A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, Blinded Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics for Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 (Trial H3: BRII-196/BRII-198)
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: COVID-19
Sponsor: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

      Master Protocol
A Multicenter, Adaptive, 
Randomized, Blinded Controlled 
Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of 
Investigational Therapeutics for 
Hospitalized Patients With 
COVID-19 
 Version 5.1
 17 August 2021
  Master Protocol: NCT04501978
Trial H1: NCT05780268 
Trial H2: NCT05780281 
Trial H3: NCT05780424 
Trial H4: NCT05780437 
Trial H5: NCT05780463 
Trial H6: NCT05780541

A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, Blinded Controlled Trial 
of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics 
for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 
Short Title: Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) 
INSIGHT Protocol Number: 014 / ACTIV-3 
NCT 04501978, EudraCT 2020-003278-37 
Version: 5.1, 17 August 2021 
Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 
and carried out by the  
International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) 
University of Minnesota (INSIGHT Statistical and Data Management Center (SDMC) 
In collaboration with four International Coordinating Centers (ICCs) of the INSIGHT Network: 
-Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infection (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of
Copenhagen - Copenhagen, Denmark
-Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (UCL) -
London, United Kingdom
-The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales - Sydney, Australia
-The Institute for Clinical Research at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center - Washington, D.C.,
United States of America (US)
And other research networks supported by NIAID (AIDS Clinical Trials Group [ACTG], Division 
of Clinical Research [NIH-DCR]), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI – 
Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network [CTSN] and Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute 
Lung Injury [PETAL]) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs  

Table of Contents 
1 
Protocol Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 
2 
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 9 
Study rationale .................................................................................................................... 9 
Background ......................................................................................................................... 9 
2.2.1 
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) ................................ 9 
2.2.2 
Natural history of COVID-19 ......................................................................................... 9 
2.2.3 
Risk factors for clinical progression ............................................................................ 10 
2.2.4 
Hospitalization of people with COVID-19 ................................................................... 11 
2.2.5 
Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection ....................................................................... 11 
2.2.6 
Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection ............................................................ 12 
2.2.7 
Current treatment strategies for COVID-19 ................................................................ 12 
2.2.8 
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (nMAbs) ............................................................. 13 
Investigational Agents ....................................................................................................... 14 
3 
Risk/Benefit Assessment ........................................................................................................ 14 
Known Potential Risks ...................................................................................................... 14 
3.1.1 
Risks of Drawing Blood and IV Catheterization .......................................................... 15 
3.1.2 
Risks of Anaphylaxis, Thrombosis and Fluid Overload due to Study Treatments ...... 15 
3.1.3 
Risks to Privacy .......................................................................................................... 15 
Known Potential Benefits .................................................................................................. 15 
4 
Outcomes ............................................................................................................................... 16 
Ordinal Outcomes for Early Futility Assessments ............................................................. 16 
4.1.1 
Rationale for two ordinal outcomes ............................................................................ 17 
Primary and Secondary Outcomes to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety ................................. 17 
4.2.1 
Rationale for primary outcome ................................................................................... 18 
4.2.2 
Secondary outcomes .................................................................................................. 18 
4.2.3 
Rationale for secondary outcomes ............................................................................. 20 
5 
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 21 
Primary Objective .............................................................................................................. 21 
Secondary Objectives ....................................................................................................... 21 
6 
Study Design .......................................................................................................................... 22 
Randomization and Stratification ...................................................................................... 23 
Blinding ............................................................................................................................. 25 
Sample size assumptions ................................................................................................. 25 
Schedule of Assessments ................................................................................................. 26 
2.1 
2.2 
2.3 
3.1 
3.2 
4.1 
4.2 
5.1 
5.2 
6.1 
6.2 
6.3 
6.4 

 
Approach to Intercurrent Therapies and Clinical Trial Co-enrollment................................ 26 
7 
Study Population ..................................................................................................................... 27 
 
Inclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................... 27 
 
Exclusion Criteria .............................................................................................................. 28 
 
Costs to Participants ......................................................................................................... 28 
8 
Study Product ......................................................................................................................... 29 
9 
Study Assessments and Procedures ...................................................................................... 29 
 
Screening/Baseline and Follow-up Assessments ............................................................. 29 
9.1.1 
Screening/Baseline Assessments .............................................................................. 29 
9.1.2 
Follow-up Assessments ............................................................................................. 30 
9.1.3 
Stored Samples and Future Research ....................................................................... 31 
10 
Safety Assessment .............................................................................................................. 31 
 
Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 33 
10.1.1 
Adverse Event (AE)................................................................................................. 33 
10.1.2 
Criteria for Seriousness ........................................................................................... 34 
10.1.3 
Unanticipated Problems .......................................................................................... 34 
10.1.4 
Severity ................................................................................................................... 34 
10.1.5 
Causality ................................................................................................................. 35 
10.1.6 
Expectedness ......................................................................................................... 35 
 
Schedule for Reporting of Specific Events ..................................................................... 36 
10.2.1 
Infusion-related reactions ........................................................................................ 36 
10.2.2 
Targeted Laboratory Abnormalities ......................................................................... 36 
10.2.3 
Clinical adverse events of any grade severity on Days 0-7, 14 and 28 ................... 36 
10.2.4 
Grade 3 and 4 clinical adverse events through Day 28 ........................................... 37 
10.2.5 
Protocol specified exempt serious events ............................................................... 37 
10.2.6 
Reportable SAEs .................................................................................................... 37 
10.2.7 
Unanticipated Problems (UPs) ................................................................................ 38 
10.2.8 
Deaths ..................................................................................................................... 38 
10.2.9 
Pregnancy ............................................................................................................... 38 
 
Medical Monitor ............................................................................................................. 39 
 
Halting Enrollment for Safety Reasons .......................................................................... 39 
11 
Statistical Analyses and Monitoring Guidelines .................................................................... 39 
 
Analysis of the Primary Efficacy Endpoint ..................................................................... 39 
 
Analyses of Secondary Efficacy Endpoints, Safety Outcomes, and Subgroups ............ 40 
 
Data Monitoring Guidelines for an Independent DSMB ................................................. 41 
6.5 
7.1 
7.2 
7.3 
9.1 
10.1 
10.2 
10.3 
10.4 
11.1 
11.2 
11.3 

 
Rationale for Early Futility Analysis ............................................................................... 42 
 
Interim Analyses Guidelines .......................................................................................... 43 
11.5.1 
Early Assessment of Safety and Futility .................................................................. 43 
11.5.2 
Monitoring Guidelines for the Primary Endpoint ...................................................... 45 
12 
Protection of Human Subjects and Other Ethical Considerations ........................................ 46 
 
Participating Clinical Sites and Local Review of Protocol and Informed Consent .......... 46 
 
Ethical Conduct of the Study ......................................................................................... 46 
 
Informed Consent of Study Participants ........................................................................ 46 
 
Confidentiality of Study Participants .............................................................................. 47 
 
Regulatory Oversight ..................................................................................................... 47 
 
List of Tables 
Table 1  Overview of Safety Data Collection .................................................................................. 33 
Table 2 Generic AE Grading Scale ................................................................................................ 35 
Table 3. Hypothesized percentage of participants in each category on Day 5 in the Investigational 
agent and placebo groups based on aforementioned assumptions ............................................... 42 
Table 4. Power and type 1 error for the two-outcome decision rule to expand enrollment to strata 1 
and 2 for an investigational agent for correlations of r=0.8 and 0.9 between the marginal test 
statistics for the two outcomes. OR=1.60, total sample size 300. .................................................. 45 
 
List of Figures 
Figure 1.   A Phase 3 Platform Trial for Efficiently Evaluating Multiple Investigational Agents Over 
Time ............................................................................................................................................... 23 
 
 
11.4 
11.5 
12.1 
12.2 
12.3 
12.4 
12.5 

1 
Protocol Summary 
DESIGN 
TICO (Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19) is a master protocol to 
evaluate the safety and efficacy of multiple investigational agents aimed at 
modifying the host immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome 
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, or directly enhancing viral control in 
order to limit disease progression.  
Trials within this protocol will be adaptive, randomized, blinded and initially 
placebo-controlled. Participants will receive standard of care (SOC) treatment 
as part of this protocol.  
The international trials within this protocol will be conducted in several 
hundred clinical sites. Participating sites are affiliated with networks funded by 
the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the US Department 
of Veterans Affairs. 
The protocol is for a phase III randomized, blinded, controlled platform trial 
that allows investigational agents to be added and dropped during the course 
of the study for efficient testing of new agents against control (i.e., placebo + 
SOC) within the same trial infrastructure. When more than one agent is being 
tested concurrently, participants will be randomly allocated across agents (as 
well as between the agent and its placebo) so the same control group will be 
used, when feasible. Randomization will be stratified by study site pharmacy 
and disease severity.  There are 2 disease severity strata, defined as below: 
Disease severity stratum 1: Absence of all of the following: stroke, meningitis 
encephalitis, myelitis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, 
symptomatic congestive heart failure (NYHA class III or IV), arterial or deep 
venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, requirement for invasive 
mechanical ventilation, ECMO, mechanical circulatory support, vasopressor 
therapy, or new renal replacement therapy. 
Disease severity stratum 2: Presence of at least one of the excluded 
conditions or treatments in disease severity stratum 1.  
The primary endpoint is the time from randomization to sustained recovery, 
defined as being discharged from the index hospitalization, followed by being 
alive and home for 14 consecutive days prior to Day 90. The definition of 
home will be operationalized as the level of residence or facility where the 
participant was residing prior to hospital admission leading to enrollment in 
this protocol. 
An independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) will regularly 
review interim analyses that summarize safety and efficacy outcomes. For 
agents with minimal pre-existing safety knowledge, the pace of enrollment will 
be initially restricted and there will be an early review of safety data by the 
DSMB. For the study of all agents, at the outset of the trial, only participants in 
disease severity stratum 1 will be enrolled. This more restricted enrollment will 
continue until approximately 300 participants are enrolled and followed for 
5 days.  The exact number will vary according to the speed of enrollment and 
the timing of DSMB meetings.   Prior to expanding enrollment to also include 
patients in disease severity stratum 2 safety will be evaluated and a pre-

specified futility assessment by the DSMB will be carried out using 2 ordinal 
outcomes (see below) assessed at Day 5. The first ordinal outcome is a 7-
category outcome largely based on oxygen requirements. The highest (worst) 
category that applies on Day 5 will be assigned. This outcome is referred to 
as the “pulmonary” ordinal outcome, with categories described below:  
1. 
Can independently undertake usual activities with minimal or 
no symptoms 
2. 
Symptomatic and currently unable to independently 
undertake usual activities but no need of supplemental 
oxygen (or not above premorbid requirements)  
3. 
Supplemental oxygen (<4 liters/min, or <4 liters/min above 
premorbid requirements) 
4. 
Supplemental oxygen (≥4 liters/min, or ≥4 liters/min above 
premorbid requirements, but not high-flow oxygen)  
5. 
Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen  
6. 
Invasive ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 
(ECMO), mechanical circulatory support, or new receipt of 
renal replacement therapy  
7. 
Death 
 
The second ordinal outcome, also assessed at Day 5, captures the range of 
organ dysfunction that may be associated with progression of Coronavirus-
Induced Disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as stroke and other coagulation-
related complications. Again, the highest category that applies on day 5 will 
be assigned. Use of this outcome allows further characterization of the extra-
pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 and the capacity to identify agents 
that improve those extra-pulmonary manifestations. This outcome is referred 
to as the “pulmonary+” ordinal outcome.  
The 7 categories of the pulmonary+ ordinal outcome assessed at Day 5 are: 
1. 
Can independently undertake usual activities with minimal or 
no symptoms 
2. 
Symptomatic and currently unable to independently 
undertake usual activities but no need of supplemental 
oxygen (or not above premorbid requirements)  
3. 
Supplemental oxygen (<4 liters/min, or <4 liters/min above 
premorbid requirements) 
4. 
Supplemental oxygen (≥4 liters/min, or ≥4 liters/min above 
premorbid requirements, but not high-flow oxygen) or any of 
the following:  stroke (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤14), 
meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, myocardial infarction, 
myocarditis, pericarditis, new onset congestive heart failure 
(CHF) NYHA class III or IV or worsening to class III or IV, 
arterial or deep venous thromboembolic events.  
5. 
Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen, or signs and 
symptoms of an acute stroke (NIHSS >14)  
6. 
Invasive ventilation, ECMO, mechanical circulatory support, 
vasopressor therapy, or new receipt of renal replacement 
therapy  
7. 
Death 

Both ordinal outcomes are used to assess futility because it is currently 
unclear whether the investigational agents under study will primarily influence 
non-pulmonary outcomes, for which risk is increased with SARS-CoV-2 
infection, in part, through mechanisms that may be different from those that 
influence pulmonary outcomes.  
For investigational agents passing this futility assessment, enrollment of 
participants will be expanded, seamlessly and without any data unblinding, to 
include participants in disease severity stratum 2 as well as those in disease 
severity stratum 1.  Future interim analyses will be based on the primary 
endpoint of sustained recovery and will use pre-specified guidelines to 
determine early evidence of benefit, harm or futility for the investigational 
agent.  
DURATION 
Participants will be followed for 18 months following randomization. Primary 
and most secondary outcomes will be collected during the first 90 days of 
follow-up only.  Follow-up beyond 90 days is planned because the half-lives of 
some agents indicate that potentially meaningful amounts may remain in the 
body after 90 days of follow-up.  During the follow-up between 90 days and 
18 months hospitalizations and deaths will be ascertained. 
SAMPLE SIZE 
This phase III trial is planned to provide 90% power to detect a 25% increase 
in the rate of sustained recovery for an investigational agent compared to 
placebo at the 0.025, 1-sided level of significance.  This requires 843 primary 
events (i.e., participants who achieve sustained recovery).  Randomization of 
1,000 participants, equally allocated to each investigational agent and 
placebo, followed for 90 days is estimated to result in the required number of 
primary events.  The event target may be achieved earlier if more than 
1,000 participants are enrolled.  Sample size will be evaluated periodically by 
study team members who are blinded to interim results and may be increased 
to maintain power for the hypothesized difference in sustained recovery 
between the investigational agent and placebo.  
POPULATION 
The study population consists of inpatient adults (≥18 years) who have had 
COVID-19 symptoms ≤ 12 days.  Initially, approximately 300 participants in 
disease severity stratum 1 will be enrolled.  Afterwards, based on the review 
by the DSMB of safety and futility, eligibility for randomization will be 
expanded to also include patients in disease severity stratum 2.   
STRATIFICATION Randomization will be stratified by study site pharmacy and also by disease 
severity stratum. 
REGIMEN 
Investigational agents suitable for testing in the inpatient setting will be 
prioritized based on in vitro data demonstrating activity against SARS CoV-2 
entry or replication, preclinical data, phase I pharmacokinetic and safety data, 
and clinical data from other ongoing trials. The protocol will initially focus on 
agents for which there is a hypothesized benefit from passive immunization 
including use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.  
MONITORING 
An independent DSMB will review interim data on a regular basis and use 
pre-specified guidelines to identify agents with clear evidence of efficacy for 
the primary outcome, and if so recommend unblinding of the trial results for 
that agent. Conversely, the DSMB may recommend discontinuation of an 
investigational agent if the risks are judged to outweigh the benefits or if futility 

assessments indicate that there is low probability that an investigational agent 
will achieve statistical significance for the primary endpoint of sustained 
recovery.  
                                For an investigational agent, if the trial is stopped early or if the trial continues 
until the pre-specified number of primary endpoints is reached, further 
enrollment of the investigational agent will be terminated if applicable, and the 
trial data for the investigational agent will be unblinded and reported with data 
through 90 days of follow-up. Follow-up of all participants will continue 
through 18 months using the data collection plan described in this master 
protocol.   
 
 
A risk-based protocol monitoring plan will be developed to ensure participant 
safety, data integrity, and regulatory compliance during the conduct of the 
trial. 
 
 
 

2 
Introduction 
 
Study rationale 
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). While 
most cases are mild or asymptomatic, progressive disease can result in hospitalization, 
requirement for mechanical ventilation, and substantial morbidity and mortality.1 While the 
most common mode of disease progression is progressive respiratory failure following the 
development of pneumonia, other severe complications including thrombosis and ischemia 
are increasingly recognized.2,3  
Several clinical trials utilizing novel drugs and repurposing older agents have been 
implemented to investigate the treatment of adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19 (see 
section 2.2.7). Standard-of-care is hence rapidly evolving (see Appendix I for current 
recommendations).  
Our understanding of the humoral immune response is evolving, with some evidence that 
responses are variable between individuals and delayed in some cases.4 It may therefore 
be that viral replication leads to extensive tissue damage and inflammatory responses in 
the lungs and other organs before the development of neutralizing antibodies. 
Augmentation of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using passive 
immunotherapy to SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 
may thus improve the disease course and reduce the time to recovery.  
 
Background 
2.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) 
In December 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Committee identified an outbreak of viral 
pneumonia cases of unknown cause. A novel coronavirus was rapidly identified by 
sequencing and named SARS-CoV-2, and the illness caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 
has been named COVID-19.5 While SARS-CoV-2 mostly causes a mild respiratory illness, 
some individuals, particularly those who are elderly6,7 and have comorbidities,8 may 
progress to severe disease requiring hospitalization, mechanical ventilation in intensive care 
units, and death. As of 5 October 2020, less than seven months following the declaration of 
a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), there have been 
more than 35 million cases diagnosed and more than 1 million deaths worldwide.1 Over 
300,000 cases continue to be reported daily.5
2.2.2 Natural history of COVID-19 
SARS-CoV-2 has a median incubation period of 4 days (interquartile range [IQR] 2-
7 days)9 and the mean serial interval defined as the time duration between a primary 
case-patient (infector) having symptom onset and a secondary case-patient (infectee) 
having symptom onset for COVID-19 was calculated as 3.96 (95% confidence interval [CI] 
3.53–4.39) days.10 COVID-19 illness is predominantly a respiratory disease typified by upper 
respiratory symptoms in mild cases and pneumonia, respiratory failure and acute respiratory 
distress syndrome (ARDS) in advanced disease. Initial symptoms typically involve the upper 
respiratory tract with cough, sore throat and malaise. Fever is present in approximately 
44-98% of cases. Notably, persons with COVID-19 often experience loss of smell and 
taste.11
Complications of COVID-19 illness include cytopenias (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and 
anemia), and acute cardiac events (elevated troponin, changes on electrocardiogram), 
2.1 
2.2 

acute renal injury and renal failure, liver impairment, and neurological events including 
acute cerebrovascular events, impaired consciousness and muscle injury and thrombotic 
events.  
In most patients (approximately 80%) symptoms resolve without the need for intervention 
within five to seven days of symptom onset up to a maximum of 14 days. However, 
approximately 20% of patients show signs of clinical disease progression, most notably 
pneumonia, around day 3 to 8 following symptom onset. Other manifestations of disease 
progression include thrombotic episodes including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). 
This resembles the documented 6-8 fold excess risk of thrombosis when patients are 
infected with influenza.12  
A proportion of those who progress then further deteriorate, including with the 
development of ARDS around 1-5 days after pneumonic symptom onset.6,13,14,15  Acute 
kidney injury necessitating dialysis and failure of other organs may also occur at this 
severe stage of disease. 
Of the nearly 1,099 persons described in the Wuhan cohort, 16.0% had severe disease 
at presentation; 67 persons (6.1%) reached a composite primary endpoint of intensive 
care admission, mechanical ventilation or death.9,16 As described below, outcomes for 
those requiring mechanical ventilation and with other manifestations of end-organ failure 
are poor, and approaches to prevent this late stage of the disease among those with 
early evidence of progression are critically needed. 
 
Initially in this protocol, we aim to enroll patients hospitalized for medical management of 
COVID-19, close to the onset of clinical symptoms but without end-organ failure having 
developed (disease severity stratum 1).  For agents passing the initial futility assessment 
eligibility for enrollment will be expanded so that patients with or without overt organ 
failure will be enrolled (patients in disease severity stratum 1 or 2). The majority of 
patients will have emerging evidence of pneumonia,but recognizing the expanding range 
of other organs involved in clinical progression of COVID-19, neither the inclusion criteria 
nor the outcomes used in in this trial are limited only to assessment of pneumonia.  
 
