Replication of the RELY Anticoagulant Trial in Healthcare Claims Data
Conditions: Atrial Fibrillation
Sponsor: Brigham and Women's Hospital

Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation 
(RELY trial) 
DUPLICATE-RELY 
May 26, 2021 
NCT04593043 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
1 
1. RCT Details 
 
1.1 Title 
Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (RELY trial) 
 
1.2 Intended aim(s) 
To compare the risk of stroke or systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with dabigatran versus warfarin use.  
 
1.3 Primary endpoint for replication 
The primary outcome of the study was stroke and systemic embolism.   
 
1.3.1 Required power for primary endpoint and noninferiority margin (if applicable) 
Assuming a 2-year recruitment period and at least 1 year of follow-up and a primary event rate of 1.6% per year, it was 
determined that at least 15,000 patients would be needed to achieve a minimum of 450 events. The study would have 
approximately 84% power to conclude noninferiority of dabigatran over warfarin at alpha of 0.025 (1-sided) level.  
 
1.4 Secondary endpoint for replication (assay sensitivity) and RCT finding 
Major bleeding; RR = 0.93 (95% CI 0.81-1.07) 
 
1.5 Trial estimate 
 
RR = 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.82) comparing 150mg dabigatran vs warfarin (Connolly et al., 2009) 
 
2. Person responsible for implementation of replication in Aetion 
Hemin Lee, MD, MPH and Ajinkya Pawar, PhD implemented the study design in the Aetion Evidence Platform. They are not 
responsible for the validity of the design and analytic choices. All implementation steps are recorded and the implementation history is 
archived in the platform. 
 
3. Data Source(s) 
United/Optum, MarketScan, Medicare  
 
4. Study Design Diagram 
 
The study design diagram visualizes key aspects of the longitudinal study design for expedited review. 

