An Eighteen-Month, Two-Arm, Randomized, Double Masked, Multicenter, Phase III Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Brolucizumab Versus Aflibercept in Adult Patients With Visual Impairment Due to Macular Edema Secondary to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Sponsor: Novartis Pharmaceuticals



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Table of contents
Table of contents .................................................................................................................2
List of tables ........................................................................................................................5
List of figures ......................................................................................................................5
List of abbreviations............................................................................................................6
Glossary of terms.................................................................................................................8
Amendment 1 (08-Jun-2020) ............................................................................................10
Protocol summary..............................................................................................................12
1
Introduction .......................................................................................................................14
1.1
Background............................................................................................................14
1.2
Purpose ..................................................................................................................17
2
Objectives and endpoints...................................................................................................17
3
Study design ......................................................................................................................18
4
Rationale............................................................................................................................19
4.1
Rationale for study design .....................................................................................19
4.2
Rationale for dose/regimen and duration of treatment ..........................................20
4.3
Rationale for choice of comparator .......................................................................21
21
4.5
Risks and benefits..................................................................................................21
5
Population..........................................................................................................................22
5.1
Inclusion criteria ....................................................................................................22
5.2
Exclusion criteria...................................................................................................22
6
Treatment...........................................................................................................................25
6.1
Study treatment......................................................................................................25
6.1.1
Investigational and comparator drugs ...................................................25
6.1.2
Additional study treatments ..................................................................25
6.1.3
Treatment arms/group ...........................................................................25
6.1.4
Treatment duration................................................................................25
6.2
Other treatment(s)..................................................................................................26
6.2.1
Concomitant therapy.............................................................................26
6.2.2
Prohibited medication ...........................................................................26
6.2.3
Rescue medication ................................................................................27
6.3
Subject numbering, treatment assignment, randomization....................................27

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6.3.1
Subject numbering ................................................................................27
6.3.2
Treatment assignment, randomization ..................................................27
6.4
Treatment masking ................................................................................................28
6.5
Dose escalation and dose modification..................................................................29
6.6
Additional treatment guidance...............................................................................29
6.6.1
Treatment compliance...........................................................................29
6.6.2
Emergency breaking of assigned treatment code..................................30
6.7
Preparation and dispensation.................................................................................30
6.7.1
Handling of study treatment..................................................................30
6.7.2
Instruction for prescribing and taking study treatment .........................31
7
Informed consent procedures ............................................................................................33
8
Visit schedule and assessments .........................................................................................34
8.1
Screening ...............................................................................................................37
8.1.1
Information to be collected on screening failures.................................37
8.2
Subject demographics/other baseline characteristics.............................................37
8.3
Efficacy..................................................................................................................38
8.3.1
Visual acuity..........................................................................................38
8.3.2
Optical coherence tomography .............................................................38
39
8.3.4
Appropriateness of efficacy assessments..............................................40
8.4
Safety.....................................................................................................................40
8.4.1
Laboratory evaluations..........................................................................41
8.4.2
Pregnancy and assessments of fertility .................................................41
8.4.3
Ophthalmic examination.......................................................................42
8.4.4
Appropriateness of safety measurements..............................................43
8.5
Additional assessments..........................................................................................43
8.5.1
Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs) ...............................................43
8.5.2
Imaging .................................................................................................44
8.5.3
Anti-drug antibodies (immunogenicity)................................................44
.44
9
Study discontinuation and completion ..............................................................................45
9.1
Discontinuation......................................................................................................45
9.1.1
Discontinuation of study treatment .......................................................45

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9.1.2
Withdrawal of informed consent...........................................................46
9.1.3
Lost to follow-up...................................................................................47
9.1.4
Early study termination by the sponsor.................................................47
9.2
Study completion and post-study treatment ..........................................................48
10 Safety monitoring and reporting........................................................................................48
10.1
Definition of adverse events and reporting requirements......................................48
10.1.1
Adverse events ......................................................................................48
10.1.2
Serious adverse events ..........................................................................50
10.1.3
SAE reporting........................................................................................50
10.1.4
Pregnancy reporting ..............................................................................51
10.1.5
Reporting of study treatment errors ......................................................51
10.2
Additional Safety Monitoring................................................................................52
10.2.1
Data Monitoring Committee .................................................................52
10.2.2
Adjudication Committee.......................................................................52
11 Data Collection and Database management......................................................................52
11.1
Data collection.......................................................................................................52
11.2
Database management and quality control............................................................54
11.3
Site monitoring ......................................................................................................54
12 Data analysis and statistical methods ................................................................................55
12.1
Analysis sets ..........................................................................................................56
12.2
Subject demographics and other baseline characteristics......................................56
12.3
Treatments .............................................................................................................56
12.4
Analysis of the primary endpoint(s) ......................................................................57
12.4.1
Definition of primary endpoint(s).........................................................57
12.4.2
Statistical model, hypothesis, and method of analysis..........................57
12.4.3
Handling of missing values/censoring/discontinuations.......................59
12.4.4
Sensitivity and supplementary analyses................................................60
12.5
Analysis of secondary endpoints ...........................................................................60
12.5.1
Efficacy and/or Pharmacodynamic endpoint(s)....................................60
12.5.2
Safety endpoints....................................................................................61
62
12.5.4
Patient reported outcomes.....................................................................63
12.5.5
Anti-drug antibody................................................................................63

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63
63
12.8
Sample size calculation..........................................................................................63
12.8.1
Primary endpoint(s)...............................................................................63
13 Ethical considerations and administrative procedures ......................................................64
13.1
Regulatory and ethical compliance........................................................................64
13.2
Responsibilities of the investigator and IRB/IEC..................................................64
13.3
Publication of study protocol and results...............................................................64
13.4
Quality Control and Quality Assurance.................................................................64
14 Protocol adherence ............................................................................................................65
14.1
Protocol amendments.............................................................................................65
15 References .........................................................................................................................66
16 Appendices ........................................................................................................................68
16.1
Appendix 1: Clinically notable laboratory values .................................................68
List of tables
Table 2-1
Objectives and related endpoints ..........................................................17
Table 6-1
Investigational and comparator drug.....................................................25
Table 6-2
Prohibited medications/procedures.......................................................26
Table 8-1
Assessment Schedule ............................................................................35
Table 8-2
Physical Assessments............................................................................40
Table 8-3
Laboratory Assessments........................................................................41
Table 10-1
Guidance for capturing the study treatment errors................................52
Table 12-1
Primary and supplementary estimands..................................................58
Table 16-1
Clinically notable laboratory values......................................................68
List of figures
Figure 3-1
Study design..........................................................................................18
Figure 6-1
Dose and treatment schedule.................................................................32

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List of abbreviations
ADA
Anti-drug antibody
AE
Adverse event
AMD
Age-related macular degeneration
ANOVA
Analysis of variance
AR
Analysis restriction
BCVA
Best-corrected visual acuity
BRVO
Branch retinal vein occlusion
CFR
Code of Federal Regulation
CMO & PS
Chief Medical Office and Patient Safety
CO
Country Organization
COA
Clinical outcome assessment
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019
CP
Color fundus photography
CRC
Central Reading Center
CRVO
Central retinal vein occlusion
CSFT
Central subfield thickness 
DDE
Direct data entry
DMC
Data Monitoring Committee
DME
Diabetic macular edema
eCRF
Electronic Case Report/Record Form
EDC
Electronic Data Capture
EOS
End of Study
EOT
End of Treatment
ESI
Event of special interest
ETDRS
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 
FA
Fluorescein angiography 
FAS
Full analysis set
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
g/dL
gram(s) per deciliter
GCP
Good Clinical Practice
GCS
Global Clinical Supply
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
IB
Investigator's Brochure
ICH
International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of 
Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
IFT
Individualized flexible treatment
IOI
Intraocular inflammation
IOP
Intraocular pressure
IRB/IEC
Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee
IRF
Intraretinal fluid
IRT
Interactive Response Technology
IVT
Intravitreal injection
K/cu mm
thousand per cubic millimeter
kDA
kilo Dalton
LOCF
Last observation carried forward 

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ME
Macular edema
MedDRA
Medical dictionary for regulatory activities
mEq/L
milliequivalent(s) per liter
mg
milligram(s)
mL
milliliter(s)
mmHg
millimeter(s) of mercury
mmol/L
millimole(s) per liter
nAMD
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration
NEI
National Eye Institute
NIM
Non-inferiority margin
OCT
Optical coherence tomography
PD
Protocol deviation
PPS
Per Protocol Set/Protocol analysis set 
PRO
Patient reported outcome 
q12w
every 12 weeks
q4w
every 4 weeks
q8w
every 8 weeks
RAS
Randomized analysis set
RAO
Retinal artery occlusion
RoW
Rest of World
RVO
Retinal vein occlusion
SAE
Serious adverse event
SAF
Safety analysis set
SAP
Statistical analysis plan
scFv
Single-chain fragment variable
SD-OCT
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography 
SOP
Standard operating procedure
SRF
Subretinal fluid
SUSAR
Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction
VA
Visual acuity
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
VFQ-25
Visual function questionnaire-25
WBC
White blood cell(s)
WHO
World Health Organization

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Glossary of terms
Assessment
A procedure used to generate data required by the study
Biological samples
A biological specimen including, for example, blood (plasma, serum), saliva, tissue, 
urine, stool, etc. taken from a study subject
Control drug
A study drug (active or placebo) used as a comparator to reduce assessment bias, 
preserve masking of investigational drug, assess internal study validity, and/or 
evaluate comparative effects of the investigational drug
Dosage
Dose of the study treatment given to the subject in a time unit
Electronic data 
capture (EDC)
Electronic data capture (EDC) is the electronic acquisition of clinical study data using 
data collection systems, such as Web-based applications, interactive voice response 
systems and clinical laboratory interfaces. EDC includes the use of Electronic Case 
Report Forms (eCRFs) which are used to capture data transcribed from paper source 
forms used at the point of care.
Enrollment
Point/time of subject entry into the study at which informed consent must be obtained
eSource (DDE)
eSource Direct Data Entry (DDE) refers to the capture of clinical study data 
electronically, at the point of care. eSource Platform/Applications combines source 
documents and case report forms (eCRFs) into one application, allowing for the real 
time collection of clinical trial information to sponsors and other oversight authorities, 
as appropriate
Investigational 
drug/treatment
The study drug whose properties are being tested in the study
Masked/evaluating 
investigator
For the entire study duration and all study subjects, the masked/evaluating investigator 
is responsible for all aspects of the study (the conduct/supervision of all assessments 
and treatment decisions except the injection procedures and the safety assessment 
following the active/sham injections)
Medication number
A unique identifier on the label of each study drug package in studies that dispense 
study drug using an IRT system.
Part
A sub-division of a study used to evaluate specific objectives or contain different 
populations. For example, one study could contain a single dose part and a multiple 
dose part, or a part in subjects with established disease and in those with newly-
diagnosed disease.
Patient
An individual with the condition of interest for the study
Period
The subdivisions of the trial design (e.g. Screening, Treatment, Follow-up) which are 
described in the Protocol. Periods define the study phases and will be used in clinical 
trial database setup and eventually in analysis
Personal data
Subject information collected by the Investigator that is transferred to Novartis for the 
purpose of the clinical trial. This data includes subject identifier information, study 
information and biological samples.
Premature subject 
withdrawal
Point/time when the subject exits from the study prior to the planned completion of all 
study drug administration and assessments; at this time all study drug administration is 
discontinued and no further assessments are planned.
Randomization 
number
A unique identifier assigned to each randomized subject, corresponding to a specific 
treatment arm assignment
Screen Failure
A subject who did not meet one or more criteria that were required for participation in 
the study
Source 
Data/Document
Source data refers to the initial record, document, or primary location from where data 
comes. The data source can be a database, a dataset, a spreadsheet or even hard-
coded data, such as paper or eSource. 
Stage
A major subdivision of the study timeline; begins and ends with major study milestones 
such as enrollment, randomization, completion of treatment, etc.
Study completion
Point/time at which the subject came in for a final evaluation visit or when study drug 
was discontinued whichever is later.

