treated at a time when either 1 or 2 of the 
patients in the previous cohort have been treated but not yet fully evaluated, then the  
new patient will be treated at one dose level below the current recommended level, up 
to a maximum of 3 new patients. Stage 2 begins when the first toxicity occurs, and 
thereafter the cohort size will be 1 with the TiTE-CRM used to choose each new 
patient’s dose, using the fixed target 0.50 for Pr(toxicity within 72 days | dose). The 
“optimal” dose is defined as that for which the posterior mean of Pr(toxicity within 72 
days | dose) given the current data is closest to 0.50. Each subject will be followed for 
the entire 72-day period for toxicity evaluation. Once a DLT occurs at any time in the 
72-day window for any subject, new subjects will be assigned to the optimal dose. 
Additional safety restrictions applied during the trials are (1) an untried dose may not be 
skipped when escalating and (2) escalation may not be done immediately after a toxic 
outcome (i.e., incoherent escalation). The skeleton corresponding to dose levels 1-7 
that is the basis for the assumed TiTE CRM model is (0.30, 0.35, 0.42, 0.50, 0.60, 0.68, 
0.75) . 
 
The TiTE CRM design will be implemented by Roland Bassett or his designee in the 
Department of Biostatistics using a specialized computer program, based on a 
repeatedly updated data file containing patient accession number, NK cell dose, 
transplant date, and outcome (T,C) and outcome date (either date of T or last visit date 
if no T) for each patient, provided by designated personnel in the Department of Stem 
Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. 
 
June 2016 Update: The study team used a different algorithm to perform dose-finding 
than the one specified. Patients were treated in cohorts of size 2, with escalation after 
every two patients. The top level reached was dose level 6, 10E8. No patients 
experienced DLT, and the top level, 3X10E8 is unable to be manufactured. The team 
thus plans to move to the Phase II portion of the study. The statistical considerations 
for the Phase II portion remain unchanged. 
 
After the conclusion of the Phase I portion of the design, the study team plans to publish 
the safety and efficacy results to date. The analysis will include assessing overall and 
progression-free survival and compare these between patients in this study and patients 
treated on M.D. Anderson protocol 2009-0266, an ongoing protocol of stem cell 
transplant in haploidentical patients who were treated with a similar regimen but without 
NK cells. As this is not a randomized comparison, and patients were treated at different 
times, statistical calculations of p-values and confidence intervals will be provided on an 
descriptive basis only and have no inferential content. 
 
Phase II 
 
Sample Size and Estimation 
Once an optimal dose NK cell per-administration PAD has been determined in phase I, 
denote it PAD*, an additional 32 patients will be enrolled in phase II. The 13 patients 

 
 
 
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treated in phase I will be counted toward the phase II sample, so the total maximum 
phase II sample will be 32 + 13 = 45. All patients will be followed for 2 years. The goals 
of phase II will be to estimate relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), overall 
transplant related mortality, the times to platelet and neutrophil engraftment, and the 
probability of TRM100 at PAD*. For example, with a total of 2 patients treated at the 
PAD* in phase I and 32 in phase II, and 16/34 TRM100 events are observed, starting 
with a beta(.5, .5) prior, a posterior 95% credible interval for Pr(TRM100 at PAD*) would 
be 0.310 - 0.634. 
 
Monitoring TRM100 
While “toxicity” is defined as any of the several adverse events listed above within 70 
days post-transplant, there is still the concern that the TRM100 rate at a given NK cell 
PAD may be too high. Using the monitoring method of Thall and Sung,
28 based on an 
historical rate of 35%, we assume that the 100-day TRM probability at any PAD, 
denoted by q(TRM100 | PAD), follows a beta(0.35, 0.65) prior. 
 
The safety rule is to stop treatment at dose d due to excessive mortality if P{ q(TRM100 
| PAD) > 0.35 | data from patients treated at dose d} > 0.975. Monitoring in cohorts of 
size 5, this implies that treatment at dose d will be stopped if 
 
[# TRM100 observed at dose d] / [# evaluated by day 100 at dose d} > 
5/5, 7/10, 10/15, 12/20, 14/25, 16/30, 19/35, 21/40 
 
If enrollment is stopped at dose d by this rule, then it will be stopped at all higher dose 
levels, and this rule will supersede the TiTE CRM. 
 
