An ObEsity-centric Approach With and Without Anti-obesity Medications ComPared to the Usual-care ApprOach to Management of Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in an Employer Setting: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Phase: PHASE4
Conditions: Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity
Sponsor: The Cleveland Clinic

 
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An ObEsity-centric Approach with and without Anti-obesity Medications ComPared to 
the Usual-care ApprOach to Management of Patients With Obesity and Type 2 
Diabetes in an Employer Setting: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial 
(EMPOWER-T2D) 
 
Rationale for the trial   
 
Cleveland Clinic is one of the largest hospital systems in the United States, employing 
approximately 55,000 individuals, most of whom are enrolled in the Cleveland Clinic’s Employee 
Health Plan for their medical insurance. Of the approximately 75,000 adult employees and their 
spouses on the Health Plan, approximately 25,000 have obesity, defined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, and 
more than 8,000 suffer severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2).  
 
Cleveland Clinic’s Employee Health Plan (EHP) provides employees diagnosed with obesity 
support for participating in a weight management program (part of our Healthy Choice program). 
The Healthy Choice program is a way for Cleveland Clinic’s Health Plan members to take charge 
of their well-being.  Caregivers and their spouses who participate can improve their health and get 
up to 30% off their premiums by meeting personalized annual medical, nutrition or fitness goals. 
In 2019, approximately 50% of employees with obesity signed up for the Healthy Choice program.  
It is concerning that in spite of the significant prevalence of obesity among our employees and 
having the opportunity to participate in a program to improve their health, just a limited number 
of individuals sign up for this program.  
 
In the US, employers are the ultimate purchasers of health care for the majority (56%) of 
employees.  Recommendations support addressing obesity in the workplace; however, real-world 
evidence of best practices for chronic weight management in the employer context is lacking. More 
specifically, the impact of aggressively managing obesity (i.e., the primary problem) compared to 
addressing its comorbidities in the workplace is still unknown.  
 
In order for medications for chronic weight management to be included in the health care offered 
to employees, employers have to “opt-in” or deliberately decide to pay for these medications for 
employees, even when payers have added them to their formulary.  In part, this is due to questions 
regarding the cost/benefit ratio of these drugs in a real-world setting. 
 
This lifestyle intervention program in this trial will be administered through  SMAs (monthly in 
year 1, quarterly in year 2), which is a concept based on the chronic care model that combines 
group appointments for patients with clinical intervention, consisting of encounters with a 
nutritionist, exercise physiologist, and endocrinologist/obesity medicine specialist.  If needed, 
patients are also referred to a mental   health provider and sleep clinic1.  Medications approved for 
chronic weight management by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will also 
be utilized in a subset of patients that participate in this clinical trial. Five AOMs are currently 
approved by the FDA for chronic weight management2.  Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)  will 
be encouraged to increase their level of physical activity, improve their nutrition and also 
potentially receive therapy with medications such as metformin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 

 
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receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.  These anti-diabetes 
medications, in addition to improving glucose control, are associated with weight loss3. 
 
Cleveland Clinic provides a unique environment to investigate the impact of a weight-centric 
program, including the utilization of approved medications for chronic weight management, in 
patients with obesity and T2D, in the context of an employer-based weight management program. 
The use of a pragmatic clinical trial design will afford the opportunity to study the effects of an 
obesity-centric program that includes treatment with medications for chronic weight management 
in one arm, in an employer-based real-world setting, while affording a prospective comparison 
between three randomly assigned interventions in employees with obesity and T2D, as well as 
many other comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, depression, and 
fatty liver disease.  In order to increase the generalizability of the study findings, the trial will also 
include an Employee or the significant other of an employee of Medical Mutual of Ohio, or Bravo 
Health, that is covered by the Employee Health Plans of Medical Mutual of Ohio and Bravo Health, 
respectively.   
 
Background and significance 
 
Obesity affects nearly 40% of adults in the US and it is responsible for important medical problems 
including hypertension, dyslipidemia, T2D, depression, coronary heart disease, stroke, 
osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), fatty liver disease, and some cancers, to name a 
few4,5.  
 
Obesity is responsible for the development of T2D and hypertension in more than 90% and 50% 
of cases, respectively6-7. Also more than 70% of patients with obesity have dyslipidemia.  The 
prevalence of depression in patients with obesity is more than 50% and obesity is responsible for 
causing osteoarthritis in more than 25% of the patients8. Also, in the adult population, the 
prevalence of OSA is estimated to be ~25%, and as high as 45% in subjects with obesity9. 
 
Patients with obesity have an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. In recognition 
of the biologic basis and seriousness of obesity, several professional health associations and 
organizations worldwide recognize obesity as a disease10.   
 
Even though there is clear evidence in the literature that weight loss is associated with a dramatic 
improvement of obesity-related comorbidities and the patient’s quality of life, in general, clinicians 
all over the world focus their attention on treating the diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and 
other comorbidities rather than the obesity itself, concentrating their efforts on improving blood 
glucose indices, blood pressure and LDL as well as triglycerides, and in many instances, 
prescribing anti-diabetes and antihypertensive medications that potentiate further weight gain11,12.  
As a result, clinicians are faced with a rising epidemic of obesity, perpetuating a preexisting 
epidemic of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome.  
 
Obesity is one of the biggest drivers of preventable chronic diseases and healthcare costs in the 
United States. Currently, estimates for these costs are $210 billion per year. In addition, obesity is 
associated with job absenteeism and with lower productivity while at work costing approximately 
$4.3 billion annually12,13. 
 

 
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As a person’s BMI increases, so do the number of sick days, medical claims and healthcare costs. 
Individuals who suffer obesity spend 42% more on direct healthcare costs than adults who have a 
healthy weight.  Individuals with grade 1 obesity (BMI between 30 and 35) are more than twice 
as likely as individuals with BMI < 30 to be prescribed prescription pharmaceuticals to manage 
medical conditions14. 
 
