Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Denosumab 60mg sc Every 3 Months in Patients With Erosive Osteoarthritis of the Interphalangeal (IP) Finger Joints
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Hand Osteoarthritis
Sponsor: University Hospital, Ghent

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Study Protocol 
 
RANKL-blockade for the treatment of erosive osteoarthritis (OA) 
of interphalangeal finger joints 
 
Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate 
the efficacy of denosumab 60mg sc every 3 months in patients 
with erosive osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal finger joints 
 
 
Principal Investigators: 
Gust Verbruggen, MD, PhD,  
Dirk Elewaut, MD, PhD, 
Ruth Wittoek, MD, PhD 
  
Dept. of Rheumatology – Ghent University Hospital 
 
EudraCT number: 2015-003223-53 
Protocolnumber: AGO/2015/008 
 
 
Gust Verbruggen, MD, PhD  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ruth Wittoek, MD, PhD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dirk Elewaut, MD, PhD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Protocol synopsis  
 
 
Study Type 
Investigator Sponsored Study 
Funder 
Amgen 
Study Design 
This is a randomized, double blind placebo controlled one-site proof-
of-concept study in subjects with erosive osteoarthritis (OA) of 
interphangeal (IP) finger joints.  
A total of 100 subjects will be enrolled into the study: 48 weeks 
placebo controlled double-blind phase with denosumab 60 mg every 
12 weeks, followed by a 48-week open-label phase in which all 
subjects will receive denosumab. 
Investigational 
Therapy  
Denosumab 60 mg subcutaneous injection every 12 weeks. All 
subjects will receive Calcium/vit D supplementation. 
Efficacy 
Objectives 
The primary objective is to assess the effect of denosumab on the 
reduction of radiographic erosive progression using GUSS™ (Ghent 
University Score System). 
The secondary objective is to assess the effect of denosumab on the 
reduction of radiographic erosive progression as defined by 
diminishing the appearance of new erosive IP finger joints. 
The exploratory objective is mainly to assess the effect of 
denosumab on clinical variables, as well as ultrasonography and 
DEXA parameters. 
 
 
 
Main Endpoints 
Primary Endpoint: The change in the negative evolution of 
GUSS™ scores in the target IP joints from baseline to week 24. 
Other Endpoints: 1) The change in the negative evolution of 
GUSS™ scores in the target IP joints from week 24 to week 48 and 
from baseline to week 48. 2) The number of patients that develop 
new erosive IP joints (‘S/J’ to ‘E’ phase joints) at 48 weeks; 3) The 
number of ‘S/J’ IP joints that develop ‘E’ phases at 48 weeks. 
Hypothesis 
The main hypothesis is that the repeated administration of 
denosumab 60 mg Q3 months can lead to reduce structural damage in 
erosive hand OA. 
Study Sites 
1 site – the Ghent site 
Subjects 
100 subjects 
Enrolment 
18 months 
Main Eligibility 
Criteria 
Males and females ≥ 30 years of age, with hand erosive OA: 
1) having suffered from transient inflammatory attacks of the IP 
finger joints 
2) showing at the time of enrolment inflammatory signs and at least 
one IP finger joint with the typical X-rays appearance of a ‘J’ or ‘E’ 
phase joint 

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Study treatment 
Duration 
96 weeks 

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Table of Contents  
 
 Protocol Title and Investigators  
 Protocol signature page  
 Protocol synopsis  
 
1. Background and Rationale 
1.1 Disease background   
1.2 Denosumab  
1.3 Rationale for study design 
1.4 Hypotheses 
 2. Study Objectives and Endpoints  
3. Experimental Plan 
3.1 Study design and schematic 
3.2 Number of sites  
3.3 Number of subjects 
3.4 Estimated study duration 
4. Subject Eligibility 
4.1 Inclusion criteria 
4.2 Exclusion criteria 
5.  Treatment and Study Procedures  
5.1 Investigational product  
5.2 Reporting requirements for investigational product complaints 
5.3 Concomitant therapy 
5.4 Study procedures and schedule of assessments 
6. Statistical and Analytical Plans 
6.1 Efficacy analysis 
6.2 Safety analysis 
6.3 Determination of sample size 
7. Adverse Events/Adverse Event reporting 
7.1 Definitions 
7.1.1. Adverse Event  
7.1.2. Serious Adverse Event  
7.1.3. Adverse Event Severity  
7.1.4. Relationship to Study Drug 
7.2. Adverse Event Reporting 
8. Regulatory obligations  
8.1Informed Consent 
8.2 Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board 
9. Documentation relating to the clinical trial- trial master file 
10. Publication Policy  
10. References 
11. Appendices 
Appendix 1. Scoring systems 
Appendix 2. Overall assessments  
 

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1. Background and Rationale 
 
1.1 Disease background 
Erosive osteoarthritis (OA) of the interphalangeal (IP) ﬁnger joints is considered an 
inﬂammatory subset of osteoarthritis of the hand. Its inﬂammatory clinical presentation and 
destructive nature are unmistakable. 1,2,3,4,5 The cumulation of destructive changes in the IP 
joints eventually results in considerable disability.6,7,8 There are no significant differences in 
hand function, stiffness and level of pain between patients with hand OA and rheumatoid 
arthritis. Scores for both patient groups differ significantly from those of healthy controls.9 
Patients with erosive OA show more functional impairment and significantly more pain 
compared to patients with controlled inflammatory arthritis affecting the hands. The acquired 
structural damage of the IP joints due to destructive/reparative phenomena is the largest 
contributor to functional limitations.8 
Radiological prevalence of moderate to severe hand OA is estimated to occur in 7.3% (2.65 
million) US adults aged 60+ years.10 Similar data have been reported in European 
countries.7,11,12,13,14  
 
A significant proportion of these patients suffer from the erosive type of hand OA. In a 
prospective study of 500 consecutive patients attending a rheumatology clinic with 
symptomatic limb joint OA, 4.8% cases were identified with erosive IP joint OA.15  
 
In a survey on the entire health district in the Venetian area, 2.2% out of 640 subjects aged 
40+ years had erosive OA of their IP joints.16 Mainly women in the perimenopauzal age were 
affected.17  
 
Even higher prevalences were seen in a British cohort study18 on 2.986 people18. Numbers in 
this study were based on clinics and the authors proposed that a proportion of their 
polyarticular cases were “inflammatory types of OA in association with erosions”. This 
assumption was based on an earlier study where clinical examination was validated against 
hand radiography (Egger et al., J Rheumatol 1995;22:1509–13).  
Though the proportions of “erosive IP OA” reported here were probably overrated, the 
prevalence of what is considered to be “erosive IP OA” in this 53 years of age population was 
twice as high in women (10,6%),  compared to men (5,9%).  
More recently, these data were confirmed in 2 large population studies where the prevalence 
of radiographic erosive IP OA in subjects over 55 years of age ranged between 5.0 and 
9.9%.19,20. The prevalence for men was lower at 3.3%. 
 