Data Analysis 
All adverse events will be tabulated by dose, and the fitted dose-toxicity curve will be 
summarized. The distributions of time-to-event outcomes, including RFS/OS, and times 
to platelet and neutrophil engraftment will be estimated separately by dose using the 
Kaplan-Meier method,
29 and distributions will be compared using log-rank tests. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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Table 1. Operating characteristics of the TiTE CRM dose-finding design. A maximum sample size of 30 
patients and accrual rate of 1 patient per month are assumed, starting at dose level 2, with cohort size 2, 
and toxicity target 0.50 for Prob(toxicity within 70 days of SCT). 
 
 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
# NK cells 
10E4 
10E5 
10E6 
10E7 
3X10E7 
10E8 
3X10E8 
Scenario 
1 
True Prob(Tox) 
0.30 
0.35 
0.42 
0.50 
0.60 
0.68 
0.75 
% Selected 
3.3% 
6.0% 
22.7% 
42.5% 
21.5% 
4.0% 
0.0% 
Average N 
Patients Treated 
3.5 
4.7 
6.2 
8.3 
5.5 
1.6 
0.4 
Average N Patients w/Tox 
1.1 
1.6 
2.6 
4.1 
3.3 
1.1 
0.3 
2 
True Prob(Tox) 
0.25 
0.30 
0.36 
0.47 
0.53 
0.56 
0.60 
% Selected 
0.3% 
2.6% 
12.9% 
34.3% 
31.9% 
12.6% 
5.4% 
Average N 
Patients Treated 
2.0 
3.8 
5.2 
8.0 
6.4 
3.0 
1.6 
Average N Patients w/Tox 
0.5 
1.1 
1.8 
3.8 
3.4 
1.7 
0.9 
3 
True Prob(Tox) 
0.20 
0.25 
0.30 
0.35 
0.40 
0.45 
0.50 
% Selected 
0% 
0.4% 
2.1% 
10.9% 
28.3% 
29.3% 
29.0% 
Average N 
Patients Treated 
1.2 
2.9 
3.1 
4.9 
7.0 
5.8 
5.1 
Average N Patients w/Tox 
0.2 
0.7 
0.9 
1.7 
2.8 
2.6 
2.5 
4 
True Prob(Tox) 
0.60 
0.65 
0.70 
0.75 
0.80 
0.85 
0.90 
% Selected 
90.8% 
5.2% 
3.2% 
0.7% 
0.1% 
0% 
0% 
Average N 
Patients Treated 
22.1 
4.3 
2.2 
1.0 
0.3 
0.0 
0.0 
Average N Patients w/Tox 
13.4 
2.8 
1.5 
0.8 
0.2 
0.0 
0.0 
5 
True Prob(Tox) 
0.50 
0.60 
0.70 
0.80 
0.90 
0.95 
0.98 
% Selected 
74.0% 
21.0% 
4.9% 
0.1% 
0% 
0% 
0% 
Average N 
Patients Treated 
18.8 
6.6 
3.3 
1.2 
0.2 
0.0 
0.0 
Average N Patients w/Tox 
9.3 
4.0 
2.3 
0.9 
0.2 
0.0 
0.0 
 
Table 2. Operating characteristics of the safety rule for monitoring the probability of TRM100 = 
treatment-related mortality by day 100 at each dose, assuming a maximum of 45 patients at any given 
dose. The historical TRM100 rate is 35%. 
 
Sample Size Quartiles 
True TRM100 
Rate 
Probability of 
Stopping Early 
25th 
50th (Median) 
75th 
20% 
0.001 
45 
45 
45 
25% 
0.006 
45 
45 
45 
30% 
0.022 
45 
45 
45 
35% 
0.069 
45 
45 
45 
40% 
0.174 
45 
45 
45 
45% 
0.340 
30 
45 
45 

 
 
 
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50% 
0.567 
20 
35 
45 
55% 
0.786 
10 
20 
40 
60% 
0.911 
10 
20 
25 
 
A retrospective case matched comparison will be performed by CIBMTR using data 
from study patients already reported to CIBMTR. Controls will be obtained from 
CIBMTR database also at 3-4 for each patient treated on this study. 
10.0 Drug Information 
Melphalan (Alkeran™) 
 