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Study drug/treatment
Any drug (or combination of drugs) administered to the subject as part of the required 
study procedures
Study treatment 
discontinuation
When the subject permanently stops taking study treatment prior to the defined study 
treatment completion date (if any) for any reason; may or may not also be the 
point/time of study discontinuation
Subject
A trial participant (can be a healthy volunteer or a patient)
Subject number
A unique number assigned to each subject upon signing the informed consent. This 
number is the definitive, unique identifier for the subject and should be used to identify 
the subject throughout the study for all data collected, sample labels, etc.
Treatment arm/group
A treatment arm/group defines the dose and regimen or the combination, and may 
consist of 1 or more cohorts
Unmasked/treating 
investigator
For the entire study duration and all study subjects, the treating investigator only 
performs the treatment (injection active/sham) and assesses subject safety following 
the active/sham injections
Variable
A measured value or assessed response that is determined in specific assessments 
and used in data analysis to evaluate the drug being tested in the study
Visual acuity 
assessor
For the entire study duration and all study subjects, the visual acuity assessor (which 
could be a masked/evaluating investigator) performs the BCVA assessment and is 
masked to the assigned treatment
Withdrawal of 
Consent (WoC)
Withdrawal of consent from the study occurs only when a subject does not want to 
participate in the study any longer and does not allow any further collection of personal 
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Protocol summary
Protocol number
CRTH258C2302
Full title
An Eighteen-Month, Two-Arm, Randomized, Double-Masked, Multicenter, Phase III 
Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Brolucizumab versus Aflibercept in Adult 
Patients with Visual Impairment due to Macular Edema secondary to Central Retinal 
Vein Occlusion (RAVEN)
Brief title
Phase III Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Brolucizumab versus Aflibercept in 
Adult Patients with Macular Edema secondary to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Sponsor and 
Clinical phase
Novartis
Phase III
Investigation type
Drug
Study type
Interventional
Purpose and 
rationale
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brolucizumab in the treatment of patients with
macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and its 
potential to reduce the treatment burden for patients
Primary 
objective(s) 
To demonstrate that brolucizumab is non-inferior to aflibercept with respect to the 
change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline up to Month 6
Secondary 
objectives
1.
To assess the effect of brolucizumab as compared to aflibercept on BCVA
2.
To evaluate the anatomical outcome with brolucizumab relative to aflibercept
3.
To evaluate the treatment frequency with brolucizumab during the individualized 
flexible treatment (IFT) period relative to aflibercept
4.
To assess the safety and tolerability of brolucizumab relative to aflibercept
5.
To evaluate the effect of brolucizumab relative to aflibercept on patient-reported 
vision-related quality of life
6.
To assess the immunogenicity of brolucizumab
Study design
The study is an eighteen-month randomized, double-masked, multicenter, active-
controlled, non-inferiority, 2-arm study in subjects with visual impairment due to ME 
secondary to CRVO.
Subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 1 of 2 treatment arms:

Brolucizumab 6 mg: 6 x every 4 weeks (q4w) followed by 48 weeks of 
individualized flexible treatment (IFT) from Week 24 onwards

Aflibercept 2 mg: 6 x q4w followed by 48 weeks of IFT from Week 24 onwards
Population
Approximately 938 adult patients will be screened (20% screening failure rate expected) 
so that approximately 750 patients (375 per arm, 10% dropout rate expected) will be 
randomized in a 1:1 ratio in approximately 160 centers worldwide. The maximum study 
duration for 1 subject is 80 weeks, including screening and safety follow-up.
Key inclusion 
criteria

Signed informed consent must be obtained prior to participation in the study

Male or female patients ≥ 18 years of age at screening

Patients with visual impairment due to ME secondary to CRVO diagnosed < 6 
months prior to screening; hemiretinal vein occlusion will be classified as CRVO 
(study eye)

Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) score between 78 and 23 letters, inclusive, 
using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity testing 

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1
Introduction
1.1
Background
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular permeability 
disorder after diabetic retinopathy and is a significant cause of visual impairment. The 5-year, 
10-year and 15-year incidences of RVO have been estimated as 0.8, 1.6 and 2.3 per 100 persons, 
respectively (Klein et al 2000; Cugati et al 2006; Klein et al 2008). Macular edema (ME) is the 
most common cause of vision loss in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) or 
central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). In an in vivo model, it has been demonstrated that 
vascular 
endothelial 
growth 
factor 
(VEGF) 
can 
increase 
vascular 
permeability 
(Aiello et al 1994) and that intraocular levels of VEGF in the eyes with RVO are elevated 
(Campochiaro et al 2009).
Previous and current available therapies
Until the approval of ranibizumab, the management of ME associated with RVO was largely 
based on the results from the Branch Vein Occlusion Study and the Central Vein Occlusion 
Study, where laser treatment was shown to be effective for visual acuity (VA) gain in patients 
with BRVO but not in those with CRVO (The Branch Vein Occlusion Study 1984; 
The Central Vein Occlusion Study 1995). Laser photocoagulation was then the standard of care 
in patients with BRVO despite many patients failing to gain vision but for vision loss associated 
with CRVO there was no proven effective therapy (Finkelstein 1996). Pharmacologic treatment 
of RVO began with the use of corticosteroids and the approval of the intravitreal dexamethasone 
sustained-release implant (Ozurdex®) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009 and 
the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2010 (Haller et al 2010).
More recently, anti-VEGF therapies have revolutionized the treatment of ME secondary 
to RVO and are currently the standard of care in this indication as VEGF is a major mediator 
for ME in RVO. The most commonly used VEGF inhibitors, i.e. bevacizumab (Avastin®), 
aflibercept (Eylea®) and ranibizumab (Lucentis®) have demonstrated compelling evidence for 
resolution of ME and improvement of VA subsequent to the treatment with an anti-VEGF 
(Rabena et al 2007; Campochiaro et al 2010; Clark et al 2016).
Ranibizumab (0.5 mg) was globally approved (2010 by the FDA, 2011 by the Committee on 
Herbal Medicinal Products (CHMP) and 2013 by the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices 
Agency (PMDA)) for the treatment of ME due to BRVO and CRVO, based on the results of 2 
Phase III studies (BRAVO for BRVO and CRUISE for CRVO) (Campochiaro et al 2010; 
Brown et al 2010). These studies showed that approximately 60% of BRVO and 48% of CRVO 
patients treated with monthly ranibizumab gained at least 15 letters of VA at 6 months, 
compared with 29% and 17% of those treated with sham, respectively. The VA gain was 
maintained on average until Month 12 using a pro re nata (PRN) treatment regimen, which was 
based on VA and anatomic parameters.
Aflibercept (2 mg) was approved for the treatment of ME following RVO at a global level (2014 
by the FDA, 2015 by the CHMP and PMDA) based on the results of 3 Phase III studies: 
COPERNICUS and GALILEO for CRVO (Pielen et al 2017) and VIBRANT for BRVO 
(Clark et al 2016). In these studies, approximately 60% of CRVO patients treated with monthly 
aflibercept gained ≥ 15 letters from baseline versus 17% in the sham group. Approximately 53% 

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of BRVO patients treated with monthly aflibercept gained ≥ 15 letters from baseline versus 27% 
in the laser group.
Currently available anti-VEGF treatments require frequent regular intravitreal (IVT) injections 
which can be burdensome to patients and health care professionals. Therefore, an unmet 
medical need to reduce the treatment burden with an effective alternative still exists.
Brolucizumab
Brolucizumab, formerly known as RTH258 and ESBA1008, is a humanized single-chain 
fragment variable (scFv) that binds to VEGF-A (i.e. interferes with activation of VEGF-R1 and 
R2 on endothelial cells) with a molecular weight of ~26 kDa. It is also being developed for the 
treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with neovascular age-related 
macular degeneration (nAMD). The characteristics of brolucizumab allow delivery of a high 
molar dose via intravitreal injection. Higher molar doses are expected to lead to longer presence 
of relevant drug levels in the retina. In addition, a low molecular weight and high concentration 
gradient between the vitreous and the retina may increase and prolong drug distribution to the 
target site of action, supporting longer effective control of disease activity. This could 
potentially translate into a more durable efficacy and a reduced treatment burden (number of 
injections) for the patient and health care professional.
Brolucizumab in nAMD
In a single ascending dose Phase I study (C-10-083), the median time until patients fulfilled 
protocol defined criteria for receipt of standard of care treatment was 30 days longer for 
brolucizumab 6 mg (P = 0.036) versus ranibizumab, with the maximum effect on best-corrected 
visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CSFT) reached on Week 6 for 
brolucizumab versus Week 4 for ranibizumab. In a separate repeat dosing Phase II study (C-
12-006, OSPREY) comparing brolucizumab 6 mg (n = 44) every 8 weeks (q8w), then every 12 
weeks (q12w) administration, i.e. administration every q8w and q12w, respectively, against 
aflibercept (q8w administration, n = 45), brolucizumab achieved comparable visual outcome 
during the loading and q8w phase, with a lower number of patients requiring additional rescue 
treatments (5 out of 44 versus 10 out of 45, respectively). Brolucizumab demonstrated a trend 
for greater improvements and more stability in retinal anatomy during the 4 cycles of q8w 
dosing (up to Week 40), e.g. simultaneous resolution of intraretinal and subretinal fluid which 
was achieved in 61% of brolucizumab patients versus 35% of aflibercept patients at Week 40.
In the Phase III studies RTH258-C001 (HAWK) and RTH258-C002 (HARRIER), 
brolucizumab demonstrated non-inferiority to aflibercept in mean change in BCVA from 
baseline to Week 48 in both trials using a non-inferiority margin (NIM) of 4 letters. These 
results were achieved while a majority of patients on brolucizumab 6 mg – 56% in HAWK and 
51% in HARRIER – were maintained on a q12w (every 12 weeks) dosing interval following 
the loading phase (Baseline to Week 8) through Week 48. Significantly fewer patients on 
brolucizumab had disease activity at Week 16 (head-to-head comparison based on a matching 
dosing regimen) with a relative decrease of 30% (P = 0.0022) versus aflibercept. Significantly 
fewer patients on brolucizumab had intraretinal fluid (IRF) and/or subretinal fluid (SRF), with 
a 35% and 33% reduction relative to aflibercept at Week 16 (P < 0.001 for both) in HAWK and 
HARRIER, respectively, and a 31% and 41% reduction relative to aflibercept at Week 48 in 
HAWK and HARRIER, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both). Brolucizumab 6 mg achieved 

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superior reductions in CSFT versus aflibercept in both the head-to-head and maintenance 
phases (P = 0.0016 and P = 0.0023 at Week 16 and Week 48, respectively, in HAWK; P < 
0.0001 at both Week 16 and Week 48 in HARRIER). Brolucizumab safety was comparable to 
aflibercept, with the overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) balanced across all treatment 
groups in both studies.
Since the first marketing authorization approval in Oct-2019 for the treatment of nAMD, 
adverse events of retinal vasculitis and/or retinal vascular occlusion, that may result in severe 
vision loss and typically in the presence of intraocular inflammation, have been reported from 
post-marketing experience with brolucizumab (Beovu®). Considering these events, the overall 
risk/benefit assessment remains positive.
Summary
Ranibizumab, aflibercept and brolucizumab all inhibit the activity of VEGF-A with all three 
having proven efficacy in the treatment of nAMD while both ranibizumab and aflibercept have 
also previously demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of patients with ME secondary to BRVO 
and CRVO. These findings support the evaluation of brolucizumab in RVO patients. 
Furthermore, the efficacy profile of brolucizumab in nAMD patients indicates a potential of 
brolucizumab to differentiate versus existing anti-VEGFs on duration of action and anatomical 
efficacy in CRVO patients:

The longer duration of action is supported by the following outcomes of the Phase I and II 
nAMD studies with brolucizumab 6 mg dose: 

Maximum improvements in BCVA and CSFT at Week 4 for ranibizumab versus 
Week 6 for brolucizumab

Greater CSFT stability during q8w maintenance versus aflibercept

Fewer rescue treatments versus aflibercept in q8w phase

The aforementioned results were confirmed by the nAMD (HAWK and HARRIER) 48-
week study results, which demonstrated: 

Visual gains at Week 48 achieved with 56% (HAWK) and 51% (HARRIER) of 
patients treated following a q12w regimen after the loading phase

Superior reduction in CSFT versus aflibercept

The potential for less frequent injections of brolucizumab as compared to aflibercept

Lower proportion of patients with intra- and/or subretinal fluid
Previous studies demonstrating efficacy with anti-VEGFs on CRVO combined with the 
evidence detailed above support a loading phase with a q4w (i.e. every 4 weeks) regimen 
followed by an individualized flexible treatment (IFT) regimen in the maintenance phase based 
on disease stability for brolucizumab, thus potentially reducing the injection burden.
These considerations support the initiation of a Phase III program to evaluate the efficacy and 
safety of brolucizumab in the treatment of patients with ME secondary to CRVO with the 
objective to evaluate the potential to reduce the treatment burden for patients.