These studies showed that erosive type of hand OA occurred predominantly in women. 
Haugen IK et al. et al.20 defined erosive IP OA at a joint level as Kellgren/Lawrence ≥2 plus 
erosions. The authors reported a prevalence of erosive IP OA in women of 9,9%, 3 times as 
high as in men (3,3%).  In essence, the Kwok W-Y et al. figures19 agree with the data above.  
 
Moreover, the Haugen IK et al.20 reported that symptomatic OA was twice as high in women 
(15,9%),  compared to men (8,2%). Symptomatic OA here was defined as Kellgren/Lawrence 
stage ≥2 plus pain/aching/stiffness. 
 
 

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From these epidemiological studies we can conclude that the incidence of erosive OA of the 
IP finger joints ranges from five to ten percent particularly in women. 
 
The aggressive destructive nature of the erosive OA is only recognized late in the disease and 
the radiological image of the "exhausted" final phase mimics a robust OA. Therefore, the 
disease was hitherto regarded as a form of primary OA - a degenerative joint disease that is 
caused by biomechanical overload of the joint structures. There is so far no therapy sought or 
found for the structural changes in the articular tissues occurring during the course of so-
called degenerative joint diseases. Thus, no therapeutic measures are available that act on 
underlying disease mechanisms and therefore slow down or halt the progression of tissue 
degradation in joints affected by erosive hand OA. The current standard treatment of care in 
these patients is limited to symptomatic therapy to reduce pain.  
 
There is still lack of agreement concerning the nature and specificity of erosive IP joint OA. 
Obviously, in erosive IP OA an important bone resorption is noted in the subchondral bone of 
IP finger joints, this bone resorption is readily visualized on conventional radiographs (Figure 
1). The osteolytic ‘erosive’ lesions result in the collaps of the subchondral plate which 
supports the overlaying articular cartilage.5,21 This is compatible with a pathologic osteoclast 
activity supported by the effects of RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa- 
Ligand).22 RANKL is a key driver of maturation and activation of osteoclasts in bone in 
health and disease.22 In pathologic conditions, RANKL can be strongly induced in a variety of 
cell types including stromal cells under the influence of locally produced proinflammatory 
cytokines such TNFα 23,24 and IL-1.25,26 
At the same time, a resorption of articular cartilage of the affected IP joints is also noted. As a 
result, the joint space gradually disappears on X-rays. Likely key factors in this process are 
TNF and IL-1 which both have important catabolic effects on human chondrocytes.27 Indeed, 
during the course of the disease inflammatory processes in the synovial membrane of IP 
finger joints could be visualized.28,29 Cytokines release thereof will have important catabolic 
effects on the neighbouring chondrocytes. 
 
Thus, similar as observed in other destructive processes noted in inflammatory rheumatic 
diseases, the TNF→ IL-1→ RANKL-pathway appears to be a key therapeutic target in 
erosive hand OA. 
 
Blockade of these cytokines has shown to delay ongoing tissue destruction in murine arthritis 
and in rheumatoid arthritis in human. 30,31,32,33,34  
 
Recently, TNFα-blockade was shown to retard the progression of joint damage in erosive IP 
finger joint OA.35 
 
Considering the analogies between rheumatoid arthritis and erosive IP OA in the metabolic 
pathways that mediate tissue destruction, and the lack of any structure modifying treatment 
option in the latter, a pilot study exploring the effects of Denosumab on ongoing tissue 
destruction in IP finger joint OA is proposed. 
 
1.2 Denosumab 
Denosumab (Amgen), is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit RANKL 

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(RANK Ligand). RANKL binds to RANK, which exists as a cell surface receptor molecule 
on “pre”-osteoclasts: precursors of osteoclasts.  
Binding of RANKL to RANK acts as the primary signal for bone removal in normal 
physiological bone remodeling and in a number of pathological conditions, e.g. malignant 
tumors and bone metastasis.   
Activation of RANK by RANKL promotes the maturation of pre-osteoclasts into osteoclasts. 
Denosumab inhibits osteoclasts’ maturation, function and survival by binding to and 
inhibiting RANKL. This mimics the natural action of osteoprotegerin, an endogenous 
RANKL inhibitor that presents with decreasing concentrations in patients who are suffering 
from osteoporosis. This protects bone from degradation, and helps to counter the progression 
of the disease.  
Denosumab was approved by the EMA for use in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis 
at increased risk for fracture at the dose of 60 mg sc every 6 months (Prolia®), and for the 
prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastasis from solid tumors at the 
dose of 120 mg every 4 weeks (XGEVA®). 
More recently, denosumab was shown to retard the progression of structural lesions in 
rheumatoid arthritis, an unapproved indication for the drug.33,34 Its dosing and safety profile 
depended on the different medical conditions in which the drug was used. Patients with 
osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis received 60 mg and up to 180 mg injected SC, every 6 
months, respectively.  
 
Experience from clinical studies indicates that side effects depend on the dosage.  
 
According to Prolia® Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) 36, pain in extremities and 
musculoskeletal pain (including back pain and joint pain) were among the most common 
adverse reactions. 
In patients treated for osteoporosis a rare unwanted effect included low calcium levels, 
especially when in case of an impaired kidney function. Patients must therefore be adequately 
supplemented with calcium and vitamin D levels before starting and during denosumab 
therapy. In the postmarketing setting, rare cases of severe symptomatic hypocalcaemia have 
been reported. Clinical monitoring of calcium level is recommended before each dose and, in 
patients predisposed to hypocalcaemia, within two weeks after the initial dose. 
There have been rare cases of atypical femoral fracture reported in association with Prolia. 
Infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts were reported as well as cellulitis, ear infection 
and diverticulitis.  The SmPC includes a Warning Statement regarding skin infections 
(predominantly cellulitis) leading to hospitalization. It has been proposed that this increase in 
infections under denosumab treatment might be connected to the role of RANKL in the 
immune system.  
Cataracts, constipation, skin rashes and eczema were also seen. 
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) was reported rarely in Prolia osteoporosis clinical 
development program. Primarily, at the high dosages used in patients with bone metastases, 
similarly to bisphosphonates, denosumab appeared to be implicated in increasing the risk of 
osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) especially following extraction of teeth or oral surgical 
procedures. 
 
In the post-marketing setting, rare events of drug-related hypersensitivity, including rash, 
urticaria, facial swelling, erythema, and anaphylactic reactions have been reported. 

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In the FREEDOM extension study37,38, with up to 8 years of denosumab 60 mg Q6M 
exposure, the incidence rates of adverse events did not increase over time.  
 