2.2.3 Risk factors for clinical progression  
Studies investigating risk factors for progression of COVID-19 and related hospital 
admission are currently few. Reports to date have predominately been based on individuals 
already hospitalized. These include a mix of descriptive information on the patients as well 
as estimates of associations between patient characteristics and disease severity. Older 
age has been found to be strongly related to greater severity16,17,18 and poorer outcome as 
has the presence of conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart 
disease.14,16,18,19  Other risk factors identified include ethnicity18 , cigarette smoking16,17,20 
and high body mass index (BMI).21,22,23,24  Gender has not shown a consistent relationship 
with disease severity.16,18,25  However, reports of larger case series and cohorts suggest 
male gender is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality.26,27,28  
Specific symptoms at presentation that have notably been associated with greater 
likelihood of progression to more severe disease include shortness of breath and elevated 
body temperature.16,29  
Patients with inborn errors of their interferon immunity or who have developed auto-
antibodies that reduces this host-protective immunity appear to be at excess risk of disease 
progression.30,31   

The COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) report on 
1,482 persons who were hospitalized in 14 states in the US in March 2020 show nearly 
75% were aged over 50 years, and nearly 90% had at least one underlying comorbid 
illness.32  
Based on 2.6 million users of the COVID Symptom Tracker App, predominantly in the 
United Kingdom, being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or 
renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting the hospital with COVID-19.33 
Pre-existing lung disease and diabetes were consistently associated with a higher risk of 
requiring respiratory support.33 A meta-analysis showed that cardiac injury as measured by 
a high sensitivity troponin was associated with higher mortality, higher need for intensive 
care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19 disease.34 
2.2.4 Hospitalization of people with COVID-19 
Countries and jurisdictions differ in the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. Early in 
the epidemic, faced with small numbers of infected persons, some resource-rich countries 
such as Singapore elected to admit all persons with COVID-19 regardless of symptom 
severity to facilitate strict isolation. Admission for reasons of public health or quarantine, 
rather than medical management, continues to be a requirement in some countries, notably 
in Asia.  Elsewhere, it is more common for those with mild illness to be advised to self-
isolate at home, while only those severely unwell are admitted for medical management.  
Thresholds for ICU management also differ globally and are likely to vary significantly even 
within individual countries at different stages of the epidemic. For example, during peaks of 
high incidence, procedures commonly performed only in ICU may be extended to other 
care areas, while patients who might otherwise have been considered for ICU admission 
may be palliated if clinical services are overwhelmed. 
Mortality rates for those who develop end-organ failure requiring intensive support, 
including those admitted to ICU, differ widely. Among 1,591 ICU patients from Lombardy, 
the region in Italy hardest hit by COVID-19, 88% required mechanical ventilation and 11% 
noninvasive ventilation.35 The ICU mortality rate was 26%. Of 1,043 patients with available 
data, 709 (68%) had at least 1 comorbidity, 509 (49%) had hypertension, and 21% had 
cardiovascular disease. Younger patients (≤63 years) compared to older patients, had 
lower ICU mortality and higher rates of discharge from ICU. The median length of stay in 
the ICU was 9 days, though 58% remained in ICU at time of report.35 In the United 
Kingdom, of the 4,078 COVID-19 patients admitted into critical care with reported 
outcomes, 50.7% died in ICU; those requiring advanced respiratory support and renal 
support had worse outcomes.36 These data underline the importance of attenuating the 
disease in its early phase prior to the development of end-organ failure. 
For recovering hospitalized patients who still require supplementary oxygen, an emerging 
clinical practice is to discharge such patients and administer oxygen at their home until it is 
no longer required.   
2.2.5 Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection 
Viral kinetic studies have demonstrated extensive SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in the 
pharynx just before and early after symptom onset.37 Viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) shedding 
from the pharynx gradually wanes as symptoms resolve, but viral RNA is still detectable 
weeks after symptom resolution.37,38,39 Median duration of viral shedding was 20 days in 
survivors (longest 37 days), but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors.7 
Whether this is viable virus with the potential for continued transmission remains uncertain. 

RNAemia has been reported but is relatively rare.38,40  Viral detection in sputum is higher 
and outlasts pharyngeal swabs in those with pneumonia.41  Persons with asymptomatic 
disease clear their virus faster than symptomatic individuals.42 
The contribution of ongoing viral replication to disease progression in the most severe stage 
of COVID-19 (i.e., on ventilator or ECMO) is unclear, but may be minor as we hypothesize 
that any organ damage from the infection may have occurred already and the predominant 
drivers of progression to severe disease/ARDS are those of the uncontrolled local and 
systemic immune response. 
Case reports are emerging to suggest possible reinfection in patients who have recovered 
from SARS-CoV-2 infection.43,44,45,46,47  
2.2.6 Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection 
Notwithstanding the observed high viral loads, and progression of viral shedding from the 
upper to lower respiratory tract in those with progressive disease, the humoral immune 
response to SARS-CoV-2 appears variable and may be slow. While data are still emerging, 
it appears that in a significant proportion of cases antibody responses are not yet evident at 
the time (day 5-7) when disease progression and hospitalization most commonly occur, 
supporting a role for supplementation of the antibody response at that time point.  
For example, two large studies have described antibody responses (immunoglobulin G 
[IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM]). In the first, samples from 82 confirmed and 58 probable 
cases of COVID-19 in a cross-sectional analysis demonstrated IgG detection at a median of 
14 (IQR 10-18) days after symptom onset, with IgM detected at a median of 5 days (IQR 3-
6) after symptom onset. Antibodies were absent in around 22% of individuals at 
assessment (IgM), and IgM was most commonly absent in those assessed early (within
7 days of symptom onset).48 In the second study of 262 patients who provided 363 
samples, antibody levels were examined by days from symptom onset. IgM antibodies were 
detectable in just under 40% of patients at day 5-7, rising to 50% at day 8-10, while 
interestingly IgG was detectable in a slightly higher proportion at those time points: just over 
50% at day 5-7, rising to 60% at day 8-10.49 This series was drawn from hospitalized 
patients, but the severity of illness and relationships with disease outcomes were not 
described. Both studies show considerable individual variation in antibody kinetics. Further 
longitudinal studies are underway and will better characterize the kinetics of these 
responses in individuals.50,51
SARS-CoV-2 infection may also induce significant changes in elements of the cellular 
immune response. As the disease process progresses, the peripheral lymphocyte count 
typically declines. The depletion of peripheral lymphocytes likely reflects translocation to the 
pulmonary tissue. The extent that this influx is exclusively helpful to the host, or possibly 
may contribute adversely to disease severity is currently unclear. In severe cases this 
decline in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes is also associated with an increase in activated 
CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, increases in key proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 
(IL-6), and increases in natural killer (NK) cells.52,53 Trials assessing the use of various 
immunomodulatory agents with the aim of dampening this migration and systemic 
inflammation are underway, and may help to clarify this.  
2.2.7 Current treatment strategies for COVID-19 
Hundreds of clinical trials have been completed or are underway to study the safety and 
efficacy of treatments for COVID-19. Treatments being studied include direct anti-viral 
treatments, including repurposed drugs found in vitro to have activity against SARS-CoV-2; 

immune modulators especially in patients with advanced disease; drugs to reduce 
inflammation, including corticosteroids, and modifiers of other pathophysiological pathways 
implicated in disease progression, including potentially anticoagulants and anti-platelet 
agents.  
As results of randomized trials for these and other treatments become available and 
treatment guidelines are updated, standard of care (SOC) for hospitalized patients with 
COVID-19 will change.  This may influence the background treatment recommended (or 
required) by this protocol and/or second line or supportive care treatments recommended 
by the protocol.  To accommodate this fast-moving field Appendix I (which outlines the SOC 
to be recommended in addition to investigational agent or matched placebo) will be 
regularly updated. 
Of note, whereas evidence supports use of the interventions outlined in Appendix I, the 
most optimal approach to applying these interventions remains uncertain, and is the subject 
of ongoing trials.     
2.2.8 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (nMAbs) 
The ability to rapidly and urgently develop novel therapeutic nMAbs is best illustrated in the 
setting of the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic. A triple monoclonal antibody (MAb) cocktail, 
ZMapp, which first showed efficacy in guinea pigs,54  was tested in PREVAIL II, a 
randomized controlled trial of 72 patients.55  This trial did not meet pre-specified efficacy 
threshold. Two phase I studies that separately explored a single nMAb against receptor-
binding domain (RBD) Mab11456 and a triple nMAb cocktail of REGN3470-3471-347957 
showed linear pharmacokinetics and a good safety profile, with mild headaches in the latter. 
A large 1:1:1:1 randomised study of 681 patients compared ZMapp as control; remdesivir: 
single nMAb, Mab114 (Ansuvimab) and a triple cocktail of REGN-EB3, with the latter two 
showing superior results for day 28 mortality.58  Four events in three patients were thought 
to be directly related to trial drug – 2 in the ZMapp arm and 1 in the remdesivir arm. 
Mab114 was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the US Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) and REGN-EB3 was approved for the treatment of Ebola virus 
disease by the FDA.  
SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic human coronaviruses encode four major structural 
proteins. The homotrimeric spike (S) protein is essential to viral attachment, fusion, entry 
and transmission and has two functional subunits - S1 subunit for virus-receptor binding 
and S2 subunit for virus-cell membrane fusion. S1 has an N-terminal domain (NTD) and a 
RBD.59,60,61  During infection, SARS-CoV-2 first binds the host cell through interaction 
between its S1-RBD and the cell membrane receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 or 
ACE2 receptor) triggering conformational changes in the S2 subunit that results in virus 
fusion and entry into the target cell.62  Other structural proteins include the envelope (E) 
protein encompassing the viral envelope, the membrane (M) protein protruding from the cell 
membrane, and nucleocapsid (N) protein covering the viral RNA. There are approximately 
16 non-structural proteins (nsp1–16), and ﬁve to eight accessory proteins.59  As the S 
glycoprotein is surface-exposed and mediates entry into host cells, it is the main target of 
neutralizing antibodies upon infection and the focus of therapeutic and vaccine design62. 
Most currently developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 nMAbs target the viral S protein, most 
commonly the RBD.6364 The structural homology and cross-reactivity across the 
Coronaviridae have enabled knowledge translation from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS to SARS-
CoV-2. Cross-reactivity has been exploited for immune protection. Promising human-
derived nMAbs have been identified from previous SARS-CoV-1 patients and convalescing 

SARS-CoV-2 patients. After the SARS epidemic in 2003, two promising nMAb therapeutics 
were identified - CR3014 and CR3022.65  CR3022 rather than CR3014 showed promise 
against SARS-CoV-266  but recent structure modelling showed that CR3022 binds to a 
cryptic epitope distal to the RBD, only accessible when the RBD is in the up conformation 
and at a specific angle,67 thus limiting its application.  
A new promising S309 antibody targeting the RBD, identified from a previous SARS-CoV-1 
survivor, showed cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 and an Fc variant with a longer half-
life is in accelerated development.61  Similarly, 18F3 and 7B11 against RBD were identified 
from SARS-CoV-1 patients.68  Many papers have detailed identification and development of 
nMAbs from currently convalescing patients with SARS-CoV-2, all targeting the RBD 
including: CB6 which also has shown promise as a prophylaxis and therapeutic model in 
monkey studies69; P2B -2F6,70 311mab-31B5 and 311mab-32D4.71 
Viral escape mutants may render the virus resistant to the neutralising effects of nMAbs.72  
Investigational Agents 
Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) has formed an 
overarching “trial oversight committee (TOC)” for both ACTIV-2 (a parallel study 
assessing COVID-19 therapeutics in outpatients) and ACTIV-3 (this master protocol). 
The TOC will select agents for study in the two protocols. Members of the protocol team 
(non-voting) and NIAID are members of this committee. This committee reviews data for 
investigational agents and considers a number of factors including safety, in vitro 
potency against the virus, resistance, epitope and adequacy of antibody titers if the 
agent is an antibody, scale-up potential in general, and for completing the phase 3 trial in 
particular, and dose and route of administration.  
The same DSMB will review interim data from ACTIV-2 and ACTIV-3 and this should 
facilitate early identification of safety concerns. The protocol team will inform the DSMB 
about emerging data that impacts the study design (e.g., the safety of the investigational 
agent being studied or SOC).  
It is possible that agents from different sources will be combined at some point in the 
conduct of this master protocol. It is also possible that one agent will be identified as 
effective and then incorporated as SOC (providing there is good safety and adequate 
supply). 
Information on dosing, administration, supply and distribution, matching placebo, and any 
special considerations as far as inclusion/exclusion criteria and safety monitoring for each 
investigational agent studied as part of this protocol is outlined in an appendix (see 
Appendix H), including known benefits and risk, justification for dosing, and administration. 
The appendix will also include whether any deviations from aspects of study procedures 
outlined in this master protocol will be needed. The informed consent will describe any risks 
associated with the investigational agents. 
3 
Risk/Benefit Assessment 
 
Known Potential Risks 
Potential risks of participating in this trial are those associated with the product, and these 
are described in an appendix and in the sample informed consent. Other risks include 
2.3 
3.1 

having blood drawn, intravenous (IV) catheterization, thrombosis, the volume of fluid 
infused, and breach of confidentiality.  
3.1.1 Risks of Drawing Blood and IV Catheterization 
Drawing blood may cause transient discomfort and fainting. Fainting is usually transient and 
managed by having the participant lie down and elevate his/her legs. Bruising at the blood 
collection sites may occur but can be prevented or lessened by applying pressure to the 
blood draw site for a few minutes after the blood is taken. IV catheterization may cause 
insertion site pain, phlebitis, hematoma formation, and infusate extravasation; less frequent 
but significant complications include bloodstream and local infections. The use of aseptic 
(sterile) technique will make infection at the site of blood draw or at catheterization less 
likely. 
3.1.2 Risks of Anaphylaxis, Thrombosis and Fluid Overload due to Study 
Treatments 
Infusions of investigational agents likely to be used in this protocol are generally well-
tolerated, except in rare cases of existing allergy to the products infused. However, the 
volume of fluid infused may exacerbate pre-existing CHF. There is slight elevation in the risk 
of thrombosis with standard antibody therapy, and in some cases COVID-19 is associated 
with thrombotic complications. There is a theoretical risk that antibody infusion may worsen 
the disease course via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE occurs if specific 
antibodies against a virus increase rather than decrease viral replication and hence worsen 
the disease course. ADE has been observed most clearly in the context of Dengue fever.73 
It is unclear if this phenomenon is present and/or clinically significant in COVID-19, but close 
monitoring of disease outcomes will be maintained during interim safety analyses.  
3.1.3 Risks to Privacy 
Participants will be asked to provide personal health information (PHI). All attempts will be 
made to keep this PHI confidential within the limits of the law. However, there is a chance 
that unauthorized persons will see the participant’s PHI. All source records including 
electronic data will be stored in secured systems in accordance with institutional policies 
and government regulations.  
All study data that leave the site (including any electronic transmission of data) will be 
identified only by a coded number that is linked to a participant through a code key 
maintained at the clinical site. Names or readily identifying information will not be released. 
Electronic files will be password protected. 
Only people who are involved in the conduct, oversight, monitoring, or auditing of this trial 
will be allowed access to the PHI that is collected. Any publication from this trial will not use 
information that will identify study participants. Organizations that may inspect and/or copy 
research records maintained at the participating site for quality assurance and data analysis 
include groups such as the study monitor, other authorized representatives of the 
institutional review board (IRB), NIH, and applicable regulatory agencies (e.g. FDA).  
 
Known Potential Benefits 
While the trial is conducted to test the hypothesis that each investigational agent will reduce 
the risk of further disease progression or reduce the time to sustained recovery, the agents 
studied may or may not prevent these outcomes in any individual who participates in this trial. 
However, there is an anticipated benefit to society from a patient’s participation in this trial, 
due to insights that will be gained about the investigational agent(s) under study as well as 
3.2 

the natural history of the disease. While there may not be benefits for an individual, there will 
be benefits to society if a safe, efficacious therapeutic agent can be identified during this 
global COVID-19 outbreak. 
4 
Outcomes 
This section describes the key outcome measures used in this phase III protocol. At the 
outset of the phase III trial for each investigational agent, only participants in disease 
severity stratum 1 will be enrolled. This more restricted enrollment will continue until 
approximately 300 participants are enrolled.  Prior to expanding enrollment to include 
people in disease severity stratum 2, a pre-specified futility assessment by the DSMB will 
be carried out using two ordinal outcomes (see below) that are assessed at Day 5.  This 
early futility assessment is designed to ensure some minimal level of activity for agents for 
which enrollment continues to the planned sample size of the phase III trial.  
 
Ordinal Outcomes for Early Futility Assessments 
Two ordinal outcomes will be used to assess futility after approximately 300 participants 
have been enrolled. Both outcomes are assessed 5 days after randomization (Day 5); the 
participant’s highest (i.e. most severe) observed score on Day 5 is used. 
The first ordinal outcome, referred to as the “pulmonary” ordinal outcome, is primarily 
defined based on oxygen requirements. The 7 categories of the pulmonary ordinal outcome 
are given below (see Protocol Instructions Manual [PIM] for criteria defining the categories 
and each of the conditions mentioned).  
1. Can independently undertake usual activities with minimal or no symptoms 
2. Symptomatic and currently unable to independently undertake usual activities but 
no need of supplemental oxygen (or not above premorbid requirements)  
3. Supplemental oxygen (<4 liters/min, or <4 liters/min above premorbid 
requirements) 
4. Supplemental oxygen (≥4 liters/min, or ≥4 liters/min above premorbid 
requirements, but not high-flow oxygen)  
5. Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen  
6. Invasive ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), mechanical 
circulatory support, or new receipt of renal replacement therapy   
7. Death 
The second ordinal outcome, referred to as “pulmonary+,” also assessed at Day 5, captures 
extrapulmonary complications as well as respiratory dysfunction. The categories of the 
pulmonary+ outcome are defined below (see PIM for criteria defining the categories and 
each of the conditions mentioned). 
1. Can independently undertake usual activities with minimal or no symptoms 
2. Symptomatic and currently unable to independently undertake usual activities but 
no need of supplemental oxygen (or not above premorbid requirements)  
3. Supplemental oxygen (<4 liters/min, or <4 liters/min above premorbid 
requirements) 
4. Supplemental oxygen (≥4 liters/min, or ≥4 liters/min above premorbid 
requirements, but not high-flow oxygen) or any of the following:  stroke (NIH 
Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤14), meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, myocardial 
infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, new onset CHF NYHA class III or IV or 
worsening to class III or IV, arterial or deep venous thromboembolic events.  
4.1 

5. Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen, or signs and symptoms of an acute 
stroke (NIHSS >14)  
6. Invasive ventilation, ECMO or mechanical circulatory support; vasopressor 
therapy; or new receipt of renal replacement therapy  
7. Death 
 
The term ”usual activities,” in categories 1 and 2 for both outcomes, refers to activities of 
daily living that the participant was able to undertake prior to the current illness.  
4.1.1 Rationale for two ordinal outcomes 
There is as yet no consensus on the optimal endpoint for determining clinical benefit from 
COVID-19 therapies, including the constituent elements of the endpoint and the timing of its 
assessment after randomization. Both may differ depending on the target population and 
the nature of the treatment studied. 
While the pulmonary ordinal outcome focuses on the pulmonary components of COVID-19, 
the pulmonary+ ordinal outcome captures the range of complications experienced by 
hospitalized patients with COVID-19.  The pulmonary+ outcome recognizes that end-organ 
manifestations in addition to pneumonia and ARDS are increasingly emerging as significant 
contributors to morbidity, including morbidity resulting from the thromboembolic pathology 
of the disease. Emerging extrapulmonary events are also likely to affect the primary 
endpoint of sustained recovery. This ordinal outcome includes 7 well-defined mutually 
exclusive categories, each of which assesses further progression of disease, as well as 
recovery from COVID-19.  
While the two ordinal outcomes are correlated, it is yet to be determined which of these two 
outcomes will best identify the investigational agents that, when given with SOC, have 
activity that merits advancement. 
Day 5 was chosen for the timing of these ordinal outcomes for several reasons based on 
the following assumptions. The impact of the investigational agent on disease progression 
may not be immediate; a few days may be needed to see the effects on clinical outcomes 
as measured by each ordinal outcome. Also, transient treatment effects that are no longer 
present at Day 5 may be clinically less relevant. Assessment of the ordinal outcome at a 
later time point may result in a diminished treatment difference because spontaneous 
recovery from COVID-19 may have begun in many participants. Use of Day 5 to 
characterize the clinical severity of participants in 7 categories as studied here, results in a 
distribution of participants in the placebo group for the ordinal outcome that is sufficiently 
granular and not overly skewed to the most severe or least severe categories and, 
therefore, provides good power for comparing the two treatment groups (see section 6.3). 
Finally, an early time point of ascertaining the outcomes will facilitate more rapid interim 
analyses for these two ordinal outcomes.   
 
