Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Balance in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Kidney Failure, Chronic
Sponsor: University of Nebraska

Title Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Balance in CKD 
 
NCT NCT03710161 
 
Document date 01 Jun 2020 

METHODS 
 
A sample size of 30 patients with ESRD5D (ages 21-70 years) will be utilized for this 
study. The thirty subjects will be randomized to intervention or active control; 15 per group. We 
anticipate a 20% drop out rate and an additional 10% screen failure rate. Therefore, we anticipate 
consenting a total of 40 subjects. Subjects will be recruited through Nebraska Medicine 
Nephrology clinics. 
Subjects will be consented and screened in the Diabetes Center at UNMC. All candidates 
for the study will be adults (aged 21-70 years) on maintenance hemodialysis at any UNMC 
directed dialysis unit. Other inclusion criteria include 1) a timed up and go score of > 13.5 
seconds;19 2) ambulatory, without a walking aid (i.e., cane or walker); 3) able to complete the 
various questionnaires interactively with the research nurse; 4) venous access that can be 
accomplished without unusual difficulty; and 5) greater than 3 months on hemodialysis. Subjects 
will be excluded if they are 1) pregnant; 2) on peritoneal dialysis; 3) allergic to vitamin D; 4) 
have diagnosed liver disease; and/or 5) an intestinal disorder that would interfere with vitamin D 
absorption. They will also be excluded if they are currently taking vitamin D supplements >800 
IU per day, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, or other drug therapies for osteoporosis. 
At the baseline visit, the subject will be screened for eligibility by a physical exam, 
including vital signs, height, weight, and a detailed history, including medical history, 
medications, personal fracture & fall history, menstrual history, diabetic history, sun exposure 
history, and alcohol and tobacco use. Vital signs, height, and weight will be recorded. A 
validated Food Frequency Questionnaire will be completed to assess dietary vitamin D intake. 
Previous records of health history and fracture documentation will be requested. Each subject 
will undergo phlebotomy of 13ml. 

Subjects will be randomized into one of two groups. Each subject will take a daily, oral 
capsule containing vitamin D (4000 IU) for 3 months or active control (800 IU vitamin D). We 
chose to use a daily dose, as it has been proposed that a steady state of vitamin D levels provides 
a constant source of substrate for enzymes converting it to 25(OH)D.20 This dose will increase 
serum 25(OH)D levels to ~60 ng/ml by 12 weeks. The active control will be 800 IU of vitamin D 
consistent with the recommendations developed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute 
of Medicine. 
Subjects will then travel to the Biomechanics Research Building at the University of 
Nebraska at Omaha. Subjects will then be asked to undergo static and dynamic balance tests, the 
timed up and go (TUG), the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale (FAB), and gait speed over 20 
meters (see Functional test descriptions below). They will also undergo muscle strength and 
endurance testing of the quadriceps and hamstrings of both limbs. The subject will be issued a 
pill bottle containing a 3-month supply of the interventional drug (see below). A fall diary will 
be given to the subject as well. 
At 3 months of the study, the subject will be interviewed for changes to medical history 
& sun exposure. Height and weight will be recorded. Subjects be asked to undergo the same 
physical function tests as baseline. Each subject will undergo phlebotomy of 13ml. Pill bottles 
will be collected for a pill count. 
Functional test descriptions: 
 
Static and Dynamic Balance: will be measured through the Neurocom Balance Manager System. 
 
The two laboratory tests that will be used are the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the 
Motor Control Test (MCT). The purpose of the SOT is to assess the three sensory systems that 
encompass balance. There are six conditions (combinations of manipulating vision, 

proprioception, and the vestibular system) with 3-20 second trials for each. The SOT provides an 
equilibrium score that is ranked on a 0-100% scale, where 0%=reaching the point of falling or 
has fallen and 100%=no movement of the body while standing. The purpose of the MCT is to 
examine the body’s automatic response to correction of posture to a moving surface. There are 
three trials and six conditions in which the base that the subject stands on is perturbed slightly 
(moved forward or backward). The MCT scores for latency, the time it takes in milliseconds 
(msec) for an individual’s center of gravity to respond to the movement. A longer latency would 
indicate that it takes longer for the nervous system to respond to the movement. 
Timed Up and Go (TUG): The subject is observed while rising from a chair, walking 3 meters, 
 
and returning to the chair. A score >12 seconds is indicative of fall risk. 
 