Reducing obesity, improving nutrition, increasing physical activity, and making lifelong 
meaningful lifestyle changes can help lower costs through fewer doctor’s office visits, tests, 
prescription drugs, sick days, emergency room visits and admissions to the hospital and lower the 
risk for a wide range of diseases. 
 
A 2008 study by the Urban Institute, The New York Academy of Medicine and Trust for America's 
Health found that an investment of $10 per person in proven community-based programs to 
increase physical activity, improve nutrition, and prevent smoking and other tobacco use could 
save the country more than $16 billion annually within five years. That’s a return of $5.60 for 
every $1 invested15.  
 
In spite of these important facts there is a significant, yet much-underutilized role, for structured 
weight management programs, both with and without use of anti-obesity medications, to improve 
metabolic control for patients with obesity who have developed comorbidities such as 
hypertension hyperlipidemia and T2D.  Unfortunately, these patients have a much higher risk of 
developing coronary artery disease and cancer. 
 
The medical literature contains ample evidence which demonstrates the positive impact that a 
lifestyle intervention program augmented by FDA approved AOMs can have on anthropometric 
and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity who have developed significant comorbidities16-
17.  Lifestyle intervention, in the form of improving diet, eating behaviors and increasing physical 
activity, is first-line treatment for obesity and overweight, but the majority of people with obesity 
and overweight struggle to achieve and maintain their weight loss long-term.  We hypothesize that 
an obesity-centric approach delivered through a medically-supervised and comprehensive weight 
loss program18,  augmented by AOM, as the primary treatment of patients with obesity and T2D, 
will result in greater and sustainable weight loss, a better metabolic profile, (including glycemic 
blood pressure and cholesterol control) and improved quality of life (QOL) and treatment 
satisfaction when compared to an obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy or the current 
usual care/standard of care comorbidity-centric approach to general health management in patients 
with obesity and T2D.  If confirmed, these findings would be expected to change our future 
approach to chronic diseases management, and reduce the rates of T2D, hypertension, and 
hyperlipidemia related complications (including heart disease and cancer) as well as the 
development of other obesity-related comorbidities, potentially reducing the long-term cost of 
care.   
 
Type of trial  
 
This is a pragmatic, 24 month, single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial 
comparing an obesity-centric approach  with a medically-supervised and comprehensive weight 
loss program (Cleveland Clinic’s Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute’s Integrated Weight 
Management Program) augmented by AOMs, vs. an obesity-centric approach with a medically-

 
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supervised and comprehensive weight loss program without AOMs, vs. the current usual care 
approach to general health management.  
 
Informed consent will be obtained.  IRB approval of the study will be obtained.  300 subjects 
(employees or spouses covered by our EHP or the EHPs of Medical Mutual or Bravo Health) will 
be randomized 1:1:1 to receive either an obesity-centric approach with AOM therapy (N=100), an 
obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy (N=100), or the current usual care approach to 
general health management (N=100).   
 
Specific aim 1: 
In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, determine if the body weight loss 
and A1C improvement obtained via the obesity-centric approach with AOM therapy are both non-
inferior to that obtained via the obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy, and to demonstrate 
that at least one of these endpoints is superior in the obesity-centric approach with AOM therapy 
relative to the obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy.  We aim to show similar non-
inferiority in both endpoints and superiority in at least one endpoint in the comparisons between 
both obesity-centric approach groups with usual care.  Primary analyses will be performed at 1 
year. 
 
Hypothesis: In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, the obesity-centric 
+ AOM approach to management will prove to be non-inferior in weight loss and A1C 
improvement vs. the obesity centric approach without AOM or usual care approach, and superior 
in at least one of these endpoints .  The obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy will be 
non-inferior in both weight loss and A1C improvement vs. the usual care approach and superior 
in at least one of these endpoints.  
Specific aim 2:  
In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, determine if the percentage of 
patients that  achieve a > 5% body weight loss or the A1C treatment target of  < 7.0%  observed 
with the obesity-centric approach + AOM is greater than what is observed in the obesity-centric 
approach without AOM therapy or with the usual care approach.   
 
Hypothesis: In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, the obesity-centric 
+ AOM approach to management will afford a greater percentage of patients that achieve a > 5% 
body weight loss or the A1C treatment target of <7% vs. the obesity-centric approach without 
AOM or with the usual care approach.  The obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy will 
result in a greater percentage of patients that achieve a > 5% body weight loss or the A1C 
treatment target of <7% vs. the usual care approach. 
Specific aim 3:  
In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, determine if the effect on serum 
LDL, HDL and triglycerides are different between the groups of patients who received care under 
the obesity-centric approach with or without AOM therapy, vs those who received care under the 
usual care approach. 
 
Hypothesis: In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, the obesity-centric + 
AOM approach to management will afford greater mean reductions in serum LDL and 

 
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triglycerides, and a mean increase in HDL, compared to that obtained via the obesity-centric 
approach without AOM therapy, or the usual care approach.  The obesity-centric approach without 
AOM therapy will result in a greater mean decrease in LDL and triglycerides, and mean increase 
in HDL vs. the usual care approach, but it will result in a lower mean decrease in LDL and 
triglycerides, and lower mean increase in HDL, than what is achieved with the obesity-centric + 
AOM approach.    
 
Specific aim 4: 
In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, determine if the obesity-centric 
approach to management + AOM improves the rate of blood pressure goal attainment (< 140/90 
mmHg) when compared to the blood pressure goal attainment rate observed with an obesity-centric 
approach to management without AOM therapy, or the usual care approach. 
 
 
Hypothesis: In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, the obesity-centric + 
AOM approach to management will afford a greater percentage of patients that attain a blood 
pressure of < 140/90 compared to that obtained via the obesity-centric approach without AOM 
therapy, or the usual care approach.  The obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy will result 
in a  higher percentage of patients that attain a blood pressure of < 140/90 mmHg vs. the usual 
care approach, but it will result in a percentage that is lower than what is achieved with the obesity-
centric + AOM approach.  
 
Specific aim 5:  
To determine if QOL and treatment satisfaction are different between the groups of patients who 
received care under the obesity-centric approach with or without AOM therapy vs. those who 
received care under the usual care approach. 
 