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Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
3 
5. Cohort Identification
5.1 Cohort Summary 
This study will involve a new user, parallel group, propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study design comparing 
dabigatran (150mg) to warfarin users. The patients will be required to have continuous enrollment during a baseline period of 180 
days before initiation of dabigatran or warfarin (index date). We will restrict the analyses to patients with a diagnosis of AF with 
risk factors for stroke or systemic embolism in the 12 months prior to drug initiation. 
5.2 Important steps for cohort formation 
 New users (defined as no use in 180 days prior to index date) of an exposure and a comparator drug will be identified. 
5.2.1 Eligible cohort entry dates 
Market availability of dabigatran in the U.S. for non-valvular atrial fibrillation started on October 19, 2010 
•
For Medicare: October 19, 2010 – December 31, 2017 (end of available data)
•
For Marketscan: October 19, 2010 – December 31, 2018 (end of available data)
•
For Optum: October 19, 2010 – December 31, 2019 (end of available data)
5.2.2 Specify inclusion/exclusion criteria for cohort entry and define the index date 
Inclusion and exclusion criteria were adapted from the trial as closely as possible. Definitions for all inclusion/exclusion are provided 
in Appendix A and are summarized in the flowcharts below. 
5.3 Flowchart of the study cohort assembly 
For dabigatran 150mg vs. warfarin 
Optum 
Truven 
Medicare 
Less 
Excluded 
Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
Less 
Excluded 
Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
Less 
Excluded 
Patients 
Remaining 
Patients 
All patients 
77,673,639 
200,203,908 
6,886,908 
Did not meet cohort entry criteria 
-
76,847,731 
825,908 
-
199,014,982 
1,188,926 -2,335,930
4,550,978 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
4 
Excluded due to insufficient enrollment 
-80,642 
745,266 
-107,905 
1,081,021 -1,565,261 
2,985,717 
Excluded due to prior use of referent 
-564,968 
180,298 
-751,832 
329,189 -2,241,426 
744,291 
Excluded due to prior use of exposure 
-44,640 
135,658 
-71,891 
257,298 
-196,688 
547,603 
Excluded because patient qualified in >1 exposure 
category 
-5 
135,653 
-9 
257,289 
-24 
547,579 
Excluded based on Dabigatran (dose other than 
150mg) 
-306 
135,347 
-534 
256,755 
-2,557 
545,022 
Excluded based on Age 
0 
135,347 
0 
256,755 
-162 
544,860 
Excluded based on Gender 
0 
135,347 
0 
256,755 
0 
544,860 
Excluded based on Inclusion 1a or 1b or 1 c - 
Atrial fibrillation 
-71,189 
64,158 
-135,349 
121,406 
-220,602 
324,258 
Excluded based on Inclusion 2a-2e History of 
Stroke, TIA, Systemic embolism / EF<40% / NYHA 
2 or higher / Age >75 / Age 65+RF 
-11,313 
52,845 
-17,737 
103,669 
-24,940 
299,318 
Excluded based on Inclusion 3 - Age >= 18 
-1 
52,844 
-1 
103,668 
0 
299,318 
Excluded based on Exclusion 1 - History of heart 
valve disorders 
-17,688 
35,156 
-5,687 
97,981 
-94,948 
204,370 
Excluded based on Exclusion 2a - 
Severe/disabling stroke 
-576 
34,580 
-1,111 
96,870 
-3,090 
201,280 
Excluded based on Exclusion 2b - Any stroke 
-960 
33,620 
-1,391 
95,479 
-3,948 
197,332 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3a - Major Surgery 
-1,091 
32,529 
-2,526 
92,953 
-6,491 
190,841 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3c - Intracranial 
hemorrhage - Inpatient 
-51 
32,478 
-331 
92,622 
-595 
190,246 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3d - Gastrointestinal 
hemorrhage 
-4,848 
27,630 
-1,601 
91,021 
-5,353 
184,893 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3e - Symptomatic or 
endoscopically documented gastroduodenal ulcer 
disease 
-121 
27,509 
-714 
90,307 
-3,148 
181,745 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3f - Hemorrhagic 
disorder or bleeding diathesis 
-257 
27,252 
-756 
89,551 
-1,787 
179,958 
Excluded based on Exclusion 3i - Uncontrolled 
hypertension 
-51 
27,201 
-400 
89,151 
-804 
179,154 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
5 
Excluded based on Exclusion 7 - Severe renal 
impairment 
-1,301 
25,900 
-4,674 
84,477 
-12,016 
167,138 
Excluded based on Exclusion 8 & 9 - Active 
infective endocarditis and liver disease 
-36 
25,864 
-255 
84,222 
-616 
166,522 
Excluded based on Exclusion 10 & 11 - 
Pregnancy & Anemia and Thrombocytopenia 
-191 
25,673 
-1,229 
82,993 
-2,798 
163,724 
Excluded based on Exclusion 14 - Alcohol abuse 
or dependence 
-28 
25,645 
-103 
82,890 
-138 
163,586 
Excluded based on Exclusion 14 - Drug abuse or 
dependence 
-22 
25,623 
-47 
82,843 
-111 
163,475 
Excluded based on Exclusion 14 - CCI (180 days) 
-7 
25,616 
-47 
82,796 
-1,939 
161,536 
Final cohort 
  
25,616   
82,796   
161,536 
 
* Medicare database includes all patients using a novel oral anticoagulant and a subset of patients using warfarin during 2011-
2017. 
 
6. Variables  
 
6.1 Exposure-related variables:  
 
Study drug:  
The study exposure of interest is initiation of dabigatran. Initiation will be defined by no use of dabigatran or a comparator in the prior 
6 months before treatment initiation (washout period). 
 
Comparator agents- 
• Initiators of dabigatran (150mg) will be compared to initiators of- 
o Warfarin 
 
6.2 Covariates: 
• Age 
• Sex 
• Combined Comorbidity Index (CCI), measured over the baseline covariate assessment period, defined as 180 days prior to and 
including index date 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
6 
 
Covariates listed above represent only a small subset of covariates that will ultimately be controlled for in the design and analysis. 
We use the covariates above only for initial feasibility analyses to judge whether there is likely to be sufficient overlap between 
treatment groups to proceed with the study. Remaining covariates are defined only after the study has passed the initial feasibility 
analysis and the initial power assessment and are listed in Table 1 (Appendix B).  
 