Fullerton Advanced Balance scale (FAB): is a series of balance tests to assess the subject’s 
 
ability to use his/her somatosensory cues to maintain upright balance in varying situations. There 
are ten tasks in the scale and they are scored on a range from zero to four. Zero being unable to 
complete the task and four being able to complete the task independently with no assistance. 
Scoring less than 25/40 is considered to be at risk for falling. 
 
20-meter Gait Speed: provides a marker of health status and survival.21 The subject will be 
 
instructed to walk 20 meters at his/her preferred walking speed. Time is measured while the 
individual walks the set distance. 
Muscle Strength and Endurance: Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength and endurance will 
 
be assessed using an isokinetic dynamomenter (Biodex System 4, Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., 
Shirley, NY). Both limbs will be assessed. Standard testing protocols will be used. This testing 
will be done at the end of the visit as other measures could be affected by the fatigue induced by 
this testing. 

Dependent variables will be checked for normality. Non-parametric tests will be utilized 
where appropriate. For each outcome, linear mixed-effects models (LMM) will be conducted. 
The model will include one of the dependent variables as the outcome variable and treatment 
group and time as independent variables as well as their interaction. The LMMs will also be 
adjusted for possible covariates (e.g., age, medication history, sun exposure). Significance will 
be determined at an alpha < 0.05 level. 
REFERENCES 
 
1. USRDS 2013 annual data report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease 
in the united states [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of 
Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2013. 
 
2. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. Diagnosis 
of CKD-MBD: Biochemical abnormalities. In: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for 
the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease- 
Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney International; 2009. p. S22-49. 
 
3. Naylor KL, McArthur E, Leslie WD, et al. The three-year incidence of fracture in chronic 
kidney disease. Kidney Int 2014;86:810-8. 
 
4. Alem AM, Sherrard DJ, Gillen DL, et al. Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with 
end-stage renal disease. Kidney In 2000;58:396-9. 
 
5. Dooley AC, Weiss NS, Kestenbaum B. Increased risk of hip fracture among men with CKD. 
Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51:38-44. 
 
6. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, et al. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident 
hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007;72:1004-13. 
 
7. Anand S, Kaysen GA, Chertow GM, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, self-reported physical 
activity and health-related quality of life: The comprehensive dialysis study. Nephrol Dial 
Transplant 2011;26:3683-8. 
 
8. Boudville N, Inderjeeth C, Elder G, et al. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Association between 25- 
hydroxyvitamin D, somatic muscle weakness and falls risk in end-stage renal failure. Clin 
Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:299-304. 
 
9. Ambrus C, Almasi C, Berta K, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and bone fractures in patients on 
maintenance hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2011;43:475-82. 

10. Kramer H, Berns JS, Choi MJ, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing and supplementation in 
CKD: An NKF-KDOQI controversies report. Am J Kidney Dis 2014;64:499-509. 
 
11. Desmet C, Beguin C, Swine C, et al. Falls in hemodialysis patients: Prospective study of 
incidence, risk factors, and complications. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:148-53. 
 
12. Dukas LC, Schacht E, Mazor Z, et al. A new significant and independent risk factor for falls 
in elderly men and women: A low creatinine clearance of less than 65 ml/min. 
Osteoporos Int 2005;16:332-8. 
 
13. Reese PP, Cappola AR, Shults J, et al. Physical performance and frailty in chronic kidney 
disease. Am J Nephrol 2013;38:307-15. 
 
14. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Relevance of vitamin D in fall prevention. Geriatr Psychol 
Neuropsychiatr Vieil 2017;15:E1-7. 
 
15. Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Smith LM. An age-related decrease in creatinine clearance is 
associated with an increase in number of falls in untreated women but not in women 
receiving calcitriol treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:51-8. 
 
16. Massart A, Debelle FD, Racape J, et al. Biochemical parameters after cholecalciferol 
repletion in hemodialysis: Results from the VitaDial randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 
2014;64:696-705. 
 
17. Hewitt NA, O'Connor AA, O'Shaughnessy DV, et al. Effects of cholecalciferol on functional, 
biochemical, vascular, and quality of life outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am 
Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1143-9. 
 
18. Taskapan H, Baysal O, Karahan D, et al. Vitamin D and muscle strength, functional ability 
and balance in peritoneal dialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency. Clin Nephrol 
2011;76:110-6. 
 
19. Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in 
community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Phys Ther 2000;80:896- 
903. 
 
20. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. The role of the parent compound vitamin D with respect to 
metabolism and function: Why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes. J Clin 
Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4619-28.