Primary and Secondary Outcomes to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety 
The primary endpoint is time from randomization to sustained recovery, defined as 
being discharged from the index hospitalization, followed by being alive and home for 
14 consecutive days prior to Day 90. 
Home is defined as the level of residence or facility where the participant was residing prior 
to hospital admission leading to enrollment in this protocol.  
4.2 

Residence or facility groupings to define home are: 1) Independent/community dwelling 
with or without help, including house, apartment, undomiciled/homeless, shelter, or hotel; 2) 
Residential care facility (e.g., assisted living facility, group home, other non-medical 
institutional setting); 3) Other healthcare facility (e.g., skilled nursing facility, acute rehab 
facility); and 4) Long-term acute care hospital (hospital aimed at providing intensive, 
longer term acute care services, often for more than 28 days).  
Lower (less intensive) level of residence or facility will also be considered as home. By 
definition, “home” cannot be a “short-term acute care” facility. Participants previously 
affiliated with a “long-term acute care” hospital recover when they return to the same or 
lower level of care.  
Readmission from “home” may occur and if this occurs within 14 days of the first discharge 
to “home”, then the primary endpoint will not be reached until such time as the participant 
has been at home for 14 consecutive days.  
Participants residing in a facility solely for public health or quarantine purposes will be 
considered as residing in the lowest level of required residence had these public health 
measures not been instated.  
Some recovering patients are discharged from the hospital while still requiring continuous 
low flow supplementary oxygen to maintain satisfactory blood oxygenation for some period 
of time. Sensitivity analyses will be carried out using outcomes which are variations of the 
definition of sustained recovery.  These outcomes will use definitions of sustained recovery 
that consider continuous use of supplemental oxygen reported during the 14-day period at 
home following discharge.  These outcomes are cited as secondary endpoints. 
4.2.1 Rationale for primary outcome 
The primary outcome is intended to identify efficacy among the investigational agents. 
Whereas mortality may be the most important outcome, the sample size to detect a 
plausible treatment effect for such an outcome would be much larger than outlined in this 
protocol and was judged not to be feasible to be the primary outcome. Nor was mortality 
considered to be the only relevant measure of efficacy in COVID-19. 
The primary outcome is assessed during 90 days of follow-up, which is longer than for other 
trials of investigational agents for COVID-19, which are typically 28 days. The longer follow-
up will allow better ascertainment of recovery from the longer-term consequences of the 
underlying disease, and hence the efficacy of the investigational agent. This is likely to be 
particularly true for patients who experience extra-pulmonary disease in conjunction with 
their COVID-19, and for patients enrolled while receiving care for life-threatening organ 
failure. It is also projected that excess mortality may still be observed beyond Day 28 until 
Day 90. All-cause mortality is an important secondary outcome (see below).  
4.2.2 Secondary outcomes 
In addition to the primary endpoint, several secondary efficacy endpoints will be assessed. 
These endpoints will be assessed for all participants enrolled.  
1. All-cause mortality through 90 days of follow-up 
 
2. Composite of time to sustained recovery and mortality through 90 days of follow-up 
 

3. Time to discharge for the initial hospitalization 
 
4. Days alive outside of a short-term acute care hospital up to day 90 
 
5. Ordinal outcomes, pulmonary+ and pulmonary, on Days 1-7, and pulmonary ordinal 
outcome on Days 14 and 28 
 
6. Clinical organ failure or serious infections defined by development of any one or more of 
the following clinical events through Day 28 (see PIM for criteria for what constitutes 
each of these conditions):  
 
a. Respiratory dysfunction: 
1. Respiratory failure defined as receipt of high flow nasal oxygen, non-
invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO 
 
b. Cardiac and vascular dysfunction: 
1. Myocardial infarction 
2. Myocarditis or pericarditis  
3. CHF: new onset NYHA class III or IV, or worsening to class III or IV 
4. Hypotension requiring institution of vasopressor therapy 
 
c. Renal dysfunction: 
1. New requirement for renal replacement therapy  
 
d. Hepatic dysfunction: 
1. Hepatic decompensation 
 
e. Neurological dysfunction 
1. Acute delirium 
2. Cerebrovascular event (stroke, cerebrovascular accident [CVA]) 
3. Transient ischemic events (i.e., CVA symptomatology resolving <24 hrs) 
4. Encephalitis, meningitis or myelitis 
 
f. Haematological dysfunction: 
1. Disseminated intravascular coagulation 
2. New arterial or venous thromboembolic events, including pulmonary 
embolism and deep vein thrombosis 
3. Major bleeding events (>2 units of blood within 24 hours, bleeding at a 
critical site (intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, pericardial, intraarticular, 
intramuscular with compartment syndrome, or retroperitoneal), or fatal 
bleeding). 
 
g. Serious infection: 
1. Intercurrent, at least probable, documented serious disease caused by an 
infection other than SARS-CoV2, requiring antimicrobial administration and 
care within an acute-care hospital.  
 
7. A composite of death, clinical organ failure or serious infections (see above)  
 
8. Outcomes assessed in other treatment trials of COVID-19 for hospitalized participants in 
order to facilitate cross-trial comparisons and overviews (e.g. 6- , 7-, and 8-category 

ordinal scales assessed at Days 1-7, 14 and 28; time to improvement in 1 or 2 
categories of ordinal scale; time to best 3 categories of ordinal scale, and binary 
outcomes defined by improvement or worsening based on other ordinal outcomes) 
 
9. A composite of cardiovascular events (outcomes listed above in items 6b1, 6e2 and 
6e3) and thromboembolic events (item 6f2)  
 
10. Safety and tolerability as measured by: 
a. A composite of grade 3 and 4 clinical adverse events, SAEs, clinical organ failure 
or serious infections (see item 6 above) or death through Day 5 (primary safety 
endpoint) and through Day 28 (the components of this composite will also be 
summarized) 
b. Infusion-related reactions of any severity and percentage of participants for whom 
the infusion was interrupted or stopped prior to completion 
c. A composite of SAEs, clinical organ failure or serious infections (see item 6 
above) or death through Day 90 
d. Adverse events of any grade through Day 7 
e. Prevalence of adverse events of any grade at Day 14 and Day 28 
f. A composite of hospitalization readmissions or death through 18 months. 
 
11. Change in antibody profile, overall titers of antibodies and neutralizing antibody levels 
from baseline to Days 1, 3, 5 and 28 and 90 
 
12. Outcomes that consider home use of supplemental oxygen above pre-morbid oxygen 
use for sensitivity analyses for the primary outcome: 
a. Alive at home and no use of continuous supplemental oxygen for an 
uninterrupted 14 day period 
b. Alive at home for an uninterrupted 14 day period and no use of continuous 
supplemental oxygen at the end of the 14 day time period. 
4.2.3 Rationale for secondary outcomes 
Mortality and the composite of time to death or sustained recovery (see section 11.2 for the 
analysis of this outcome using a win ratio statistic)74 are the two key secondary outcomes. 
An effective investigational agent should lead to a favorable trend for those these 
outcomes.  Conclusive evidence for a treatment difference in mortality requires larger 
sample sizes than planned, and we expect that there is better power for detecting a 
treatment effect in the composite outcome than mortality.  
Safety is assessed through a comprehensive review of data collected from baseline through 
follow-up. On day 0, during and immediately after the infusion, infusion-related reactions of 
any grade severity, and premature infusion termination are captured. From study entry 
through Day 28, deaths, grade 3 and 4 clinical adverse events, and the components of the 
two ordinal outcomes assessed at Day 5 contribute to the safety assessment. A composite 
primary safety outcome is defined at Day 5. On Day 0 and Day 5, safety laboratory test 
results are reported, and grading determined (section 9.1). Finally, SAE’s, SUSAR’s, 
(re)admissions for acute care, organ disease, and organ dysfunction including supportive 
treatment hereof, are ascertained during the entire follow-up period.  
The definitions of outcomes in different COVID-19 trials are evolving. It will be important to 
adequately capture data that enables the trial to “reconstruct” outcomes used in other trials. 

Finally, continuous supplemental oxygen is increasingly prescribed for patients discharged 
from the hospital following treatment for COVID-19.  Therefore, it will be important to carry 
out sensitivity analyses that consider home oxygen use in interpreting the results of the trial 
for the primary endpoint of sustained recovery.  
5 
Objectives 
 
Primary Objective 
The primary objective of this protocol is to determine whether investigational agents, initially 
focusing on those that are aimed at enhancing the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 
infection are safe and superior to control (e.g., placebo) when given with SOC for the 
primary endpoint of time to sustained recovery evaluated up to 90 days after randomization.  
SOC may be modified (updated based on data from this or other trials) during the course of 
evaluating different investigational agents with this master protocol. 
 
Secondary Objectives 
Two key secondary objectives are to compare each investigational agent with control for all-
cause mortality and a composite outcome which considers both time to sustained recovery 
and mortality.  
Other secondary objectives are to compare each investigational agent with control for the 
secondary outcomes stated in section 4. 
In addition, the primary endpoint of time to sustained recovery will be evaluated for 
subgroups defined by the following characteristics measured at enrollment: 
• Disease severity as defined in the design for stratification 
• Age 
• Biological sex 
• Race/ethnicity 
• Type of residence/facility (home)  
• BMI 
• History of chronic conditions (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, chronic 
obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, hepatic impairment, chronic kidney 
disease, cancer) 
• Geographic location 
• Upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viral load 
• SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody level 
• Duration of symptoms prior to enrollment 
• Respiratory function scale  
• Organ/respiratory dysfunction category based on each ordinal outcome (pulmonary+ 
and pulmonary)  
• NEW score 
• Disease progression risk score (defined using pooled treatment groups with the 
following baseline predictors of the primary outcome (sustained recovery): age, 
biological sex, duration of symptoms, ordinal category at entry, NEW score, and 
presence of chronic health conditions). 
5.1 
5.2 

6 
Study Design  
TICO (Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19) is a master protocol to evaluate the 
safety and efficacy of multiple investigational agents aimed at modifying the host immune 
response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, or directly enhancing viral control in order to limit 
disease progression. Master protocols can provide a more efficient approach to the 
evaluation of multiple experimental interventions for a single disease such as COVID-19 in 
a continuous manner.  
The trial described in this master protocol is a phase III randomized, blinded, controlled 
platform trial that allows investigational agents to be added and dropped during the study 
for efficient testing of new agents against placebo within the same trial infrastructure. When 
more than one agent is being tested concurrently, participants will be randomized across 
agents, as well as to agent/control. This will allow rapid testing of multiple agents as the 
pooling of controls across agents requires fewer patients to be randomized to the matched 
control arm of each agent.  However, this will only occur when feasible and when multiple 
agents are available to be tested at the same time.  If an investigational agent shows 
superiority over placebo + SOC as initially defined, SOC for future investigational treatment 
evaluations will be modified accordingly.  
 
 
 

Figure 1.   A Phase III Platform Trial for Efficiently Evaluating Multiple 
Investigational Agents Over Time 
Figure 1 illustrates three aspects of the study design.  Investigational agents may enter the 
trial simultaneously or sequentially.  Agents B and C entered the trial simultaneously after 
agent A.  During the time of overlapping randomization for the 3 agents, placebo is shared 
as described in section 6.1.   All 3 agents share a placebo for part of the time in which 
patients in disease severity stratum 1 are enrolled.  For a period of time participants in 
disease severity stratum 2 are only eligible for Agent A/placebo.   
Agents which demonstrate an acceptable risk versus benefit profile in the initial cohort of 
participants in disease severity stratum 1 and pass the futility assessment based on the 
Day 5 ordinal outcomes continue enrollment with expanded eligibility criteria.  This is 
illustrated by both agents A and B.  Both agents advance to enroll participants in disease 
severity stratum 2 as well as 1.  Agent A advances shortly before agent B. 
Agent C illustrates an agent that did not pass the futility assessment in the initial cohort of 
patients in disease severity stratum 1.  Enrollment stopped for agent C.  Follow-up for the 
participants randomized (all in disease severity stratum 1) to agent C/placebo will continue 
through 18 months of follow-up in order to continue to assess safety and other outcomes. 
In some cases, more than one dose of an investigational agent will be studied. For such 
agents, only one of the doses will be advanced to the expanded cohort that includes 
participants in disease severity strata 1 and 2.  
Randomization and Stratification 
Patients will be equally allocated to each investigational agent + SOC or to placebo + SOC. 
For example, for a study of a single investigational agent, participants will be randomized in 
a 1:1 ratio to the investigational agent + SOC or placebo + SOC. If a participant is eligible 
for two investigational agents, the allocation will be 1:1:1 to investigational agent A + SOC, 
agent B + SOC, or placebo + SOC.  Because the two investigational agents (A and B) may 
require different placebos (for example, when infusion volumes differ), the 1:1:1 allocation 
ratio will be achieved through a two-step randomization procedure: in step 1, the participant 
is randomized 2:1 to “active” versus “placebo”; in step 2, the participant is randomized 1:1 
Agent A/placebo 
Agent B/placebo 
Agent C/placebo 
6.1 
Disease severity 
stratum 1 
Continue 
Disease severity 
stratum 1 
Disease severity 
stratum 1 
Continue 
Disease severity 
strata 1 and 2 
Disease severity 
strata 1 and 2 

to A versus B.  With k agents, this can be viewed as an initial k:1 allocation to “active” 
versus “placebo”, followed by a second, even allocation to one of the available agents (for 
example, if a participant was allocated to “placebo” in step 1, then the step 2 allocation will 
be 1:1 to “agent-specific placebo for A” versus “agent-specific placebo for B”).  Sites will be 
informed of the specific investigational agent/placebo (e.g., A or B) to which the participant 
was randomized (see section 6.2). For the analysis, the concurrent agent-specific placebo 
groups will be pooled, resulting in a 1:1 allocation ratio for comparing each investigational 
agent versus the (pooled) placebo group. 
If investigational agents are added or dropped, the allocation ratio to active versus placebo 
will be appropriately modified, and overall sample size will be recalculated as appropriate.  
Randomization will be stratified by study site pharmacy (several clinical sites may share 
one study site pharmacy) and severity of disease at entry.  The two strata that define 
disease severity are: 
Disease severity stratum 1: Absence of all of the following: stroke, meningitis encephalitis, 
myelitis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, symptomatic congestive heart 
failure (NYHA class III or IV), arterial or deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, 
requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation, ECMO, mechanical circulatory support, 
vasopressor therapy, or new renal replacement therapy. 
Disease severity stratum 2: Presence of at least one of the excluded conditions or 
treatments in disease severity stratum 1.  
Within each stratum, mass-weighted urn randomization75 will be used to generate the active 
and placebo assignments. This will ensure throughout the trial placebo allocation near the 
intended ratio while also ensuring near equal numbers of active and matched placebo 
assignments to each agent.   
If more than one investigational agent is being compared with placebo and they have 
different contraindications, consideration will be given to allowing participants to enter with 
randomization to each agent versus placebo separately as well as randomization to both 
agents. If the number of participants expected to have a contraindication is small, they will 
be excluded from the trial rather than establishing a separate randomization mechanism. 
Comparisons will be of each investigational treatment against its control arm. The control 
arm consists of all participants who were “at risk” of being randomized to the investigational 
agent but were randomized to a control group instead. This concept is relevant when the 
randomization includes investigational agents with different eligibility criteria or introduction 
into the platform trial at different time points. Formal randomization includes a matched 
placebo group for each agent, and the placebo groups will be pooled across agents, but 
only participants who 1) were eligible for the investigational agent under consideration, and 
2) were randomized contemporaneously in a stratum will be included in the control group 
for a given agent. 
The default randomization allocation to agent (or its placebo) for which a participant is 
eligible is as outlined above. However, in some circumstances this allocation ratio may be 
changed by the (blinded) protocol leadership based on an overall assessment of how the 
master protocol framework is able to produce relevant and novel findings most effectively.  

 
Blinding 
Investigational agents or placebo (as necessary) will be prepared by a pharmacist who is 
not blinded to the treatment assignment.  All other study staff, including those at sites, and 
those in roles spanning multiple sites or spanning the protocol as a whole, will be blinded 
unless otherwise specified herein.  
For investigational agents infused, blinding of the participant and clinical staff will be 
achieved by placing a colored sleeve over the infusion bags used for investigational agents 
and placebos. Placebo will consist of an isotonic crystalloid, referred to as an isotonic saline 
solution.  
When more than one investigational agent is available for randomization, the clinical staff 
will be informed to which investigational agent/placebo the participant was randomly 
assigned for infusion, but they will be blinded to whether the random assignment was to the 
active investigational agent or matching placebo.  
If the blind is broken for safety reasons, this will be recorded, and the protocol chair will be 
notified. In that situation, every attempt will be made to minimize the number of people 
unblinded.  Specific unblinding procedures and instructions are found in the PIM. 
 
Sample size assumptions 
All sample size calculations are aimed at pairwise comparisons between a given 
investigational agent and its control arm.  The following assumptions were made in 
estimating the required sample size for this phase III trial. 
a. The primary analysis will be intention to treat.  Gray’s test with rho=0 will be used,76 
with stratification by disease severity at entry for comparing each investigational 
agent to control for the primary endpoint of time to sustained recovery (see section 
4.2.1).  Gray’s test with rho=0 is the analogue of the log-rank test in the presence of 
competing risks; it is used here to account for the competing risk of death when 
analysing time to sustained recovery. 
 
b. Type 1 error will be set at 0.025 (1-sided). This type 1 error will not be adjusted for 
the number of investigational agents being compared with placebo as each of the 
agents is expected to impact the primary endpoint through different mechanisms. If 
this is not the case, a type 1 error adjustment may be considered.   
 
c. Power is set at 90% to detect a 25% increase in the rate of sustained recovery for 
the investigational treatment compared to placebo. This moderate efficacy is 
assumed considering the findings from ACTT-1 and the percentage of patients in 
each baseline risk category of the pulmonary ordinal outcome.77  For an 
investigational agent that passes the initial futility assessment based on participants 
in disease severity stratum 1 that are initially enrolled, we expect approximately 50% 
of participants enrolled in the cohort expansion that includes both disease severity 
strata 1 and 2 to be in categories 5 or 6 of the ordinal outcome. Since most 
participants enrolled in the initial cohort will be categories 2, 3 or 4 of the ordinal 
outcome, we assume that 35% of patients in the final analysis will be in the more 
severe categories of the ordinal outcome; mortality is expected to be higher for 
participants in the more severe categories at entry. Among surviving patients we 
assume most will have met the criteria for sustained recovery.  
 
6.2 
6.3 

d. With these assumptions for type 1 and type 2 error and a sustained recovery rate 
ratio of 1.25 for the investigational agent versus control, 843 sustained recoveries 
are needed.78,79   
 
e. Given the planned 90 day follow-up for each participant, we estimate that the sample 
size is slightly larger than the number of recoveries (i.e., we expect a low rate of 
loss-to-follow-up or deaths). For 2 groups, we assume that the sample size is 
approximately 20% higher than the number of recoveries, to account for deaths, a 
small number of withdrawals of consent, and a small number of patients remaining in 
the hospital at Day 90. Total sample size for 2 groups is approximately 1,000 
(500 per group).  
 
f. In order to observe 843 sustained recoveries among 1000 participants, and 
assuming 3% withdrawal of consent, at least 87% of participants (pooled across the 
two treatment arms) would have to achieve sustained recovery by Day 90.  
Assuming a recovery rate ratio of 1.25, this corresponds to 89.9% with sustained 
recovery among those randomized to the investigational agent, compared with 
84.1% in the control group.  
 