 
6.3 Outcome variables and study follow-up:  
 
6.3.1 Outcome variables 
 
Primary Effectiveness outcomes of interest: (definitions provided in Appendix A): 
 
• Primary Outcome: Stroke (hemorrhagic, ischemic) and systemic embolism  
• Secondary outcomes: Individual components 
o Hospital admission for stroke (principal diagnosis position) 
o Hospital admission for systemic embolism (principal diagnosis position) 
 
Control outcomes of interest (control outcomes only serve to assess aspects of study validity but are not further interpreted):  
1. Major bleeding 
 
 
6.3.2 Study follow-up 
Both as-treated (AT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses will be conducted with treatment defined as the index drug on the day of 
cohort entry. Because adherence in the real-world databases is expected to be much worse than in the trial, the AT analysis is the 
primary analysis, as it targets the relative hazard of outcomes on treatment.  
 
For the AT analyses, the follow-up will start the day after initiation of apixaban and comparator and will continue until the earliest 
date of the following events: 
• The first occurrence of the outcome of interest, unless otherwise specified for selected outcomes,  
• The date of end of continuous registration in the database, 
• End of the study period, 
• Measured death event occurs, 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
7 
•
Nursing home admission
o
Nursing home admissions are considered a censoring event because the data sources utilized typically provide little to
no data on a patient, particularly on drug utilization, after admission. We will utilize this as an exclusion reason for
cohorts for the same reason.
•
The date of drug discontinuation, defined as the date of the last continuous treatment episode of the index drug (dabigatran and
comparator) plus a defined grace period (i.e., 10 days after the end of the last prescription’s days’ supply in main analyses).
•
The date of augmentation or switching from exposure to comparator or vice versa or augmentation/switching to any other
NOAC (e.g. switching from dabigatran or warfarin to apixaban would be a censoring event);
o
A dosage change on the index treatment does not fulfill this criterion
o
An added treatment that is not part of the exposure or comparator group does not fulfill this criterion
•
Dispensing of a fibrinolytic agent
For the intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses, the censoring based on the augmentation/switching and treatment discontinuation will
be replaced with a maximum allowed follow-up time of 365 days. 
7. Initial Feasibility Analysis
Aetion report name:
For dabigatran vs. warfarin  
Optum- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/707/results/59579/result/0  
Marketscan- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/708/results/59601/result/0 
Medicare- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/709/results/59602/result/0  
Date conducted: 10/5/20 (Medicare 10/6/20) 
Complete Aetion feasibility analysis using age, sex, and CCI as the only covariates and the primary endpoint (Section 6.3.1) as the 
outcome. No measures of association will be computed nor will incidence rates stratified by treatment group. 
•
Report patient characteristics by treatment group
•
Report summary parameters of study population
•
Report median follow-up time by treatment group
•
Report reasons for censoring in the overall study population

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
8 
 
 
8. Initial Power Assessment 
Aetion report name: 
For dabigatran vs. warfarin 
Optum- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/707/results/53772/result/0 
Marketscan- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/708/results/53771/result/0 
Medicare- https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/709/results/53770/result/0 
 
Date conducted:  05/11/2020 
In order to complete the initial power analysis, the dummy outcome of a 90-day gap in database enrollment will be used. This outcome 
is used to ensure that no information on the comparative risks of the outcomes of interest are available at this stage. Complete a 1:1 
PS-matched comparative analysis using this outcome. PS should include only 3 covariates: age, sex, and combined comorbidity index. 
Power calculations are based on the formulas from Chow et al. (2008). 
 