Hypothesis: The obesity-centric approach to management with or without AOM therapy will 
afford greater quality of life and treatment satisfaction compared to the quality of life and treatment 
satisfaction observed within the group managed via the usual care approach.  The observed 
improvements in QOL and treatment satisfaction will be greater in the obesity-centric approach + 
AOM therapy when compared the group managed with an obesity-centric approach without AOM 
therapy.  
 
Specific aim 6:  
In a population of employees with a BMI ≥ 30 and A1C >7.5%, determine if the total cost of care 
are different between the groups of patients who received care under the obesity-centric approach 
with or without AOM therapy vs. those who received care under the usual care approach.  
 
Hypothesis: The obesity-centric approach to management with or without AOM therapy will 
afford an average total cost of care per patient that is lower than what is observed under the usual 
care approach.  The observed reduction in total cost of care per patient will be greater with the 
obesity-centric approach + AOM therapy vs the obesity-centric approach without AOM therapy.  
 
Research design and methods 
Study Type: Interventional 
Study Design: Allocation: Prospective, Pragmatic, Randomized 
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study 

 
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Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment 
Masking: Open Label 
Primary Purpose: Treatment 
 
Study Population/Sample 
 
Patients with documented T2D with an A1C > 7.5% and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 will be screened for 
inclusion/exclusion criteria.  
 
Patients will be included in the study if these criteria are met and their clinical data will be recorded.   
 
Inclusion Criteria: 
1.  Gender:  men and women 
2.  Ethnicity:  all ethnic groups   
3.  Age: ≥18, < 75 years  
4.  Diagnosis of T2D -A1C within the last 90 days must be >7.5% 
5.  Obesity, BMI ≥30 
6. An Employee, or the significant other of an employee, that is covered by the Cleveland Clinic 
Employee Health Plan, or an Employee or the significant other of an employee of Medical Mutual 
of Ohio, or Bravo Health, that is covered by the Employee Health Plans of Medical Mutual of 
Ohio and Bravo Health, respectively 
Exclusion Criteria: 
1. Type 1 diabetes or known latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA) 
2. Glomerular Filtration Rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease 
Epidemiology Collaboration Equation, CKD-EPI) 
3. Current glucocorticoid therapy 
4. Currently or within the past 3 months receiving an anti-obesity medication, or any other 
medication used for the primary intent of weight loss 
5. Any condition, unwillingness or inability, not covered by any of the other exclusion criteria, 
which, in the study clinician’s opinion, might jeopardize the subject’s safety or compliance with 
the protocol 
6. Mental incapacity or language barrier  
7. Pregnancy or plans to become pregnant within the next 2 years 
8. Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma  
9. Personal or family history of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 
10. History of acute pancreatitis, severe liver disease (Cirrhosis), or severe disease of digestive 
tract 
11. History of congestive heart failure 
12. History of bariatric or metabolic surgery/procedure 
13. Visit with an endocrinologist within the past 1 year for treatment of type 2 diabetes 
14. Prior participation in the Endocrinology and Metabolism Institutes Integrated Weight 
Management Program 
 
Sample Size 
This initial sample size of 300 patients 
-100 patients randomized to the obesity-centric approach with a prescription for an AOM 
-100 patients randomized to the obesity-centric approach without a prescription for an AOM 

 
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-100 patients randomized to the current usual care approach  
 
This sample size should be adequate to detect moderate effect size differences in the primary 
endpoints between groups.   
 
Assumptions for sample size calculations included: 
• Two sample one sided t-test with equal variances.  
 
• Overall 5% significance level for non-inferiority, and adjusted 2.5% significance level for 
superiority testing. Superiority is only claimed if estimated difference in mean weight loss 
favors the obesity-centric approach. 
 
• To account for multiple comparisons across the three groups, a Bonferroni adjustment of 
α/3 was applied to both non-inferiority and superiority comparisons. 
 
• 1:1:1 randomization 
o 40% of subjects in all arms are expected to be non-compliant with assigned 
treatment  
o Among subjects who were non-compliant, 50% are expected to return for a month 
24 (visit 25) assessment. 
o Non-compliant subjects in the comorbidity-centric (usual care) arm are assumed to 
have the same effect as subjects who complete the comorbidity-centric approach 
(usual care) arm. 
o Non-compliant patients who follow-up in the obesity-centric arm are assumed to 
have an effect corresponding to half the weight loss difference (compared to 
comorbidity-centric [usual care] arm) of subjects who complete the study in the 
obesity-centric arm.  
 
• The following expected distribution of AOM prescriptions in the obesity-centric arm 
(based on input from our obesity medicine providers): 
o 5%   Orlistat (Xenical®) 
o 15% Phentermine/Topiramate extended-release (Qsymia®)  
o 15% Naltrexone/Bupropion extended-release (Contrave®) 
o 15% Liraglutide (Saxenda®) 
o 50% Semaglutide 2.4 (Wegovy®) 
 
Preliminary Data 
An EHR study performed by our team (manuscript in press) identified patients that participated in 
our SMA program, 2 years from baseline, vs. controls, and had the following observed changes in 
A1C (Table 1).  The majority of these patients did not have prescriptions for AOM therapy.  Table 
2 demonstrates the weight loss differences, between a propensity matched group of SMA 
participants and controls.   
 
Table 1: Change in A1C observed in SMA program in patients with T2D and Obesity 
 
N of patients 
SMA 
Control 
P-value 

 
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Baseline 
91 SMA and 
709 control 
7.64(1.70) 
8.23(2.12) 
0.012 
1 year 
79 SMA and 
551 control 
7.32 (1.78) 
7.75 (1.72) 
0.038 
2 year 
82 SMA and 
486 control 
7.26 (1.69) 
7.84 (1.80) 
0.007 
SMA, shared medical appointments; Patients in the SMA group attended at least 1 SMA during this study period 
with the option of scheduling supplemental individual medical appointments, as needed.  Patients in the control 
group were those who had an ICD-9 encounter diagnosis code for obesity or morbid obesity during an individual 
medical appointment with an endocrinologist during the same study period. 
 