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1.2
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of brolucizumab in the 
treatment of patients with ME secondary to CRVO.
2
Objectives and endpoints
For the detailed description of the primary endpoint and its statistical analysis, please refer to 
Section 12.4. Details of the statistical analyses for secondary 
 endpoints will be 
provided in the Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP). 
Table 2-1
Objectives and related endpoints
Objective(s)
Endpoint(s)
Primary objective(s)
Endpoint(s) for primary objective(s)

To demonstrate that brolucizumab is non-
inferior to aflibercept with respect to the 
change in best-corrected visual acuity 
(BCVA) from baseline up to Month 6

Change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24
Secondary objective(s)
Endpoint(s) for secondary objective(s)

To assess the effect of brolucizumab as 
compared to aflibercept on best-corrected 
visual acuity (BCVA)

Change from baseline in BCVA averaged over Week 40 
to Week 52 and Week 64 to Week 76

Change from baseline in BCVA by visit up to Week 76

Proportion of study eyes with a gain ≥ 5, 10 and 15 
letters in BCVA by visit compared to baseline

Proportion of study eyes with a loss ≥ 5, 10 and 15 
letters in BCVA by visit compared to baseline

To evaluate the anatomical outcome with 
brolucizumab relative to aflibercept

Change from baseline in central subfield thickness 
(CSFT) averaged over Week 40 to Week 52 and Week 
64 to Week 76

Change from baseline in CSFT by visit up to Week 76

Proportion of study eyes with presence of retinal fluid 
(intra- and/or subretinal fluid) by visit up to Week 76 
(derived from SD-OCT)

Proportion of study eyes with a CSFT < 300 µM by visit 
up to Week 76

To evaluate the treatment frequency with 
brolucizumab during the individualized 
flexible treatment (IFT) period relative to 
aflibercept

Number of injections between Week 24 and Week 52 
and between Week 24 and Week 76

Time to first re-treatment between Week 24 and Week 
76

To assess the safety and tolerability of 
brolucizumab relative to aflibercept

Incidence of ocular and non-ocular AEs up to Week 52 
and Week 76

To evaluate the effect of brolucizumab 
relative to aflibercept on patient-reported 
vision-related quality of life

Change from baseline in patient reported outcomes 
(NEI VFQ-25) at Week 24, Week 52 and Week 76

To assess the immunogenicity of 
brolucizumab 

Anti-drug antibody status at baseline and Week 4, 
Week 12, Week 24, Week 36, Week 52 and Week 76

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3
Study design
The study is an 18-month, randomized, double-masked, multicenter, active-controlled, non-
inferiority, 2-arm study in subjects with visual impairment due to ME secondary to CRVO.
Patients who consent will undergo screening assessments to evaluate their eligibility based on 
the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects who meet all the inclusion and none of the 
exclusion criteria will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 1 of 2 treatment arms:

Brolucizumab 6 mg: 6 x q4w followed by 48 weeks of individualized flexible treatment 
(IFT) from Week 24 onwards

Aflibercept 2 mg: 6 x q4w followed by 48 weeks of IFT from Week 24 onwards
Approximately 938 adult patients will be screened (20% screening failure rate expected) so that 
approximately 750 patients (375 per arm, 10% dropout rate expected) will be randomized in a 
1:1 ratio in approximately 160 centers worldwide. The maximum study duration for 1 subject 
is 80 weeks, including screening and safety follow-up.
Figure 3-1
Study design
*Loading phase; IFT: Individualized flexible treatment

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2. Any active intraocular or periocular infection or active intraocular inflammation (e.g. 
infectious conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, endophthalmitis, infectious blepharitis, uveitis) 
in study eye at screening or baseline
3. Uncontrolled glaucoma in the study eye defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) > 25 mmHg 
on medication, or according to investigator’s judgment at screening or baseline
4. Presence of amblyopia, amaurosis or ocular disorders in the fellow eye with BCVA < 
20/200 at screening (except when due to conditions whose surgery may improve VA, e.g. 
cataract)
Ocular treatments:
5. Previous treatment with any anti-VEGF therapy or investigational drugs in the study eye 
at any time prior to baseline
6. Previous use of intraocular or periocular steroids in study eye at anytime prior to baseline
7. Macular laser photocoagulation (focal/grid) in the study eye at any time prior to baseline 
and peripheral laser photocoagulation in the study eye within 3 months prior to the 
baseline
8. Intraocular surgery in the study eye during the 3month period prior to baseline
9. Vitreoretinal surgery in the study eye at any time prior to baseline
10. Aphakia with the absence of posterior capsule in the study eye
Systemic conditions or treatments:
11. Stroke or myocardial infarction during the 6-month period prior to baseline
12. End stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplant
13. Uncontrolled blood pressure defined as a systolic value ≥ 160 mmHg or diastolic value ≥ 
100 mmHg at screening or baseline. (In case there is an elevated blood pressure 
measurement, it should be repeated after 20 minutes. If the repeat measurement is 
elevated, then the patient is not eligible to be enrolled into the study)
14. Systemic anti-VEGF therapy during the 3-month period prior to baseline
15. Systemic medications known to be toxic to the lens, retina or optic nerve (e.g. 
deferoxamine, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, tamoxifen, phenothiazines and 
ethambutol) used during the 6-month period prior to baseline, except temporary use for 
COVID-19 treatment
16. History of hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs or its excipients or to drugs of similar 
classes, or clinically relevant sensitivity to fluorescein dye as assessed by the investigator
17. History of malignancy of any organ system (other than localized basal cell carcinoma of 
the skin or in situ cervical cancer), treated or untreated, within the past 5 years, regardless 
of whether there is evidence of local recurrence or metastases
18. History of a medical condition (e.g. metabolic dysfunction disease with exception of type 
1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, physical examination finding, or clinical laboratory finding) that, 
in the judgment of the investigator, would preclude scheduled study visits, completion of 
the study, or a safe administration of investigational product
19. Use of systemic investigational drugs within 5 half-lives of baseline, (or within 30 
days/until the expected pharmacodynamic effect has returned to baseline), whichever is 

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longer or longer if required by local regulations (observational clinical studies solely 
involving over-the-counter vitamins, supplements, or diets are not exclusionary)
Other:
20. Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women, where pregnancy is defined as the state of a female 
after conception and until the termination of gestation, confirmed by a positive human 
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) pregnancy test
21. Women of child-bearing potential, defined as all women physiologically capable of 
becoming pregnant, unless they are using highly effective methods of contraception 
during the study drug administration and for 3 months after stopping the investigational 
medication. Highly effective contraception methods include:

Total abstinence (when this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the 
subject). Periodic abstinence (e.g. calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, post-ovulation 
methods) and withdrawal are not acceptable methods of contraception

Female sterilization (have had surgical bilateral oophorectomy with or without 
hysterectomy), total hysterectomy, or tubal ligation at least six weeks before taking 
study treatment. In case of oophorectomy alone, only when the reproductive status of 
the woman has been confirmed by follow up hormone level assessment

Male sterilization (at least 6 months prior to screening). For female subjects on the 
study, the vasectomized male partner should be the sole partner for that subject

Use of oral, (estrogen and progesterone), injected or implanted hormonal methods of 
contraception or placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system 
(IUS), or other forms of hormonal contraception that have comparable efficacy 
(failure rate < 1%), for example hormone vaginal ring or transdermal hormone 
contraception.
In case of use of oral contraception women should have been stable on the same pill for a 
minimum of 3 months before taking study treatment.
Women are considered post-menopausal and not of child bearing potential if they have had 12 
months of natural (spontaneous) amenorrhea with an appropriate clinical profile (e.g. age 
appropriate history of vasomotor symptoms) or have had surgical bilateral oophorectomy (with 
or without hysterectomy), total hysterectomy, or tubal ligation at least 6 weeks before taking 
study treatment. In the case of oophorectomy alone, only when the reproductive status of the 
woman has been confirmed by follow up hormone level assessment is she considered not of 
child bearing potential.
If local regulations deviate from the contraception methods listed above to prevent pregnancy, 
local regulations apply and will be described in the informed consent form.

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6
Treatment
6.1
Study treatment
6.1.1
Investigational and comparator drugs
Table 6-1
Investigational and comparator drug
Investigational 
Drug
Pharmaceutical 
Dosage Form
Route of 
Administration
Supply Type
Sponsor
Brolucizumab 6 mg
Solution for 
injection
Intravitreal use
Glass vials or 
pre-filled syringe
Sponsor global
Comparator Drug
Pharmaceutical 
Dosage Form
Route of 
Administration
Supply Type
Sponsor
Aflibercept 2 mg
Solution for 
injection
Intravitreal use
Glass vials or 
prefilled syringe
Sponsor global
Brolucizumab will be provided in a single use, sterile glass vial, or may be provided in a pre-
filled syringe (PFS) (in selected countries) containing sufficient brolucizumab to deliver a 6 mg 
dose when administering a volume of 0.05 mL.
Aflibercept will be provided in a single use, sterile glass vial, or may be provided in a pre-filled 
syringe (in selected countries) containing sufficient aflibercept to deliver a 2 mg dose when 
administering a volume of 0.05 mL.
The content of the study drug vials must not be split.
Sham injections refer to an imitation of an intravitreal injection procedure using an empty sterile 
syringe without a needle. There will be no empty sham vial.
Novartis will ensure sufficient supplies of brolucizumab and aflibercept for treatment use to 
allow for completion of the study.
6.1.2
Additional study treatments
No other treatment beyond investigational drug and comparator drug are included in this trial.
6.1.3
Treatment arms/group
Eligible subjects will be randomly assigned at Baseline/Day 1 to 1 of the following 2 treatment 
arms in a 1:1 ratio

Brolucizumab 6 mg: 6 x q4w followed by 48 weeks of IFT from Week 24 onwards

Aflibercept 2 mg: 6 x q4w followed by 48 weeks of IFT from Week 24 onwards
6.1.4
Treatment duration
The planned duration of treatment is 18 months (72 weeks). Discontinuation of study treatment 
for a subject occurs when study drug is stopped earlier than the protocol planned duration, and 
can be initiated by either the subject or the investigator.

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Subjects who prematurely discontinue study treatment for any reason except withdrawal of 
consent should continue in the study and carry out the scheduled visits and assessments, at the 
discretion of the subject and investigator.
6.2
Other treatment(s)
6.2.1
Concomitant therapy
Prior medication, i.e. any medication taken within 90 days prior to screening, must be recorded 
on the appropriate Electronic Case Report Forms (eCRFs).
All medications, procedures and significant non-drug therapies (including physical therapy and 
blood transfusions) administered after the subject was enrolled into the study must be recorded 
on the appropriate eCRFs.
Each concomitant medication must be individually assessed against all exclusion 
criteria/prohibited medication. If in doubt the investigator should contact the Novartis medical 
monitor before randomizing a subject or allowing a new medication to be started. If the subject 
is already enrolled, contact Novartis to determine if the subject should continue to take study 
treatment or should discontinue study treatment but still continue participation in the study.
6.2.1.1
Permitted concomitant therapy
During the study, if the fellow eye develops visual impairment due to ME secondary to CRVO 
or other disease, it may also be treated with standard of care at the discretion of the investigator 
(i.e. treatment of the fellow eye with anti-VEGF medication other than brolucizumab is 
allowed). Fellow eye treatment will be captured in the eCRF. The fellow eye must be monitored 
according to routine practice and adverse events (AEs) captured in the eCRF.
In case of development of peripheral retinal neovascularization in the study eye, it may be 
treated with laser according to the investigator's routine practice. 
If needed, administration of topical ocular corticosteroids in the study eye is allowed during the 
study. Corticosteroids administered via intra-nasal, inhaled, intra-articular or non-extensive 
dermal route are also permitted during the study.
If cataract surgery or yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser is necessary, it should be scheduled 
in a way not to disturb the schedule for study treatment.
6.2.2
Prohibited medication
Use of the treatments displayed in the below table is not allowed after screening.
Table 6-2
Prohibited medications/procedures
Medication / Procedures
Prohibition period
Action taken
Study eye
Any periocular injection or intraocular administration 
of corticosteroids (except if needed as short term 
treatment of AE)
Any time
Discontinue study treatment 
(except if for treatment of AE)
Anti-VEGF therapy other than assigned study 
medication
Any time
Discontinue study treatment