• Stop analyses until feasibility and power are reviewed by primary investigators and FDA. Reviewers evaluate the results of the 
analyses described above in Sections 7 and 8, including numbers of patients, patient characteristics, follow-up time, and reasons 
for censoring by treatment group, as well as overall rates of outcomes and study power. These parameters are re-evaluated and 
reported in the subsequent sections, after incorporating feedback and refining the protocol. 
 
• Stop analyses until feasibility and power are reviewed by primary investigators, FDA, and assigned members of advisory board. 
Reviewed by PI: 
Jessica Franklin 
Date reviewed: 
6/3/20 
Reviewed by FDA: 
Ken Quinto 
Date reviewed: 
6/30/20 
Reasons for stopping 
analysis (if required): 
 
 
 
9. Balance Assessment 
 
Aetion report links: 
Optum: https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/707/results/59580/result/0  
Marketscan: https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/708/results/59603/result/0  
Medicare: https://bwh-dope.aetion.com/projects/details/709/results/59604/result/0  

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
9 
 
Date conducted: 10/5/20 (Medicare 10/6/20) 
 
After review of initial feasibility and power analyses, complete creation of the remaining covariates (see Table 1 below for list of 
covariates). Again, using the dummy outcome of a 90-day gap in database enrollment, complete a 1:1 PS-matched analysis. The PS 
should include the complete list of covariates (excluding laboratory values, which are missing in some patients). 
 
• Provide plot of PS distributions stratified by treatment group. 
 
Note- Please refer to Appendix B.  
 
• Report covariate balance after matching. 
 
Note- For Table 1, please refer to Appendix B.  
 
• Report reasons for censoring by treatment group. 
  
Overall 
Referent 
Exposure 
Dummy Outcome 
0 (0.00%) 
0 (0.00%) 
0 (0.00%) 
Death 
657 (0.84%) 
369 (0.94%) 
288 (0.74%) 
Start of an additional exposure 
2,760 (3.53%) 
1,189 (3.04%) 
1,571 (4.02%) 
End of index exposure 
62,039 (79.39%) 
31,190 (79.83%) 
30,849 (78.96%) 
Specified date reached (Dec 17/Dec 
18/Dec 19) 
2,483 (3.18%) 
1,281 (3.28%) 
1,202 (3.08%) 
End of patient enrollment 
4,128 (5.28%) 
1,938 (4.96%) 
2,190 (5.61%) 
Switch to other NOACs (for 
censoring) + nursing home admission 
6,073 (7.77%) 
3,103 (7.94%) 
2,970 (7.60%) 
 
• Report follow-up time by treatment group. 
Median Follow-Up Time (Days) [IQR] 
Patient Group 
Optum 
Truven 
Medicare 
Overall Patient Population 
98 [38-191] 
98 [38-193] 
98 [38-202] 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
 
 
10 
Referent 
98 [43-192] 
98 [43-178] 
98 [42-196] 
Exposure 
98 [38-190] 
98 [38-220] 
98 [38-211] 
 
• Report overall risk of the primary outcome. 
  
Optum 
Marketscan 
Medicare 
Pooled 
Risk per 1,000 patients 
4.57 
5.20 
6.04 
5.64 
 
10. Final Power Assessment 
 
Date conducted:  
 
• Re-calculate power in the appropriate excel table, using the revised number of matched patients from the PS-match in Section 9. 
All other parameters in the table should be the same as in Section 8. If the study is to be implemented in more than one database, 
copy and paste excel sheet to report power for each database separately and for the pooled analysis that uses data from all 
databases together. Power calculations are based on the formulas from Chow et al. (2008). 
• For dabigatran 150mg  vs. warfarin 
 
o Pooled 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
11 
 
o
Optum
 
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
78,140
Reference
39,070
Exposed
39,070
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.64
Desired HR from RCT
0.66
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
440.7096
Power
0.991836251
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
78,140
Reference
39,070
Exposed
39,070
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.64
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.46
Number of events expected
440.7096
Power
0.977906369
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
5,580
Reference
2,790
Exposed
2,790
Risk per 1,000 patients
4.57
Desired HR from RCT
0.66
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
25.5006
Power
0.182503488
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
5,580
Reference
2,790
Exposed
2,790
Risk per 1,000 patients
4.57
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.46
Number of events expected
25.5006
Power
0.157581463