Table 2: Weight Loss Outcomes after Propensity Matching, SMA vs. Control 
 
SMA 
(N=301) 
Control 
(N=301) 
P-value 
 
N 
Weight loss (%) 
Mean (SD) 
N 
Weight loss 
(%) 
Mean (SD) 
6-months 
264 
4.17 (5.79) 
143 
1.51 (5.91) 
<0.001 
1-year 
217 
5.18 (7.05) 
140 
1.76 (7.54) 
<0.001 
2-years 
207 
3.78 (7.95) 
151 
1.64 (9.06) 
0.02 
SMA, shared medical appointments; Patients in the SMA group attended at least 1 SMA during this study period 
with the option of scheduling supplemental individual medical appointments, as needed.  Patients in the control 
group were those who had an ICD-9 encounter diagnosis code for obesity or morbid obesity during an individual 
medical appointment with an endocrinologist during the same study period. 
 
This data suggests that a change in A1C of about 0.4-0.5% is expected to accompany changes in 
body weight on the order of 4-5%.  
Table 3 presents several sample size scenarios and power calculations based on the above 
assumptions, assuming that (treatment effect) at 1 year is 5% for weight loss in the AOM group 
relative to non-AOM groups, and improvement in A1C is 0.5% for the same comparisons.  Power 
calculations further assumed a per comparison significance level of 0.0167 for one-sided non-
inferiority tests and 0.0083 for one-sided superiority tests to account for the multiple comparisons 
across all pairs of groups.  Non-inferiority regions of 1% for weight loss and 0.5% for A1C were 
also assumed, as was a small positive correlation (r=0.25) between weight loss and A1C change 
within subject.  Standard deviations (SD) reflect the variation of weight loss and A1C between 
subjects within the same treatment arm. SD of 8, 9, and 10% for weight loss were chosen based 
on the NN8022 (SCALE) program19-21 and the TRAMOMTANA18 study as well as the preliminary 
data above.  Standard deviations of 1.5%, 1.75% and 2% for A1C were assumed based on 
preliminary data.  
 
Table 3. Power calculations for selected total N, treatment effects, and standard deviations 
 
A1C SD (%) 
1.5 
1.75 
2.0 
Wt. SD (%) 
8 
9 
10 
8 
9 
10 
8 
9 
10 

 
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Final N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
70 
0.89 
0.81 
0.73 
0.83 
0.76 
0.67 
0.74 
0.67 
0.60 
80 
0.93 
0.91 
0.81 
0.88 
0.82 
0.77 
0.80 
0.75 
0.69 
90 
0.96 
0.91 
0.86 
0.93 
0.88 
0.83 
0.86 
0.82 
0.77 
100 
0.98 
0.94 
0.89 
0.96 
0.92 
0.87 
0.90 
0.88 
0.83 
Final N = sample size per group after loss to follow-up; standard deviation (SD) =variation in weight loss between 
subjects within the same treatment arm; assumed treatment effect of 5% for weight and 0.5% for A1C, with non-
inferiority regions of 1% for weight loss and 0.5% for A1C.  Power estimates are based on a simulation with 2000 
runs per observation, and assume normality of the outcome measures.  
 
Power calculations were performed using a simulation approach 22. Based on the above mentioned 
assumptions and results from the referenced studies, if we assume that 20% of patients will be lost 
and not able to complete the evaluation at 1 year, then with 80 completers per group, and assuming 
a weight loss standard deviation of 9% and an HbA1c standard deviation of 1.75%, there will be 
82% power to detect non-inferiority in both measures and superiority in weight loss. 
 
Interim Analysis 
No interim analysis is planned for this study. 
 
Study Period 
24 months  
 
Primary endpoint 
 
Comparison of the joint hypotheses comparing study groups on mean weight loss and A1C 
improvement at year 1.  Specifically, the goal will be to demonstrate non-inferiority of the AOM 
therapy group in both measures relative to non-AOM therapy groups separately, and superiority 
versus each group on at least one of these endpoints at year 1 (month 12).  Similarly, non-inferiority 
of the SMA alone vs. usual-care group on both mean weight loss and A1C improvement, and 
superiority on at least one of these endpoints, at 1 year will be evaluated.  
 
 
Protocol 
 
Patients determined to meet the study inclusion/exclusion criteria will be consented, baseline 
characteristics will be recorded.  Patients will be randomized to one of the following three study 
arms:  
 
1) Obesity-centric approach + AOM: a comprehensive weight management program comprised 
of  SMAs1 (monthly in year 1, quarterly in year 2) with an obesity-medicine specialist lead team 
to treat their obesity and review issues related to stress, mental health, nutrition, sleep, physical 
activity, and appetite control (including a prescription for an AOM).  Please see Tables 4 and 5. 
 
Patients will be seen and evaluated by one of our obesity-medicine specialists in a 1:1 face-to-face 
consultation.  The plan of care will be determined, and the subjects will choose one of two dietary 
programs (Mediterranean-style Diet or Ketogenic-style Diet).  They will see a registered dietitian 
(between visit 1 and 2), either individually or in the setting of a shared nutrition appointment, to 
review the chosen dietary plan. 

 
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Subjects will then initiate a series of 12 monthly study visits (year 1) followed by 4 quarterly study 
visits (year 2) in the context of SMAs with up to approximately 4-5 subjects each. The SMAs will 
be run by a health care provider and a nutritionist and will be approximately 75-90 minutes in 
length. The 5 main areas of the SMA program will be reviewed at every SMA and include: 
nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress.  SMA 
content will focus on accomplishing a healthier lifestyle, including rotating topics related to 
nutrition (meal plan education, self-monitoring/record-keeping, emotions related to eating such as 
comfort foods, “fear” foods, etc., stimulus control, problem-solving, eating competence skills, 
mindful eating, weight set point, internal regulation skills relating to hunger/fullness/satisfaction, 
how to choose and prepare healthy food, trying new foods, social eating and eating outside of the 
home); information and advice regarding different exercise programs and compliance with 
exercise physiologist referral; issues related to healthy sleep habits; and specific topics regarding 
behavior modification and stress management (goal setting, accountability, relapse prevention).  
 