Sample size will be re-estimated before enrollment is complete to determine whether the 
planned sample size of 1,000 participants followed for 90 days will yield the planned 
number of primary events.  Sample size may be increased to achieve the event target in the 
planned follow-up of 90 days.  A sample size increase may also be considered in order to 
achieve the event target before all participants are followed for 90 days.  
 
 Schedule of Assessments 
Participants will be randomized and given their initial infusion on Day 0. All participants 
randomized will be followed through 18 months following randomization for collection of 
study data (Appendix B and section 9.1 for details).  
 
Approach to Intercurrent Therapies and Clinical Trial Co-enrollment 
In general, the study will take a pragmatic approach to the use of intercurrent, concomitant 
medications. Except for use of convalescent plasma, hyperimmune SARS-CoV-2 
immunoglobulin or nMAb which is not permitted prior to entry or before Day 5, there are few 
restrictions.  
Sponsor and/or protocol leadership may, based upon convincing new evidence, act in the 
interest of participant protection, and in avoidance of confounding, to exclude/dis-allow use 
of any specific concomitant therapy found to be reasonably contraindicated for a well-
defined portion of the study population (see Appendix I). Such a determination may be 
made, communicated, and implemented by a Protocol Clarification Memo until it is 
reasonable to amend the protocol for other reasons.   
Participants will be asked at screening to agree to refrain from participation in other clinical 
trials until at least the assessment at Day 5 except for certain trials approved by trial 
leadership. It is recognised that, in the case of progression during follow-up to life-
threatening disease and end-organ failure (broadly categories 5 and 6 of the intermediate 
outcome measure; section 4.1) there will be considerable clinical concern, and participation 
in an additional clinical trial at that time will not be restricted.  
The protocol leadership will make a determination on the appropriateness of a trial for 
which co-enrolment will be allowed.  
6.4 
6.5 

 
Prior participation in clinical trials (except receipt of hIVIG, convalescent plasma or another 
nMAb) is not restricted, recognising for example that participants may have enrolled in a 
study for mild disease prior to progression and then may wish to participate in this study at 
the onset of progression. 
All participants will be compared throughout follow-up, irrespective of use of concomitant 
treatments. Concomitant treatments will be recorded at baseline, Day 5 and Day 28. The 
study randomization and study site pharmacy stratification will balance the use of 
concomitant medications on average at baseline and these will be summarized with other 
baseline characteristics. Follow-up use of concomitant treatments may differ by treatment 
group reflecting different efficacy/safety of the study treatments and use of concomitant 
treatments will be summarized by treatment group. 
7 Study Population 
For each investigational agent, an estimated 1,000 COVID-19 participants will be enrolled 
at clinical trial sites globally. The time from screening (Day -1 or Day 0) to end of study for 
an individual participant is 18 months. 
Patient eligibility must be confirmed by a study clinician named on the delegation log. 
Initially, approximately 300 participants in the disease severity stratum 1 will be enrolled.  
For investigational agents passing an initial futility assessment for these participants, 
enrollment will be expanded, seamlessly and without any data unblinding, to include 
participants in disease severity stratum 2 as well as those in disease severity stratum 1.   
Protocol inclusion and exclusion criteria are intentionally straightforward and are NOT 
subject to exception for even minor deviations by Study Medical Officers or by the Sponsor 
Medical Monitor. 
 
Inclusion Criteria 
1. Age ≥ 18 years; 
 
2. Informed consent by the patient or the patient’s legally-authorized representative 
(LAR)*; 
 
3. SARS-CoV-2 infection, documented by a nucleic acid test (NAT) or equivalent testing 
within 3 days prior to randomization OR documented by NAT or equivalent testing more 
than 3 days prior to randomization AND progressive disease suggestive of ongoing 
SARS-CoV-2 infection per the responsible investigator (For non-NAT tests, only those 
deemed with equivalent specificity to NAT by the protocol team will be allowed.  A 
central list of allowed non-NAT tests will be maintained.); 
 
4. Duration of symptoms attributable to COVID-19 ≤ 12 days per the responsible 
investigator; 
 
5. Requiring admission for inpatient hospital acute medical care for clinical manifestations 
of COVID-19, per the responsible investigator, and NOT for purely public health or 
quarantine purposes. 
 
*Continuing consent  
7.1 

For participants whose consent was initially obtained from a LAR, but who subsequently 
regain decision-making capacity while in hospital will be approached for consent for 
continuing participation, including continuance of data acquisition. The consent form signed 
by the LAR should reflect that such consent should be obtained. 
 
Exclusion Criteria  
1. Prior receipt of 
• Any SARS-CoV-2 hIVIG, convalescent plasma from a person who recovered from 
COVID-19 or  
•   SARS-CoV-2 nMAb at any time prior to hospitalization;  
 
2. Not willing to abstain from participation in other COVID-19 treatment trials until after Day 
5 (With the approval of study leadership, enrollment before or on Day 5 is permitted for 
individual trials.)  
 
3. In the opinion of the responsible investigator, any condition for which, participation 
would not be in the best interest of the participant or that could limit protocol specified 
assessments; 
 
4. Expected inability to participate in study procedures;  
 
Prior to the initial futility assessment for an investigational agent, the following two 
additional exclusions (5 and 6) which define disease severity stratum 2 apply: 
 
5. Presence at enrollment of any of the following:  
a. stroke  
b. meningitis 
c. encephalitis 
d. myelitis 
e. myocardial infarction 
f. myocarditis 
g. pericarditis 
h. symptomatic CHF (NYHA class III-IV) 
i. arterial or deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism 
 
6. Current requirement for any of the following: 
a. invasive mechanical ventilation 
b. ECMO 
c. mechanical circulatory support 
d. vasopressor therapy 
e. commencement of renal replacement therapy at this admission (i.e. not patients 
on chronic renal replacement therapy).    
 
Exclusions that may be appropriate for an investigational agent studied are referenced in 
the relevant appendix (H) for the investigational agent. The contraindications for use of 
components of SOC are outlined in Appendix I and in the PIM.  
 
Costs to Participants 
There is no cost to participants for the research tests, procedures/evaluations and study 
product while taking part in this trial. Procedures and treatment for clinical care including 
7.2 
7.3 

costs associated with hospital stay may be billed to the participant, participant’s insurance 
or third party. 
8 Study Product 
Investigational agents and SOC treatment to be used are described in Appendices H and I, 
respectively. 
9 Study Assessments and Procedures 
 
Screening/Baseline and Follow-up Assessments 
Data collection at each visit is outlined below and summarized in Appendix B. Day 0 refers 
to the day on which randomization occurs and on which the investigational agent/placebo is 
infused.  Screening and randomization can be done in the same session.  The term 
“baseline” refers to data that are collected prior to randomization. 
9.1.1 Screening/Baseline Assessments 
After obtaining informed consent, the following assessments are performed within 24 hours 
prior to randomization to confirm eligibility and to collect baseline data: 
• Documentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by NAT or equivalent testing that was 
performed within 3 days prior to randomization, OR documentation by NAT or equivalent 
testing more than 3 days prior to randomization AND progressive disease suggestive of 
ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection) 
 
• A focused medical history, including the following information:  
 Demographics including age, gender, and type residence or facility prior to 
current illness (i.e. “home”) 
 Day of onset of COVID-19 signs and symptoms 
 Components of ordinal outcomes 
 History of chronic medical conditions, including targeted conditions for 
outcome analysis  
 Targeted concomitant medications and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trial 
participation 
 
• A focused physical examination including height and weight 
 
• Respiratory function scale 
 
• Blood draw for local laboratory evaluations: 
 White blood cell count 
 Hemoglobin 
 Platelets 
 Lymphocytes 
 CRP  
 Serum creatinine 
 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 
 
 Vital signs for NEW score 
 
9.1 

• Plasma and serum specimens for central testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibody determination 
and storage for future related research (four 1.0 mL aliquots of serum and four 1.0 mL 
aliquots of plasma).  Two 9 mL tubes, one SST and one EDTA, of blood (18 mL total) will 
be drawn in order obtain the 8 aliquots. 
 
• Midturbinate nasal swab procedure for central determination of SARS-CoV-2 viral load 
• Contact details (phone, e-mail or other types of contact) for the participant and at least 
two close relatives/friends, to ensure reliable data collection during follow-up in the trial.   
• Urine or serum pregnancy test in women of childbearing potential who do not already 
have evidence of pregnancy 
In some cases, it may not possible to draw blood for local laboratory assessments and 
storage and/or to obtain a midturbinate nasal swab for storage prior to the time of 
randomization.  In these cases, the blood draw and swab collection can be obtained after 
the time of randomization but before the infusion of the blinded investigational 
agent/placebo. 
The overall eligibility of the patient for the study will be assessed once all screening 
information is available. The screening process can be suspended prior to completion of the 
assessment at any time if exclusions are identified by the study team. 
Participants who qualify will be randomized within 24 hours of consent and given the 
infusion of the blinded investigational agent/placebo.  Immediately prior to randomization, 
the disease severity stratum of the participant should be verified. 
On Day 0 following randomization the following are assessed: 
• Adverse events of any grade severity present prior to the infusion 
• Start and stop times of the infusion of the investigational agent/placebo and 
remdesivir 
• Infusion-related reactions to the investigational agent/placebo 
• Medication used prophylactically or therapeutically to manage infusion-related 
reactions 
• New adverse events of any grade severity during and after the infusion 
 
Participants should be monitored for at least 2 hours post infusion and have a final check 
2 hours later. Participants who experience AEs during or after the infusion should be 
followed closely until the resolution of the AE.   
9.1.2 Follow-up Assessments 
Participants will be followed through 18 months following randomization for collection of 
study data (Appendix B). Clinical data will be collected on Days 0-7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 
6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. These data will include discharge status, and interim 
changes in medical history (targeted to components of the intermediate ordinal outcomes 
and secondary endpoints). Local laboratory measurements will also be obtained on Day 5. 
Concomitant medications will be collected on Days 5 and 28, clinical (i.e., not limited to a 
laboratory abnormality) incident AEs of grade 3 and 4 severity through Day 28, and 
hospitalization readmissions and deaths through 18 months. 
Both intermediate ordinal outcomes will be assessed on Days 1-7. Adverse events of any 
grade severity will be collected on Days 0-7.  The pulmonary ordinal outcome will also be 
assessed on Days 14 and 28. On Days 14 and 28 AEs of any grade severity will also be 

collected. Components necessary to determine the pulmonary ordinal outcome will be 
collected to allow the computation of the ordinal outcome for every day through Day 14.  
At the time of discharge, the residence/place of living to which the participant was 
discharged and whether it was the type of residence (i.e. “home”) occupied at the time of 
onset of COVID-19 symptoms will be ascertained.  All changes in this status (e.g., re-
admission to another hospital or an intermediate care facility) will be collected at 
approximately 2 week intervals, starting with the day 14 visit, to assess when the participant 
meets the criterion for the primary endpoint of 14 consecutive days “home”.  With this plan 
we will also address the secondary outcome of total days alive outside of a short-term acute 
care hospital.  
For participants who are no longer hospitalized, in-person visits will be done on study Days 
1, 3, 5, 28 and 90, when blood is collected. At each of these visits, plasma and serum 
specimens for central testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibody determination and storage (four 
1.0 mL aliquots of serum and four 1.0 mL aliquots of plasma) will be obtained for future 
related research.  Two 9 mL tubes, SST and EDTA, of blood (18 mL total) will be drawn in 
order obtain the 8 aliquots.  If it is not possible to do an in-person visit on Day 3 or Day 5, 
the participant should be contacted to record the required clinical data on the study day and 
blood draws may be done one day earlier or one day later.  In person research visits for 
participants at their residents or home health and mobile phlebotomy services may also be 
utilized to complete protocol-required data/specimen collection during follow-up.  
For other visits on Days 7, 14, 42, 60, and 75, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months, 
contact with the participant for study data collection may be performed by telephone or 
other electronic communication. Other information will be gathered, as outlined in Appendix 
B. This will include information on hospital readmissions (e.g., date of readmission, date of 
discharge, and reason for readmission) and deaths through 18 months.  Safety data 
collection and reporting are described further in section 10.  
9.1.3 Stored Samples and Future Research 
The plasma and serum specimens collected as outlined above and the inoculum from the 
baseline mid-turbinate nasal swab will be stored at a central specimen repository in the US.  
In addition to the specified testing to be done per protocol, the specimens will be available 
for later use in research concerning COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and the impact of the study 
treatment.  Proposed research utilizing these specimens will be reviewed and approved by 
the study scientific steering committee.  Results of research tests on individual specimens 
will not be given to participants or their clinicians.  Aggregate research results will be made 
available. 
10 Safety Assessment 
The safety evaluation of the study intervention includes several components, all of which 
will be regularly reviewed by the independent DSMB.  For this protocol, the term “study 
intervention” refers to the investigational agent or placebo, and to study provided SOC 
treatment(s).  
Infusion-related reactions of any grade are only collected for the blinded investigational 
agent/placebo. All other AEs are collected for the study intervention (either the blinded 
investigational agent/placebo or study provided SOC treatment). 
The following information will be collected on eCRFs to evaluate safety: 

• Infusion-related reactions of any grade severity during, or within 2 hours post-
infusion of the investigational agent/placebo. 
• Targeted laboratory results centrally graded for severity at Day 5. 
• Clinical adverse events of any grade severity on Days 0-7, on Day 14 and on Day 28 
(isolated laboratory abnormalities that are not associated with signs, symptoms, or a 
specific clinical diagnosis/syndrome are not collected).  
• Clinical adverse events of grade 3 and 4 through Day 28 (isolated laboratory 
abnormalities that are not associated with signs, symptoms, or a specific clinical 
diagnosis/syndrome are not collected). 
• Clinical events, including death, that are reported on eCRFs as part of the 
pulmonary+ ordinal outcome or as secondary outcomes through Day 90. These are 
considered as protocol specified exempt serious events (see 10.2.5) and are not 
reported on SAE eCRFs unless they are considered related to the study intervention 
(either the blinded investigational agent/placebo or a study-provided SOC treatment).  
Protocol exempt serious events are listed in section 10.2.5 and the PIM. 
• Serious adverse events, including laboratory-only serious events, through Day 90 
that are: 
 Related to the study intervention; or. 
 Not exempt from reporting on the SAE eCRF (events listed in section 10.2.5 
are exempt).  
• Unanticipated problems through Day 90. 
• Deaths through 18 months. 
• Hospital readmissions through 18 months. 
 
An overview of safety data collected during the study is given in Table 1. 

Table 1  Overview of Safety Data Collection 
 
Infusion 
+2 hrs 
 Days 0-7 
Day 14 
Day 28 
Day 90 
Months 
6, 12 
and 18 
Infusion-related reactions 
and symptoms 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
Clinical AEs of any grade 
severity 
 
X 
X 
X  
 
 
Grade 3 and 4 clinical AEs 
from Day 7 through Day 
28* 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
Targeted laboratory 
abnormalities of any grade 
 
X 
(Day 5) 
 
 
 
 
Hospital admissions and 
deaths 
 
Collected through Month 18 
Targeted clinical events 
collected as study 
endpoints** 
Collected through Day 90 
 
SAEs not exempt from 
reporting (i.e., not 
considered a protocol 
specified exempt event) 
Collected through Day 90 
 
Any SAE related to study 
intervention 
 
Collected through Day 90 
 
Unanticipated problems  
Collected through Day 90 
 
* Grade 3 and 4 clinical AEs on Days 1-7 are reported each day; those occurring 
between Days 8 and 14 are reported at the Day 14 visit, and those occurring between 
Days 15 and 28 are reported at the Day 28 visit. 
** see section 10.2.5 for protocol specified exempt serious events and the PIM 
 
Definitions and methods of reporting each type of event are given below. 
 Definitions 
10.1.1 Adverse Event (AE) 
An AE is any untoward or unfavourable medical occurrence in a study participant, including 
any abnormal sign (e.g., abnormal physical exam or laboratory finding), symptom, or 
disease, temporally associated with their participation in research, whether or not 
considered related to the research. If a diagnosis is clinically evident (or subsequently 
determined), the diagnosis, rather than the individual signs and symptoms or lab 
abnormalities, will be recorded as the AE.  
10.1 

In Appendix H details are outlined for each investigational agent under study of the 
following: specific AEs observed to be possibly associated with the agent in question, and 
how to monitor for, clinically handle and report such AEs, should they arise.  
10.1.2 Criteria for Seriousness 
Events are serious if they lead to one of the following outcomes:  
• 
Death 
• 
Life-threatening (i.e., an immediate threat to life)  
• 
Hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization 
• 
Persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct 
normal life functions  
• 
Congenital abnormalities/birth defects  
• 
Other important medical events that may jeopardize the participant and/or may require 
intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed above 
10.1.3 Unanticipated Problems 
An Unanticipated Problem (UP) is any incident, experience or outcome that is: 
1. Unexpected in terms of nature, severity, or frequency in relation to: 
a. the research risks that are described in the IRB-approved research protocol and 
informed consent document; Investigator’s Brochure or other study documents; and 
b. the characteristics of the population being studied; and 
2. Possibly, probably, or definitely related to participation in the research; and 
3. Places study participants or others at a greater risk of harm (including physical, 
psychological, economic, or social harm) than was previously known or recognized per 
the Investigator’s Brochure(s) (IBs).  
Furthermore, a UP could be an expected event that occurs at a greater frequency than 
would be expected based on current knowledge of the disease and treatment under study. 
The DSMB providing oversight to the study may make such an assessment based on an 
aggregate analysis of events. 
10.1.4 Severity 
The investigator will evaluate all AEs with respect to both seriousness (results in outcomes 
as above) and severity (intensity or grade).  AEs will be graded for severity according to 
the DAIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events (also 
known at the DAIDS AE Grading Table; see Appendix D for the URL). 
For specific events that are not included in the DAIDS AE Grading Table, the generic scale 
below is to be used: 

Table 2 GENERIC AE GRADING SCALE 
 
Grade 1 
 
Events causing no or minimal interference with usual social and 
functional activities, and NOT raising a concern, and NOT requiring a 
medical intervention/ therapy. 
Grade 2 
Events causing greater than minimal interference with usual social and 
functional activities; some assistance may be needed; no or minimal 
medical intervention/therapy required. 
Grade 3 
Events causing inability to perform usual social and functional 
activities; some assistance usually required; medical 
intervention/therapy required. 
Grade 4 
Events causing inability to perform basic self-care functions; medical or 
operative intervention indicated to prevent permanent impairment, 
persistent disability, or death 
Grade 5 
Events resulting in death 
10.1.5 Causality 
Causality refers to the likelihood that the event is causally related to the study intervention.  
It will be assessed for SAEs and UPs.  This assessment will be made for both the blinded 
investigational agent/placebo and any study-supplied SOC treatment using the following 
guidelines: 
• 
Reasonable possibility:  There is a clear temporal relationship between the study 
intervention and the event onset; and the event is known to occur with the study 
intervention or there is a reasonable possibility that the study intervention caused the 
event.  Reasonable possibility means that there is evidence to suggest a causal 
relationship between the study intervention and the event. 
 
• 
No reasonable possibility:  There is no evidence suggesting that the study 
intervention caused the event, there is no temporal relationship between the study 
intervention and event onset, or an alternate etiology has been established. 
The causality assessment is based on available information at the time of the assessment 
of the event.  The investigator may revise these assessments as additional information 
becomes available. 
10.1.6 Expectedness 
Expectedness will be assessed for SAEs using the Reference Safety Information section of 
the IBs for the investigational agent and any study-provided background therapy. 
The expectedness assessment is based on available information at the time of the 
assessment of the event.  The investigator may revise these assessments as additional 
information becomes available. 