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Medication / Procedures
Prohibition period
Action taken
Laser photocoagulation (focal/grid)
Before Week 24
Continue study treatment at the 
investigator's discretion
Any investigational drug, biologic or device
Any time
Discontinue study treatment
Systemic
Anti-VEGF therapy
Any time
Discontinue study treatment
Any investigational drug, biologic or device
Any time
Discontinue study treatment
Medications toxic to the lens, retina or optic nerve
(except temporary use for COVID-19 treatment)
Any time
Discontinue study treatment
In the fellow eye, treatment with investigational product (drug, biologic or device) is prohibited. 
Any medication used to treat the fellow eye should be recorded in the appropriate eCRF page.
6.2.3
Rescue medication
Per the investigator's discretion, the study eye may receive rescue treatment with macular laser 
photocoagulation (focal or grid) from Week 24 onwards if ME worsening results in a ≥ 10-
letter loss in BCVA at 2 consecutive visits or a ≥ 15-letter loss in BCVA at 1 visit in the study 
eye compared to best previous measurement, and the study eye BCVA value is not better than 
the baseline value.
6.3
Subject numbering, treatment assignment, randomization
6.3.1
Subject numbering
Each subject is identified in the study by a Subject Number (Subject No.), that is assigned when 
the subject signs the informed consent form and is retained as the primary identifier for the 
subject throughout his/her entire participation in the trial. The Subject No. consists of the Center 
Number (4 digit number for Center No. as assigned by Novartis to the investigative site) with a 
sequential subject number suffixed to it (3 digit number for Subject No.), so that each subject 
is numbered uniquely across the entire database. Upon signing the informed consent form, the 
subject is assigned to the next sequential Subject No. available in the electronic data capture 
(EDC) system.
Subjects who have been screen failures but are rescreened (see Section 8.1) will be assigned a 
new Subject No. if rescreening occurs beyond 14 days from the original screening date.
6.3.2
Treatment assignment, randomization
All screened subjects must be added to the Interactive Response Technology (IRT) system. At 
the Baseline Visit/Day 1 all eligible subjects will be randomized via IRT to 1 of the treatment 
arms in a ratio of 1:1. The randomization will be stratified by the following demographic groups: 
Japanese region, Chinese region (including Taiwan and Hong Kong) and rest of world (RoW) 
region. 
The unmasked investigator or his/her delegate will contact the IRT after receiving confirmation 
from the masked investigator that the subject fulfills all the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The 
IRT will assign a randomization number to the subject, which will be used to link the subject 
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packages (each containing 1 vial) to be dispensed to the subject. The randomization number 
will not be communicated to subject or site users.
The randomization numbers will be generated using the following procedure to ensure that 
treatment assignment is unbiased and concealed from subjects and investigator staff. A subject 
randomization list will be produced using a validated system that automates the random 
assignment of subject numbers to randomization numbers. These randomization numbers are 
linked to the different treatment arms, which in turn are linked to medication numbers. A 
separate medication list will be produced by or under the responsibility of Novartis Global 
Clinical Supply (GCS) using a validated system that automates the random assignment of 
medication numbers to packs containing the study treatment.
The randomization scheme for subjects will be reviewed and approved by a member of the 
Randomization Office.
6.4
Treatment masking
The intent of masking is to limit the occurrence of conscious and unconscious bias in the 
conduct and interpretation of the clinical study. Bias could arise from the influence that the 
knowledge of a specific treatment assignment may have on the recruitment and allocation of 
subjects, their subsequent care, the assessment of endpoints, the handling of withdrawals, and 
so on. The essential aim of masking, therefore, is to prevent identification of the treatments by 
the investigator, subject, and others associated with the conduct of the study until all such 
opportunities for bias are no longer present.
This study will be double-masked, with subjects randomized to be treated with brolucizumab 6 
mg or aflibercept 2 mg. The clinical study team will be masked to treatment assignments until 
Week 52 Database lock and will be unmasked once the Week 52 Database lock is reached. 
However, masking to the original treatment assignment will be maintained at the site level 
(patients, masked study site personnel, masked monitors) until the end of the study.
Unmasking of investigators and site personnel directly involved in the conduct of the study will 
only occur in case of subject emergencies (see Section 6.6.2), and then at the time of the final 
analysis (see Section 4.4), at the conclusion of the study.
In the event of a medical emergency or an adverse event (AE) during the study where the 
knowledge of subject treatment is required (e.g. in case of Suspected Unexpected Serious 
Adverse Reaction (SUSAR)), an investigator will have the ability to unmask the treatment 
assignment for a specific subject. The investigator should notify the Sponsor prior to unmasking 
a subject, if there is sufficient time. Further, the Sponsor must be informed whenever the 
randomization code is broken and be informed about the reasons for unmasking.
Each site must have both masked and unmasked investigators available. The investigator who 
performs the injection will be unmasked to the treatments as will any other site personnel who 
have been delegated responsibility for working with the investigational product. The unmasked 
site personnel and unmasked injecting investigator must not perform BCVA assessments, 
complete ophthalmic examination, disease stability assessments or administer the National Eye 
Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). Also, the unmasked site personnel 
and unmasked injecting physician must not perform assessment of any ocular or non-ocular 
safety parameters, or assess causality of AEs for subjects during the course of the study.

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6.6.2
Emergency breaking of assigned treatment code
Emergency code breaks must only be undertaken when required to in order to treat the subject 
safely. Most often, study treatment discontinuation and knowledge of the possible treatment 
assignments are sufficient to treat a study subject who presents with an emergency condition. 
Emergency treatment code breaks are performed using the IRT. When the investigator contacts 
the IRT system to break a treatment code for a subject, he/she must provide the requested 
subject identifying information and confirm the necessity to break the treatment code for the 
subject. The investigator will then receive details of the investigational drug treatment for the 
specified subject and a fax or email confirming this information. The system will automatically 
inform the Novartis monitor for the site and the study team that the code has been broken. If the 
treatment code needs to be broken in the interest of subject safety, the investigator is encouraged 
to contact an appropriate Sponsor representative prior to unmasking if there is sufficient time.
It is the unmasked or masked investigator’s responsibility to ensure that there is a dependable 
procedure in place to allow access to the IRT/code break cards at any time in case of emergency. 
The investigator will provide:

protocol number

name (if available)

subject number
In addition, oral and written information to the subject must be provided on how to contact 
his/her backup in cases of emergency, or when he/she is unavailable, to ensure that un-masking 
can be performed at any time.
The appropriate personnel from the site and Sponsor will assess whether study treatment should 
be discontinued for any subject whose treatment code has been broken for any reason.
6.7
Preparation and dispensation
Each study site will be supplied with study drug in packaging as described under investigational 
and comparator drugs (Section 6.1.1). For both brolucizumab and aflibercept, the study drug 
packaging has a 2-part label (base plus tear-off label). A unique medication number is printed 
on each part of this label, which corresponds to 1 of the treatment arms. Unmasked study 
personnel will identify the study medication kits to dispense to the subject by contacting the 
IRT and obtaining the medication number(s). Immediately before dispensing the medication kit 
to the subject, unmasked study personnel will detach the outer part of the label from the 
packaging and affix it to the source document (Drug Label Form) for that subject's unique 
subject number.
6.7.1
Handling of study treatment 
Study treatment must be received by a designated unmasked person at the study site, handled 
and stored safely and properly and kept in a secured location to which only the unmasked 
investigator and designated site personnel have access. Upon receipt, all study treatment must 
be registered in the IRT system and stored according to the instructions specified on the labels 
and in the Investigator’s Brochure. Clinical supplies are to be dispensed only in accordance 

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with the protocol. Technical complaints are to be reported to the respective Novartis Country 
Organization (CO) Quality Assurance.
Medication labels will be in the local language and comply with the legal requirements of each 
country. They will include storage conditions for the study treatment but no information about 
the subject except for the medication number.
The unmasked study personnel must maintain an accurate record of the shipment and dispensing 
of study treatment in a drug accountability log. Monitoring of drug accountability will be 
performed by unmasked monitors during site visits or remotely and at the completion of the 
trial.
At the conclusion of the study, and as appropriate during the course of the study, the unmasked 
study personnel will return all unused study treatment, packaging, drug labels, and a copy of 
the completed drug accountability log to the unmasked Novartis monitor or to the 
Novartis address provided in the investigator folder at each site.
6.7.2
Instruction for prescribing and taking study treatment
All kits of study treatment assigned by the IRT will be recorded/databased in the IRT system.
There will be 2 treatment phases for IVT injections:
Loading Phase
In the loading phase, treatment with either brolucizumab (6 mg) or aflibercept (2 mg) will occur 
every 4 weeks for six (6) consecutive injections (baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20).
Every effort should be made to ensure that the subject adheres to the visit/treatment schedule.
Individualized Flexible Treatment (IFT) Phase
The IFT phase is defined as follows (see Figure 6-1):

The assessment of disease stability is performed at each visit by the masked investigator 
as of Week 24, and is guided by the stability of visual acuity and/or anatomical parameters 
(e.g. subretinal fluid, intraretinal fluid, retinal thickness (CSFT)), within the previous 3 
visits. 

As long as there is no disease stability, subjects will receive active injections every 4 
weeks.

When disease stability is reached, treatment is interrupted. 
The IRT system will allocate active/sham injections as per the masked investigator’s assessment 
of disease stability. A disease stability assessment will also be performed at Week 76/EOS visit, 
however no study treatment will be administered.
Brolucizumab or aflibercept (or sham) should be administered in the study eye on the day of 
the study visit or, if this is not possible, the recommendation is for this to be performed within 
3 days after the occurrence of the study visit (except for Baseline/Day 1, in which case study 
treatment administration should occur within the next 24 hours), or no later than within the visit 
window as described in Section 3 and Section 8. If assessments and treatments take place on 
the same day, treatment must occur after completion of the efficacy assessments described in 
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described in Section 8.4.3. If study visit assessments and a corresponding treatment occur on 
separate days, a repeat safety check-up should be performed prior to treatment of the eye and 
results documented in the source documents. If any safety concern arises related to the study 
eye that, in the opinion of the investigator, may be further impacted by the study treatment or 
injection procedure, treatment needs to be cancelled. Any adverse events must be recorded in 
the eCRF.
The assessment of the masked/evaluating investigator will be passed to the unmasked/treating 
investigator or delegate in order to be entered in the IRT system and obtain the applicable 
treatment, active or sham, as assigned by IRT.
Figure 6-1
Dose and treatment schedule
V: Visit; BL: Baseline; IFT: Individualized Flexible Treatment
The IVT injection procedure for brolucizumab and aflibercept, including aseptic and 
antimicrobial requirements, will be performed according to local clinical practice.
The sham injection should mimic an IVT injection including the aseptic and antimicrobial 
requirements. The tip of the sham injection syringe (the hub without a needle) will be placed 
on the eye for the approximate amount of time it would take to perform an IVT injection. 
IVT injection will be performed by the unmasked investigator.
IVT injection is contraindicated in subjects with active ocular or periocular infections and in 
subjects with active intraocular inflammation (IOI); therefore, the investigators must verify that 
these conditions are not present in the study eye prior to every injection.
If any signs of intraocular inflammation are present, then an IVT injection must not be 
performed. Additional ophthalmic examination and imaging should be performed to evaluate 
IOI (see Section 8.4.3). 
If IOI is confirmed, subjects should be treated for IOI according to clinical practice.
From Week 24 to Week 72 inclusive, a sham treatment will be performed to maintain subject 
masking in case treatment with brolucizumab or aflibercept is not deemed necessary by the 
investigator. For the sham treatment the tip of an injection syringe (the hub without a needle) 
will be used.

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appropriately documented and confirmed by way of standard informed consent procedures at 
the earliest opportunity when the subject will be back at the trial site.
8
Visit schedule and assessments
The Assessment Schedule (Table 8-1) lists all of the assessments and indicates with an “X” the 
visits when they are performed. All data obtained from these assessments must be supported in 
the subject’s source documentation. Data must be entered as appropriate in the eCRF in a timely 
manner (see Section 11.1).
A planned study visit schedule will be established at Baseline/Day 1, randomization (first day 
of treatment), for all subjects. All post-baseline and/or subsequent scheduled visits will be 
calculated based on the Day 1 visit date. All efforts should be made to adhere to all scheduled 
visits and assessments as outlined in the assessment schedule (Table 8-1).
A ± 7 days visit window is allowed (except for Baseline/Day 1), should the subject be unable 
to return per scheduled visit. All efforts should be made to revert back to the planned visit 
schedule taking into consideration the restrictions on the minimum treatment interval for the 
study treatment, i.e. 2 consecutive injections should be spaced by at least 21 days. 
For a given protocol visit (except for Baseline/Day 1), assessments can be performed on 2 
consecutive days in which both days must occur within the ± 7 days visit window.
Treatment is intended to be administered on the day of study visit or, if this is not possible, 
within 3 days after the study visit at which the per-protocol assessments took place (except 
Baseline/Day 1, in which case study treatment administration should occur within the next 24 
hours).
For all visits, efficacy assessments (Section 8.3) and safety assessments (Section 8.4) should be 
performed prior to any administration of study treatment and/or rescue medication.
Missed or rescheduled visits should not lead to automatic discontinuation. Subjects who 
prematurely discontinue the study for any reason should be scheduled for a visit as soon as 
possible, at which time all of the assessments listed for the End of Study final visit will be 
performed.
If the COVID-19 pandemic limits or prevents on-site study visits, study treatment could not be 
administered and other study assessments may not be performed. Alternative methods of safety 
monitoring may be implemented. Depending on local regulations, site capabilities and subject’s 
visit status in the study, phone calls or virtual contacts (e.g. teleconsult) can be performed for 
safety follow-up for the duration of the pandemic, until it is safe for the subject to visit the site 
again.