As part of the obesity-centric approach weight management program, subjects will be referred to 
an exercise physiologist for a personalized physical activity program.  Subjects who are considered 
high-risk for underlying CVD will be referred for exercise stress testing.  Additionally, if assessed 
relevant by the study clinician, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or 
sleep clinic.  Concomitant medications for medical conditions other than obesity are allowed in 
both treatment arms at the discretion of the investigator.  
 
Obesity medication  
After randomization, subjects randomized to the obesity-centric approach + AOM therapy arm 
will be eligible to initiate treatment with prescription medication indicated for chronic weight 
management. Prescription may be provided at the time of randomization (visit 1) or at visit 2, as 
agreed between the investigator and the subject, consistent with usual clinical practice and standard 
of care. Medication choice, dose, and dose escalation will be at the discretion of the investigator. 
Loose combination therapy with medications for weight management, on- or off-label, is not 
allowed. Subjects in the obesity-centric approach arm may switch to another medication indicated 
for chronic weight management or discontinue temporarily or permanently taking medication for 
chronic weight management during the trial, according to standard clinical practice at the 
discretion of the investigator. If subjects choose to stop their obesity medication treatment, they 
will be asked to notify the investigator of their decision to ensure a safe withdrawal. In case of 
discontinuation of one of the medications for chronic weight management, subjects will be 
encouraged to initiate treatment with another medication for chronic weight management. Subjects 
who discontinue medication for chronic weight management should be encouraged to continue 
attending the trial visits.  
 
The medications for chronic weight management will be acquired on the regular US market and 
100 dispensed by one of Cleveland Clinic’s ambulatory pharmacies.  In order for the trial to remain 
as close as possible to real world condition, subjects randomized to obesity-centric arm will be 
required to pay  a fee for the obesity medication of choice simulating the co-pay the subject would 
have to pay at a  retail pharmacy if the medication was covered by their employer.  The fee will be 
the same for all medications for chronic weight management. All prescription medications 
approved in the US for chronic weight management will be made available for the subjects.  Use 
of any medication for the primary intent of weight loss, besides the four FDA-approved AOMs, is 

 
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not allowed.  Intensification of anti-diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia therapy occurs as 
indicated via A1C, blood pressure and lipid profile values, and therapies chosen will be at the 
discretion of the investigator.  Patients may be referred for a diabetes self-management and 
education consultation with a certified diabetes educator, at the discretion of the investigators.  The 
need and frequency for point of care (POC) glucose testing will be determined by the 
investigator/treating physician, as part of usual care. The patients will continue to remain under 
the care of their primary care provider and/or any other usual physicians. 
 
2) Obesity-centric approach without AOM:  a comprehensive weight management program 
comprised of SMAs1 (monthly in year 1, quarterly in year 2) with an obesity-medicine specialist 
lead team to treat their obesity and review issues related to stress, mental health, nutrition, sleep, 
physical activity, and appetite control (excluding a prescription for an AOM).  Please see Tables 
4 and 5. 
 
Patients will be seen and evaluated by one of our obesity-medicine specialists in a 1:1 face-to-face 
consultation.  The plan of care will be determined, and the subjects will choose one of two dietary 
programs (Mediterranean-style Diet or Ketogenic-style Diet).  They will see a nutritionist (between 
visit 1 and 2), either individually or in the setting of a shared nutrition appointment, to review the 
chosen dietary plan. 
 
Subjects will then initiate a series of 12 monthly study visits (year 1) followed by 4 quarterly study 
visits (year 2) in the context of SMAs with up to approximately 6-8 subjects each. The SMAs will 
be run by a health care provider and a nutritionist and will be approximately 75-90 minutes in 
length. The 5 main areas of the SMA program will be reviewed at every SMA and include: 
nutrition, physical activity, appetite control, sleep issues, and anxiety/depression/stress.  SMA 
content will focus on accomplishing a healthier lifestyle, including rotating topics related to 
nutrition (meal plan education, self-monitoring/record-keeping, emotions related to eating such as 
comfort foods, “fear” foods, etc., stimulus control, problem-solving, eating competence skills, 
mindful eating, weight set point, internal regulation skills relating to hunger/fullness/satisfaction, 
how to choose and prepare healthy food, trying new foods, social eating and eating outside of the 
home); information and advice regarding different exercise programs and compliance with 
exercise physiologist referral; issues related to healthy sleep habits; and specific topics regarding 
behavior modification and stress management (goal setting, accountability, relapse prevention).  
 
As part of the obesity-centric approach weight management program, subjects will be referred to 
an exercise physiologist for a personalized physical activity program.  Subjects who are considered 
high-risk for underlying CVD will be referred for exercise stress testing.  Additionally, if assessed 
relevant by the study clinician, subjects may also be referred to a mental health specialist and/or 
sleep clinic.  Concomitant medications for medical conditions other than obesity are allowed in 
both treatment arms at the discretion of the investigator.  
 
Use of any medication for the primary intent of weight loss, including the four FDA-approved 
AOMs, is not allowed.  Intensification of anti-diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia therapy 
occurs as indicated via A1C, blood pressure and lipid profile values, and therapies chosen will be 
at the discretion of the investigator.  Patients may be referred for a diabetes self-management and 
education consultation with a certified diabetes educator, at the discretion of the investigators.  The 
need and frequency for point of care (POC) glucose testing will be determined by the 

 
12 
Version Date: 11-15-2021 
investigator/treating physician, as part of usual care. The patients will continue to remain under 
the care of their primary care provider and/or any other usual physicians. 
   