 Schedule for Reporting of Specific Events 
This section describes the schedule for reporting different types of safety outcomes on 
eCRFs as part of the protocol data collection plan.  It is recognized that in the care of study 
participants, more information may be collected and recorded in the participant’s medical 
record.  The information collected in the medical record serves as source documentation of 
events (e.g., signs, symptoms, diagnoses) considered for reporting on eCRFs as part of 
protocol data collection.  
10.2.1 Infusion-related reactions 
Infusion-related signs/symptoms of any grade that are new or have increased in grade 
compared to their pre-infusion level are reported on the infusion eCRF checklist for the 
investigational agent/or matched placebo if they occur during or within 2 hours post 
infusion.  Any infusion related reaction assessed as meeting SAE criteria will also be 
reported on an SAE eCRF. 
10.2.2 Targeted Laboratory Abnormalities 
Selected laboratory tests are reported from assessments made on Day 0 and Day 5. These 
values will be associated with a severity grade centrally using the laboratory test results 
reported on the eCRFs (using normal ranges when applicable), and with the DAIDS AE 
Grading Table. 
 
Other laboratory abnormalities identified in the course of the participant’s routine clinical 
care (e.g., an isolated elevated glucose level) are not reportable as AEs unless they are 
associated with signs or symptoms, or associated with a specific clinical 
diagnosis/syndrome (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis), in which case the syndrome/diagnosis is 
reported on the appropriate adverse event eCRF.  In addition, if an isolated laboratory test 
result meets SAE reporting criteria (e.g., the laboratory abnormality meets the criteria for a 
serious event as outlined in section 10.1.2), it should be reported as an SAE on the SAE 
eCRF. 
 
10.2.3 Clinical adverse events of any grade severity on Days 0-7, 14 and 28 
Beginning 2 hours post-infusion of the investigational agent or matched placebo, on Days 
0-7, clinical AEs that are new or that have increased in grade compared to their pre-infusion 
level will be reported on eCRFs.  
 
On Day 14 and on Day 28 AEs of any grade severity that the participant reports that day 
will also be collected on an eCRF. 
 
These reportable AEs should be assessed for SAE/UP (sections 10.2.6 and 10.2.7) 
reporting on the SAE eCRF or for protocol specified exempt serious events (section 10.2.5) 
reporting on the eCRF documenting the hospital course.    
 
This information supplements the data collected on Grade 3 and 4 events since the last 
study visit described in section 10.2.4.  
10.2 

10.2.4 Grade 3 and 4 clinical adverse events through Day 28 
Adverse clinical events reaching Grade 3 or 4 severity level that occur between days 8 and 
28 will be reported on an eCRF at the Day 14 and Day 28 visits.  The date the event 
reached the indicated grade will be collected to permit time-to-event analyses.    
 
These reportable AEs should be assessed for SAE/UP (sections 10.2.6 and 10.2.7) 
reporting on the SAE eCRF or for protocol specified exempt serious events (section 10.2.5) 
reporting on the eCRF documenting the hospital course.    
10.2.5 Protocol specified exempt serious events 
Protocol specified exempt serious events are listed below.  These events are reported 
systematically on eCRFs as study endpoints during follow-up and are further defined in the 
PIM.  They will NOT be reported on the SAE eCRF unless the investigator considered 
that there was a reasonable possibility that the study intervention (blinded 
investigational agent/ placebo or study-supplied SOC treatment) caused the event 
(see section 10.2.6).  These events may occur during the initial hospitalization, lead to a 
re-admission, or occur in a later hospitalization during follow-up.  
The following are protocol specified exempt serious events.  As noted above, these 
events are not reported on the SAE eCRF unless they are considered related to the study 
intervention (blinded investigational agent/placebo or study provided SOC). 
• 
Death 
• 
Stroke 
• 
Meningitis 
• 
Encephalitis 
• 
Myelitis 
• 
Myocardial infarction 
• 
Myocarditis 
• 
Pericarditis 
• 
New onset of worsening of CHF (NYHA class 3 or 4) 
• 
Arterial or deep vein thromboembolic events 
• 
Respiratory failure defined as receipt of high flow nasal oxygen, non-invasive 
ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO 
• 
Hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy 
• 
Renal dysfunction requiring renal replacement therapy 
• 
Hepatic decompensation 
• 
Neurologic dysfunction, including acute delirium and transient ischemic events 
• 
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 
• 
Major bleeding events 
• 
Serious infections 
 
10.2.6 Reportable SAEs 
Reportable SAEs for this study are serious events that are: 
 Related to the study intervention; or. 
 Not exempt from reporting on the SAE eCRF (events listed in section 10.2.5 are 
exempt).  

Deaths, life-threatening events, and other SAEs considered potentially related to the 
blinded investigational agent/placebo or study-supplied SOC treatment, irrespective of 
whether the event is mentioned above as a protocol specified exempt serious event, that 
occur from the time of infusion of the study intervention through the Day 90 visit must be 
recorded by sites on the SAE eCRF within 24 hours of site awareness. 
Suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions (SUSARs) are reportable SAEs that are 
assessed as related to a study intervention and are unexpected per the Reference Safety 
Information of the IB for that intervention.  SUSARs are reported from the INSIGHT Safety 
Office to applicable regulators in an expedited fashion.  SUSARs that result in death or are 
immediately life-threatening are reported to regulators within 7 calendar days of receipt.  All 
other SUSARs are reported to regulators within 15 calendar days.  The INSIGHT Safety 
Office will generate a Safety Report for each SUSAR for distribution to investigators and 
other parties.  Investigators are responsible for submitting Safety Reports to their 
overseeing IRB/EC per requirements. 
SAEs that are not protocol specified exempt serious events and that are not related to the 
study intervention (blinded investigational agent/placebo or study-supplied SOC treatment) 
must be reported on the SAE eCRF within 3 days of site awareness. 
 
SAEs are followed until the outcome of the SAE is known.  If the outcome of an SAE is still 
unknown at the time of the final follow-up visit, the outcome will be entered in the database 
as “unknown.” 
10.2.7 Unanticipated Problems (UPs) 
UPs must be reported via the appropriate eCRF to the INSIGHT Safety Office no later than 
7 calendar days after site awareness of the event. Investigators are responsible for 
submitting UPs that are received from the sponsor to their overseeing IRB/EC.  
Investigators must also comply with all reporting requirements of their overseeing IRB/EC. 
10.2.8 Deaths 
All deaths are reported on the eCRF for deaths.  Deaths considered related to the study 
intervention (blinded investigational agent/placebo or study-supplied SOC) must also be 
reported as an SAE.   
10.2.9 Pregnancy 
Female participants who are or become pregnant 
If required by the agent-specific appendix for the study agent to which the participant has 
been randomized, the investigator will collect pregnancy information on any female 
participant who is or becomes pregnant while participating in this study.   
The participant will then be followed to determine the outcome of the pregnancy and 
reported on the Pregnancy Outcome eCRF.  
Male participants with partners who become pregnant 
The following is only applicable if required by the agent-specific appendix for the study 
agent to which the participant has been randomized.  If an investigator learns that a male 
participant’s partner has become pregnant while the male participant is in this study, the 
investigator is asked to attempt to obtain information on the pregnancy, including its 

outcome, after obtaining consent from the pregnant partner.  The outcome of the pregnancy 
will be reported on the Pregnancy Outcome eCRF. 
 Medical Monitor 
A Medical Monitor appointed by the sponsor will be responsible for reviewing all SAEs, 
making an independent assessment of causality and expectedness, preparing sponsor 
safety reports, and communicating as needed with the DSMB and the Investigational New 
Drug (IND) holder through the study safety office or other mechanism mutually agreed to 
and documented.  
 Halting Enrollment for Safety Reasons 
The sponsor medical monitor or the DSMB may request that enrollment be halted for safety 
reasons (e.g., unacceptably high rate of infusion-related reactions or other unanticipated 
AEs).  If the study is temporarily halted or stopped for safety reasons, IRBs/ethics 
committees will be informed. The IND holder and sponsor, in collaboration with the protocol 
chair and the DSMB, will determine if it is safe to resume the study. The sponsor will notify 
the Site Investigators of this decision. The conditions for resumption of the study will be 
defined in this notification. The Site Investigators will notify their local IRBs/ethics 
committees of the decision to resume the study. 
11 Statistical Analyses and Monitoring Guidelines 
This section describes the analysis for primary and secondary outcomes of the trial. A more 
detailed statistical analysis plan (SAP) has been developed as a separate document.  The 
SAP for each investigational agent may be updated by the blinded statisticians prior to 
unblinding for a specific treatment comparison.   
Comparisons between each investigational agent and concurrent controls will be by 
intention to treat unless otherwise stated.  Safety comparisons will be carried out on 
participants who received a complete or partial infusion of the investigational agent unless 
otherwise specified. It is anticipated that all study site pharmacies serving active sites will 
be randomizing all agents under study at any given time, but if this is not the case, 
comparisons will be restricted to the set of controls enrolled at study site pharmacies where 
the drug was available for randomization. Specifically, the control group for an 
investigational agent will consist of those participants who could have been randomized to 
the agent, but were randomized to a control group instead (i.e., randomized to the matched 
control group of one of the agents included in the randomization). Agents will be compared 
to controls, but not to each other, unless explicitly specified in the analysis plan. 
All analyses will utilize 2-sided tests with a 5% significance level unless otherwise noted. 
 Analysis of the Primary Efficacy Endpoint 
The evaluation for the primary efficacy outcome of the phase III trial, time to sustained 
recovery through Day 90, will be based on Gray’s test with rho=0.80  The test will compare 
the investigational agent versus the control group by intention to treat, and will be stratified 
by disease severity at entry and study site pharmacy. Gray’s test compares the cumulative 
incidence functions for sustained recovery between the treatment groups, taking into 
account the ”competing risk” of death in analysing sustained recovery. Gray’s test with 
rho=0 is the analogue of the log-rank test in the presence of competing risks.  Cumulative 
incidence functions for sustained recovery will be estimated by treatment group using the 
Aalen-Johansen estimator,81 and the recovery rate ratio (RRR) (investigational agent 
10.3 
10.4 
11.1 

versus control) for sustained recovery will be estimated using the Fine-Gray method,82,83 
stratified by disease severity at entry and study site pharmacy; the RRR will be estimated 
as a point estimate with a 95% CI.  The Aalen-Johansen estimator for cumulative incidence 
functions is the analogue of the Kaplan-Meier estimator in the presence of competing risks.  
The Fine-Gray method is the competing risks equivalent of Cox proportional hazards 
models; the RRR compares the cumulative incidence rates of sustained recovery between 
the study arms, and is a sub-distribution hazards ratio.  Analyses for the sustained recovery 
endpoint require methods that take into account the competing risk of death, as participants 
may die before ever achieving sustained recovery.  The “sustained recovery” outcome 
requires knowledge of a participant’s residence status for at least 14 days after arriving 
“home” (as defined in section 4.2); since all participants are hospitalized at study entry, it 
takes at least 15 days to attain this outcome. 
Sensitivity analyses for the primary endpoint comparisons will include consideration of 
home oxygen used as described in section 4.2.2. 
 Analyses of Secondary Efficacy Endpoints, Safety Outcomes, and 
Subgroups 
Mortality is a key secondary outcome; time to death will be compared between the 
investigational agent versus control using a log-rank test, stratified by disease severity and 
study site pharmacy; the hazard ratio will be estimated using a stratified Cox proportional 
hazards model, and the proportion of participants who died by fixed time points (for 
example, Day 28 or Day 90) will be estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. To 
supplement the separate analyses of time to sustained recovery and time to death, the two 
endpoints will be analyzed jointly using the “win ratio” method74 for the composite outcome 
of time to recovery or death. At a given time point (Day 90), the win ratio statistic ranks 
participants’ outcomes into three ordered categories, death, alive but not achieved 
sustained recovery, alive and achieved sustained recovery, and ties are broken by time 
since randomization.  So, time to death is first used to determine the winning group (i.e., 
longer time to death), then time to sustained recovery is used to determine the winning 
group (i.e., shorter time to recovery): in this manner these conflicting outcomes can be 
combined into a composite while recognizing the importance of mortality. Matching on 
baseline disease severity will be used to estimate the win ratio statistic.  This combination 
of time to sustained recovery and time to death is also a key secondary analysis. 
The primary safety outcome is a composite of grade 3 or 4 events, SAEs, clinical organ 
failure or serious infections, or death through Day 5, and tests for differences between 
treatment arms will be conducted with a Cochran Mantel Haenszel test stratified by study 
site pharmacy and disease severity at study entry, comparing the proportion of participants 
who had experienced any of these events by Day 5. Treatment differences for each of the 
components of this composite outcome will also be summarized.  This composite safety 
outcome will also be assessed at Day 28 and Day 90. Proportions of participants who 
experienced any of these events will be compared using stratified Cochran Mantel 
Haenszel tests and logistic regression. Time to event analyses will also be used to 
summarize this composite safety outcome.  SAEs and grade 3/4 events will be classified by 
system organ class according to MedDRA.  
Safety analyses also include infusion reactions collected during or within 2 hours after the 
infusion of the investigational agent or placebo.  Proportions of participants who 
experienced infusion reactions or prematurely terminated infusions will be summarized by 
study arm, and Cochran Mantel Haenszel tests will be used to test for differences across 
arms. 
11.2 

Several other secondary efficacy outcomes will also be investigated. The models will 
include an indicator for treatment group, and stratify by study site pharmacy and disease 
severity at study entry as appropriate. Time from study entry to discharge from the hospital 
admission during which randomization took place will be analyzed using the same methods 
as described above for time to sustained recovery. Readmissions will be summarized using 
methods for recurrent events (i.e. those who are readmitted will reenter the risk set).  
Both the pulmonary and pulmonary+ ordinal outcome will be assessed on Days 1 through 
7; the pulmonary ordinal outcome will also be assessed at Days 14 and 28. Proportional 
odds models will be used to compare treatment groups for each ordinal outcome. These 
models will control for study site pharmacy and categories of the pulmonary+ ordinal 
outcome at baseline. A test for the proportional odds assumption across cumulative 
categories and stratification covariates will be performed by testing for separate slopes (a 
partial proportional odds model). In addition, cumulative probabilities of the ordinal outcome 
categories will be compared between treatment groups using logistic regression models. 
Clinical organ failure is a composite of many different organ-specific events, listed in section 
4.2.2, item 7.  This outcome will be summarized as part of both safety and efficacy 
analyses. The incidence of organ failure, serious infection or death through Day 28 will be 
compared between arms using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models.  In 
addition, specific components (e.g., cardiac and vascular dysfunction, or the composite of 
cardiovascular outcomes and thromboembolic events described in section 4.2.2, item 10) 
will be analyzed using time-to-event analyses under competing risks, as described above 
for the primary analysis of sustained recovery.  Proportions of participants who experienced 
organ failure, serious infection or death will be summarized and compared between 
treatment arms using stratified Mantel Haenszel tests, overall and for specific organ 
dysfunctions. 
Longitudinal models for the logarithm of antibody titers will be fit using generalized 
estimating equation-based approaches to titers measured at baseline and Days 1, 3, 5, 28 
and 90 and interactions between time and treatment group will be investigated to assess if 
the treatment effect changes over time. The same approach will be used to examine 
neutralizing titers should such data be available.  
The impact of study arm on the primary efficacy (time to sustained recovery) and safety 
outcomes (composite of grade 3 or 4 events, SAEs, clinical organ failure or serious 
infections, or death through Day 5 and through Day 28, composite of SAE and death 
through Day 90) along with mortality will be assessed for subgroups defined by baseline 
characteristics, including demographics, social determinants, baseline classification of  
“home”, duration of symptoms at enrollment, clinical history and presentation (including 
disease severity stratum and pulmonary+ ordinal outcome at baseline), and tests for 
homogeneity of the treatment effect across subgroups will be carried out. Additionally, 
subgroup analyses will be conducted for subgroups formed by a disease progression risk 
score at baseline. The construction of this risk score will be revisited as new investigational 
agents move through the trial. Subgroup analyses will be interpreted with caution due to 
limited power and uncontrolled type I error. 
 Data Monitoring Guidelines for an Independent DSMB 
An independent DSMB will review interim data and use pre-specified guidelines for early 
evidence of sufficient activity of an investigational agent that justifies continuing enrollment 
for the agent and expanding eligibility criteria to include participants in disease severity 
11.3 

stratum 2 as well as stratum 1.  This assessment will be made by the DSMB when Day 5 
data for approximately 300 participants in disease severity stratum 1 are available. 
For agents which advance to enroll participants in both disease severity strata 1 and 2, the 
DSMB will continue to review interim data on a regular basis and use pre-specified 
guidelines to identify agents with clear evidence of efficacy for the primary outcome, and if 
so recommend unblinding of the trial results for that agent. Conversely, the DSMB may 
recommend discontinuation of an investigational agent if the risks are judged to outweigh 
the benefits or if futility assessments indicate that there is low probability that an 
investigational agent will achieve statistical significance for the primary endpoint of 
sustained recovery.  
 Rationale for Early Futility Analysis 
The early futility analysis based on the intermediate outcome of efficacy using the 
pulmonary and pulmonary+ ordinal outcomes assessed at Day 5 will be carried out for 
approximately 300 participants entering the trial when only enrolling in disease severity 
stratum 1.  The exact number may vary depending on the rate of enrollment and the timing 
of the DSMB meeting.  The potential benefit of the investigational agents studied is 
expected to be greatest in this cohort and the Day 5 data provide an early assessment of 
activity to assess the potential for benefit in the expanded cohort of participants evaluated 
for the primary endpoint. This early futility analysis is based on Day 5 outcomes because 
too few primary endpoints of sustained recovery are expected when 300 participants with 5 
days of follow-up are available.  It allows resources for the platform trial to be more 
efficiently used by identifying agents early that have a low probability of being efficacious 
and stopping enrollment for those agents, while at the same expanding enrollment for 
promising investigational agents that have potential for showing efficacy with a larger 
sample size based on the primary endpoint. 
The sample size of 300 participants in stratum 1 provides 95% power to detect an odds 
ratio (active/placebo) of 1.60 at the 0.30 (1-sided) level of significance.  Data from the 
ACTT-1 trial (remdesivir group) were used to estimate the category percentages for the 
placebo group shown in Table 3 below.  The percentages shown correspond to an odds 
ratio of 1.60 and are the basis for the sample size used for the early futility assessment. 
Table 3. Hypothesized percentage of participants in each category on Day 5 in 
the Investigational agent and placebo groups based on aforementioned 
assumptions  
Pulmonary+ Category 
Investigational 
Agent + SOC 
Placebo 
+ SOC 
1.  No limiting symptoms due to COVID-19 
3.2 
2.0 
2.  Limiting symptoms due to COVID-19 
53.5 
43.0 
3.  Moderate end-organ dysfunction 
20.6 
23.0 
4.  Serious end-organ dysfunction 
12.8 
17.0 
5.  Life-threatening end-organ dysfunction 
5.0 
7.3 
6.  End-organ failure 
4.5 
7.0 
7.  Death 
0.4 
0.7 
11.4 

Total 
100.0 
100.0 
The rationale for a 1-sided alpha level of 0.30 and power 0.95 is based on previous work for 
2-stage cancer trials, where like this platform trial an intermediate outcome was used to 
assess early activity, and a definitive outcome was used to assess efficacy at the end of the 
trial. A re-analysis of 4 trials suggested a 1-sided significance level between 0.2 and 0.3 
was optimal for making a good decision in the early futility assessment. A subsequent 
paper focused on the potential for estimation bias in selected and stopped treatments and 
concluded that its degree was generally small.84,85    
As part of the development of this platform trial, additional work was carried out to support 
the design. That work is briefly summarized below (personal communication).86 
Follmann and Proschan considered a 2-stage trial (where a drug would enter the 2nd stage 
once it had passed the futility assessment) and assumed a sample size of 300 for the initial 
stage, the decision whether the investigational agent would proceed to the 2nd stage taking 
place when all 300 participants had completed Day 5, a total sample size of 1000 for the 
trial, a significance level of 0.30 (1-sided) and power of 0.95 for the initial stage, and a 
significance level of 0.025 (1-sided) and power of 0.90 for the 2nd stage primary endpoint 
comparison. For simplicity, one ordinal outcome was assumed. With these assumptions, 
they showed that power with use of a stage 1 assessment was reduced only slightly from 
the power without the stage 1 review (0.87 versus 0.90). They cite two advantages to the 
approach used here compared to the standard phase III trial without an early evaluation: 1) 
more treatments can be evaluated; and 2) if one-half of the treatments are efficacious and 
one-half are not efficacious, 40% more efficacious treatments are identified.  
 Interim Analyses Guidelines 
Stopping guidelines for use by the DSMB are described below. More specific guidance may 
be specified in the SAP. When several investigational agents are investigated in parallel, 
each agent will be compared to its corresponding, contemporaneously randomized pooled 
placebo group. Each investigational agent versus placebo comparison will be treated as a 
separate clinical trial; stopping boundaries will be derived to allow for multiple interim looks, 
but will not be additionally inflated to adjust for simultaneous analysis of multiple 
investigational agents, except when explicitly stated in the agent-specific protocol appendix 
and statistical analysis plan. 
The DSMB will be asked to recommend early termination or modification only when there is 
clear and substantial evidence of a treatment difference. 
11.5.1 Early Assessment of Safety and Futility 
For investigational agents with minimal pre-existing data, the pace of enrollment will be 
initially restricted and the DSMB will be asked to review safety data for the first 20 to 30 
participants before increasing the pace of enrollment. 
Subsequently the DSMB will carry out regular reviews of safety data reports.  These reports 
will include summaries of lower grade AEs and infusion–related events as well SAEs and 
deaths, including the primary safety outcome.  At the discretion of the DSMB, these reports 
will be prepared at a frequency they specify. 
11.5 

When approximately 300 participants have been enrolled and followed for 5 days, a futility 
assessment will be carried out. The criteria that will be used for the early futility assessment 
of each investigational agent are summarized below: 
a. If the investigational agent is superior (i.e. 1-sided p < 0.3) to placebo for both 
ordinal intermediate outcomes, then enrollment for the agent will expand to 
complete the phase III trial.   
 
b. If there is insufficient evidence for superiority versus control (i.e., 1-sided 
p>0.3) in each of the two outcomes, then stop randomization.   
 
c. If there is evidence (1-sided p < 0.3) for an association for one endpoint and 
not the other, then the agent may or may not advance depending on the 
risk/benefit profile emerging from the data at this early stage.  If the effect 
estimate for both outcomes is on the side of benefit, the preference would be 
towards advancing the agent and expanding enrollment to include disease 
severity stratum 2.    
 