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Table 8-1
Assessment Schedule
Period Screening
Loading Phase
Individualized Flexible Treatment Phase
Follow-up
Visit Name Screening
Baseline 
/ Day 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 / EOT
20 / EOS
Weeks
-4 to -1
1
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
Informed Consent
X
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
X
X
Demography
X
Medical History/Current 
Medical Conditions
X
Prior/Concomitant 
Medications
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Physical Examination
X
X
Vital Signs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hematology
X
X
X
X
Clinical Chemistry
X
X
X
X
Urinalysis
X
X
X
X
Pregnancy Test (serum)
X
X
X
Pregnancy Test (urine)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Visual Function 
Questionnaire-25 
(VFQ-25)2
X
X
X
X
Blood Collection for Anti-
Drug Antibody (ADA)3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Blood Collection for Study 
Drug Systemic Exposure3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Best-corrected Visual 
Acuity (BCVA)
X4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X4
X
X
X
X
X
X4

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8.1
Screening
A screening period of up to 4 weeks will be used to assess subject eligibility.
For 
the purpose 
of 
screening, fluorescein angiography 
(FA) 
images 
from 
a 
previous routine evaluation may be used as long as FA was performed within 3 days of the 
screening 
visit 
using 
Central 
Reading 
Center 
(CRC)-certified 
equipment 
and 
technician/investigator.
One-time reassessment of subjects is allowed, except for the purpose of capturing new BCVA 
assessments that previously failed to qualify the subject. As long as testing can be repeated 
within 14 days of the first screening, the other screening assessments do not need to be repeated. 
If rescreening is to occur beyond 14 days from the original screening visit date, then the subject 
must be reconsented and all screening procedures must be repeated. Medical judgment should 
be exercised to ensure that treatment of CRVO is not withheld in order for a subject to 
participate in the study.
8.1.1
Information to be collected on screening failures
Subjects who sign an informed consent form and who are subsequently found to be ineligible 
prior to randomization will be considered a screen failure. The reason for screen failure should 
be recorded on the appropriate eCRF page. The demographic information, informed consent, 
inclusion/exclusion and disposition eCRF pages must also be completed for screen failure 
subjects. No other data will be entered into the clinical database for subjects who are screen 
failures, unless the subject experienced a serious adverse event (SAE) during the screening 
phase (see SAE Section 10.1.2 for reporting details). Adverse events that are not SAEs will be 
followed by the investigator and collected only in the source data. If the subject is not eligible 
to be randomized, the IRT must be notified within 2 days of the screen fail that the subject was 
not randomized.
8.2
Subject demographics/other baseline characteristics
Country-specific regulations should be considered for the collection of demographic and 
baseline characteristics in alignment with eCRF.
The following information will be collected/documented at screening/baseline visit for each 
randomized subject:

Age

Sex

Race/Ethnicity

Physical examination

Vital signs

Study eye

Best-corrected visual acuity

Macular edema characteristics

Intraocular pressure

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8.3.4
Appropriateness of efficacy assessments
The use of BCVA as a measure of retinal function as well as SD-OCT images to analyze 
anatomical changes are standard assessments in this indication and are required for a 
comparative evaluation of this trial with the existing evidence from previous trials.
8.4
Safety
Safety assessments will include physical examination, vital signs, ophthalmic examinations, 
laboratory evaluation, pregnancy testing as well as monitoring and recording type, frequency, 
and severity for all AEs.
If the COVID-19 pandemic limits or prevents on-site study visits, phone calls or virtual contacts
should be conducted for safety monitoring and discussion of the subject´s health status, until 
the subject can again visit the site.
Safety assessments are specified below with the assessment schedule detailing when each 
assessment is to be performed.
For details on AE collection and reporting, refer to Section 10.1.
Table 8-2
Physical Assessments
Assessment
Specification

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Physical 
examination
Physical examination will be performed at Screening and at EOS visit as a general health 
check according to local clinical practice.
Clinically relevant findings that are present prior to signing informed consent must be 
included in the eCRF capturing Medical History. Significant findings identified after providing 
written informed consent which meet the definition of an Adverse Event must be recorded on 
the appropriate AE eCRF page.
Vital signs
Vital signs include assessment of sitting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic pressure in 
mmHg) and pulse rate (beats per minute) and will be collected at all visits. In case there is an 
elevated blood pressure measurement as specified in the exclusion criteria, at the screening 
and baseline visits, the blood pressure measurement should be repeated after 20 minutes. If 
the repeat measurement is elevated, then the subject is not eligible to be enrolled into the 
study.
On days when study drug is administered, vital signs will be measured before administration 
of study medication. The results will be recorded in the eCRF.
8.4.1
Laboratory evaluations
A central laboratory will be used for analysis of all specimens collected at screening, Week 24, 
Week 52 and Week 76/EOS visit. Details on the collections, shipment of the samples and 
reporting of the results by the central laboratory are provided to investigators in the central 
laboratory manual.
If the COVID-19 pandemic limits or prevents on-site study visits, the collection of samples may 
be modified by Novartis if applicable and if modified, will be communicated to the Investigator.
Clinically notable laboratory findings are defined in Table 16-1 of Appendix 1.
Clinically significant abnormalities must be recorded as either medical history/current medical 
conditions or adverse event as appropriate.
Table 8-3
Laboratory Assessments
Test Category
Test Name
Hematology
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count with 
differential (absolute and percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, 
and basophils), and quantitative platelet count
Clinical 
chemistry

Serum clinical chemistry tests:
Serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium), uric 
acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, glucose, total protein, total bilirubin and direct 
bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)/ aspartate aminotransferase 
(AST), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)/ alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate 
dehydrogenase (LDH)

Additional clinical chemistry tests:
Lipids panel - triyglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins
(HDL), total cholesterol (TC)
Urinalysis
Dipstick measurements for specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite, 
leucocyte and urine occult blood
8.4.2
Pregnancy and assessments of fertility
All pre-menopausal women who are not surgically sterile will have pregnancy testing. 
Additional pregnancy testing might be performed if requested by local requirements. 

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Highly effective contraception is required for women of child-bearing potential during the study 
drug administration and for 3 months after stopping the investigational medication.
A serum pregnancy test will be conducted for all women of child-bearing potential to assess 
pregnancy before inclusion into the study at Screening visit and then at Week 52 and Week 
76/EOS visit. During the study, monthly urine pregnancy testing will be performed at visits 
when serum pregnancy testing will not be conducted. Results of all pregnancy testing must be 
available as source documentation.
Assessment of fertility
Medical documentation of oophorectomy, hysterectomy, or tubal ligation must be retained as 
source documents. Subsequent hormone level assessment to confirm the woman is not of child-
bearing potential must also be available as source documentation in the following cases:
1. Surgical bilateral oophorectomy without a hysterectomy
2. Reported 12 months of natural (spontaneous) amenorrhea with an appropriate clinical 
profile.
In the absence of the above medical documentation, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 
testing is required of any female subject, regardless of reported reproductive/menopausal status 
at screening/baseline.
8.4.3
Ophthalmic examination
The ophthalmic exam will consist of the following:

Intraocular pressure (IOP) will be assessed in the study eye, pre-dose and post-dose at 
every scheduled visit. The method used for measuring a subject’s IOP must remain 
consistent throughout the study. In the fellow eye, IOP will be assessed at screening, 
Week 24, Week 52 and Week 76/EOS visit. The values recorded in mmHg for either eye 
will be entered into the eCRF. 
Post-dose IOP should be assessed within 60 minutes after every IVT/sham injection and, 
if ≥ 25 mmHg, assessment should be repeated until back to normal. Treatment and close 
monitoring of an elevated IOP should be performed by the investigator according to local 
clinical practice.

Anterior biomicroscopy (slit lamp examination) will be completed at every (scheduled 
and unscheduled) visit to examine the anterior segment structures (e.g. eyelids/lashes, 
conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens and anterior part of the vitreous) of the 
study eye (fellow eye will be examined at screening, Week 24, Week 52 and Week 
76/EOS visit and at the discretion of the investigator). The results of the examination of 
either eye must be recorded in the source documents.
Slit lamp examination must be carefully performed before each study treatment. If there
are any signs of IOI, severity of anterior chamber cells and flare should be assessed 
according to the standardization of uveitis nomenclature (SUN) working group grading 
system (Jabs et al 2005). The test results will be recorded in the source documents (e.g. 
ophthalmic examination tool) and captured in the appropriate eCRF as applicable.

Posterior segment (indirect fundus) examination will be conducted by the investigator 
at the screening visit for both eyes. An examination of the peripheral retina must also be 

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conducted to ensure that the intravitreal injection can be safely performed. As of baseline 
visit, the posterior segment examination will be performed at every visit in the study eye 
(fellow eye will be examined at Week 24, Week 52 and Week 76/EOS visit and at the 
discretion of the investigator). The results of the examination of either eye must be 
recorded in the source documents.
Posterior segment examination must be performed carefully before each study treatment. 
The results of the examination including any abnormalities (e.g. vitreous cells/haze, retinal 
tear/detachment, hemorrhage and vascular occlusion, vasculitis, etc.) should be recorded 
in the source documents. If there are any signs of IOI, vitreous cells and haze should be 
assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grading system 
(Nussenblatt et al 1985). The outcome of the examination will be documented in the 
source document (e.g. ophthalmic examination tool) and appropriate eCRF page as 
applicable.
Pupil dilation for slit lamp and posterior segment examination is optional according to local 
practice.
Clinically significant abnormal findings (as judged by the masked investigator) from slit lamp 
or posterior segment examination should be recorded as an AE in the eCRF.
Instruct the patient to contact the site for any changes in vision or any symptoms of 
inflammation between scheduled visits. Every effort should be made to bring the subject for 
immediate examination. When IOI, retinal vasculitis, and/or retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is 
present or suspected during a visit, investigators must perform thorough ophthalmic 
examination, and will conduct OCT, fluorescein angiography and color fundus photography 
(preferably wide-field or with peripheral sweeps). These additional assessments will be 
documented in the source and appropriate eCRF pages as applicable. The images are requested 
to be uploaded onto the CRC portal.
8.4.4
Appropriateness of safety measurements
The safety assessments selected are standard for this indication and subject population. If there 
are any signs of IOI, additional assessment will be performed as described in Section 8.4.3.
8.5
Additional assessments
8.5.1
Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs)
8.5.1.1
Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO)
The impact of brolucizumab and aflibercept on subject visual function will also be assessed by 
a visual function questionnaire using the National Eye Institute NEI VFQ-25 which is a 
validated instrument that has been used in many studies of patients with RVO. The NEI VFQ-
25 was developed to address the need to measure a patient’s subjective assessment of vision-
related Quality of Life (QoL) (Mangione et al 2001). It is part of the 51-item NEI-VFQ which 
was developed based on feedback from patients to measure vision-targeted functioning and the 
impact of vision problems on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) across a number of 
common eye conditions. This allowed the developers to identify the content areas and aspects 
of visual disability that were most important and relevant to patients with age-related macular 

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degeneration (AMD). In addition to its use in measuring the treatment effect on vision-related 
function in AMD patients, the NEI VFQ-25 has been used to measure treatment benefits in 
patients with DME (Klein et al 2001) and RVO (Varma et al 2012).
The NEI VFQ-25 will be administered to subjects at sites where validated local language 
versions are available and where they are approved by the corresponding IRB/IEC. At baseline 
and Weeks 24, 52 and 76 (EOS), the questionnaire should be administered to 
subjects before completing any other study procedures of the visit. Answers to NEI VFQ-25 
will be captured electronically independently from the eCRF (in a dedicated database). The 
subject’s answers to the interview questions will be reviewed by masked site staff.
A detailed training manual relating to the administrative procedures of the questionnaires will 
be provided to the sites.
Completed questionnaires will be reviewed and assessed by the masked/evaluating investigator 
for responses that may indicate potential AEs or SAEs before completion of the study visit. If 
AEs or SAEs are confirmed, the evaluating investigator should not encourage the subject to 
change responses reported in the completed questionnaires. 
Evaluating investigators should follow reporting instructions outlined in Section 10 of the 
protocol.
8.5.2
Imaging
Refer to Section 8.3.2 Optical coherence tomography 
 
.
8.5.3
Anti-drug antibodies (immunogenicity)
Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) levels will be assessed from subjects assigned to brolucizumab 
treatment only. However, in order to maintain masking, collection of blood samples for ADA 
assessment will be performed in both treatment arms (brolucizumab and aflibercept) at 
screening, Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 52 and 76 (EOS).
Samples collected from subjects assigned to aflibercept treatment will not be assayed for ADA 
nor for systemic exposure. Systemic exposure of brolucizumab will be measured concomitantly 
with ADA levels for interpretation purposes. No pharmacokinetic parameters will be 
determined from brolucizumab systemic exposure.
Additional pharmacodynamic assessment may be conducted on the samples wherever permitted 
by local regulation.
Blood draws should take place prior to the injection/sham procedures. A standardized 
procedure for the collection, numbering, processing, storage and shipment of these blood 
samples is provided by the central laboratory and details can be found in the central laboratory 
manual.

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9
Study discontinuation and completion
9.1
Discontinuation
The investigator should discontinue study treatment for a given subject and/or withdraw the 
subject from the study if, on balance, he/she believes that continuation would be detrimental to 
the subject’s well-being.
A subject will be considered to have completed the study when the subject has completed the 
last visit planned in the protocol.
The investigator and/or referring physician will recommend the appropriate follow-up medical 
care, if needed, for all subjects who are prematurely withdrawn from the study.
9.1.1
Discontinuation of study treatment
Discontinuation of study treatment for a subject occurs when study treatment is stopped earlier 
than the protocol planned duration, and can be initiated by either the subject or the investigator.
The investigator must discontinue study treatment for a given subject if he/she believes that 
continuation would negatively impact the subject's well-being.
Study treatment must be discontinued under the following circumstances:

Subject/guardian decision

Pregnancy (see Section 8.4.2 and Section 10.1.4)

Use of prohibited treatment (see Section 6.2.2)

Any situation in which continuation with study treatment might result in a safety risk to 
the subject

Following emergency unmasking (see Section 6.6.2)
If premature discontinuation of study treatment occurs, the following should be done as 
appropriate:

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
The investigator must contact the IRT to register the subject’s discontinuation from study 
treatment.