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
12 
o
MarketScan
 
o
Medicare
 
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
27,920
Reference
13,960
Exposed
13,960
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.20
Desired HR from RCT
0.66
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
145.184
Power
0.70656205
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
27,920
Reference
13,960
Exposed
13,960
Risk per 1,000 patients
5.20
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.46
Number of events expected
145.184
Power
0.625504572
Superiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
44,640
Reference
22,320
Exposed
22,320
Risk per 1,000 patients
6.04
Desired HR from RCT
0.66
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Number of events expected
269.6256
Power
0.926676361
Non-inferiority Analysis
Number of patients matched
44,640
Reference
22,320
Exposed
22,320
Risk per 1,000 patients
6.04
Assumed HR from RCT
1
Alpha (2-sided)
0.05
Non-inferiority margin
1.46
Number of events expected
269.6256
Power
0.874319968

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
13 
•
Stop analyses until balance and final power assessment are reviewed by primary investigators, FDA, and assigned members of
advisory board.
Reviewed by PI: 
Jessica Franklin 
Date reviewed: 
9/8/20 
Reviewed by FDA: 
Ken Quinto 
Date reviewed: 
9/29/20 
Reasons for stopping 
analysis (if required): 
11. Study Confidence and Concerns
Deadline for voting on study confidence and listing concerns: 
Date votes and concerns are summarized:    
•
If final feasibility and power analyses are reviewed and approved, proceed to the remaining protocol steps.
•
All study team and advisory board members that review this protocol should at this stage provide their level of confidence for the
success of the RWD study in the Google Form. This form also provides space for reviewers to list any concerns that they feel may
contribute to a failure to replicate the findings of the RCT, including differences in study populations, poor measurement of study
variables, or residual confounding. All responses will be kept confidential and individual-level results will only be shared with the
individual respondent.
•
After the deadline for voting has passed, provide the distribution of responses and summarize all concerns here.
12. Register study protocol on clinicalTrials.gov
Date conducted:   
•
Register the study on clinicalTrials.gov and upload this document.
13. Comparative Analyses
Aetion report name: 
Date conducted:    
13.1 
For primary analysis: 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
14 
13.2 
For sensitivity analyses: 
14. Requested Results
14.1 
Table 1: Baseline characteristics before and after adjustment 
Variable 
Before adjustment 
After adjustment 
Referent 
Exposur
e 
Std. diff. 
Referent Exposur
e 
Std. diff. 
Number of 
patients 
- 
- 
Age categories 
… 
14.2 
Table 2: Follow-up time 
Patient Group 
Median Follow-Up Time (Days) [IQR] 
Overall Patient Population 
Referent 
Exposure 
14.3 
Table 3: Censoring events 
Overall 
Referent 
Exposure 

Effectiveness research with Real World Data to support FDA’s regulatory decision making 
15 
Outcome 
Death 
Start of an additional exposure 
End of index exposure 
Specified date reached 
End of patient data 
End of patient enrollment 
… 
14.4 
Table 4: Results from primary analyses; 
Analysis 
No. exposed 
events 
No. referent 
events 
Exposed rate 
Referent rate 
HR (95% CI) 
Crude 
Analysis 1 
Analysis 2 
... 
HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. 
14.5 
Table 5: Results from secondary analyses; 
15. References
Chow S, Shao J, Wang H. 2008.  Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. 2nd Ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics 
Series. page 177 
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 
361:113951. 