The DSMB will be asked to review whether the discordance is attributable to a positive or 
negative effect on extra-pulmonary organ dysfunction (the difference in the two ordinal 
scale categories, the conditions included in pulmonary+ but not in the pulmonary endpoint), 
and whether the same ordinal outcomes assessed on other days yield similar results, and 
weigh the risk/benefit profile. For example, if there is a significant positive effect on the 
pulmonary score and the lack of significant effect on the pulmonary+ score is driven by a 
lack of difference in the milder thrombotic symptoms in category 4 of the pulmonary+ scale 
(e.g. deep venous thrombosis) and there is no evidence of any raised risk of thrombosis 
overall, the agent will advance. Conversely, if the agent is superior to the control group with 
respect to the pulmonary outcome, but clearly inferior to the control group with respect to 
the pulmonary+ outcome or has a concerning safety profile, it will not advance.  Analyses of 
the primary endpoint, “time to sustained recovery”, will also be provided to the DSMB, as 
supporting information. 
After considering the aforementioned guidelines, the DSMB will be asked to consult with the 
Food Drug Administration before making their recommendation in order to consider any 
relevant external information. 
The power and type 1 error of the complete decision rule considering both outcomes depends 
on the correlation between the two outcomes and on the DSMB’s assessment of discordant 
outcomes. Table 4 shows the power to identify an agent with an hypothesized OR=1.60 using 
the two-outcome decision rule, along with the simultaneous type 1 error, assuming 
correlations of r=0.8 and r=0.9 between the test statistics for the two outcomes. For example, 
if an agent is advanced when one or both of the outcomes show superiority, and assuming a 
correlation of 0.8, then an agent with OR=1.60 will be ”detected” and advanced with 
probability of 98% (power), while an ineffective agent would be advanced with probability of 
39% (type 1 error). This balance between power and type 1 error is selected for the intended 
approach to making the early futility assessment. 
 

 
 
Table 4. Power and type 1 error for the two-outcome decision rule to expand 
enrollment to strata 1 and 2 for an investigational agent for correlations of r=0.8 
and 0.9 between the marginal test statistics for the two outcomes. OR=1.60, 
total sample size 300. 
 
r = 0.8 
r =0.9 
Treatment of discordant 
intermediate outcomes 
Power 
Type 1 
error 
Power 
Type 1 
error 
Expand enrollment if one or both 
outcomes show superiority 
       0.98 
0.39 
0.97 
0.36 
Expand enrollment if both 
outcomes show superiority 
      0.93 
0.21 
0.93 
0.24 
 
During the enrollment of approximately 300 participants in disease severity stratum 1, the 
safety reviews by the DSMB will include treatment comparisons of the safety outcomes 
described in section 4.2.2 that are measured in the first 28 days of follow-up.  In addition, 
for each ordinal outcome at Day 5, a Haybittle-Peto boundary using a 2.5 standard 
deviation (SD) for the first 50 participants enrolled and 2.0 SD afterwards will used as a 
guideline for harm.  
11.5.2 Monitoring Guidelines for the Primary Endpoint 
As a guideline, asymmetric boundaries will be provided to the DSMB to monitor the primary 
endpoint (time to sustained recovery) for each pairwise comparison of investigational agent 
versus control. For monitoring overwhelming benefit of an investigational agent, the Lan-
DeMets spending function analogue of the O’Brien-Fleming boundaries will be used; for 
monitoring harm for the primary endpoint, a Haybittle-Peto boundary using a 2.5 standard 
deviation (SD) for the first 50 participants enrolled and 2.0 SD afterwards will used as a 
guideline. The Lan-DeMets boundary used will be chosen to preserve a 1-sided 0.025 level 
of significance. For computing the Lan-DeMets boundary, the information fraction at each 
interim analysis will be the number of sustained recoveries at the interim analysis (divided 
by the number of sustained recoveries planned) (843). With this approach, less evidence 
will be required for crossing a boundary for harm than for benefit. To account for a possible 
delay in the ascertainment of the primary endpoint status, sensitivity analyses will be 
provided to the DSMB. 
Futility analyses will be carried out. The aim of these analyses will be to consider whether 
an investigational agent should be discontinued due to a low probability of achieving 
statistical significance for the primary endpoint of sustained recovery at the completion of 
the 90 day follow-up. Conditional power calculations for time to sustained recovery will be 
presented under a range of scenarios. In the primary futility analysis, the treatment effect 
for the future, as yet unobserved follow-up will be assumed as hypothesized in the study 
design (RRR=1.25); in alternative scenarios, the treatment effect for future follow-up will be 
assumed to be similar to the observed effect, or more favourable for the investigational 
agent.  Typical futility guidelines recommend stopping a trial when conditional power is 
below 10%-15%, with the higher value later in follow-up as measured by information time.87 
These analyses will be presented to the DSMB by the unblinded statisticians for each 
pairwise comparison. 

12 Protection of Human Subjects and Other Ethical 
Considerations 
  Participating Clinical Sites and Local Review of Protocol and 
Informed Consent 
This study will be conducted by major medical centers participating in INSIGHT and 
partnering networks. It is anticipated that potential participants will be recruited by the site 
investigators (and/or their delegates, as appropriate) and/or that positive SARS-CoV-2 
laboratory testing will be used to enquire about potential enrollment. Information about this 
study will be disseminated to health care providers at enrolling sites. 
Prior to the initiation of the study at each clinical research site, the protocol, informed 
consent form and any participant information materials will be submitted to and approved 
by a central/national IRB/EC and/or the site’s local IRB/EC as required. Likewise, any future 
amendments to the study protocol will be submitted and approved by the same IRB(s) or 
EC(s). After IRB/EC approval, sites must register for this study before screening potential 
participants, and must register for any protocol amendments. Protocol registration 
procedures are described in the PIM. 
 Ethical Conduct of the Study 
The study will be conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki in its current 
version; the requirements of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) as defined in Guidelines, EU 
Clinical Trials Directive (2001/20/EC), and EU GCP Directive (2005/28/EC); International 
Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human 
Use (ICH) Guidelines; Human Subject Protection and Data Protection Acts; the US 
Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP); or with the local law and regulation, 
whichever affords greater protection of human subjects. 
 Informed Consent of Study Participants 
Informed consent must be obtained (see sample in Appendix A) prior to conducting any 
study-related procedures. For patients who are incapacitated, informed consent may be 
obtained from a legally-authorized representative (LAR).  Capacity will be assessed 
according to local standards and policies.  Local standards and policies will also 
determine who is legally authorized to consent for an individual who is incapacitated.  
Should the individual regain capacity during the study, their direct consent should be 
obtained at the earliest opportunity. 
Electronic consent may be used when a validated and secure electronic system is in 
place to do so, if in compliance with national legislation and approved by the local 
IRB/EC.  Other methods of obtaining documentation of consent may be used when site 
staff are unable to be in direct contact with a potential participant or a legally-authorized 
representative due to infection-control restrictions.  No matter how the participant’s 
consent is obtained and documented, it is expected that consent will be preceded by 
research staff providing an explanation of the research and an opportunity for the 
participant (or their LAR) to have questions answered.  Sites should follow all available 
local or national guidance on suitable methods for obtaining documentation of participant 
(or their LAR) consent. 
12.1 
12.2 
12.3 

 Confidentiality of Study Participants 
The confidentiality of all study participants will be protected in accordance with GCP 
guidelines and national regulations.  
 Regulatory Oversight 
Sites in the US will conduct this trial under the terms of the IND and will adhere to FDA 
regulations found in 21 CFR 312, Subpart D. Sites in countries other than the US will not 
conduct the trial under the IND. As stated in Section 12.2 above, all sites will conduct the 
trial in accordance with the requirements of GCP as codified in their local law and 
regulation, under the oversight of their institution and competent regulatory authority. 
 As part of fulfilling GCP and FDA requirements for adequate trial monitoring, multiple 
modalities will be employed.  The objectives of trial monitoring are to ensure that 
participant rights and safety are protected, to assure the integrity and accuracy of key 
trial data, and to verify that the study has been conducted in accord with GCP standards 
and applicable regulations.   
A specific risk-based protocol monitoring plan will be developed.  The plan will include 
strategies for central monitoring of accumulating data and will take into account site-level 
quality control procedures.  On-site monitoring visits for targeted source document 
verification and review of regulatory and study pharmacy files will be conducted when 
possible, but these tasks will most likely need to be handled remotely during the 
pandemic.  The monitoring plan will outline the frequency of this aspect of monitoring 
based on such factors as study enrollment, data collection status and regulatory 
obligations. 
 
12.4 
12.5 

Appendix A 
Sample Informed Consent form (not agent-specific) 
Sample Informed Consent form 
Short Title: Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) 
Sponsored by: The University of Minnesota (UMN) 
Funded by:  The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National 
Institutes of Health (NIH) 
Full Title of the Study:  A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized Blinded Controlled Trial 
of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics for Hospitalized Patients 
with COVID-19 
CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATING IN AN NIH-FUNDED RESEARCH STUDY  
SITE INVESTIGATOR: ________________________________ PHONE: __________ 
  
 
 
Key information: 
We are asking you to join a research study about COVID-19.  It is your choice whether or 
not you want to join.  This form gives you information about the study that will help you make 
US Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) Requirements to be read by the 
sites: 
PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS SAMPLE LANGUAGE DOES NOT PREEMPT OR REPLACE LOCAL 
IRB/EC REVIEW AND APPROVAL.  INVESTIGATORS ARE REQUIRED TO PROVIDE THE LOCAL 
IRB/EC WITH A COPY OF THIS SAMPLE LANGUAGE ALONG WITH THE LANGUAGE INTENDED 
FOR LOCAL USE.  LOCAL IRBs/ECs ARE REQUIRED TO WEIGH THE UNIQUE RISKS, 
CONSTRAINTS, AND POPULATION CONSIDERATIONS AS A CONDITION OF ANY APPROVAL.  
ANY DELETION OR SUBSTANTIVE CHANGE OF INFORMATION CONCERNING RISKS OR 
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT MUST BE JUSTIFIED BY THE INVESTIGATOR, APPROVED BY THE 
LOCAL IRB/EC, AND NOTED IN THE IRB/EC MINUTES.  JUSTIFICATION AND IRB/EC APPROVAL 
OF SUCH CHANGES MUST BE FORWARDED TO THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING 
CENTER OR COLLABORATING NETWORK.  SPONSOR-APPROVED CHANGES IN THE 
PROTOCOL MUST BE APPROVED BY THE LOCAL IRB/EC BEFORE USE UNLESS INTENDED 
FOR THE ELIMINATION OF APPARENT IMMEDIATE HAZARD.  NEW INFORMATION SHALL BE 
SHARED WITH EXISTING SUBJECTS AT NEXT ENCOUNTER, WITH ALL NEW SUBJECTS PRIOR 
TO INVOLVEMENT, OR AS THE LOCAL IRB/EC MAY OTHERWISE ADDITIONALLY REQUIRE. 
ALL SITE INSTRUCTION THAT IS INCLUDED IN A TEXT BOX SHOULD BE 
REMOVED FROM THE SITE’S INFORMED CONSENT FOR PARTICIPANTS 

your choice.  You can talk about this with your doctor or family or anyone else you would like 
before you make your choice.  Your choice will not affect the care you are getting for 
COVID-19. 
Why are we doing this study? 
We are studying experimental medicines to treat people with COVID-19.  We are trying to 
find out if giving these medicines can help people in the hospital with COVID-19 get better 
and go home faster.  We are also trying to see if they are safe.  The medicines being tested 
in this study are not yet approved by the US FDA or any other government agency. 
We are asking you to join the study because you are in the hospital with COVID-19.   
What do you have to do if you decide to be in the study? 
The study staff at your hospital will check to see if there is any reason you should not be in 
the study.  They will check your medical history.  They will look at tests commonly done for 
your condition.   
We are testing different types of study medicines.  If you join the study, you will be assigned 
by random chance – like flipping a coin or rolling dice – to get one of these study medicines 
or a salt-water placebo.  You could be in any one of the groups below: 
Investigational agent A 
Investigational agent B 
Placebo (a salt water solution that has no medicine in it) 
Not all of the study medicines listed above may be available to you right now  
If this is the case, then you will be told which ones are available. 
You will have an equal chance of getting any of the available study medicines or the inactive 
placebo.  If all of them are available, then you have a 1 in __chance of being in each of the 
groups listed above.  [Insert number of possibilities from the list above, including placebo, 
e.g. “3”] 
This means your chances of getting a study medicine instead of placebo are ___ out of ___, 
or __%. [nsert the number of active possibilities from the list above, then the total number of 
possibilities, e.g., “2 out of 3.”  Then record the % to which that corresponds, e.g., “67%.”  
Repeat the above for each possibility as an active treatment is eliminated.] 
Your doctor will not decide which group you are in and, just like you, will not know whether 
you are getting an experimental medicine or inactive placebo.  None of the study staff will 
know whether you are getting a study medicine or the placebo.   

We will tell you more about each study medicine you could get in a separate 
information sheet.  You will be given an information sheet for each of the available 
study medicines. 
You will get the study product through a plastic intravenous (IV) tube attached to a needle in 
your arm.  This is called an infusion.  The information sheets will tell you how much liquid 
the infusion will be and how long it should take.   
The infusion is the only thing you will be given that is completely experimental.   
The medicines we are studying can only be used in research.  There are many treatments 
being studied for COVID-19, and some have received US FDA emergency approval or other 
types of approval to be used in some people with COVID-19.  Your doctor and the study 
team will tell you about any treatment options you may have. 
As part of the study, you will also get a drug called remdesivir (also called Veklury) for your 
COVID-19, unless your doctor thinks remdesivir would not be safe for you to take.  
Remdesivir is given once a day by infusion for up to 10 days while you are in the hospital,   
Remdesivir was shown in an earlier study to help people get better faster from COVID-19.  
Remdesivir is approved by the US FDA for treating COVID-19.  It also has approval in other 
countries.  
Any other medicines or treatments you get will be what you would usually get in this hospital 
for your condition.  There may be some additional tests done just for the study.  We will 
describe these below. 
You will be in the study for 18 months.  We will get most of the information for the study in 
the first 3 months. 
We do not know what effects these study medicines may have on a pregnancy or unborn 
baby.  There may be bad effects or no effects.  If you decide to join the study, we strongly 
advise you to not have sex that could make you or a partner pregnant from thetimethat you 
sign this consent formfor some time after you have taken the study medicine.  How long this 
will be depends on which study medicine you have been assigned to get.  This may involve 
not having sex at all (abstinence), or you may use effective birth control (hormonal 
contraceptives like birth control pills or barrier methods with spermicide) to avoid pregnancy.  
Methods like rhythm, sympto-thermal or withdrawal are not considered effective for 
preventing pregnancy.  We will tell you more about this requirement as part of telling you 
about each study medicine you could get.  You should ask the study team about this if you 
have questions or concerns. 
If you get pregnant during the study, please let your study team know as soon as possible.  
We may ask to follow you until your pregnancy is over, to see if there were any problems 
that may have been caused by any of the study treatments. 

If your partner gets pregnant, please let your study team know as soon as possible.  We 
may ask your partner to let us get basic information about her pregnancy.   
You will also need to agree to not be in any other COVID-19 study for the first 5 days you 
are in this study.  There may be exceptions to this requirement.  We will tell you about any 
other studies you can be in during the first 5 days of this study so you can make a choice. 
This is what you will be doing for the study:  
Up to 1 day 
before you get 
study product 
Day 0 (the day you 
get study product) 
Day 1, Day 3, 
Day 5 
Day 2, Day 4 Day 
6, Day 7, Day 14, 
Day 42, Day 60, 
Day 75 
Day 28 and 
Day 90 
Informed consent 
(this document) 
Check to see how 
you are feeling 
Your medical 
history 
Contact 
information like 
telephone 
numbers and 
addresses for you 
and at least two 
close relatives or 
friends 
Infusion of study 
product (the 
experimental 
medicine or else 
placebo) 
Whether you are 
taking certain 
medicines 
Blood tests to check 
your health (9 mL, 
about ½ tablespoon) 
Blood for future 
research (18 mL, 
about 1 tablespoon) 
A swab of your nose 
for virus  
How you are 
feeling 
Blood for future 
research (18 
mL, about a 
tablespoon) 
On Day 5, also 
whether you 
have taken 
certain 
medicines, and 
blood tests to 
check your 
health (9 mL, 
about ½ 
tablespoon) 
How you are 
feeling (Days 2, 4, 
6, 7, 14, 60) 
Update on return 
to home (Days 14, 
42, 60, 75) 
These “visits” may 
take place by 
phone. 
How you are 
feeling 
Blood for future 
research (18 
mL, about a 
tablespoon) 
On Day 28, 
also whether 
you have taken 
certain 
medicines 
Update on 
return to home 
 
If you leave the hospital after just a few days, we will ask you to come back to give a blood 
sample on Day 3 and Day 5 of the study.  You might instead be visited in your home by a 
professional working for the study to get this blood sample. We will also need to take a 
blood sample from you on Day 28 and Day 90.   
After Day 90, we will talk to you three more times by phone, at 6 months, 12 months, 
and 18 months, to see how you are doing and whether you have been in the hospital 
for any reason. 
We may need to get some information from your medical record:  
• By signing this consent, you agree to let us get information for this study from your 
medical record.   
• By signing this consent, you are giving us permission to contact other hospitals or 
medical facilities you are admitted to while you are in the study. We will contact them 
to find out how you are doing.   