Denosumab safety data were reported  in RA phase 2 studies33,34. The safety profile appears to 
be consistent with that in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Denosumab did not 
have an effect on RA disease activity, as measured by the ACR response criteria, the DAS28 
scores, and the occurrence of RA flares. 
 
1.3 Rationale for study design  
In RA, the initial changes are seen in the synovium where inflammatory lymphomyeloid cells 
massively produce TNF, and secondarily, IL-1 and RANKL. These two cytokines are 
responsible for the invasion of the adjacent cartilage and bone by the inflamed and 
proliferative synovial pannus.    
 
In erosive IP joint OA, the osteolytic changes in subchondral bone occur before or 
concurrently with resorption of cartilage. The primary drivers of the cartilage damage thus are 
these osteolytic processes in the subchondral bone area and the collapse of the subchondral 
bone plate. RANKL is the cytokine primarily responsible for this osteolytic (osteoclast) 
activity.  
 
The enhanced osteoclast activity and tissue remodeling initially seen in arthritic IP joint bone 
is clearly illustrated in figure 1.  
 
 
Figure 1: radiographic progression of a proximal IP joint from ‘J’ phase with loss of joint 
space to the ‘E’ phase with osteolytic activity in the subchondral bone area, and final 
remodeling of the destroyed tissues (R). Radiographs were taken with 6-months interval. 
   
The effect of TNF alpha inhibitors on disease progression, previously seen in erosive IP joint 
OA24, was an indirect effect on osteoclast activation. Obviously, this effect would be larger by 
directly inhibiting osteoclasts with Denosumab. Once the erosive process is blocked with 

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Denosumab, subchondral bone remodeling will be inhibited and one should see preservation 
of joint structure.   
 
A proof-of-concept study is proposed herein to test the ability of repeated administration of 
denosumab to control the structural damage– and thus to maintain hand function - in erosive 
hand OA. These tests will be conducted compared to placebo during a first placebo controlled 
double-blind phase but also in a second open-label phase in which all subjects will receive 
denosumab. The 2 main factors that support conducting this second open-label phase are the 
following: 
- This would enable the Long-term outcome assessment with the cumulative exposure over 
time; more substantial effect would be expected.  
- The open label with help supporting patients’ engagement in a placebo trial where no 
disease modifying drugs exist. 
 
The adequate dose of denosumab should completely inhibit the erosive process in order to 
fully test the hypothesis. In the phase 2 RA studies 33,34,, the higher dose or shorter interval 
dosing regimen showed an earlier or a trend to more inhibition of bone destruction 
respectively. Considering further the well-established safety profile for denosumab at high 
doses, a higher frequency for denosumab 60 mg is proposed: denosumab 60 mg sc every 3 
months.  
 
1.4 Hypotheses 
The main hypothesis is that the repeated administration of denosumab 60 mg every 3 months 
in erosive hand OA can inhibit structural progression of already affected joints and prevent 
occurrence of newly affected joints. 
As it has been shown that denosumab, reduces structural damage in RA while having no 
effect on clinical symptoms 34, no clinical benefit is expected within the one-year period of 
this study. So, the effects of denosumab on the clinical manifestations of the disease will only 
be part of an exploratory study. 
 
2. Study Objectives and Endpoints 
 
The objective of this proof of concept study is to investigate the efficacy of denosumab 60 mg 
sc every 12 weeks for 48 weeks as a therapeutic intervention in erosive IP joint OA. In 
general, the expected outcome of this study would be the control of the structural damage.  
 
Changes in the architecture of the joint will be assessed by the GUSS™. This score system 
allows an overall score to be calculated for an affected IP joint over time. The overall score is 
the sum of scores obtained for 3 compartments of the IP finger joint: the synovial space 
(articular cartilage), the subchondral bone plates and the subchondral bone area at each side of 
the synovial space. Overall scores, as well as scores for each individual compartment can be 
taken into consideration. Examples of the calculated scores for 2 different IP joints are given 
in appendix 1. 
The primary objective is to assess the effect of denosumab on the reduction of radiographic 
erosive progression using GUSS™ (Ghent University Score System).  
The primary endpoints of this objective is the change in the negative evolution in GUSS™ 
scores in the target IP joints from baseline to week 24.  

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Other endpoints are the changes in the negative evolution of GUSS™ scores in the target IP 
joints from week 24 to week 48 and from baseline to week 48.  
 
The secondary objective is to evaluate a reduction in radiographic erosive progression as 
defined by diminishing the appearance of new erosive IP finger joints. 
This will be assessed by 2 endpoints: 
1. the number of patients that develop new erosive IP joints (‘S/J’ to ‘E’ phases) at 48 weeks.  
2. the number of ‘S/J’ IP joints that develop ‘E’ phases at 48 weeks.  
Radiological score systems are given in appendix 1. 
 
The exploratory objective is to assess if denosumab provides clinical benefits (improvement 
of pain and functional limitations) compared to placebo. We will also evaluate the impact on 
ultrasonography and DEXA. 
The endpoints of this objective are: 
1. Changes in clinical and patient recorded outcome measures from baseline (day 1) to week 
48 after administration of denosumab compared to placebo. The following outcome 
measures will  be recorded: AUSCAN (AUStralian CANadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index), 
FIHOA (Functional Index of Hand Osteoarthritis), Pain on VAS scale, consumption of 
analgesics (paracetamol)/NSAIDs to be recorded by each patient on a diary, tenderness 
upon pressure, diameter of selected target joints, and grip strength of both hands. 
2. Changes in sonographic inflammatory signals at week 12 and 48 compared to screening 
and  baseline.  Inflammatory changes will be assessed by measuring the amount of 
effusion and Power Doppler signal (scoring on a semi-quantitative scale). 
3. Effect of denosumab on bone mass densitometry score in this group of patients compared 
to placebo from baseline to week 48. Changes from baseline (day 1) in T-score at lumbar 
spine and hip measured by bone densitometry at week 48 after administration of 
denosumab compared to placebo. 
Other exploratory endpoints are to describe the above radiographic progression parameters at 
the end of the open-label phase.     
 
Safety-objective 
The safety profile of denosumab 60 mg (Prolia®) every 6 months in postmenopausal women 
with osteoporosis at increased risk of fracture is well established (Prolia SmPC). This study 
will assess the safety of the administration of denosumab 60 mg every 3 months in the 
population of patients with erosive OA. Safety evaluations will be made by recording the 
incidence of AE/SAE (see also paragraph 8). 
 