#
RE-LY trial definitions 
Implementation in routine care
References/Rationale
Color coding
Please see the following Google Drive for further details or any missing 
information: 
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WD618wrywYjEaXzfLTcuK-VCcnb6b-
gV
Criteria
ICD-10 codes are not listed in this document because of excel cell size 
limitations and excessive number of ICD-10 codes. Full ICD-10 code lists 
will be available in the above Google Drive Folder (link above). ICD-9 to ICD-
10 code conversions were completed using a SAS macro that implements 
forward/ backward mapping based on the CMS ICD-9 to ICD-10 mapping: 
https://www.nber.org/data/icd9-icd-10-cm-and-pcs-crosswalk-general-
equivalence-mapping.html
Adequate mapping in claims
Fixed doses of dabigatran (110 mg or 150 mg twice daily) vs. adjusted-dose warfarin
Dabigatran (110mg or 150mg twice daily) vs adjusted-dose warfarin
Intermediate mapping in claims
Poor mapping or cannot be measured in claims 
The primary outcome is a composite of stroke (including hemorrhagic) and systemic embolism event
Measured 1 day after drug initiation in diagnosis position and care setting specified below. 
For stroke: 
Primary diagnosis position in inpatient care setting 
430.xx  Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
431.xx  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
433.x1  Occlusion and stenosis of precerebral arteries with cerebral infarction
434.xx (excluding 434.x0)  Occlusion and stenosis of cerebral arteries with cerebral infarction
436.x  Acute, but ill-defined cerebrovascular events
Systemic embolism (Arterial embolism and thrombosis): 
Primary diagnosis position in inpatient care setting
ICD-9:  444.xx
ICD-10: I74.x
For stroke:
PPV of 85% or higher for ischemic stroke
PPV ranging from 80% to 98% for hemorrhagic stroke
➜[Andrade SE, Harrold LR, Tjia J, et al. A systematic review of validated 
methods for identifying cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic 
attack using administrative data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
2012;21 Suppl 1:100-28.]
➜[Tirschwell DL, Longstreth WT, Jr. Validating administrative data in stroke 
research. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2002;33:2465-70.]
➜[Roumie CL, Mitchel E, Gideon PS, Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, Griffin
MR. Validation of ICD-9 codes with a high positive predictive value for 
incident strokes resulting in hospitalization using Medicaid health data. 
Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2008;17:20-6.]
Can't be measured in claims but not important 
for the analysis
1 AF documented as follows: (1a or 1b or 1c) 
1a • There is ECG documented AF on the day of screening or randomization
Measured 4 weeks prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and any care setting
Atrial fibrillation 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 427.31
ICD-10 diagnosis: I48.0x, I48.1x, I48.2x, I48.9x
1b • The patient has had a symptomatic episode of paroxysmal or persistent AF documented by 12-lead ECG within 6 m before 
randomization
Measured 12 months prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient 
care setting
Atrial fibrillation
ICD-9 diagnosis: 427.31
ICD-10 diagnosis: I48.0x, I48.1x, I48.2x, I48.9x
1c
• There is documentation of symptomatic or asymptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF on 2 separate occasions, at least 1 day 
apart, one of which is within 6 m before randomization. 
In this case, AF may be documented by 12 lead ECG, rhythm strip, pacemaker/ICD electrogram, or Holter ECG. The duration of 
AF should be at least 30 s. 
Electrograms (not marker channels or mode switch episodes) from pacemakers and defibrillators can be used to document 
only 1 episode of paroxysmal or persistent AF
>2 Diagnoses separated by 1 day to 30 days, measured 12 months  prior to and including day of drug initiation in any
diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care setting 
Atrial fibrillation
ICD-9 diagnosis: 427.31
ICD-10 diagnosis: I48.0x, I48.1x, I48.2x, I48.9x
2 In addition to documented AF, patients must have one of the following: (2a or 2b or 2c or 2d or 2e)
2a • History of previous stroke, TIA, or systemic embolism
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient care setting
Any stroke
ICD-9 diagnosis: 430.xx, 431.xx, 433.xx, 434.xx, 436.xx  
Systemic embolism
ICD-9 diagnosis: 444.xx (arterial embolism)
ICD-10 diagnosis: I74.x arterial embolism and thrombosis 
TIA
ICD-9 diagnosis: 435.xx ( Transient cerebral ischemia) 
2b • Ejection fraction <40% documented by echocardiogram, radionuclide or contrast angiogram
   in the last 6 m
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient care setting 
Heart failure, systolic
ICD-9 diagnosis: 428.2x, 428.4x 
ICD-10 diagnosis: I50.2x, I50.4x
2c • Symptomatic heart failure, New York Heart Association class 2 or higher in the last 6 m
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient care setting
Congestive heart failure
ICD-9 diagnosis: 428.x, 398.91, 402.01, 402.11, 402.91, 404.01, 404.11, 404.91, 404.03, 404.13, 404.93
ICD-10 diagnosis: I50.1, I50.2x, I50.3x, I50.4x, I50.8x, I50.9, I09.81, I11.0, I13.0, I13.2
2d • Age ≥75 y
Measured on the day of drug initiation 
Age ≥75 
PRIMARY OUTCOME
Trial details- Primary approval; Unintended S with label change
EXPOSURE vs. COMPARISON
INCLUSION CRITERIA
Appendix A