• We will ask you to give us information about other people we can contact if we are 
not able to reach you after you leave the hospital.  This is so we can find out how you 
are doing. 

We will send the information you give us to the University of Minnesota (UMN) in the US 
where it will be stored and analyzed.  In this information, only a code number, your year 
of birth, and a 3-letter code that the study staff chooses identifies you.   
The study staff here at this site is responsible for keeping your information safe from 
anyone who should not see it.   
We will send the blood and nose swab samples to a laboratory in the US for storage.  
We will keep them for as long as we have the money and space to do so.  We expect 
this to be many years.  There is more information later in this consent about how we will 
use these samples.   
Why would you want to be in the study? 
If you get the experimental medicine, it is possible it may help you get better, or that you 
may get home faster, but we do not know that.   
Remember that some of the people in this study will get inactive placebo, and will not 
get any experimental medicine. 
By being in this study, you will help doctors learn more about how to treat COVID-19 in 
people in the hospital.  Because many people are getting hospitalized with COVID-19, 
this could help others.  There may be a large health impact if a treatment proves to be 
safe and to work. 
Why would you NOT want to be in the study? 
If you do get one of the experimental medicines, it may not help. It may have harmful 
side effects.   
What are the risks or side effects of the experimental medicines? 
All treatments have risks and may cause side effects.  
Any medicine can cause an allergic reaction.  You may have an allergic reaction to the 
study treatment, including hives, trouble breathing, or other allergic responses. Allergic 
reactions like these are likely to be rare, but may be severe or life-threatening. 
We will watch over you while you are being given the infusion of the study medicine and 
for at least 2 hours after the infusion is finished.  We will give you medical care right 
away if you need it to treat any side effects from the infusion. 
The fluid needed to give the experimental medicine or the placebo may overload your 
body if you have problems managing fluids due to COVID-19 or other conditions. We 
expect this to be rare. 
There are discomforts and risks with blood draws and getting a swab of your nose. You 
will have these things done while you are in the hospital even if you are not in the study.  

You may have some pain, bleeding, or bruising when a needle is put into your vein to 
draw blood or to give the study infusion.  Getting your nose swabbed can be 
uncomfortable and you might gag.  These discomforts and risks are not different from 
what you would have if they were done as part of your regular hospital care for COVID-
19. 
What if you are pregnant or breastfeeding? 
[The following will vary depending on the agents being studied.] 
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, you can/cannot join this study. 
Additional information: 
Here is some additional information about the study that may help you make your 
choice about whether you want to be in the study. 
The NIH, an agency of the US Federal government, is paying for this study.   
We are required to follow all rules and regulations for human research as well as the 
laws of each country where the study is being done.   
This study is taking place in several countries.  We expect to enroll about 1,000 people 
around the world for each medicine we are studying. 
You do not have to join this research study if you do not want to.  If you choose to join 
the study, you can stop at any time.  If you choose not to join or to stop, the medical 
care you are getting outside of the study will not change. 
If we get any new information that might change whether you want to join or stay in the 
study, we will tell you right away. 
If you do not want to be in this study, you will still get the usual care to treat COVID-19.  
However, you cannot get the study medicine, because it is experimental. 
Vaccines against the virus that causes COVID-19 are starting to be available.  It looks 
like people who have had COVID-19 do not have much chance of catching it again for 
at least 3 to 6 months.  The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 
recommends that people wait for at least 90 days after they’ve been given certain 
medicines before they get the vaccine. We do not know if the medicines we are 
studying change how you respond to the vaccine during that time.   
What are the risks and benefits of taking remdesivir? 
Remdesivir has been shown to help people who are in the hospital and moderately to 
severely sick with COVID-19 get better about 4 days faster than people who got a 
placebo.  You may be given remdesivir to treat your COVID-19 even if you do not join 
this study.   

The most common side effects of remdesivir included abnormal liver function tests, 
abnormal blood clotting tests, constipation, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and 
headache. The abnormal liver function tests lasted longer than a few days in some 
people, but went back to normal within a few weeks or less. 
Remdesivir might affect the way that other medications are processed by your body.  
They might stay in your body longer, or shorter, or at higher or lower levels.  At the time 
this consent was written, one person in this study had an increase in the level of a 
medication in their blood that was considered by study doctors to be at least possibly 
related to having taken remdesivir.  There did not appear to be any harm from this 
temporary change.  You can ask the study team about this if you are concerned. 
Some people have side effects after the infusion of remdesivir.  Other people have no 
side effects.  People can have allergic reactions to drugs, including hives, trouble 
breathing, or other allergic responses.  Allergic reactions may be severe or life-
threatening.  This is very rare but is also a possible effect of any drug.  We will monitor 
you closely while you are getting remdesivir.  We will give you medical care right away 
to treat any side effects. 
 
What are the costs to you? 
We will give you the study treatment at no cost.  We will pay for all clinic visits, lab work, 
and other tests that are part of this study. 
[The next paragraph is for US sites only.  Sites in other countries should delete the next 
paragraph and replace it with the language appropriate for your location.] 
You, your insurance company, or some other third-party payer must pay for all other 
medicines and hospital costs. 
Will you be paid to be in the study? 
We will compensate you for your time and inconvenience participating in the study.  
[Specific details to be completed by site.] 
What if you are hurt as part of this study? 
If you are hurt because of being in this study, [insert the name of the hospital/clinic] will 
treat your injury right away.  You or your insurance will have to pay for this treatment.  
The study cannot pay you or pay for any care for study-related injuries or for your 
illness. 
[If the above is not true for your site, i.e., if trial insurance covers such cost, please 
replace the above with appropriate language.] 

[The following section, up to “What happens to the blood and swab samples?”, is for US 
sites only.] 
A Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act 
was issued by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human 
Services on March 10, 2020.  This Declaration limits the legal rights of a subject 
participating in clinical studies utilizing COVID-19 countermeasures.  Because this study 
is covered by the Prep Act Declaration, covered persons, such as the manufacturers, 
study sponsor, researchers, healthcare providers and others have liability immunity (that 
is, they cannot be sued by you or your family under the laws of the United States). 
If you believe that you may have been harmed as a result of this research study, certain 
claims for serious injury or death caused by the countermeasure may be eligible for 
compensation through the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program. This is a 
program set up by the United States Government.  
Information about this program can be found at 
https://www.hrsa.gov/cicp/about/index.html or by calling 1-855-266-2427. If you are 
eligible for this program, you must file a claim within one year of the administration or 
use of the covered countermeasure. 
 
What happens to the blood and swab samples? 
We will send the blood and swab samples to a central laboratory in the United States.  
You and your doctor will not get the results of any tests done on these samples.  We 
will not test your DNA (your genes).  We will not sell your samples and they will not be 
used for research aimed at making money (commercial research).  The laboratory 
where the samples are stored will not have any information that could identify you. 
The blood samples will measure how many COVID-19 antibodies are in your blood.  
This will tell us how your immune system responded to your COVID-19.  The swab 
sample will be used to see how much virus is in your body. 
Any blood or swab samples that are left over after these tests will be stored at the 
central laboratory for as long as we are able to keep them.  We hope to use these in the 
future to answer other questions about COVID-19, the virus that causes it, and how 
people respond to treatment.  You and your doctor will not get any results from these 
tests.  Some of the blood will also be given to the companies that made the study 
medicines to help them learn more about its effects. 
You can withdraw your consent for us to keep these samples at any time.  Let your 
study team know if you do not want the study to keep your samples anymore.  We will 
make every effort to destroy all of your samples that are still at the central laboratory. 

How do we protect your privacy? 
We will take every reasonable step to keep your health information private and to keep 
anyone from misusing it. 
Your information (data) and samples will not be identified by name, or in any other way, 
in anything published about this study.   
We will do everything we can to keep your personal information private, but we cannot 
guarantee that nobody will get it.  We may have to release your personal information if 
required by law. 
These people may see your medical and research information: 
• the [insert the name of the hospital/clinic] ethics committee (institutional review 
board [IRB]); 
• the sponsor, the group paying for the research (US NIH), other study research 
staff and study monitors 
• US and other participating countries’ health regulatory agencies, including the US 
FDA. 
They are committed to protecting your privacy. 
As the research staff at [inset the name of the hospital/clinic], we are required to make 
sure that people not involved with this study cannot see your research and medical 
information.  We will keep your research files in a safe place and will handle your 
personal information very carefully.  
Your study data are sent electronically to the UMN in the US through a secure system.  
By signing this consent, you agree to having your data sent to UMN.  No information 
that could directly identify you is sent to UMN.  This is called “pseudonymized data”. 
UMN limits access to the data through security measures. No data breach or 
unauthorized access has ever occurred in this system.  After the study is over, we will 
store the data securely for the period required by law. 
We will share your study data with the US National Institutes of Health (which is paying 
for this study), and with regulators that oversee the study, including the US FDA. We 
are required by law to do this.  We will also share your study data with the drug 
companies that provide the study medicines to help them develop the drugs.   
UMN may share your data and samples with other people who study COVID-19.  UMN 
will take out any information that could possibly identify you before sharing.  This is 
called “anonymizing the data.”  We will not ask you for additional consent for this 
sharing.  UMN will only share data and samples for research projects that are approved 
by the group that is conducting this study. 
This study has a Certificate of Confidentiality from the US Federal Government.  This 
means that UMN cannot share any data it has about you with national, state, or local 

civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other authorities unless you specifically allow 
us to share it.   
A description of this clinical trial is available at http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, as required 
by law, and on the EU Clinical Trials Register (http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/). 
These websites will not include your name or any other direct identifiers such as your 
contact information.  These websites will include a summary of the results of this 
research once the study has been completed.  You can search either website at any 
time. 
[Note for US sites: The following brief HIPAA authorization is provided.  Your site-
specific consent should be modified to reflect the HIPAA authorization language 
requirements at your site.] 
To do this research, we will collect and use your personal data, as described above and 
in any HIPAA Authorization Form we have given you.  It is your choice whether you 
allow us to collect and use your data.  However, you will not be able to be in this study if 
we cannot collect and use your data.  Please tell us whether you agree to have us 
collect and use your personal data by placing your initials in front of your selection. 
 
____Yes, I agree to the collection and processing of my personal data. 
 
____No, I do not agree to the collection and processing of my personal data. 
 
[The following section (up to “What if you have problems or questions?”) is for countries 
subject to the GDPR or similar legislation requiring this information.  It should only be 
included in consents for sites subject to such legislation.  It will vary from place to place 
whether it must be in this consent document, a separate consent document, or an 
information sheet that does not require signature.  The amount of information provided 
may be reduced to meet the requirements of a particular country (e.g., not all 
countries/ECs require an enumeration of all of a data subject’s rights).] 
What are your rights regarding your data? 
The UMN is a public research university, and this study is mostly paid for by the US 
Federal government.  UMN and the study funder require the sponsor (UMN) to follow 
regulations and policies that are meant to protect your privacy.  UMN is also required to 
comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), because it processes data 
obtained from people in Europe.   
 

There is no specific authority overseeing the processing of data in the US.  Any 
complaint you might have about the use of your data would be made to your national 
data protection authority. 
The GDPR gives you additional rights which we will tell you about now. 
Right to Information 
You have the right to know what data about you is being processed. You can also get a 
free copy of this data provided. 
Right to Correction 
You have the right to correct any information about you which is incorrect or had 
become incorrect. 
Right to Erasure/Anonymization 
The sponsor is required under both EU and US law to retain data from research studies 
like this one for many years.  However, you have the right to request that your personal 
data be completely anonymized. This is done by destroying the information at your 
study center that links your identity to the pseudonymized data held by the sponsor.  
This means that no one would ever be able to link the data held by the sponsor to you 
personally.  
Right to Restriction of processing 
Under certain conditions, you have the right to demand processing restrictions, i.e. the 
data may then only be stored, not processed. You must apply for this. Please contact 
your study physician or the data protection officer of the study center if you want to do 
so.  This right may be limited if the restriction would affect the reliability of the study 
results. 
Right to Data portability  
You have the right to receive the personal data that you have provided to the study 
center. This will allow you to request that this information be transmitted either to you or, 
where technically possible, to another agency designated by you. 
Right to Contradiction 
You have the right to object at any time to any specific decision or action taken to 
process your personal data.  This right is limited for data that have already been 
processed and may be limited if your objection would affect the reliability of the study 
results. 

Right to Withdrawal of this consent 
You may withdraw your consent at any time with effect for future data collection. This 
withdrawal may be in an informal or verbal communication to your investigator.  If you 
withdraw your consent this will not affect the lawfulness of the data processing that has 
been or will be done with data collected up to the time you withdraw consent.  Data 
already collected will be anonymized. 
If you would like to use one of these rights, please first contact the person responsible 
for the data collection at your study center: 
Person responsible for data collection at the study center: 
Name: 
 
Address:  
Phone: 
 
Email 
 
 
For concerns about data processing and compliance with data protection requirements 
you can also contact the data protection officer responsible for the study center: 
Data protection officer responsible for the study center: 
Name: 
 
Address: 
 
Phone: 
 
Email 
 
 
In addition, you have the right to lodge a complaint with the competent authority if you 
believe that the processing of personal data concerning you is contrary to the GDPR: 
Data protection authority responsible for the study center: 
Name: 
 
Address: 
 
Phone: 
 
Email 
 
 
What if you have problems or questions? 
If you ever have questions about this study, or about the storage or use of your data or 
samples, or if you are hurt by being in the study, contact: 
[name of the investigator or other study staff] 
[telephone number of the above] 
 

If you have questions about your rights as a research participant, you can call: 
[name or title of person on the ethics committee (IRB) or other organization appropriate 
for the site] 
[telephone number of the above]  

SIGNATURE PAGE FOR CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN THE TICO STUDY  
I have read this consent or have had it explained to me.  I have had a chance to learn 
about each of the study medicines that I could be assigned to get.  I have been given a 
copy of that information to keep.  I believe that I understand the information.  By signing 
and dating this consent, I am stating that I volunteer to join this study.  I agree to have 
my data sent to and used by the sponsor as described in this consent.  I understand 
that I do not waive any of my legal rights as a study participant by signing this consent.  
I understand that I will receive a copy of this signed and dated consent. 
If you agree to be in this study, please sign and date below. 
 
________________________________________  
Date: _______________ 
Signature of participant 
 
________________________________________ 
Printed name of participant 
 
_____________________________________   Date: _______________ 
Signature of investigator/designee 
 
_____________________________________ 
Printed name of investigator/designee 
 
FOR ADULTS NOT CAPABLE of GIVING CONSENT  
 
________________________________________ 
 Date: _______________ 
Signature of Legally Authorized Representative (LAR)  
 
_____________________________________ 
Printed name of LAR 
 

____________________________________ 
Relationship of LAR to Participant 
(Indicate why the LAR is authorized to act as a surrogate health care decision-maker under state or applicable local law) 
 
Witness to Consent Interview (if applicable) 
On the date given next to my signature, I witnessed the consent interview for the 
research study named above in this document. I attest that the information in this 
consent form was explained to the participant, and the participant indicated that his/her 
questions and concerns were adequately addressed. 
_______________________________________ Date: _______________ 
Signature of witness 
 
________________________________________ 
Printed name of witness 
 
NOTE: This consent form, with the original signatures, MUST be retained on file 
by the Investigator of Record. A copy of the signed and dated consent must be 
given to the participant. A copy should be placed in the participant’s medical 
record, if applicable.  
If no-touch / electronic consent is used, the participant must be provided with a 
copy of the consent in a manner appropriate to the method used to obtain it.  A 
record of the act of consent must also be appropriately retained in the 
participant’s medical record. 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
B-1
Appendix B 
Schedule of assessments 
Screen 
or Day 
0 
Day 
0 
Follow-up Study Day; shaded columns denote in-person visits 
Day 
−1/01
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
14 
28 
42 
60 
75 90 
6M 12M 18M 
Acceptable deviation 
from day 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
+1
+2
+3
+3
+5
+5 +10 ±14 
±14 
±14 
ELIGIBILITY & 
BASELINE DATA 
Informed consent 
X 
Baseline medical (incl. 
duration of COVID-19) 
and social history 
X 
Baseline medications 
X 
Symptom-directed  
physical exam by the 
clinical team 
X 
Review SARS-CoV-2 test 
results 
X 
Local laboratory testing 
X 
X 
Urine pregnancy test or 
other documentation of 
pregnancy status 
X 
STUDY INTERVENTION 
Randomization 
X 
Study Drug/Placebo 
Administration 
X 
Assess infusion 
completion and adverse 
reactions 
X 
STUDY PROCEDURES 
Clinical assessment for 
pulmonary ordinal 
outcome
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Clinical assessment for 
pulmonary+ ordinal 
outcome 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Vital signs for NEW score 
assessment 
X 
Respiratory function scale 
assessment 
X 
Hospitalization status 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Changes in 
residence/facility 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Interim medical history 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Interim medications
X 
X 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
B-2 
 
Clinical AEs of any grade 
on days indicated 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Clinical AEs reaching 
grade 3 or 4 severity 
through Day 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Research sample storage 
(plasma and serum)2  
X 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 Midturbinate swab for 
central SARS-CoV-2 viral 
load testing2 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SAEs and unanticipated 
problems 
 
 
Report as they occur 
 
 
 
Deaths 
 
 
Report as they occur 
Hospitalization Summary 
 
 
Report upon hospital discharge 
 
 
 
Hospital Readmissions 
 
 
Report upon hospital discharge 
1 Screening must be performed within 24 hours of randomization. 
  
2 Blood draw and swab collection in some cases can be obtained after randomization but before the 
infusion.  If it is not possible to do an in-person on Day 3 or Day 5, the blood draws may be done one day 
earlier or one day later (but the participant should be telephoned to record the clinical data on the 
indicated study day).   
 
  
 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
C-1 
Appendix C  
 INSIGHT 014 / ACTIV-3 protocol team 
 
To oversee the implementation of this master protocol, a protocol team will be formed 
and include: 
• Protocol co-chair(s) 
• NIAID, Division of Clinical Research representatives 
• INSIGHT University of Minnesota representatives 
• INSIGHT International Coordinating Center representatives 
• Representatives from collaborating trials networks 
• Representative from ACTIV-2 protocol team 
• Representatives from collaborating laboratory representatives 
• Representatives from collaborating manufacturers of investigational agents 
• Representatives from site investigators 
• Study biostatisticians  
• Community representative(s) 
A core team consisting of the co-chair(s), ICC leaders, NIAID representatives, study 
statisticians, representatives from collaborating trials networks, and other 
representatives and the INSIGHT PI will also regularly convene to review study 
progress and address study conduct and administrative issues that arise. 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
 
D-1 
Appendix D  
REFERENCES ON THE INSIGHT WEBSITE 
 
The INSIGHT website (www.insight-trials.org) will maintain updated links to the 
following documents referenced in the INSIGHT 014 protocol and to other information 
pertinent to the study: 
• DAIDS toxicity table: (https://rsc.niaid.nih.gov/clinical-research-sites/daids-
adverse-event-grading-tables) 
 
• INSIGHT Publications and Presentations Policy 
(http://insight.ccbr.umn.edu/resources/P&P_policy.pdf) 
 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and European Centre for 
Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) guidance on how to handle infection 
control measures (https://www.cdc.gov/sars/guidance/i-infection/healthcare.html 
and https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-
control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings). 
 