 
3. Experimental Plan 
 
3.1  Study design and schematic 
This is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, one-site proof of concept study to 
investigate the effect of denosumab 60 mg every 12 weeks on the radiological evolution of 
erosive OA of the digital joints. 
Two groups of 50 patients each will be enrolled in the study with a total treatment duration of 
24 months (96 weeks): 48 weeks double-blind placebo controlled phase (denosumab (60 mg 

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sc every 12 weeks or placebo) followed by a 48-weeks open–label phase in which all subjects 
will receive denosumab 60 mg every 12 weeks in an “Open Label Design” type study. 
 
Study schematic 
 
3.2 Number of sites  
The study will be conducted in one site – the Ghent site in Belgium. 
 
3.3 Number of subjects 
A total of 100 subjects will be recruited in this study with an enrolment period of 18 months. 
 
3.4 Estimated study duration 
The total treatment duration per subject is 24 months (96 weeks). The expected total trial 
duration defined as the time from first patient first visit to last patient last visit is 42 months.   
 
 

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4. Subject Eligibility 
 
4.1 Inclusion criteria 
A subject will be eligible for study participation if he/she meets the following criteria: 
 
Males and females  30 years of age.  
 
Subjects with hand OA having suffered from transient inflammatory attacks of the 
interphalangeal finger joints characteristic for what has been termed ‘inflammatory’ or 
‘erosive’ hand OA.  
 
Subjects with hand OA showing inflammatory signs, either clinically or 
ultrasonographically, of the interphalangeal finger joints. 
 
Subjects with hand OA in which at least 1 interphalangeal finger joint has the typical 
appearance on the X-rays of a ‘J’ or ‘E’ phase joint as defined by the criteria mentioned 
above. 
 
Subjects with hand OA where at least 1 interphalangeal finger joint in the ‘J’ or ‘E’ phase 
presents a palpable swelling.  
 
Able and willing to give written informed consent and to comply with the requirements 
of the study protocol. 
 
4.2 Exclusion criteria 
A subject will be excluded from the study if he/she meets any of the following criteria:  
 
Patients with known hypersensitivities to mammalian-derived drug preparations. 
 
Patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to any of the components of Prolia. 
 
Current and/or Prior treatment with any investigational agent within 90 days, or five half-
lives of the product, whichever is longer. 
 
Previous administration of denosumab from clinical trials or others (e.g. commercial use). 
 
Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH) vitamin D level < 20 ng/mL (< 49.9 nmol/L)]. Possibility 
of replenishment and re-screening. 
 
Subjects with current hypo- or hypercalcemia (normal serum calcium levels: 8.5-10.5 
mg/dl or 2.12-2.62 mmol/L). 
 
Patients currently under bisphosphonate (BP) treatment or any use of oral BPs within 12 
months of study enrollment or intravenous BPs or strontium ranelate within 5 years of 
study enrollment 
 
Prior use of any chondroprotective drug within 90 days e.g. chondroitin sulfate, 
glucosamine, avocado-soybean unsaponifiables, tetracyclins, corticosteroids. 
 
Prior use of any immunomodulating drug with possible effects on proinflammatory 
cytokine metabolism within 90 days a.o. corticosteroids, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, 
leflunomide, D-Penicillin, anti-malarials, cytotoxic drugs, TNF blocking agents. 
 
History of drug or alcohol abuse in the last year. 
 
Patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, 
spondylarthropathy, psoriatic arthritis, gout, chondrocalcinosis or other auto-immune 
diseases, e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus). 
 
History of cancer or lymphoproliferative disease other than a successfully and completely 
treated squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma of the skin or cervical dysplasia, with no 
recurrence within the last two years. 
 
History of any Solid Organ or Bone Marrow Transplant. 
 Comorbidities: significant renal function impairment (glomerular filtration  < 30 
ml/min/1.73m2 or <50% of normal value), uncontrolled diabetes, unstable ischemic 

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heart disease, congestive heart failure (NYHA III, IV), uncontrolled hypo or 
hyperparathyroidism, active inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption, liver failure 
or chronic hepatic disease (serum AST/ALT levels 3 times above normal), recent 
stroke (within three months), chronic leg ulcer and any other condition (e.g,. 
indwelling urinary catheter) which, in the opinion of the investigator, would put the 
subject at risk by participation in the protocol. 
 
Subject has any kind of disorder that compromises the ability of the subject to give 
written informed consent and/or to comply with study procedures . 
 
Patient who is pregnant or planning pregnancy; if the female subject is of child-bearing 
age, she must use a valid mean of contraception during the study and for 9 months after 
last dose of study medication. For males with a partner of childbearing potential: subject 
refuses to use 1 effective methods of contraception for the duration of the study and for 
10 months after the last dose of study medication.  
 
Female subjects who are breast-feeding. 
 
History of osteonecrosis of the jaw, and/or recent (within 3 months) tooth extraction or 
other unhealed dental surgery; or planned invasive dental work during the study. 
 
 
5. Treatment and Study Procedures 
  
5.1 Investigational product (see also paragraph 1.2) 
The study drug used in this clinical trial is denosumab 60 mg subcutaneously every 3 months. 
It will be provided as sterile, solution for injection in 1 ml pre-filled syringes containing 
denosumab 60mg/ ml or placebo. Placebo for Denosumab will be presented in identical 
containers and stored/packaged the same as drug product denosumab. Denosumab prefilled 
syringe placebo product is supplied in a prefilled syringe as a sterile, single use, preservative 
free solution for subcutaneous injection. Each prefilled syringe contains 1 mL deliverable 
volume of buffer consisting of 10 mM sodium acetate, 5% (w/v) sorbitol, 0.01% (w/v) 
polysorbate 20, at a pH of 5.2. The IP is packed with 1 PFS per box. Both Denosumab and 
Placebo are manufactured by Amgen Inc, United States and released in the EU by Amgen 
Breda, Netherlands. Amgen will provide batch release certificates that will be made available 
with each shipment of the drug. Amgen will provide GMP certification and investigational 
medicinal product dossiers directly to the Belgian Agency in the regulatory submission by 
Amgen for this ISS. The injections will be given at the study site. Instructions for the drug 
handling, packaging and storage are provided in details below. Briefly, the drug will be given 
under the skin of the thigh, abdomen or upper arm. The clinical supplies should be stored in 
the refrigerator at 2-8°C. Do not freeze. Do not shake excessively. The clinical supplies must 
be protected from light by storing in the outer carton. 
 
Patients who completed the 1-year interventional study will have the opportunity to enter a 
second 1-year open-label extension (OLE) study with Denosumab (60 mg every 12 weeks, 
SC). The 1-year radiographic progression of their IP finger joints will be monitored after 6 
and 12 months of treatment in the OLE. 
 