The investigator should make a reasonable effort to understand and document the primary 
reason for the subject’s premature discontinuation of study treatment using the appropriate 
eCRF page.

Subjects who prematurely discontinue study treatment for any reason, except for 
withdrawal of consent (refer to Section 9.1.2), should continue in the study with all the 
scheduled visits and assessments (except disease stability assessment, administration of 
study treatment, post-injection assessment and adherence to prohibited medication list) 
until EOS, at the discretion of the investigator or the subject.

Subjects who decide not to participate in the study further should NOT be considered 
withdrawn from the study, UNLESS they withdraw their consent (see Section 9.1.2).
Where possible, subjects should return for the EOS visit assessments to be 
performed as scheduled in Table 8-1.

If a subject fails to return for study visits without stating an intention to discontinue or 
withdraw, the investigator must show "due diligence" by documenting in the source 
documents steps taken to contact the subject, e.g. dates of telephone calls, registered 
letters, etc. A subject should not be considered as lost to follow-up until due diligence has 
been completed (see Section 9.1.3).

If the subject cannot or is unwilling to return at any visit(s), the site staff should maintain
regular telephone contact with the subject, or with a person pre-designated by the subject. 
This telephone contact should preferably be done according to the study visit schedule.

After premature study treatment discontinuation, at a minimum, in abbreviated visits, the 
following data should be collected at clinic visits or via telephone/email contact: 

New/concomitant treatments

Adverse events/Serious Adverse Events
In the event that premature study treatment discontinuation occurs because treatment code has 
been broken, please refer to Section 6.6.2.
9.1.1.1
Replacement policy
Subjects who started treatment but prematurely discontinued treatment and/or study will not be 
replaced.
9.1.2
Withdrawal of informed consent
Subjects may voluntarily withdraw consent to participate in the study for any reason at any time. 
Withdrawal of consent occurs only when a subject:

Does not want to participate in the study anymore, and

Does not allow further collection of personal data.
In this situation, the investigator should make a reasonable effort (e.g. telephone, e-mail, letter) 
to understand the primary reason for the subject’s decision to withdraw his/her consent and 
record this information.

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Study treatment must be discontinued and no further assessments conducted, and the data that 
would have been collected at subsequent visits will be considered missing.
The investigator must contact the IRT to register the subject’s withdrawal of consent.
Further attempts to contact the subject are not allowed unless safety findings require 
communicating or follow-up.
All efforts should be made to complete the assessments prior to study withdrawal. A final 
evaluation at the time of the subject’s study withdrawal should be made as detailed in the 
assessment table (Table 8-1).
Novartis will continue to keep and use collected study information (including any data resulting 
from the analysis of a subject’s samples until their time of withdrawal) according to applicable 
law.
For US and Japan: All biological samples not yet analyzed at the time of withdrawal may still 
be used for further testing/analysis in accordance with the terms of this protocol and of the 
informed consent form.
For EU and RoW: All biological samples not yet analyzed at the time of withdrawal will no 
longer be used, unless permitted by applicable law. They will be stored according to applicable 
legal requirements.
9.1.3
Lost to follow-up
For subjects whose status is unclear because they fail to appear for study visits without stating 
an intention to discontinue or withdraw, the investigator must show "due diligence" by 
documenting in the source documents steps taken to contact the subject, e.g. dates of telephone 
calls, registered letters, etc. 
A subject should not be considered as lost to follow-up until due diligence has been completed.
9.1.4
Early study termination by the sponsor
The study can be terminated by Novartis at any time. Reasons for early termination may include:

Unexpected, significant, or unacceptable safety risk to subjects enrolled in the study

Decision based on recommendation from the Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) after 
review of safety and efficacy data

Discontinuation of study drug development

Practical reasons, including slow enrollment

Regulatory or medical reasons
In taking the decision to terminate, Novartis will always consider the subject welfare and safety. 
Should early termination be necessary, subjects must be seen as soon as possible and treated as 
a prematurely withdrawn subject. The investigator may be informed of additional procedures 
to be followed in order to ensure that adequate consideration is given to the protection of the 
subject’s interests. The investigator or sponsor depending on local regulation will be responsible 
for informing IRBs/IECs of the early termination of the trial.

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9.2
Study completion and post-study treatment
Study completion is defined as when the last subject finishes their EOS visit, and any repeat 
assessments associated with this visit have been documented and followed-up appropriately by 
the Investigator or, in the event of an early study termination decision, the date of that decision.
After study completion the subject might receive standard of care if needed.
10
Safety monitoring and reporting
10.1
Definition of adverse events and reporting requirements
10.1.1
Adverse events
An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence (e.g. any unfavorable and 
unintended sign (including abnormal laboratory findings), symptom or disease) in a subject or 
clinical investigation subject after providing written informed consent for participation in the 
study. Therefore, an AE may or may not be temporally or causally associated with the use of a 
medicinal (investigational) product.
The investigator has the responsibility for managing the safety of individual subject and 
identifying adverse events.
Novartis qualified medical personnel will be readily available to advise on trial related medical 
questions or problems.
The occurrence of adverse events must be sought by non-directive questioning of the subject at 
each visit during the study. Adverse events may also be detected when they are volunteered by 
the subject during or between visits or through physical examination findings, laboratory test 
findings, or other assessments.
Adverse events must be recorded in the Adverse Events eCRF under the signs, symptoms, or 
diagnosis associated with them, accompanied by the following information (as far as possible) 
(if the event is serious refer to Section 10.1.2):
1. the severity grade 
mild: usually transient in nature and generally not interfering with normal activities
moderate: sufficiently discomforting to interfere with normal activities
severe: prevents normal activities
2. its relationship to the study treatment or the ocular injection procedure. If the event is due 
to lack of efficacy or progression of underlying illness (i.e. progression of the study 
indication) the assessment of causality will usually be ‘Not suspected’. The rationale for 
this guidance is that the symptoms of a lack of efficacy or progression of underlying 
illness are not caused by the trial drug, they happen in spite of its administration and/or 
both lack of efficacy and progression of underlying disease can only be evaluated 
meaningfully by an analysis of treatment arms, not on a single subject
3. its duration (start and end dates) or if the event is ongoing, an outcome of not 
recovered/not resolved must be reported

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4. whether it constitutes a SAE (see Section 10.1.2 for definition of SAE) and which 
seriousness criteria have been met
5. action taken with the study treatment.  All adverse events must be treated appropriately. 
Treatment may include one or more of the following: 

no action taken (e.g. further observation only)

(investigational) treatment interrupted/withdrawn

concomitant medication or non-drug therapy given

subject hospitalized/subject's hospitalization prolonged (see Section 10.1.2 for 
definition of SAE)
6. its outcome

not recovered/not resolved;

recovered/resolved;

recovered/resolved with sequelae;

fatal; or unknown.
Conditions that were already present at the time of informed consent should be recorded in 
medical history of the subject.
Adverse events (including lab abnormalities that constitute AEs) should be described using a 
diagnosis whenever possible, rather than individual underlying signs and symptoms.
Adverse event monitoring should be continued until 30 days after last administration of study 
treatment.
Once an adverse event is detected, it must be followed until its resolution or until it is judged to 
be permanent (e.g. continuing at the end of the study), and assessment must be made at each 
visit (or more frequently, if necessary) of any changes in severity, the suspected relationship to 
the interventions required to treat it, and the outcome.
Information about adverse drug reactions for the investigational drug can be found in the 
Investigator Brochure (IB).
Abnormal laboratory values or test results constitute adverse events only if they fulfill at least 
one of the following criteria:

they induce clinical signs or symptoms

they are considered clinically significant

they require therapy
Clinically significant abnormal laboratory values or test results must be identified through a 
review of values outside of normal ranges/clinically notable ranges, significant changes from 
baseline or the previous visit, or values which are considered to be non-typical in subjects with 
the underlying disease. Investigators have the responsibility for managing the safety of 
individual subjects and identifying adverse events. Clinically notable laboratory values are 
included in Section 16.1.

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10.1.2
Serious adverse events
An SAE is defined as any adverse event (appearance of (or worsening of any pre-existing) 
undesirable sign(s), symptom(s) or medical conditions(s)) which meets any one of the following 
criteria:

fatal

life-threatening
Life-threatening in the context of a SAE refers to a reaction in which the subject was at risk of 
death at the time of the reaction; it does not refer to a reaction that hypothetically might have 
caused death if it were more severe (please refer to the ICH-E2D Guidelines).

results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity

constitutes a congenital anomaly/birth defect

requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, unless 
hospitalization is for: 

routine treatment or monitoring of the studied indication, not associated with any 
deterioration in condition

elective or pre-planned treatment for a pre-existing condition that is unrelated to the 
indication under study and has not worsened since signing the informed consent

social reasons and respite care in the absence of any deterioration in the subject’s 
general condition

treatment on an emergency outpatient basis for an event not fulfilling any of the 
definitions of a SAE given above and not resulting in hospital admission

is medically significant, e.g. defined as an event that jeopardizes the subject or may 
require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above
Medical and scientific judgment should be exercised in deciding whether other situations should 
be considered serious reactions, such as important medical events that might not be immediately 
life threatening or result in death or hospitalization but might jeopardize the subject or might 
require intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes listed above. Such events should be 
considered as “medically significant”. Examples of such events are intensive treatment in an 
emergency room or at home for allergic bronchospasm, blood dyscrasias or convulsions that do 
not result in hospitalization or development of dependency or abuse (please refer to the ICH-
E2D Guidelines).
All malignant neoplasms will be assessed as serious under “medically significant” if other 
seriousness criteria are not met.
Any suspected transmission via a medicinal product of an infectious agent is also considered a 
serious adverse reaction.
All reports of intentional misuse and abuse of the product are also considered serious adverse 
event irrespective if a clinical event has occurred.
10.1.3
SAE reporting
To ensure subject safety, every SAE, regardless of causality, occurring after the subject has 
provided informed consent and until 30 days after the last study visit must be reported to 

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Novartis Safety within 24 hours of learning of its occurrence. Detailed instructions regarding 
the submission process and requirements are to be found in the investigator folder provided to 
each site.
All follow-up information for the SAE including information on complications, progression of 
the initial SAE and recurrent episodes must be reported as follow-up to the original episode 
within 24 hours of the investigator receiving the follow-up information. An SAE occurring at a 
different time interval or otherwise considered completely unrelated to a previously reported 
one must be reported separately as a new event.
If the SAE is not previously documented in the Investigator’s Brochure or Package Insert (new 
occurrence) and is thought to be related to the study treatment, a Chief Medical Office & Patient 
Safety (CMO & PS) Department associate may urgently require further information from the 
investigator for health authority reporting. Novartis may need to issue an Investigator 
Notification (IN) to inform all investigators involved in any study with the same study treatment 
that this SAE has been reported.
Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (SUSARs) will be collected and reported to 
the competent authorities and relevant ethics committees in accordance with EU Guidance 
2011/C 172/01 or as per national regulatory requirements in participating countries.
Any SAEs experienced after the 30 day period after the last study visit should only be reported 
to Novartis Safety if the investigator suspects a causal relationship to study treatment.
10.1.4
Pregnancy reporting
To ensure subject safety, each pregnancy occurring after signing the informed consent must be 
reported to Novartis within 24 hours of learning of its occurrence (female participants only).
The pregnancy (for female participants) should be followed up to determine outcome, including 
spontaneous or voluntary termination, details of the birth, and the presence or absence of any
birth defects, congenital abnormalities, or maternal and/or newborn complications.
Pregnancy should be recorded and reported by the investigator to the Novartis CMO & PS 
Department. Pregnancy follow-up should be recorded on the same form and should include an 
assessment of the possible relationship to brolucizumab (investigational) and/or aflibercept, 
with any pregnancy outcome.
Any SAE experienced during pregnancy must be reported.
10.1.5
Reporting of study treatment errors
Medication errors are unintentional errors in the prescribing, dispensing, administration or 
monitoring of a medicine while under the control of a healthcare professional, subject or 
consumer (EMA definition).
Study treatment errors and uses outside of what is foreseen in the protocol will be collected in 
the dose administration record in the eCRF and in the Dispensing Log at the study site, 
irrespective of whether or not associated with an AE/SAE and reported to Safety only if 
associated with an SAE.