Melphalan is an alkylating agent with cell cycle nonspecific cytotoxic effects on tumor 
cells. 
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits DNA replication and transcription of RNA ultimately 
disrupting nucleic acid function. 
Dosing Information: The usual dose for conditioning in stem cell transplantation is 
100-200 mg/m2 intravenously. 
Known Side Effects: Hematologic: The most common adverse effect is bone marrow  
uppression. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are the major dose limiting side effects. GI 
toxicity is frequent with higher doses and includes nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, 
abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Other adverse effects: Pulmonary fibrosis and infiltrates, 
amenorrhea, alopecia, sterility, and inappropriate ADH secretion. 
Hypersensitivity reactions: Acute hypersensitivity reactions have been reported 
including urticaria, pruritus, edema, tachycardia, bronchospasm and anaphylaxis 
(reported in 2.4% of patients receiving melphalan for myeloma). These patients 
respond to antihistamine and corticosteroid therapy. 
Special Precautions: None 
 
 
Fludarabine (Fludara™) 
Fludarabine is a fluorinated nucleoside analog. 
Mechanism of Action: After phosphorylation to fluoro-ara-ATP the drug appears to 
incorporate into DNA and inhibit DNA polymerase alpha, ribonucleotide reductase and 
DNA primase, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis. 
Human Safety and Pharmacology: The half-life of the activated compound is 
approximately 10 hours, but the pharmacology is incompletely understood. Excretion is 
impaired in patients with impaired renal function. 
Known Side Effects: pancytopenia, immunosuppression, autoimmune hemolytic anemia 
have (rarely) been reported, and recurred when patients were retreated with the drug. 
GI toxicity: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weakness. CNS toxicity: agitation, visual 
disturbances, confusion, coma, peripheral neuropathies. With high dose use confusion, 
blindness, coma and death have been reported. 
Special Precautions: Fludarabine should be handled by trained personnel using 
procedures for proper handling. The use of gloves and protective glasses is 
recommended to avoid exposure upon accidental spillage. 

 
 
 
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Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan™) 
 
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent. 
Mechanism of Action: Cyclophosphamide prevents cell division by cross-linking DNA 
strands and decreasing DNA synthesis. It is cell cycle phase non-specific. 
Cyclophosphamide also possesses potent immunosuppressive properties. It is a 
pro-drug metabolized by the liver to active metabolites. 
Human Safety and Pharmacology: The Distribution (Vd) is 0.48-0.71 L/kg; crosses 
placenta; crosses into CSF. Protein binding is 10-60%. Hepatically metabolized to 
active metabolites acrolein, 4-aldophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, and 
nor-nitrogen mustard. Bioavailability is >75%. Half-life elimination is 3-12 hours. 
Excretion in urine (<30% as unchanged drug, 85% to 90% as metabolite). 
Known Side Effects: Hematologic: Leukopenia, anemia, alopecia. GI: Nausea, vomiting, 
increased AST, ALT, mucositis, diarrhea. Neurologic: Headache, dizziness. 
Cardiovascular: Cardiomyopathy, non-specific ST changes on EKG. At doses greater 
than 200mg/kg, Cy can cause fatal myocardial necrosis with clinical heart failure. Renal: 
Hemorrhagic cystitis, SIADH, fluid retention. Cy has anti-diuretic effect usually 
counteracted by furosemide administration. GU: Hemorrhagic cystitis. Hematuria is not 
uncommon at this dose level, but is usually not symptomatic or severe unless there is 
inadequate diuresis. An occasional patient will get severe cystitis despite prophylactic 
measures. Other: teratogenic, may cause secondary neoplasms, anaphylaxis (rare). 
Special Precautions: As for other antineoplastic agents, Cyclophosphamide should be 
handled by trained personnel using procedures for proper handling. The use of gloves 
and protective glasses is recommended to avoid exposure upon accidental spillage. 
 
Mesna (sodium -2-mercapto ethane sulphonate) 
 
Mesna is a prophylactic agent used to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis induced by the 
oxazophosphorines (cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide). It has no intrinsic cytotoxicity 
and no antagonistic effects on chemotherapy. Mesna binds with acrolein, the urotoxic 
metabolite produced by the oxazophosphorines, to produce a non-toxic thioether and 
slows the rate of acrolein formation by combining with 4-hydroxy metabolites of 
oxazophosphorines. At the doses used for uroprotection, mesna is virtually non-toxic. 
However, adverse effects which may be attributable to mesna include nausea and 
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, altered taste, rash, urticaria, headache, joint or limb 
pain, hypotension and fatigue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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