3) Usual care approach (Comorbidity-centric approach): the traditional usual care/standard of 
care approach to T2D, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia management comprised of a 
consultation with an endocrinologist, along with office encounters every 3 months with an 
endocrinology specialist.  Intensification of anti-diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia 
therapy occurs as indicated via A1C, blood pressure and lipid profile values, and therapies chosen 
will be at the discretion of the treating physician.  Patients may be referred for a nutrition 
consultation with a registered dietitian, or for diabetes self-management and education 
consultation with a certified diabetes educator, at the discretion of the investigators.  The need and 
frequency for point of care (POC) glucose testing will be determined by the treating physician, as 
part of usual care. The patients will continue to remain under the care of their primary care provider 
and/or any other usual physicians.  Use of any medication for the primary intent of weight loss, 
including the four FDA-approved AOMs, is not allowed.    Please see Tables 6 and 7.    
 
All lab values obtained during this study are considered standard of care and will be extracted from 
the Cleveland Clinic Electronic Health Record.   
 
Baseline Characteristics 
The following patient baseline characteristics/variables will be recorded: age, gender, ethnicity, 
weight, height, BMI, A1C (%), LDL (mg/dL), HDL (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), blood 
pressure (mmHg), GFR (calculated by CKD-EPI formula), self-reported duration of diabetes 
(years).  QOL and the treatment-related impact on patients will be assessed using the EQ-5D-5L23-
24 , TRIM-D25-26, WPAI:SHP27 and WLQ-SF28 questionnaires, respectively.  

 
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Figure 1: Study Design 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
14 
Version Date: 11-15-2021 
Schedule of Events 
 
Table 4: Time and Events Schedule, Obesity-centric Approach, Year 1 
 
Screening and 
Randomization 
Obesity-centric Approach to Management Program (with or without AOM therapy)f 
Visit (V) 
V1 
V2 
V3 
V4 
V5 
V6 
V7 
V8 
V9 
V10 
V11 
V12 
V13 
Timing of visit (months) 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
Visit window (days) 
0 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
SUBJECT-RELATED INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENTS 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographicsa 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Inclusion criteria 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exclusion criteria 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine pregnancy test 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HbA1c Point of Care testb 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Randomization 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history/concomitant illness, 
self-reported duration of diabetes 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concomitant medication 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Disallowed medicationc 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
EFFICACY 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Body weight 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Xd 
Questionnaires: EQ-5D-5L, TRIM-
D, WPAI:SHP and WLQ-SF 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 

 
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Screening and 
Randomization 
Obesity-centric Approach to Management Program (with or without AOM therapy)f 
Visit (V) 
V1 
V2 
V3 
V4 
V5 
V6 
V7 
V8 
V9 
V10 
V11 
V12 
V13 
Timing of visit (months) 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
Visit window (days) 
0 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
±14 
SMA attendance 
 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
SAFETY 
Adverse event 
Xe 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Labs/Blood Pressure & Reminders 
HbA1c/Lipids/Blood Pressure 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Schedule nutritionist appointment 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Refer to exercise physiologist 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a Demographics consists of date of birth, sex, ethnicity, and race 
b POC HbA1c will be obtained during screening visit and used for assessment of eligibility/study inclusion and randomization. A lab HbA1c will be obtained along with lipids within study visit window. 
The lab HbA1c will be used for purposes of the analyses. 
c Disallowed medications: Any medication on- or off-label prescribed for weight loss other than the anti-obesity medication  (AOM) prescribed by the study clinician for chronic weight management 
(Xenical®, Saxenda®, Qsymia®, Contrave® Wegovy®).  Use of these medications will be assessed during routine medication review at SMAs. 
d If a subject does not attend the SMA at visit 13, a stepwise approach to obtaining weight data will be applied to obtain a month 12 weight measurement (-14 days, +14 days from scheduled month 
12/visit 13): calling subject in for a month 12/visit 13 weight measurement, extract recent weight data from the electronic medical record, or use recent subject-reported weight.   
e Screening and randomization are one visit. Serious adverse event and pregnancy collection will begin after informed consent and randomization. 
f There will be two arms of patients in the obesity-centric approach cohort, one arm (N=100) will receive AOM therapy, the other arm (N=100) will not.  In the non-AOM therapy arm, any medication, 
on- or off-label prescribed for the primary intent of weight loss will be disallowed, including the chronic weight management medications (Xenical®, Saxenda®, Qsymia®, Contrave®, Wegovy®).   
QOL: EQ-5D-5L. Five level health status measure; SMA: Shared Medical Appointment 
TRIM-D. 28 item measure with 5 domains assessing Treatment Burden, Daily Life, Diabetes Management, Compliance and Psychological Health. 
WPAI:SHP Work Productivity as measured by Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire Specific Health Problem 
WLQ-SF Work limitation as measured by Work Limitations Questionnaire 8-Item Self-administered Short Form 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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Table 5. Time and Events Schedule, Obesity-centric Approach, Year 2 
 
Obesity-centric Approach to Management Program (with or without AOM 
therapy)a 
Visit (V) 
V14 
 
 
V15 
 
 
V16 
 
 
V17 
Timing of visit (months) 
15 
 
 
18 
 
 
21 
 
 
24 
Visit window (days) 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
SUBJECT-RELATED INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENTS 
Concomitant medication 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Disallowed medicationb 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
EFFICACY 
Height 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Body weight 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
Xc 
Questionnaires: EQ-5D-5L, TRIM-
D, WPAI:SHP and WLQ-SF 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
SMA attendance 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
SAFETY 
Adverse event 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Labs/Blood Pressure & Reminders 
HbA1c/Lipids/Blood Pressure 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
aThere will be two arms of patients in the obesity-centric approach cohort, one arm (N=100) will receive AOM therapy, the other arm (N=100) will not.  In the non-AOM therapy arm, any medication, 
on- or off-label prescribed for the primary intent of weight loss will be disallowed, including the chronic weight management medications (Xenical®, Saxenda®, Qsymia®, Contrave®, Wegovy, ®). 
b Disallowed medications: Any medication on- or off-label prescribed for weight loss other than the anti-obesity medication  (AOM) prescribed by the study clinician for chronic weight management 
(Xenical®, Saxenda®, Qsymia®, Contrave® Wegovy ®).  Use of these medications will be assessed during routine medication review at SMAs. 
c If a subject does not attend the SMA at visit 17, a stepwise approach to obtaining weight data will be applied to obtain a month 24 weight measurement (-14 days, +14 days from scheduled month 
24/visit 17): calling subject in for a month 24/visit 17 weight measurement, extract recent weight data from the electronic medical record, or use recent subject-reported weight.   
QOL: EQ-5D-5L. Five level health status measure; SMA: Shared Medical Appointment 
TRIM-D. 28 item measure with 5 domains assessing Treatment Burden, Daily Life, Diabetes Management, Compliance and Psychological Health. 
WPAI:SHP Work Productivity as measured by Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire Specific Health Problem 
WLQ-SF Work limitation as measured by Work Limitations Questionnaire 8-Item Self-administered Short Form 