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Table 10-1
Guidance for capturing the study treatment errors
Treatment error type
Document in Dose Administration 
(DAR) eCRF (Yes/No)
Document in AE 
eCRF
Complete SAE 
form
Unintentional study 
treatment error
Yes
(only date and time of injection)
Only if associated 
with an AE
Only if associated 
with an SAE
For more information on AE and SAE definition and reporting requirements, please see the 
respective sections (Section 10.1.1, Section 10.1.2, and Section 10.1.3).
10.2
Additional Safety Monitoring
10.2.1
Data Monitoring Committee
The RTH258 program level Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) will function independently 
of all other individuals associated with the conduct of this clinical trial, including the site 
investigators participating in the study. The DMC will assess at defined intervals the progress 
of the clinical trial and, based on the safety data and critical efficacy variables recommend to 
the sponsor whether to continue, modify or terminate the trial.
Specific details regarding composition, responsibilities, data monitoring and meeting frequency, 
and documentation of DMC reports, minutes, and recommendations will be described in a 
separate charter that is established between the sponsor and the DMC.
10.2.2
Adjudication Committee
Not required.
11
Data Collection and Database management
11.1
Data collection
All data must be recorded, handled and stored in a way that allows its accurate reporting, 
interpretation, and verification.
Designated masked investigator staff will enter the data required by the protocol into the 
Electronic Case Report Forms (eCRF). The eCRFs have been built using fully validated secure 
web-enabled software that conforms to 21 CFR Part 11 requirements. Investigator site staff will 
not be given access to the EDC system until they have been trained. Automatic validation 
programs check for data discrepancies in the eCRFs, allow modification and/or verification of 
the entered data by the investigator staff.
The investigator/designee is responsible for assuring that the data (entered into eCRF) is 
complete, accurate, and that entry and updates are performed in a timely manner. 
The investigator must certify that the data entered are complete and accurate.
After final database lock, the investigator will receive copies of the subject data for archiving 
at the investigative site.

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eSource
eSource is a data collection system allowing electronic capture of source data and study data, 
as required per protocol. eSource is intended to be used for this study. eSource replaces the need 
for using an eCRF. If it is not possible to use eSource for source data capture due to exceptional 
circumstances, data capture and data management will revert to paper and other electronic 
methods as appropriate.
This study will incorporate electronic technology (eSource Direct Data Entry (DDE)) to capture 
source documents and source data electronically, consistent with final (Center for Drug 
Evaluation and Research (CDER) 2013) FDA guidance regarding electronic source and 
regulations related to the maintenance of adequate subject case histories (21 CFR 312.62 [b]). 
All electronic source documentation and data collected in this study will “meet the same
fundamental elements of data quality (e.g. attributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, and 
accurate) that are expected of paper records” into a system that is fully validated and conforms 
to 21 CFR Part 11 requirements. Investigator site staff will not be given access to the system(s) 
until they have been appropriately trained.
Study sites using eSource DDE will be supplied with a tablet personal computer to directly 
record subject data and clinical observations on electronic forms with a similar look, feel, and 
behavior to paper forms. The system will permit the collection of both structured and 
unstructured information including ad-hoc comments, drawings, and relevant clinical notes the 
investigative site deems important. Information to be originally captured and reviewed 
electronically shall include details of the subject visit and the protocol required assessments 
performed as a part of these visits, medical history, and concomitant medications.
Certain data may be captured via other source documentation (such as safety laboratory data 
report, imaging) and then transcribed, uploaded or transferred into the eSource DDE system. 
This, and any additional data treated in this manner, will be source data verified by the study 
field monitor per the monitoring plan and the location of source data (i.e. source, paper or a 
local electronic system) will be documented prior to study start. The eSource system has the 
ability to illustrate when a document has been entered from another source. When using an 
electronic source record as the original point of data capture, there is no additional data entry 
step for the site for data collected directly into the application. Rather, the electronic source 
record directly populates the study database.
Automatic validation programs check for data discrepancies and, by generating appropriate 
error messages, allow the data to be confirmed or corrected before transfer of the data to the 
vendor working on behalf of Novartis.
Remote monitoring of the original electronic source records will take place, however on-site 
monitoring inspections will continue to take place in order to review data entry of source 
documentation directly captured on paper and transcribed into the system, to ensure protocol 
adherence, to assess site operational capabilities, and to perform other monitoring activities that 
cannot be performed remotely.
The investigator must certify that the data entered into eSource are complete and accurate.

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eCRFs) with the investigators and their staff. During the study, Novartis employs several 
methods of ensuring protocol and GCP compliance and the quality/integrity of the sites’ data. 
The field monitor will visit the site to check the completeness of subject records, the accuracy 
of data capture/data entry, the adherence to the protocol and to Good Clinical Practice, the 
progress of enrollment, and to ensure that study treatment is being stored, dispensed, and 
accounted for according to specifications. Key study personnel must be available to assist the 
field monitor during these visits. Continuous remote monitoring of each site’s data may be 
performed by a centralized Novartis Clinical Research Associates (CRA) organization. 
Additionally, a central analytics organization may analyze data & identify risks & trends for 
site operational parameters, and provide reports to Novartis clinical teams to assist with trial 
oversight.
The investigator must maintain source documents for each subject in the study, consisting of 
case and visit notes (hospital or clinic medical records) containing demographic and medical 
information, laboratory data, retinal images (OCT, CP, FA, wide-field imaging), and the results 
of any other tests or assessments. All information on eCRFs must be traceable to these source 
documents in the subject’s file. The investigator must also keep the original informed consent 
form signed by the subject (a signed copy is given to the subject).
The investigator must give the monitor access to all relevant source documents to confirm their 
consistency with the data capture and/or data entry. Novartis monitoring standards require full 
verification for the presence of informed consent, adherence to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 
documentation of SAEs, and of data that will be used for all primary variables. Additional 
checks of the consistency of the source data with the eCRFs are performed according to the 
study-specific monitoring plan. No information in source documents about the identity of the 
subjects will be disclosed.
12
Data analysis and statistical methods
The database including all Week 52 data will be locked once all subjects have completed the 
Week 52 visit or terminated the study prior to Week 52. Data for the primary endpoint, change 
from baseline in BCVA at Week 24, will be derived from this database. All subjects still in the 
study beyond Week 52 will continue to receive masked treatment as scheduled through the 
planned study duration of 76 weeks. The analysis of the data collected after the Week 52 visit 
will be performed once all subjects complete the EOS visit or discontinue from the study. 
Summary statistics will be presented by treatment group unless otherwise specified. For 
continuous variables, summary statistics will generally include: n, mean, standard deviation, 
median, quartiles, minimum, and maximum. For categorical variables, these will generally 
include: n, frequency and percentage in each category. Further technical details and discussions 
of the statistical considerations will be provided in the SAP.
Additional analyses may also be conducted to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Any data analysis carried out independently by the investigator should be submitted to Novartis 
before publication or presentation.

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12.1
Analysis sets
The All-Enrolled Analysis Set includes all subjects who have signed informed consent and are 
assigned subject numbers.
The Randomized Analysis Set (RAS) consists of all enrolled subjects who are randomized in 
IRT. Subjects are considered randomized when they have been deemed eligible for 
randomization by the investigator and given a randomization number. Subjects will be analyzed 
according to the treatment assigned to them at randomization.
The Full Analysis Set (FAS) comprises all randomized subjects who receive at least 1 IVT 
injection of the study treatment. Subjects in the FAS will be analyzed according to the treatment 
assigned to them at randomization.
The Safety Analysis Set (SAF) includes all subjects who receive at least 1 IVT injection of the 
study treatment. Subjects in the Safety Set will be analyzed according to the study treatment 
from which they received the majority of treatments up to and including Week 52.
The Per Protocol Set (PPS) is a subset of the FAS and will exclude or censor data from subjects 
with protocol deviations (PDs) and analysis restrictions (ARs) that are expected to majorly 
affect the validity of the assessment of efficacy at Week 24 and/or Week 52 including, for e.g. 
lack of compliance (including missed treatments and treatment misallocation), missing data, 
prohibited concomitant medication, and deviations from inclusion/exclusion criteria. 
Confounded data or discontinuation from study treatment due to lack of efficacy and/or safety 
do not constitute, in itself, a reason for exclusion from the PPS.
Before the Week 52 database lock the relevant protocol deviations and analysis restrictions will 
be identified at the subject level in the database. Censoring applied in relation to the specific 
PDs/ARs will be specified as well.
The FAS will be the analysis set for the primary estimand as defined in Table 12-1. However, 
when assessing the robustness of the overall efficacy conclusions, considerations will be given 
to the analysis based on the primary estimand using FAS and the supplementary estimand (refer 
to Table 12-1) using PPS, i.e. similar conclusions on non-inferiority based on both estimands
are expected. Inconsistencies in the results will be examined and discussed in the Clinical Study 
Report.
12.2
Subject demographics and other baseline characteristics
Demographics and baseline characteristics will be summarized with descriptive statistics for 
the FAS by treatment group and overall. Summary statistics for other analysis sets will only be 
generated if these are anticipated to be different given the subset of the subjects included in the 
particular analysis set. Relevant medical history and current medical conditions will be 
tabulated by system organ class (SOC) and preferred term of the MedDRA dictionary for the 
FAS. Other relevant baseline information will be listed and summarized with descriptive 
statistics as appropriate.
12.3
Treatments
Study treatment 

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Descriptive summary statistics for exposure to study treatment will be provided for the SAF, 
FAS and PPS populations. For the efficacy analysis sets (FAS and PPS), the cumulative number 
of active and sham IVT injections will be presented by visit for the period baseline to Week 
52/Week 72, including a separate analysis for the loading phases, i.e. up to Week 20 (6 x q4w 
loading), and maintenance phase (Week 24 to Week 52/Week 72). For the SAF, the summary 
will include exposure data up to Week 52/Week 72.
Prior medication and concomitant therapies 
The number and percentage of subjects taking prior medication (any medication taken up to 90 
days prior to screening) or concomitant therapies will be summarized by preferred term 
according to the WHO Drug Reference List dictionary using the SAF and FAS (in case there 
are differences between the two populations). The concomitant therapies (medications and 
procedures) will include all therapies received after start of study treatment, including those 
already started prior to the start of study treatment. Further details will be provided in the SAP.
12.4
Analysis of the primary endpoint(s)
12.4.1
Definition of primary endpoint(s)
The primary endpoint is the change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24. BCVA will be assessed 
by the masked investigator using ETDRS-like charts at an initial distance of 4 meters.
The primary analysis of the primary endpoint will be based on the FAS.
12.4.2
Statistical model, hypothesis, and method of analysis
The objective related to the primary endpoint is to demonstrate non-inferiority of brolucizumab 
versus aflibercept with respect to change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24, assuming a non-
inferiority margin of 4 ETDRS letters.
Let:
B = Brolucizumab 6 mg - 6 x q4w loading
A = Aflibercept 2 mg - 6 x q4w loading
Consider the following non-inferiority hypotheses related to a non-inferiority margin of 4 letters:
H0: μB – μA ≤ -4 letters versus HA: μB – μA > -4 letters
where μB and μA are the corresponding unknown true mean changes from baseline in BCVA at 
Week 24 in the brolucizumab and aflibercept arms, respectively.
The primary estimand associated with the above hypothesis is defined as the between-treatment 
difference in change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24, excluding the effect of relevant CRVO 
prohibited/alternative medication(s) applied to the study eye (e.g. alternative anti-VEGF 
treatments for CRVO, laser, intraocular corticosteroids, among others as further detailed in
Section 6.2.2 and in the SAP). The analysis set for the primary estimand will be the FAS.
Based on the FAS, the above hypotheses will be tested via an analysis of variance (ANOVA) 
model. The model will include treatment, baseline BCVA (≤ 34, 34 - 55, ≥ 55 letters) and age 

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category (< 65, ≥ 65) as factors. Additional factors, e.g. ethnicity, may also be included as 
appropriate, as well as interactions between treatment and factors of interest.
The two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the least square mean difference (brolucizumab 
- aflibercept) at Week 24 will be presented. Non-inferiority will be considered established if the 
lower limit of the corresponding 95% CI is greater than -4 letters. The same approach for non-
inferiority assessment in change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24 will be applied to any 
supplementary estimand.
The primary estimand and supplementary estimand of interest are noted in Table 12-1 below 
together with their key attributes. Sensitivity to the primary estimand will only be explored if 
the proportion of subjects with missing or censored data is deemed large enough so as to 
potentially impact the results from the analyses. The estimands outlined below will be discussed 
in further detail in the SAP.
Table 12-1
Primary and supplementary estimands
Estimand
Estimand 
definition
Analysis set
Use of data after 
discontinuation of study 
treatment due to1:
Statistical methods
(Including missing 
data strategy)
lack of 
efficacy or 
safety
any other 
reason
Primary 
estimand
Difference in 
change from 
baseline in 
BCVA at Week 
24 excluding the 
effect of CRVO 
prohibited/
alternative
medication(s)
All randomized 
subjects who 
receive at 
least 1 IVT 
injection of the 
randomized 
study 
treatment 
(FAS)
Included 
Included
Analysis of variance 
(ANOVA) model 
assessed at a one-
sided significance 
level of 0.025, and 
including terms for 
treatment, baseline 
BCVA (≤ 34, 34 - 55, 
≥ 55 letters) and age 
category (< 65, ≥ 65), 
and using LOCF 
imputation for 
missing/censored 
data.
Sensitivity to 
primary 
estimand
Difference in 
change from 
baseline in 
BCVA at Week 
24 excluding the 
effect of CRVO 
prohibited/
alternative
medication(s)
All randomized 
subjects who 
receive at 
least 1 IVT 
injection of the 
randomized 
study 
treatment 
(FAS)
Included 
Included
MMRM2 approach 
based on observed 
data (assuming data 
missing at random), 
and including fixed 
effect terms for 
treatment, visit, visit 
by treatment 
interaction, baseline 
BCVA (≤ 34, 34 - 55, 
≥ 55 letters) and age 
category (< 65, ≥ 65)