• Treatment guidelines, incl from NIH and WHO 
(https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/, 
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-
guidance/patient-management, https://www.idsociety.org/practice-
guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/, 
https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-vte-anticoagulation and 
https://www.ersnet.org/covid-19-guidelines-and-recommendations-directory)  
 
 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
 
E-1 
Appendix E  
LIST OF ACRONYMS 
 
ACTIV  
Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines  
ACTT 
Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 
ADE 
antibody-dependent enhancement  
AE 
adverse event 
ARDS 
acute respiratory distress syndrome 
CCP 
convalescent plasma containing COVID-19 antibodies  
CDC 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) 
CHF 
Congestive heart failure 
CI 
confidence interval 
COVID-19 
Coronavirus-Induced Disease 2019  
CTSN 
Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network  
DNA 
deoxyribonucleic acid 
DSMB 
Data and Safety Monitoring Board  
EC 
ethics committee 
ECMO 
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 
EU 
European Union 
FDA 
Food and Drug Administration (US) 
GCP 
Good Clinical Practice 
GDPR 
General Data Protection Regulation 
hIVIG 
hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin from COVID-19 survivors 
HR 
hazard ratio 
ICC 
International Coordinating Center 
ICH 
International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for 
Pharmaceuticals for Human Use 
ICU 
intensive care unit 
IEC 
Institutional Ethics Committee 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
 
E-2 
IgG 
immunoglobulin G 
IL-6  
interleukin 6 
INSIGHT 
International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials 
IQR 
interquartile range 
IRB 
Institutional Review Board 
IV 
intravenous 
IVIG  
intravenous immunoglobulin 
LAR 
Legal Authorized Representative 
mAb 
monoclonal antibody 
MI 
Myocardial infarction 
mL 
milliliter 
NAT 
Nucleic acid test (to identify genomic material; some uses amplification) 
NEW 
National Early Warning 
NIAID 
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (US) 
NIH 
National Institutes of Health (US) 
NIHSS 
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale/Score 
nMAb 
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies 
OHRP 
Office for Human Research Protections (US) 
OR 
odds ratio 
PCR 
polymerase chain reaction 
PETAL 
Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury 
PHI 
personal health information  
PIM 
Protocol Instruction Manual 
RBD 
receptor-binding domain 
RNA 
ribonucleic acid 
SAE 
serious adverse event 
SARS-CoV-1 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 
SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 

Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Master Protocol 
 
 
E-3 
SOC 
standard of care 
SUSAR 
suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction 
TOC 
trial oversight committee  
UMN 
University of Minnesota 
UP 
Unanticipated problem 
US 
United States of America 
VA 
Veterans Administration 
WHO 
World Health Organization 

Appendix F  
National Early Warning (NEW) Score 
Criteria 
Point Value 
Respiratory Rate (breaths per minute) 
≤8 
+3 
9-11 
+1 
12-20 
0 
21-24 
+2 
≥25 
+3 
Oxygen Saturation (%) 
≤91 
+3 
92-93 
+2 
94-95 
+1 
≥96 
0 
Any Supplemental Oxygen 
Yes 
+2 
No 
0 
Temperature in °C (°F) 
≤35.0 (95) 
+3 
35.1-36.0 (95.1-96.8) 
+1 
36.1-38.0 (96.9-100.4) 
0 
38.1-39.0 (100.5-102.2) 
+1 
≥39.1 (≥102.3) 
+2 
Systolic BP 
≤90 
+3 
91-100 
+2 
101-110 
+1 
111-219 
0 
≥220 
+3 
Heart Rate (beats per minute) 
≤40 
+3 
41-50 
+1 

51-90 
0 
91-110 
+1 
111-130 
+2 
≥131 
+3 
AVPU 
A 
0 
V, P, or U 
+3 
AVPU – Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive. 
 

Appendix G 
Phase I Studies as Part of this Master Protocol 
It is anticipated that novel investigational agents entered into this master protocol will have 
enough safety and dosage data available by studies outside the master protocol, to enable 
them to move directly intoal this protocol. In some instances, sufficient safety and dosage 
data will not be available, and the investigational agent will first require a safety evaluation 
in the form of a phase I dose escalation and dose determination before moving into the 
main master protocol.  
A separate protocol for the Phase I study will be developed for each individual 
investigational agent as a stand-alone document with its own consenting procedure, and 
included here as Appendix G1, G2, etc.   
In this appendix, we describe the overarching framework as to how safety will be evaluated 
in a Phase I dose escalation study, with the understanding that additional details will be 
required as agents identified as being of interest for the master protocol but with insufficient 
prior safety data for entry into the master protocol.  
The dose escalation study described below provides a framework for a Phase I dose 
escalation but a number of design parameters have been left intentionally unspecified 
because they will depend on the specific investigational agent under consideration and the 
current status of the master protocol. Key scientific decisions regarding other design 
parameters including the number of dose levels to be investigated, the definition of dose-
limiting toxicities (DLTs), and the appropriate target population will be determined by the 
protocol leadership together with the overarching ACTIV-2/3 TOC in collaboration with the 
drug developer and study statisticians. Efforts will be made to harmonize these across 
study products, while allowing for learning from prior evaluations and also the incorporation 
of any issues predicted to be critical for a specific agent.  This information will be included 
as new sub-appendices (H1, H2, etc.) in addition to other information regarding the new 
agent when it is entered into the master protocol for stage 1 evaluation. 
a. Dose Escalation
The goal of the Phase I component is to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the 
investigational agent, defined as the maximum dose with probability of dose limiting toxicity 
(DLT) less than a specific pre-specified threshold. The basic framework of the Phase I 
component will be a dose escalation study where initial study participants are treated at the 
lowest dose and subsequent participants are treated at progressively higher dose levels 
until the MTD is identified. Dose finding will be guided by the continuous reassessment 
method (CRM). Briefly, the CRM is a Bayesian adaptive Phase I trial design first proposed 
in O’Quigley, et al88 ) and later modified by Piantadosi, et al89 and Goodman, et al.90 The 
CRM is a model-based design that relies on a simple, one-parameter model for estimating 
the probability of DLT at each dose and uses the estimated probabilities of DLT at each 
dose to guide dose escalation. For this trial, we will model the probability of DLT using the 
power model:
P(DLT | dose = j) = djexp(α) 
Where j is the dose level and (d-1, …, dJ) is the “skeleton” for the probability of DLT at each 
dose and the probability of DLT is estimated by estimating the α parameter. 

For the purposes of this appendix, the number of doses or the specific skeleton are 
unspecified.  
Dose finding in the CRM begins by treating the first cohort of three subjects at the initial 
dose level. After the toxicity outcomes for the first cohort are observed, the posterior 
distributions for the probabilities of DLT are updated. The next cohort is treated at the 
current estimate of the MTD, defined as the dose level with estimated probability of DLT 
(posterior mean) closest to the target probability of DLT, under the restriction that untried 
dose levels may not be skipped when escalating. This process continues until the maximum 
sample size is reached or until a pre-specified number of consecutive cohorts are treated at 
the same dose level, whichever comes first. The dose level with estimated probability of 
DLT (posterior mean) closest to the target probability at study completion is declared the 
MTD, and that dose may be carried forward to the master protocol. If at any point in the 
study, the posterior probability suggests that the lowest dose level is excessively toxic, the 
trial will terminate for excess toxicity. The specific threshold for determining excess toxicity 
will be determined when a new treatment is entered into the Phase I portion of the master 
protocol.  
b. Other considerations in dose determination 
 
It is possible that the MTD determined using the above may be higher than the optimal 
dose for evaluation in the next protocol stages. At present, correlative markers of clinical 
activity in COVID-19 are not well understood. As these markers (for example, but not 
limited to, SARS-CoV-2 viral load) are better understood, the above framework could also 
accommodate an approach allowing comparison of identified predictive biomarkers across 
two or more tolerable doses with the goal of identifying recommended doses for 
subsequent clinical evaluation that are below MTD. For example, MTD and one or more 
tolerable dose levels below MTD could be evaluated with respect to performance against 
the biomarkers, with a view to identifying a tolerable dose below MTD that is predicted to be 
effective, to carry forward to the next stage of evaluation in the master protocol (stage 1). 
This biomarker comparison would be secondary to the MTD determination. 
 
c. Definition of DLTs and Sample Size 
The dose escalation study described above provides a framework for a Phase I dose 
escalation but a number of design parameters, including the definition of DLTs and the 
sample size, have not been specified. These depend on the specific investigational agent 
under consideration and the current status of the main master protocol. Efforts will be made 
to harmonize DLT definitions across study products, while allowing for learning from prior 
evaluations and also any toxicities predicted to be critical for a specific agent.  Other design 
parameters, including the sample size, will similarly be determined by the protocol team’s 
study statisticians in collaboration with the drug developer to achieve desired operating 
characteristics.  
d. Population 
Given the early phase of evaluation, this population is likely to differ from the population in 
the master protocol, which includes hospitalized patients with varying stages of 
progression. Accurate determination of toxicity of an agent in early clinical phase is likely to 
be more challenging in patients with significant clinical progression. Consideration may 
therefore be given to restricting enrollment to patients with the lowest risk of clinical 

progression within a hospitalized population, or to populations that are not in need for 
hospitalization except for the purpose of participating in the Phase I study.  
e. Study Sites 
While it is anticipated that the main master protocol will enroll participants at a large number 
of sites in multiple countries, it is anticipated that sites for Phase I studies will be much 
more restricted. Sites will be selected based on Phase I expertise, including ideally the 
availability of dedicated Phase I clinical evaluation units. While multiple sites may 
participate in Phase I studies during the life of the master protocol, for individual agents it is 
anticipated that in most cases evaluation will be performed at a single site. This will 
streamline integration of toxicity assessments into the CRM and the dose escalation 
process. In certain circumstances two or more sites may participate together in evaluation 
of a single Phase I agent, in which governance structures to facilitate rapid communication 
of toxicity data between sites and to the oversight team will be established.  
f. Relationship Between Phase I and the Master Protocol 
Agents evaluated in Phase 1 may or may not proceed to the master protocol, depending on 
results of the Phase 1 evaluation and review by the ACTIV steering committee.  At a 
minimum, evaluation in Phase I will be used to determine the following key elements 
required for evaluation in the main master protocol should the agent proceed. 
 Dose(s) for evaluation for later stages. In master protocol, up to three doses maybe 
evaluated.  
 Any required specific exclusion and inclusion criteria, over and above the general criteria 
outlined in the main master protocol (this will be informed by toxicity and other agent 
characteristics in Phase I).  
While the focus of Phase I evaluation will be safety and dose determination, markers of 
clinical efficacy including the ordinal endpoint at Day 5 may be assessed and information 
will be collected up to 90 days as in the main master protocol will also be collected to inform 
the clinical development of these agents.  
While these data will be used to identify the correct dose or doses to investigate in the 
master protocol, the Phase 1 study will be distinct, and the data will not be incorporated into 
the master protocol. 
 
 
 

Appendix H  
Neutralizing monoclonal antibody. 
 
This appendix will include the following information for each nMAb studied. The rationale for 
studying the agent, justification for entry into the master protocol, and the description and 
administration of the agent. Also, as appropriate, specific AEs observed to be possibly 
associated with the agent in question, and how to monitor for, clinically handle and report such 
AEs, should they arise. Changes in endpoint, SOC, inclusion and/or exclusion criteria, sample 
size estimation and approach to interim analyses and data analyses will also be included if 
appropriate for the investigation of the nMAb in question relative to what is stated in the master 
protocol. Finally, the text will also clarify whether the manufacturer of investigational agent 
plans to pursue licensure in the countries where the trial will occur, should the investigational 
agent be demonstrated in the trial to have overall benefit. 
   Introduction/Rationale for studying the agent 
o Potential risks and benefits of agent 
o Motivation for agent selection with consideration of results from trials of other nMAbs  
• Agent-specific eligibility criteria 
• Description of investigational agent 
o Administration and duration 
o Formulation and preparation 
o Supply, distribution, and accountability 
o Contraindicated medications 
o Precautionary medications 
• Clinical and laboratory evaluations in addition to master protocol 
o Timing 
o Special instructions 
• Clinical management issues 
o Infusion-related reactions 
o Hypersensitivity 
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding considerations 
• Criteria for discontinuation of infusion 
• References 
 
 
 

Appendix I  
Standard of Care 
 
I1. Overview 
Currently, there are no licenced treatments for COVID-19.  One investigational agent, 
remdesivir, is now accepted by several countries’ regulatory bodies for use as part of 
routine care; in the US, FDA has been granted the drug an Emergency Use Authorization. 
Considering the number of randomized trials being conducted to study treatments for 
COVID-19, it is likely that other effective treatments will be identified during performance of 
this master protocol. 
When treatments for COVID-19 are demonstrated to have safety and efficacy, those 
treatments should be considered in designing new studies.  Depending on the scientific 
question, an experimental treatment will be coupled with or compared to a known effective 
treatment.  When such known effective treatments are incorporated into both arms, they are 
called “background therapy” or standard of care (SOC).  In this case, the scientific question 
addressed is whether a new treatment added to an already effective treatment is superior to 
the established effective treatment alone.  
SOC may include general supportive care appropriate to the participant’s clinical status, 
and specific therapeutic agents, and measures to reduce risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission 
to the participant and health care givers. 
As stated in section 5.1, the objective of this protocol is to evaluate investigational agents -   
aimed at enhancing the host immune response to or impair replication of SARS-CoV-2 
infection - for safety and efficacy compared to placebo control, when all eligible participants 
receive background therapy that is considered effective.  Consistent with precedent, we 
refer to background therapy as standard of care (SOC).  All participants will receive an 
investigational agent (initially a nMAb) + SOC vs. placebo + SOC. 
Below, principles for defining SOC are provided, and recommendations and guidance on 
SOC are given. Whether an individual SOC treatment is provided by the trial or not is based 
on multiple factors, including clinical and scientific considerations. In some cases, the 
decision to administer an SOC treatment is left entirely to the research participant’s primary 
medical team. 
I2. Guiding principles for inclusion of measures as part of SOC  
The SOC will be regularly updated based on review of the scientific literature and updated 
authoritative treatment guidelines on this topic. The standard for including one or more 
measures as SOC, includes a careful review of the existing literature and current guidelines 
(see Appendix D). As for therapeutic agents, those having been shown to be clinically 
effective in properly powered phase III or phase IV trials (i.e., high quality/level 1 evidence) 
and with a reasonable safety profile will be considered by the protocol team for inclusion, if 
recommended by at least one major treatment guideline. This evaluation may also lead to a 
statement that one or more agents are either not recommended or should not be used as 
part of SOC. As knowledge will likely continue to accumulate rapidly, the protocol 
leadership team may occasionally decide to include or exclude an intervention as part of 

SOC before it is recommended in at least one major treatment guideline. In such cases, the 
relevant literature that lead to the determination will be cited.  
The use of a given SOC intervention may apply to all or to a subgroup of the participants in 
the master protocol based on available evidence – the subgroup may be defined based on 
severity of disease, a clinical or laboratory defined feature, or a clinically or laboratory 
defined contraindication for using the SOC treatment. An SOC agent may be mandated for 
participants (required for protocol entry); mandated where not contraindicated (participants 
may enter if that SOC is unsuitable, and not receive that SOC); or recommended subject to 
clinical discretion. SOC may be protocol-supplied where mandated.  
The master protocol acknowledges that there may be local variation in the clinical 
availability of one or more agents chosen to be part of mandated protocol-supplied SOC 
from site to site. While acknowledging risks of inadvertent coercion, the importance of the 
scientific question (how candidate agents perform against the background of the current 
SOC treatments) is a crucial, high-priority question. There is no possible way to answer the 
question of efficacy against the background of an already proven effective agent without 
providing the agent – if not readily available - within the trial.  
I3. Current SOC in the master protocol: 
I3.1 Remdesivir Background Therapy 
Based on the findings of the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT),91 remdesivir will 
be provided to all study participants as SOC unless contraindicated for an individual patient.  
As in the ACTT trial, remdesivir will be administered as a 200 mg IV loading dose, followed 
by a 100 mg once-daily IV maintenance dose while hospitalized up to a 10-day total course.  
Participants taking remdesivir prior to randomization will continue their daily remdesivir 
infusions while hospitalized up to a 10-day course and possibly longer should evidence 
emerge to support this. The primary medical team has discretion to plan for 5 days duration 
in patients that do not require mechanical ventilation or ECMO. If as part of clinical care a 
patient has received a loading dose of remdesivir before randomization, the loading dose 
will not be repeated. Details relating to contraindications, dosing, and monitoring of 
remdesivir are included in the Protocol Instructions Manual [PIM].   
I3.2 Dexamethasone and Other Corticosteroids 
Based on the preliminary findings of the RECOVERY trial 
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678530/and in line with NIH treatment guideline (Appendix 
D), it is recommended to consider initiation of corticosteroid therapy in participants with 
COVID-19 who are mechanically ventilated and in patients with COVID-19 who require 
supplemental oxygen but who are not mechanically ventilated.  In patients with minimal 
oxygen need, however, special consideration weighting benefits vs potential risk should be 
given whether to initiate a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids may increase the probability of 
reactivating latent infections including herpes viruses and tuberculosis, hyperglycemia, 
hypernatremia, secondary infections, and may delay clearance of SARS-CoV-2. In 
participants not requiring supplementary oxygen, it is recommended not to initiate a 
corticosteroid. As the RECOVERY trial was performed at or near sea level, for patients 
enrolled at altitude, investigators and clinicians may appropriately avoid corticosteroid 
administration in patients receiving modest flow rates of supplemental oxygen. Treatment 

with a corticosteroid is recommended for a total of 10 days, using doses outlined in this 
table.  
Corticosteroid name 
Daily dose 
Dexamethasone 
6 mg PO or IV 
Prednisone 
~40 mg PO 
Methylprednisolone 
~32 mg IV 
Hydrocortisone 
~160 mg IV 
I3.3 Other Supportive Care 
All participants will be given supportive care for most complications of severe COVID-19 
including: pneumonia, hypoxemic respiratory failure/ARDS, sepsis and septic shock, 
cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, acute kidney injury, and complications from prolonged 
hospitalization, including secondary bacterial infections, thromboembolism, gastrointestinal 
bleeding, and critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy. Links to details of such care can be 
found in Appendix D.  Supportive care components of SOC include lung-protective 
ventilation for patients who require invasive mechanical ventilation92 (high quality evidence) 
and prone positioning for mechanically ventilated patients with more than moderate ARDS 
(high quality evidence), treatment with anti-bacterial agents for patients believed to have 
bacterial infection (high quality evidence), guidelines-compliant management of sepsis 
when it is present (moderate quality evidence)93. Use or non-use of extra-corporeal life 
support (ECLS) is not mandated as part of SOC; nor is any specific approach to renal 
replacement therapy.  
Consideration should be given to the use of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis 
(thrombosis prevention) in line with local clinical guidelines for hospitalized patients as 
appropriate for an individual participant, in addition to approaches to maintain mobility and 
minimize other thrombotic risks. Standard approaches to thromboprophylaxis supported by 
high quality evidence include the use of low molecular weight heparin (for example, 
enoxaparin 0.5m/kg daily), which is the preferred agent in some COVID-19 treatment 
guidelines. However other standard approaches in accordance with local and institutional 
guidelines and the medical circumstances of an individual participant may also be 
considered, including the use of low (prophylactic) dose unfractionated heparin (high quality 
evidence). Specialist advice should be sought for participants with pre-existing 
prothrombotic states, or who are pregnant.  
I3.4 Cautions and Contraindications 
Remdesivir is recommended not to be combined with (hydroxy)chloroquine. The 
effectiveness of remdesivir may be reduced if combined with (hydroxy)chloroquine, and 
hence it is not advisable to combine these two medications.94 
It is not recommended to use high dose chloroquine (600 mg twice daily) as SOC due to 
excess harm and not demonstrable benefit. (Hydroxy)chloroquine has no documented 
clinical benefit, and hence not recommended for use as SOC.  

I3.5 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Control 
Minimum standards of protection to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from trial 
participants to research personnel, participants in other trials, or patients treated in the 
same facility can be found in links displayed in Appendix D. 
 
 

Appendix J  
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4 Siracusano G, Pastori C, Lopalco L.  Humoral immune repsonses in COVID-19 patients: a window on the state o 
the art.  Frontiers in Immunology 2020; d0i:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01049. 
  
5 WHO Timeline - COVID-19. In: World Health Organization; 2020. 
 
6 Zhou F, Yu T, Dur R, et al.  Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 iin 
Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.  Lancet 2020; 395:1054-1062.  
 
7 Ji D, Zhang D, Xu J, Chen Z, Yang T, Zhao P, et al. Prediction for Progression Risk in Patients with COVID-19 
Pneumonia: the CALL Score. Clin Infect Dis 2020. 
 
8 Team CC-R. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients 
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