 
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Table 6. Time and Events Schedule, Usual Care Approach, Year 1 
 
Screening and 
Randomization 
Usual Care Approach to Management Program 
Visit (V) 
V1 
V2 
 
 
V3 
 
 
V4 
 
 
V5 
Timing of visit (months) 
0 
3 
 
 
6 
 
 
9 
 
 
12 
Visit window (days) 
0 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
SUBJECT-RELATED INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENTS 
Informed consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographicsa 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Inclusion criteria 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exclusion criteria 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine pregnancy test 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HbA1c Point of Care testb 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Randomization 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical history/concomitant 
illness, self-reported duration of 
diabetes 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Concomitant medication 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Disallowed medicationc 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
EFFICACY 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Body weight 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
Xd 
Questionnaires: EQ-5D-5L, TRIM-
D, WPAI:SHP and WLQ-SF 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 

 
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a Demographics 
consists of date of 
birth, sex, 
ethnicity, and 
race 
b POC HbA1c 
will be obtained 
during screening 
visit and used for 
assessment of 
eligibility/study inclusion and randomization. A lab HbA1c will be obtained along with lipids within study visit window. The lab HbA1c will be used for purposes of the analyses. 
c Disallowed medications: Any medication on- or off-label prescribed for weight loss, including the anti-obesity medications  (AOMs) approved for chronic weight management (Xenical®, Saxenda®, 
Qsymia®, Contrave®, Wegovy ®).  Use of these medications will be assessed during routine medication review at scheduled appointments. 
d If a subject does not attend the visit 5, a stepwise approach to obtaining weight data will be applied to obtain a month 12 weight measurement (-14 days, +14 days from scheduled month 12/visit 5): 
calling subject in for a month 12/visit 5 weight measurement, extract recent weight data from the electronic medical record, or use recent subject-reported weight.   
e Serious adverse event and pregnancy collection will begin after informed consent and randomization.  
QOL: EQ-5D-5L. Five level health status measure. 
TRIM-D. 28 item measure with 5 domains assessing Treatment Burden, Daily Life, Diabetes Management, Compliance and Psychological Health. 
WPAI:SHP Work Productivity as measured by Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire Specific Health Problem 
WLQ-SF Work limitation as measured by Work Limitations Questionnaire 8-Item Self-administered Short Form 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Screening and 
Randomization 
Usual Care Approach to Management Program 
Visit (V) 
V1 
V2 
 
 
V3 
 
 
V4 
 
 
V5 
Timing of visit (months) 
0 
3 
 
 
6 
 
 
9 
 
 
12 
Visit window (days) 
0 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
Endocrinology visit attendance 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
SAFETY 
Adverse event 
Xe 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Labs/Blood Pressure & Reminders 
HbA1c/Lipids/Blood Pressure 
X 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Schedule nutritionist appointment 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
19 
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Table 7. Time and Events Schedule, Usual Care Approach, Year 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a Disallowed medications: Any medication on- or off-label prescribed for weight loss, including the anti-obesity medications  (AOMs) approved for chronic weight management (Xenical®, Saxenda®, 
Qsymia®, Contrave®, Wegovy ®).  Use of these medications will be assessed during routine medication review at scheduled appointments.  
b If a subject does not attend the visit 9, a stepwise approach to obtaining weight data will be applied to obtain a month 24 weight measurement (-14 days, +14 days from scheduled month 24/visit 9): 
calling subject in for a month 24/visit 9 weight measurement, extract recent weight data from the electronic medical record, or use recent subject-reported weight.   
QOL: EQ-5D-5L. Five level health status measure  
TRIM-D. 28 item measure with 5 domains assessing Treatment Burden, Daily Life, Diabetes Management, Compliance and Psychological Health. 
WPAI:SHP Work Productivity as measured by Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire Specific Health Problem 
 
Usual Care Approach to Management Program 
Visit (V) 
V6 
 
 
V7 
 
 
V8 
 
 
V9 
Timing of visit (months) 
15 
 
 
18 
 
 
21 
 
 
24 
Visit window (days) 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
 
 
±14 
SUBJECT-RELATED INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENTS 
Concomitant medication 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Disallowed medicationa 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
EFFICACY 
Body weight 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
Xb 
Questionnaires: EQ-5D-5L, TRIM-
D, WPAI:SHP and WLQ-SF 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Endocrinology visit attendance 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
SAFETY 
Adverse event 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
Labs/Blood Pressure & Reminders 
HbA1c/Lipids/Blood Pressure 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
X 

 
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WLQ-SF Work limitation as measured by Work Limitations Questionnaire 8-Item Self-administered Short Form 
 
 
 

 
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Follow-up 
 
1) Obesity-centric approach (with or without AOM): patients will attend monthly SMAs in 
year 1, followed by quarterly SMAs in year 2, with an endocrinology specialist/obesity medicine 
lead team to treat their obesity and review issues related to stress, mental health, nutrition, physical 
activity, and appetite control.  Weight, body mass index, and blood pressure will be assessed at 
baseline and at the SMAs.  A1C will be assessed at baseline and weeks 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 
and 96.  Serum LDL, HDL and triglycerides will be assessed at baseline and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 
weeks.  QOL and treatment-related impact surveys will be administered again at weeks 24, 48, 72, 
and 96.  Background standard of care labs and procedures pertaining to T2D management will be 
obtained (CMP at baseline and every 6 months, yearly urine albumin:Cr), yearly dilated eye exams.  
Intensification of anti-diabetes therapy occurs as indicated via A1C values, and therapies chosen 
will be at the discretion of the investigator.   
 