Drug Handling:  
“Denosumab is supplied as a sterile, colorless to slightly yellow, preservative-free solution for 
injection in a 1mL prefilled syringe (PFS). The formulation of IP is 60 mg/mL denosumab per 

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mL, formulated with10 mM Sodium Acetate, 5% Sorbitol, 0.01% Polysorbate, to a pH of 5.2. 
Each PFS of IP is intended for single use only. The IP is packed with 1 PFS per box. Placebo 
for denosumab will be presented in identical containers and stored/packaged in the same way 
as drug product denosumab. 
 
The IP is shipped by air courier maintained at 2°C to 8°C in a qualified shipper suitable for 
biological substance shipments. IP in a PFS will arrive in a secondary packaging container 
and should be immediately placed in a refrigerator maintained at 2°C to 8°C in a secured 
location until planned use. The set point for the refrigerator should be at 5°C.  
IP must be properly labelled and dispensed in accordance with current ICH GCP and 
local/regional requirements prior to dispensing for administration. 
Before preparation check that IP:  
 is visually intact and suitable for use 
 is not expired  
 has not been subjected to any potential temperature excursion  
 label of the box and vial is correct 
Prior to administration, IP may be removed from the refrigerator and brought to room 
temperature (up to 25°C) in the original container. This generally takes 15 to 30 minutes. Do 
not warm IP in any other way. Once removed from the refrigerator, IP must not be exposed to 
temperatures above 25°C/77°F and must be used within 24 hours. If not used within this time 
duration, IP must be discarded. Do not freeze IP. Protect IP from light and heat. Avoid 
vigorous shaking. Preparation of the clinical supplies should be performed using aseptic 
techniques and under sterile conditions.  
 
Administration of IP must be performed as the last procedure after all the other study 
procedures have been completed for the visit. All SC injections must be administered by 
authorized site personnel. All subjects will receive 1 SC injection at each dosing visit (of 
either 60mg/ml Denosumab or Placebo) administered in the subject’s upper arm, upper thigh 
or abdomen by a trained and qualified staff member. The injection should not be administered 
in the same arm from which blood is drawn.” 
 
5.2 Reporting requirements for investigational product complaints:  
The following could be considered potential product complaints that need to be reported to 
Amgen. The Investigator will use a Product Complaint Form as provided by Amgen to report 
any complaint. Should any such concerns or irregularities occur, the IP will not be used until 
Amgen confirms that it is permissible to use. Examples of Product Complaints: 
• Packaging: for example, broken container or cracked container 
• Devices: issues with delivery of IP by device 
• Usage: for example, subject or healthcare provider cannot appropriately use the product 
• Labeling: for example, missing labels, illegible labels, incorrect labels, and/or suspect labels 
• Change in IP appearance: for example color change or presence of foreign material 
• Unexpected quantity in bottle: for example number of tablets or amount of fluid 
• Evidence of tampering or stolen material 
 
5.3 Concomitant therapy 
All patients will have a daily calcium (1000 mg) and vitamin D (880 IU) supplementation. 
Subjects who are current or previous users of denosumab will be excluded at screening (see 
exclusion criteria). 

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Concomitant medication: NSAIDs and analgesics are allowed throughout during the study, 
but the dosages are kept constant during the first 12 weeks. Patients will keep records of their 
daily use of symptom modifying drugs.  
 
5.4 Study procedures and schedule of assessments 
A screening visit will include a clinical assessment, a hand radiograph and the laboratory 
investigations required. These will comprise a calcium and vitamin D status, peripheral blood 
cell count (PBC), serum chemistry glucose levels, liver (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase) 
and kidney function (serum ureum, serum creatinine, GFR) tests, Bone turnover markers 
(BTM) and, if appropriate, a pregnancy test. 
An electrocardiogram (ECG)  and an ultrasound (US) exam of the IP joints are part of the 
screening program. 
 
Patients will be evaluated for risk factors for ONJ before starting treatment. A dental 
examination with appropriate preventive dentistry is recommended prior to treatment with 
Prolia in patients with concomitant risk factors. 
 
The maximum window allowed between the screening visit and the baseline visit is of 3 
weeks. 
 
Upon selection, patients will be included in the study during the baseline visit, which will 
include a clinical examination and an ultrasound (US) exam of the IP joints. Magnetic 
resonance imaging (MRI39) of the hand is optional. Study products (denosumab/placebo) will 
then be administered on-site by the investigator/study nurse. Calcium and vit D 
supplementation will be installed. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).  
 
 
Schedule of assessments are provided in detail as Appendix 2. Clinical assessment is the 
standard practice and will be detailed in the CRF and the SAP. Safety assessment is clarified 
in the safety paragraph. 
 
At week 6: a clinical/safety evaluation is planned. 
At week 12: clinical/safety assessment, PBC and serum chemistry, serum calcium levels and 
BTM, US. MRI of the hand is optional. Study products (denosumab/placebo) to be 
administered on-site by the investigator/study nurse. 
At week 24: clinical/safety assessment, serum calcium levels, hand radiographs. 
Study products (denosumab/placebo) to be administered on-site by the investigator/study 
nurse. 
At week 36: clinical/safety assessment, serum calcium levels. Study products 
(denosumab/placebo) to be administered. 
W36 is the timing for the last IP dose in the blinded period. 
At week 48: clinical/safety assessment, US, hand radiographs. Serum calcium levels, PBC 
and serum chemistry (glucose levels, liver and kidney function tests, and BTM. Study 
products (denosumab/placebo) to be administered. DXA is optional. 
 
The visit at week 48 is the first visit of the Open Label Extension (OLE) program, which will 
encompass clinical/ safety exams, laboratory tests and hand radiographs as indicated in the 

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table. The clinical monitoring of serum calcium during the OLE phase will follow the same 
schedule as in the placebo controlled phase.  
All patients will receive a denosumab injection at W48 after the above assessment. This 
would be the first denosumab dose administered in the open label phase.  
 
Safety: Patients will be able to report any unwanted effect during the regular visits and 
through telephone contact at any time in between these visits. Clinical examination is part of 
this safety assessment. Templates for AE/SAE recording created by the Investigators will be 
used. 
 
As unwanted effects – other than these reported in previous Prolia osteoporosis programs - are 
not expected, the collection of other laboratory safety data beyond week 12 during the 
randomized treatment phase is not arranged. 
 
A negative pregnancy test will be an entry requirement in female premenopausal patients. 
Premenopausal patients at risk to become pregnant will be excluded if no valid anti-
conceptive method is used. In practice, premenopausal women will be an absolute minority in 
this study population. During the study and during the OLE phase, pregnancy tests will be 
done before each injection of denosumab in these subjects. 
 
 
 
 

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6. Statistical and Analytical Plans 
 
6.1  Efficacy analysis 
Complete and specific details of the final statistical analysis will be described and fully 
documented in the Statisticap Analysis Plan (SAP). The SAP will be finalized prior to the 
database lock. The analysis will be performed using the statistical software package IBM 
SPSS .  
 