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Estimand
Estimand 
definition
Analysis set
Use of data after 
discontinuation of study 
treatment due to1:
Statistical methods
(Including missing 
data strategy)
lack of 
efficacy or 
safety
any other 
reason
Supplementary
estimand
Difference in
change from 
baseline in 
BCVA at Week 
24 excluding the 
effect of CRVO 
prohibited/
alternative 
medication(s) 
and protocol 
deviations as 
per the definition 
of the PPS
All randomized 
subjects who 
adhere to the 
protocol as per 
the definition 
of PPS
Included 
Not included; 
treated as 
missing
ANOVA model as per 
the primary estimand
LOCF imputation for 
missing/censored 
data
1Note that, for all estimands as applicable, all data captured until the start of prohibited medication or 
alternative medication for ME secondary to RVO after discontinuation from study treatment will be 
included in the analysis.
2MMRM: Mixed Model Repeated Measures
12.4.3
Handling of missing values/censoring/discontinuations
As stated in the definition of the primary estimand, missing BCVA values will be imputed by 
Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) as the primary approach. For subjects with no post-
baseline BCVA value, the baseline value will be carried forward. Data collected after the start 
of alternative CRVO treatments in the study eye (e.g. other anti-VEGF treatment, certain laser 
procedures or intraocular corticosteroids; further details will be discussed in the SAP) will be 
censored.
The LOCF approach is expected to be sensitive to an early study treatment termination/study 
termination due to lack of efficacy, assuming that such lack of efficacy is reflected in the last 
observed BCVA measurement. In case of the use of alternative treatment for the underlying 
disease as described above (CRVO), data collected after the start of such a treatment would be 
censored. LOCF will then be based on the last value prior to the start of this treatment, again 
expecting that this value would reflect the negative BCVA outcome under study treatment. In 
case of missing data due to lack of safety/tolerability with impairment of the function of the 
study eye, the LOCF method would also provide a sensitive approach to capture such an 
unfavorable outcome.
In case of an early study termination during the loading phase, the LOCF method will result in 
a conservative estimate, potentially underestimating the true outcome.
LOCF is an established method within the assessment of efficacy of anti-VEGF treatments in 
terms of BCVA outcome. It is important to note that, in order to facilitate a meaningful 
treatment effect assessment, non-inferiority studies should follow the main design features 
(primary variables, the dose of the active comparator, eligibility criteria, etc.) as the previously 
conducted superiority trials in which the active comparator demonstrated clinically relevant 

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efficacy. In the aflibercept Phase III studies COPERNICUS and GALILEO (CRVO) and 
VIBRANT (BRVO) missing BCVA data was imputed based on LOCF.
12.4.4
Sensitivity and supplementary analyses
Sensitivity and supplementary analyses for the primary endpoint, change from baseline in 
BCVA at Week 24, are specified in terms of sensitivity and supplementary estimands as 
described in Table 12-1. This describes different approaches to deal with intercurrent events 
such as intake of CRVO prohibited/alternative medication in the study eye, or any event leading 
to exclusion from the PPS, and the resulting missing/censored data. The same approaches to 
deal with intercurrent events and/or missing data may be applied to some or all of the secondary 
endpoints as appropriate. For the primary and relevant secondary endpoints, descriptive 
analyses based on observed data only (with and without censoring of data collected after use of 
relevant prohibited/alternative medication for CRVO as described in Section 6.2.2 and further 
detailed in the SAP) may also be produced.
The following subgroup analyses will be explored using the FAS and the statistical model 
described in the primary estimand in Table 12-1:

Age category (< 65, ≥ 65 years)

Sex (male, female)

Baseline BCVA categories (≤ 34, 34 - 55, ≥ 55 letters)

Duration of ME (≤ 3, > 3 months)

Baseline CSFT (< 450, 450 - 650, ≥ 650 μm)

Baseline status of IRF (presence, absence)

Baseline status of SRF (presence, absence)

Region 

Japanese

Chinese

Rest of World
Further description of the supplementary and sensitivity analyses will be detailed in the SAP.
12.5
Analysis of secondary endpoints
12.5.1
Efficacy and/or Pharmacodynamic endpoint(s)
Secondary efficacy endpoints based on BCVA:

Change from baseline in BCVA averaged over the period Week 40 to Week 52

Change from baseline in BCVA averaged over the period Week 64 to Week 76

Change from baseline in BCVA by visit up to Week 76

Proportion of study eyes with a gain ≥ 5, 10 and 15 letters in BCVA by visit compared to 
baseline

Proportion of study eyes with a loss ≥ 5, 10 and 15 letters in BCVA by visit compared to 
baseline

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Note: subjects with BCVA value of 84 letters or more at a post-baseline visit will be considered 
as responders for the corresponding endpoint. This is to account for a ceiling effect, e.g. for the 
"≥ 15-letter gain" endpoint, for those subjects with BCVA values at baseline ≥ 70 letters.
Secondary efficacy endpoints related to anatomy:

Change from baseline in central subfield thickness (CSFT) averaged over the period Week 
40 to Week 52

Change from baseline in CSFT averaged over the period Week 64 to Week 76

Change from baseline in CSFT, by visit up to Week 76

Proportion of study eyes with presence of retinal fluid (intra- and/or subretinal fluid) by 
visit up to Week 76 (derived from SD-OCT, from central reading center)

Proportion of study eyes with a CSFT < 300 µm (derived from SD-OCT, from central 
reading center) by visit up to Week 76
Secondary efficacy endpoints related to treatment frequency:

Number of injections between Week 24 and Week 52

Number of injections between Week 24 and Week 76

Time to first re-treatment between Week 24 and Week 76
12.5.2
Safety endpoints
Safety endpoints are based on the variables from safety assessments which include:

Extent of exposure

Adverse events

Ophthalmic examinations

Vital signs

Laboratory results
There are no formal safety hypotheses in this study. All safety analyses will be performed using 
the safety analysis set, SAF.
Adverse events
The number (and percentage) of subjects with treatment-emergent adverse events (events 
started after the first dose of study medication or events present prior to start of double-masked 
treatment but which increased in severity based on preferred term) will be summarized in the 
following ways:

by treatment, primary system organ class and preferred term

by treatment, primary system organ class, preferred term and maximum severity

by treatment, Standardized MedDRA Query (SMQ) and preferred term
Separate summaries will be provided for study treatment related adverse events, death, serious 
adverse events, other significant adverse events leading to discontinuation of study treatment 
or the study. In addition, a separate summary for death including on-treatment and post-
treatment deaths will be provided. Separate presentations will be provided related to ocular 

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with respect to the change from baseline in BCVA at Week 24. Assuming equal means and a 
common standard deviation of 14 letters, for a NIM of 4 letters and a one-sided alpha level of 
0.025, there is 96% power to reject the null hypothesis that brolucizumab 6 mg is inferior to 
aflibercept 2 mg.
To account for a drop-out rate of 10%, a total of approximately 750 (375 per arm) subjects will 
need to be randomized.
13
Ethical considerations and administrative procedures
13.1
Regulatory and ethical compliance
This clinical study was designed and shall be implemented, executed and reported in accordance 
with the ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, with applicable 
local regulations (including European Directive 2001/20/EC, US CFR 21), and with the ethical 
principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki.
13.2
Responsibilities of the investigator and IRB/IEC
Before initiating a trial, the investigator/institution must obtain approval/favorable opinion from 
the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC) for the trial protocol, 
written informed consent form, consent form updates, subject recruitment procedures (e.g. 
advertisements) and any other written information to be provided to subjects. Prior to study 
start, the investigator is required to sign a protocol signature page confirming his/her agreement 
to conduct the study in accordance with these documents and all of the instructions and 
procedures found in this protocol and to give access to all relevant data and records to 
Novartis monitors, auditors, Novartis Quality Assurance representatives, designated agents of 
Novartis, IRBs/IECs, and regulatory authorities as required. If an inspection of the clinical site 
is requested by a regulatory authority, the investigator must inform Novartis immediately that 
this request has been made.
13.3
Publication of study protocol and results
The protocol will be registered in a publicly accessible database such as Clinicaltrials.gov and 
as required in EudraCT. In addition, upon study completion and finalization of the study report 
the results of this trial will be submitted for publication and posted in a publicly accessible 
database of clinical trial results, such as the Novartis clinical trial results website and all required 
Health Authority websites (e.g. Clinicaltrials.gov, EudraCT, etc.).
For details on the Novartis publication policy including authorship criteria, please refer to the 
Novartis publication policy training materials that were provided to you at the trial investigator 
meetings.
13.4
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Novartis maintains a robust Quality Management System (QMS) that includes all activities 
involved in quality assurance and quality control, to ensure compliance with written Standard 
Operating Procedures (SOPs) as well as applicable global/local GCP regulations and ICH 
Guidelines.

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Audits of investigator sites, vendors, and Novartis systems are performed by auditors, 
independent from those involved in conducting, monitoring or performing quality control of the 
clinical trial. The clinical audit process uses a knowledge/risk based approach.
Audits are conducted to assess GCP compliance with global and local regulatory requirements, 
protocols and internal SOPs, and are performed according to written Novartis processes.
14
Protocol adherence
This protocol defines the study objectives, the study procedures and the data to be collected on 
study participants. Additional assessments required to ensure safety of subjects should be 
administered as deemed necessary on a case by case basis. Under no circumstances including 
incidental collection is an investigator allowed to collect additional data or conduct any 
additional procedures for any purpose involving any investigational drugs under the protocol, 
other than the purpose of the study. If despite this interdiction prohibition, data, information, 
observation would be incidentally collected, the investigator shall immediately disclose it to 
Novartis and not use it for any purpose other than the study, except for the appropriate 
monitoring on study participants.
Investigators ascertain they will apply due diligence to avoid protocol deviations. If an 
investigator feels a protocol deviation would improve the conduct of the study this must be 
considered a protocol amendment, and unless such an amendment is agreed upon by Novartis 
and approved by the IRB/IEC and health authorities, where required, it cannot be implemented.
14.1
Protocol amendments
Any change or addition to the protocol can only be made in a written protocol amendment that 
must be approved by Novartis, health authorities where required, and the IRB/IEC prior to 
implementation.
Only amendments that are required for subject safety may be implemented immediately 
provided the health authorities are subsequently notified by protocol amendment and the 
reviewing IRB/IEC is notified.
Notwithstanding the need for approval of formal protocol amendments, the investigator is 
expected to take any immediate action required for the safety of any subject included in this 
study, even if this action represents a deviation from the protocol. In such cases, Novartis should 
be notified of this action and the IRB/IEC at the study site should be informed according to 
local regulations.

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15
References
References are available upon request
Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular 
fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. p. 
1480-7.
Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP, et al (2010) Ranibizumab for macular edema 
following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III 
study. Ophthalmology p. 1124-1133.e1.
Campochiaro PA, Choy DF, Do DV, et al (2009) Monitoring ocular drug therapy by analysis 
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16
Appendices
16.1
Appendix 1: Clinically notable laboratory values
Table 16-1
Clinically notable laboratory values
Panel/Test
Type
Gender
/Age
Conve
ntional 
Unit
Conve
ntional 
Low
Conve
ntional 
High
SI Unit
SI 
Low
SI 
High
Non-
numeric
Clinical 
Chemistry/ 
Calcium
alert
All
mg/dL
6.1
12.9
mmol/L
1.52
3.22
-
Clinical 
Chemistry/ 
Creatinine
reference
All
mg/dL
0.7
1.4
µmol/L
62
124
-
Clinical 
Chemistry/ 
Glucose 
(non fasting)
alert
All
mg/dL
40
450
mmol/L
2.22
24.98
-
Clinical 
Chemistry/ 
Potassium
alert
All
mEq/L
2.8
6.3
mmol/L
2.8
6.3
-
Clinical 
Chemistry/ 
Sodium
alert
All
mEq/L
117
160
mmol/L
117
160
-
hCG
alert
All
-
-
-
-
-
-
Negative, 
inconclus
ive
Hematology/ 
Hematocrit
alert
All
%
18
60
%
18
60
-
Hematology/ 
Hemoglobin
alert
All
g/dL
8
22
g/L
80
220
-
Hematology/ 
Platelet
alert
All
K/cu 
mm
30
900
x109/L
30
900
-
Hematology/ 
WBC
alert
All
K/cu 
mm
2
25
x109/L
2
25
-