2) Usual care approach (Comorbidity-centric approach): patients will attend office encounters 
every 3 months with an endocrinology specialist.  A1C, weight, body mass index, and blood 
pressure will be assessed at baseline and at weeks 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96.  Serum LDL, 
HDL and triglycerides will be assessed at baseline, at weeks 24, 48, 72 and 96.  QOL and 
treatment-related impact surveys will be administered again at weeks 24, 48, 72 and 96.  
Background standard of care labs and procedures pertaining to T2D management will be obtained 
(CMP at baseline and every 6 months, yearly urine albumin:Cr), yearly dilated eye exams.  
Intensification of anti-diabetes therapy occurs as indicated via A1C values, and therapies chosen 
will be at the discretion of the investigator. 
 
At the end of the trial, subjects, who potentially have stopped attending the appointments, will be 
encouraged to attend the last visit for a lab assessment, weight measurement, and completion of 
questionnaires within the visit window, unless they have withdrawn consent. 
 
Data collection 
 
A file database will be created for data collection accessible only by authorized study personnel.  
Information will be entered into the database as it is collected and patients finish the study.  Each 
patient will be assigned a study number consecutively as they are enrolled.  Only the study number 
will be used to identify all study-related documents such as case report forms.  A master list of 
study numbers linked to patient identifiers will be maintained by the study coordinator in a secured 
location.  Study data will be collected and managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data 
Capture); this will include patient identification number, medical record number, age, gender, and 
ethnicity.  
 
Biorepository: Serum and urine 
Included in the informed consent process and documentation will be an ‘opt in/out’ for collection 
of biospecimens. From consenting subjects, the following specimens will be collected at baseline, 
3, 12, and 24 months to support future ancillary research studies in this population:  
• Blood (plasma): 24 ml will be drawn along with the rest of the labs, then processed, aliquoted, 
and stored at -80 degrees Celsius. Samples will be processed according to the lab processing 
manual 

 
22 
Version Date: 11-15-2021 
• Clean catch urine: samples will be processed, aliquoted and stored according to the lab processing 
manual 
 
Statistical analysis 
 
The primary analysis will be performed using the intent-to-treat cohort.  Categorical factors will 
be described using frequencies and percentages, while continuous measures will be summarized 
using means, standard deviations, and percentiles of interest.  Changes in primary continuous 
measures from baseline to the pre-specified times during the follow-up periods will be compared 
using linear mixed effect models that include baseline levels of these variables as well as 
stratification factors as covariates.  In these models, all commonly observed study times will be 
used, and interactions between time and group will be included.  For the primary endpoints, non-
inferiority will be tested at the 0.05 level at 1 year.  If both primary endpoints are non-inferior, 
superiority testing at the 0.025 overall error level for each endpoint at 1 year will be performed 27.  
A similar analysis will be performed based on 2-year results from this model as a secondary 
endpoint.  Other secondary endpoints will be performed using similar models, but determination 
of whether to evaluate time points separately will depend on model fit.  If the interactions in these 
mixed effect models are not significant, overall differences in each endpoint over time will be 
evaluated.  Otherwise, contrasts will be used to compare groups at pre-specified time points.  If 
necessary, transformations of continuous measures will be performed prior to analysis to meet 
assumptions of the models.  These mixed effect models account for data missing at random through 
maximum likelihood estimation, and do not require additional imputation approaches.  The 
correlation structure used will be chosen based on comparisons of model fits using likelihood ratio 
tests.   Select categorical variables will be compared between groups using mixed effect Poisson 
regression and logistic regression models, as appropriate.  Cost data will be evaluated for normality 
and then analyzed with Gamma regression, if non-normal distributions are observed.  These 
models will also incorporate multiple time points and evaluate overall and time specific differences 
between groups.  Each endpoint will be tested assuming an overall 0.05 significance level.  Non-
inferiority tests will be performed pairwise, and therefore will employ Bonferroni adjusted 
significance levels for each paired comparison. For all tests of superiority, if overall tests are 
significant, Bonferroni adjustments for pairwise comparisons between groups will be made to 
preserve the overall significance level.  Secondary endpoints will be each evaluated independently 
with error level control being employed at the Aim level, such that for each aim, the error will be 
controlled at the 0.05 level.  As a sensitivity analysis, a per-protocol analysis, among those patients 
that meet minimum compliance standards with their assigned treatment will be performed as 
above.   
 
Adverse events and data monitoring  
 
The PI or one or more study team members designated by the PI will have sole responsibility 
to monitor adverse events and safety.   
 
Safety 
 
For the purposes of this study, adverse events (AEs) will only be required to be collected if they 
meet the definition of an SAE.  An SAE is defined as any AE which results in at least one of the 
following outcomes: 

 
23 
Version Date: 11-15-2021 
• 
Initial inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing inpatient hospitalization 
• 
A life-threatening event, i.e., an event in which the subject was at immediate risk of dying 
at the time of the event; not an event that hypothetically could have caused death had it 
been more severe 
• 
Persistent or significant disability or incapacity 
• 
Congenital anomaly or birth defect in offspring 
• 
Death 
• 
Is deemed serious for any other reason, i.e., if it is an important medical event based on 
appropriate medical judgement which may jeopardize the subject and may require medical 
or surgical intervention to prevent one of the other listed outcomes. 
 
Study clinicians are responsible for reporting all SAEs and following the subject until the 
outcome of the event is closed out. All SAEs will be reported from randomization until EOS at 
month 12, or until the subject withdraws from the study. Study clinicians are also responsible for 
recording all pregnancies in female subjects from randomization until EOS at month 12 or 
subject study withdrawal. The subject will be followed for the duration of the pregnancy until 
one month post-delivery to report the pregnancy outcome and any AEs or SAEs observed in the 
fetus or newborn until 1 month of age. Safety will be summarized descriptively. 
 
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