Demographic and baseline characteristics will be summarized. The number of observations, 
mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum will be summarized for 
continuous variables. Discrete variables will be summarized by counts and percentages.  
 
The primary efficacy variables will be the changes from baseline to week 24 in radiographic 
outcome measures, more specifically changes in GUSS.  The primary efficacy comparisons 
will be between the denosumab treatment group and the placebo treatment group using GEE 
modelling with treatment as factors and baseline radiographic scores as a covariate. 
Additional endpoints will be assessed because several assumptions are made in this pilot 
study that are derived from a previous clinical study with a TNF-α blocking agent. The 
kinetics of TNF inhibitors might be different from the kinetics of denosumab on the bone 
level because of the different mode of action. Therefore it is not possible to predict if a similar 
rapid response on GUSS™ scores will be observed. Since the whole study is a proof-of-
concept and to guarantee that a later response will not be missed, the study period needs to be 
extended to 48 weeks and the GUSS changes between week 24 and week 48, as well as GUSS 
changes between baseline and week 48 will be assessed.  
Other analyses of radiographic measures will be the number of patients that develop new 
erosive joints and the number of patients in which erosive joints start the process of 
remodeling between baseline and 48 weeks. From previous studies it is known that the 
anatomical phase scoring system is not a sensitive on short term as GUSS. 
 
Exploratory efficacy endpoints including change in Total AUSCAN score and individual 
subdomain (pain, physical function and stiffness) scores from baseline,  change in FIHOA 
scores from baseline, change in pain scales (VAS pain) from baseline, change in consumption 
of analgesics (paracetamol)/NSAIDs, changes in number of painful and tender joints from 
baseline will be analyzed similarly at week 48. Other exploratory endpoints, including the 
change in number of joints with effusion and/or Power Doppler signal by ultrasound, the 
change in HOAMRIS scores and the changes in bone densitometry measures from baseline 
will be analyzed. Additional details will be provided in the SAP. 
 
Primary and exploratory analyses will be repeated on subgroups defined by presence of soft 
tissue swelling at baseline. Details of analyses of efficacy endpoints at different time points as 
well as subgroups of interest will be given in the SAP. 
 
The primary and exploratory efficacy variables will be analyzed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) 
population, defined as all subjects who were randomized.To evaluate the impact of major 
protocol violations on the results of the study, additional analyses of the primary efficacy 
analysis may be conducted on the per protocol population, which consists of all ITT subjects 
who completed the study and are not major protocol violators. The safety population consists 
of all subjects who received at least one dose of double-blind study medication.  

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In general, mean change analyses to compare the denosumab and placebo treatment group 
will be performed using GEE modelling with treatment group as factor and correction for 
baseline radiographic damage. Correction will be made for possible dependency between 
joints in the same patient by using an exchangeable matrix. Categorical data will be 
summarized using frequencies and percentages. Continuous data will be summarized with the 
number of non-missing observations by mean, standard deviation, median, maximum, and 
minimum values. In addition to the analyses based on observed data, analysis with imputed 
missing data will be conducted for selected efficacy variables. The details of such sensitivity 
analyses will be provided in the SAP. All statistical tests will be conducted at α = 0.05 level 
(two-sided), unless otherwise stated. The last evaluation prior to the first study drug will be 
used as baseline for all analyses.  
 
6.2 Safety analysis 
Safety analyses will be carried out using the safety population, which includes all subjects 
who received at least one dose of study drug. Treatment-emergent AEs and SAEs will be 
summarized and reported. The number and percentage of subjects experiencing adverse 
events will be provided by system organ class and Medical Dictionary for Drug Regulatory 
Activities (MedDRA) preferred term. In addition, summary of AEs by severity and 
relationship to study drug will be presented. Serious, severe AEs, or AEs that lead to 
premature study discontinuation will be listed and described in detail. Mean change in vital 
signs and laboratory variables at each visit will be summarized for all treated subjects, and 
compared between treatment groups using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).  
 
6.3 Determination of Sample size  
From a placebo controlled trial with adalimumab, we learned that, the risk that an individual 
IP joint evolves from J/S phase to the E phase  is 2-3% per year. This risk increases to 15% 
for joints with a clinical effusion and to 25% for a painful joint with effusion. Adalimumab 
therapy reduced this risk for these inflammatory joints from 25% to 3% .  
 
From these data 50 patients in each arm are needed to demonstrate a similar effect of 
denosumab with a power of 80%. 
This power analysis took into account the following assumptions:  
1) denosumab has a similar effect as adalimumab 
2) a mean of minimal 1 inflamed  joint (effusion and painful) per patient at baseline and in 
case of inclusion of patients with non-inflammatory joints, a within patient independent 
risk to evolve from J/S to E phase. 
3) 5% drop-out 
4) The proposed study involves two treatment arms. The level of significance (α) is 0.05. 
5) a similar background risk for evolution from J/S to E phase. 
 
Considering the semi-quantitative outcome measure, GUSS, a second power analysis was 
performed. Several assumptions were made, based on data from a previous study (Verbruggen 
G et al. ARD 2012;71(6):891-8). Power calculation was performed based on the estimated 
difference in the semi-quantitative outcome measure, GUSS ™ over time. This outcome 
measure is selected to detect the radiographic progression in the selected joints after 
treatment. The following assumptions were made: 

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 the natural progression (mean change) that can be expected over a period of 6 months 
is + 24 units (data from the placebo treated group), the mean difference in GUSS™ 
change between the placebo and adalimumab treated group after 6 months was 25 
units. This was considered as clinically significant since  
 the smallest detectable difference of GUSS™ was calculated as 40 units (Verbruggen 
G et al. ARD 2010;69(5):862-7) and improved to 10 units after intensive training. 
 the standard deviation of the mean change in GUSS™ is 29,  
 based on the above data, a total change of at least (24+ 25) 49 units in GUSS™ in the 
treatment group is considered to be a clinical relevant effect from a treatment.  
 
The proposed study involves two treatment arms. The level of significance (α) is 0.05. From 
previous studies performed at our department, an drop out rate of 5% can be expected. 
A sample size of 25 patients in each treatment arm will have 80% power to detect a difference 
in mean change GUSS™ of 25 units between the placebo and treated group, assuming that the 
standard deviation is 29 using a t-test with a two-sided 0.05 level of significance.  
Taking into account a drop out rate of 5%, a total of 27 patients (25/ 1 – 0.05) should be 
included in each arm.  
Taken into consideration both outcome measures, a minimum of 50 patients is required in 
both treatment arms in order to provide sufficient power for the study. 
 
7. Adverse Events/Adverse Event reporting 
 
The investigator will monitor each subject for clinical and laboratory (serum Ca++ levels) 
evidence of adverse events on a routine basis throughout the study.  The investigator will 
assess and record any adverse event in detail on the adverse event DRF including the date and 
time of onset, description, seriousness severity, time course, duration and outcome, 
relationship of the adverse event to study drug, an alternate etiology for events not considered 
"probably related" to study drug, final diagnosis/syndrome (if known) and any action(s) taken. 
Adverse events, whether in response to a query, observed by study-site personnel, or reported 
spontaneously by the subject, will be recorded. 
 
All adverse events will be followed to a satisfactory conclusion. 
 
7.1 Definitions 
7.1.1. Adverse Event 
An adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a subject or clinical 
investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily 
have a causal relationship with this treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any 
unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or 
disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not the event is 
considered causally related to the use of the product. 
 
Such an event can result from use of the drug as stipulated in the protocol or labeling, as well 
as from accidental or intentional overdose, drug abuse, or drug withdrawal.  Any worsening of 
a pre-existing condition or illness is considered an adverse event. Laboratory abnormalities 
and changes in vital signs are considered to be adverse events only if they result in permanent 

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or temporary discontinuation of treatment with denosumab, necessitate therapeutic medical 
intervention and/or if the investigator considers them to be adverse events. 
 
An elective surgery/procedure scheduled to occur during a study will not be considered an 
adverse event. However, if a pre-existing condition deteriorates unexpectedly during the trial 
(e.g., surgery performed earlier than planned), then the deterioration of the condition for 
which the elective surgery/procedure is being done will be considered an adverse event.  
 
7.1.2. Serious Adverse Event 
If an adverse event meets any of the following criteria, it is to be considered as serious: 
 
 
Death of Subject 
An event that results in the death of a subject. 
Life-Threatening 
An event that, in the opinion of the investigator, would have 
resulted in immediate fatality if medical intervention had 
not been taken.  This does not include an event that would 
have been fatal if it had occurred in a more severe form. 
Hospitalization 
An event that results in an admission to the hospital for any 
length of time.  This does not include an emergency room 
visit or admission to an outpatient facility. 
Prolongation of 
Hospitalization 
An event that occurs while the study subject is hospitalized 
and prolongs the subject’s hospital stay. 
Congenital Anomaly 
An anomaly detected at or after birth, or any anomaly that 
results in fetal loss. 
Persistent or Significant 
Disability/Incapacity 
An event that results in a condition that substantially 
interferes with the activities of daily living of a study 
subject.  Disability is not intended to include experiences of 
relatively minor medical significance such as headache, 
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, influenza, and accidental trauma 
(e.g., sprained ankle). 
Important Medical Event 
Requiring Medical or 
Surgical Intervention to 
Prevent Serious Outcome 
An important medical event that may not be immediately 
life-threatening or result in death or hospitalization, but 
based on medical judgment may jeopardize the subject and 
may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent any 
of the outcomes listed above (i.e., death of subject, life-
threatening, hospitalization, prolongation of hospitalization, 
congenital 
anomaly, 
or 
persistent 
or 
significant 
disability/incapacity).  Examples of such events include 
allergic bronchospasm requiring intensive treatment in an 
emergency room or at home, blood dyscrasias or 
convulsions that do not result in inpatient hospitalization, or 
the development of drug dependency or drug abuse. 
Spontaneous Abortion 
Miscarriage experienced by study subject. 
Elective Abortion 
Elective abortion performed on study subject. 

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7.1.3. Adverse Event Severity 
The investigator will use the following definitions to define/rate the severity of each adverse 
event: 
 
Mild 
The adverse event is transient and easily tolerated by the subject. 
Moderate 
The adverse event causes the subject discomfort and interrupts the 
subject’s usual activities. 
Severe 
The adverse event causes considerable interference with the subject’s 
usual activities and may be incapacitating or life-threatening. 
 
7.1.4. Relationship to Study Drug 
The investigator will use the following definitions to assess the relationship of the adverse 
event to the use of study drug: 
 
Probably Related 
An adverse event has a strong temporal relationship to study drug or 
recurs on re-challenge and another etiology is unlikely or significantly 
less likely. 
Possibly Related 
An adverse event has a strong temporal relationship to the study drug 
and an alternative etiology is equally or less likely compared to the 
potential relationship to study drug. 
Probably Not 
Related 
An adverse event has little or no temporal relationship to the study 
drug and/or a more likely alternative etiology exists. 
Not Related 
An adverse event is due to an underlying or concurrent illness or effect 
of another drug and is not related to the study drug (e.g., has no 
temporal relationship to study drug or has a much more likely 
alternative etiology). 
 
7.2. Adverse Event Reporting 
Reporting will be consistent with current safety reporting standards. .Adverse events will be 
reported between the first dose administration of trial medication and the last trial related 
activity. 
All AEs and SAE’s will be recorded in the patient’s file and in the CRF. All SAE’s will be 
reported as described below.   
SAE’s occurring within a period of 30 days following the last intake of trial medication will 
also be handled as such if spontaneously reported to the investigator. 
 
 
All serious adverse events (SAE) and pregnancies occurring during clinical trials must be 
reported by the local Principal Investigator within 2 working days after becoming aware of 
the SAE to: 
- 
The local EC 
- 
Bimetra Clinics of the University Hospital Ghent 
 

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This reporting is done by using the appropriate SAE form. For the contact details, see below. 
 
It is the responsibility of the local Principal Investigator to report the local SAE’s  to the local 
EC. 
 
In case the investigator decides the SAE is a SUSAR (Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse 
Reaction), Bimetra Clinics will report the SUSAR to the Central EC and the CA within the 
timelines as defined in national legislation.  
 
In case of a life-threatening SUSAR the entire reporting process must be completed within 7 
calendar days.  In case of a non life-threatening SUSAR the reporting proces must  completed 
within 15 calendar days. 
 
The first report of a serious adverse event may be made by telephone, e-mail or facsimile 
(FAX).  
 
Contact details of Bimetra Clinics: 
e-mail: bimetra.clinics@uzgent.be  
tel.: 09/332 05 00 
fax: 09/332 05 20 
 
In the event of a serious, unexpected and related adverse event, the investigator will report 
this to the Amgen Affiliate by faxing the appropriate adverse event form within 24 hours of 
being made aware of the serious adverse event and simultaneously to Bimetra Clinics who 
will report the event to the local regulatory agency within the timelines as defined in the 
national legislation..  
Please fax SAE form to Martine Vansingel, Pharmacovigilance Manager : Fax number 
0800 80877 
 
 

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The investigator must provide the minimal information: i.e. trial number, subject's 
initials and date of birth, medication code number, period of intake, nature of the 
adverse event and investigator's attribution. 
This report of a serious adverse event by telephone must always be confirmed by a 
written, more detailed report. For this purpose the appropriate SAE form will be used. 
Pregnancies occurring during clinical trials are considered immediately reportable 
events. They must be reported as soon as possible using the same SAE form. The 
outcome of the pregnancy must also be reported. 
 
If the subjects are not under 24-hour supervision of the investigator or his/her 
staff (out-patients, volunteers), they (or their designee, if appropriate) must be 
provided with a "trial card" indicating the name of the investigational product, 
the trial number, the investigator's name and a 24-hour emergency contact 
number. 
 
8. Regulatory Obligations  
 
8.1 Informed Consent 
Signed informed consent will be obtained from the subject before any study procedures are 
undertaken, or before any medications are withheld from the subject in order to participate in 
this study. Subject may withdraw consent at any time without prejudice. All efforts will be 
made to continue the patient follow-up until the end of the study. At withdrawal, patients will 
be treated and assessed according to standard recommendations and as per latest guidance for 
contraception criteria in female subjects of child-bearing age or partners of childbearing 
potential (see exclusion criteria section 4.2).   
 
 
8.2 Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board 
The study will be declared at www.ClinicalTrials.gov and will comply with the principles of 
the Declaration of Helsinki. A copy of the study protocol will be submitted for approval to the 
ethical committee of Ghent University Hospital and to the Federal Agency for Medicines and 
Health Products (FAGG; federal agentschap voor geneesmidddelen en 
gezondheidsproducten) 
 
9.  Documentation relating to the clinical trial – Trial Master File 
All documents related to the trial, e.g. study protocol, source documents, case report forms, … 
will be handled, stored and archived according to the EU Commission's Directive 2005/28/EC 
63 Chapter 4.40 
 
10. Publication Policy 
 
The results of this study will be reported and published at conferences and in peer-reviewed 
clinical journals. Authorship publications will follow the Uniform Requirement for 

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Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (International Committee of Medical Journal 
Editors, 2009), which states: 
Authorship credit should be based on (1) substantial contributions to conception and design, 
acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; (2) drafting the article or revising it 
critically for important intellectual content; (3) final approval of the version to be published 
and (4) Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions 
related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and 
resolved. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, 3 and 4.  
For further details , see http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-
responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html. 
 

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12.Appendices  
 
Appendix 1. Scoring systems 
 
A. Categorical scoring system was proposed for the progressive radiographic changes in IP 
finger joint OA. These changes were characterized by complete loss of the joint space preceding 
or coinciding with the appearance of subchondral cysts eroding the entire subchondral plate. 
These erosive episodes subsided spontaneously and were followed by processes of repair.28 
 
The anatomical phases in the evolution of IP finger joint OA are the following. 
 
Normal ('N') joints: no signs of OA. 
Stationary ('S') phase: classical appearance of OA. Small ossification centers and osteophytes are 
present at the joint margins. They can both increase in size and discrete narrowing of the joint 
space can occur. 
Loss of joint space ('J' phase): after remaining for a variable time in the stationary phase, some 
joints (almost exclusively PIPs or DIPs) become destroyed. The joint space completely 
disappears within a relatively short period of time. 
Erosive ('E') phase: concurrently with or shortly after the disappearance of the articular cartilage 
(J phase), the subchondral plate becomes eroded. The appearance is that of a pseudo-
enlargement of an irregular joint space. Roentgenograms obtained at yearly intervals showed 
that changes in phases from 'S' over 'J' to 'E' could occur within one year. This destructive 'J' 
and 'E' phases are always followed by repair or remodeling. 
Remodeling ('R') phase: new irregular sclerotic subchondral plates are formed, and in between 
these a new joint space becomes visible. Huge osteophytes are formed during this phase. No 
further evolution is seen in remodeled joints. 
 
 
B. A quantitative radiographic scoring system, the Ghent University Scoring System, 
GUSS® 29, is a reliable method to score radiographic change over time in erosive IP OA and 
detects more progression over a shorter period of time than the classical scoring system. 
Erosive progression and signs of repair or remodeling are then scored by indicating the 
proportions of normal subchondral bone, subchondral plate and joint space over time.  
 
The subchondral bone area. The proportions of the subchondral bone area with 
normal/abnormal-looking bone architecture were assessed in a quadrangle square of which the 
side equalled the width of the joint space. The joint space was positioned in the centre of this 
square (figure 2A). In this square, regions where osteolytic activity and remodelling caused a 
disarrangement of the trabecular pattern, as well as areas where a complete loss of the 
trabecular structure had occurred, are defined. 
Identifiable osteolytic subchondral bone areas are marked on the radiographs and proportions 
of remaining intact subchondral bone will be calculated, considering the delineated IP joint 
area being the 100% value. 
 
The subchondral bone plate. In an IP joint that had completely lost its joint space, an existing 
subchondral plate was defined as a regular radio-opaque linear structure within the position of 
the original joint space. When the joint space was still identifiable, the subchondral bone plate 
was identified as a regular linear radio-opaque bone margin flanking the joint space. 

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Identifiable linear subchondral plate structures were marked on the radiographic images and 
proportions of remaining subchondral bone plate were computed, considering a twofold joint 
space width being the 100% value (figure 2B). 
 
The joint space was recognized as a radiotranslucent area bordered with two subchondral 
plates. Identifiable joint spaces were marked on the radiographic images. Proportions of 
remaining joint space were estimated as the proportion of the joint width, considering the total 
joint space width being the 100% value (figure 2B). 
 
Computation of the changes in IP joints in “J”, “E” and “E/R” phases. Pictures from the 
IP joints at three time points in the correct sequence will be read and used by the readers to 
evaluate the extent of the pathological changes in subchondral bone architecture, and to 
estimate the presence/absence of both subchondral bone plate and synovial joint space. 
Proportional changes in these three variables will be recorded. The sum of the three separate 
scorings constituted the total IP joint score. Equal weight will be attributed to each of the 
subdomains.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Appendix 2. Overall assessments 
 
 
admin 
dmab/plac 
clinical 
assessm 
safety 
laboratory 
CR 
hand 
US 
hand 
DXA 
ECG 
PBC 
serum 
chem BTM 
25OH  
Vit D 
Ca++ preg test* 
SCREENING 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
BASELINE 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 6 
X 
WEEK 12 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 24 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 36 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 48 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 60 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 72 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 84 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
WEEK 96 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
* if appropriate 
 
Basic Serum chemistry will include urea, creatinine, ASAT, ALAT, Albumin. Depending on 
the individual patient, additional parameters may be added.  
 
W36 is the timing for the last IP dose in the blinded period. All patients will receive a 
denosumab injection at W48 after the assessment. This would be the first denosumab dose 
administered in the open label phase.