2e • Age ≥65 y and one of the following:
Measured on the day of drug initiation 
Age ≥65 +
– Diabetes mellitus on treatment
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
Diabetes mellitus 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 250.x1, 250.x3, 250.x0, 250.x2
ICD-10 diagnosis: E10.x, E11.x
AND At least one of the following drug prescriptions from 0 to 30 days after diagnosis*: 
Bolus Insulin :Insulin human regular, Insulin Aspart, Insulin Glulisine, 
Insulin Lispro, Insulin Aspart/Insulin Aspart Protamine, Insulin Lispro/Insulin Lispro Protamine, insulin,pork purified
Basal Insulin : Insulin human isophane (NPH), Insulin human regular/ Insulin human isophane (NPH), Insulin Detemir, 
Insulin Glargine, Insulin Degludec, Insulin zinc human rec, Insulin zinc extend human rec, Insulin nph human 
recom/insulin regular human rec, Insulin zinc human rec, Insulin nph human recom/insulin regular human rec
Metformin
DDP4 inhibitors  : Alogliptin, Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin
Sulfonylureas  Acetohexamide, Chlorpropamide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride
Meglitinide derivatives Repaglinide, Nateglinide
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose, Miglitol
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone 
Glucagonlike peptide–1 (GLP-1) agonists Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Albiglutide, Dulaglutide, semaglutide
SGLT2 inhibitors  Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Ertugliflozin
Pramlintide Pramlintide
– Documented coronary artery disease (any of: prior myocardial infarction, positive stress test, 
positive nuclear perfusion study, prior CABG surgery or PCI, angiogram showing ≥75% stenosis in a major coronary artery
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation in diagnosis position and care setting specified below:
Acute MI (inpatient, any position):
ICD-9 diagnosis: 410.xx       
Old MI (inpatient, any position): 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 412.xx 
Angina pectoris (inpatient, any position): 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 413.x 
Unstable angina (inpatient, any position):
ICD-9 diagnosis: 411.x
ICD-10 diagnosis: I24.1x, I20.0x, I25.1x, I25.7x, I24.0x, I24.8x, I24.9x  
-OR- CABG (inpatient, any position):
CPT-4: 33510 – 33536, 33545, 33572
ICD-9 procedure: 36.1x, 36.2x  -OR-
-OR- Coronary revascularization (PTCA, stenting) (inpatient, any position):
CPT-4: 92973, 92982, 92984, 92995, 92996, 92920 – 92921, 92924 – 92925, 92937, 92938, 92941, 92943, 92944
ICD-9 procedure: 00.66, 36.01, 36.02, 36.03, 36.05, 36.09
ICD-10 procedure:  Coronary bypass in Coronary Revascularization sheet
-OR- Stenting: Stenting in Coronary Revascularization sheet
-OR- Transmyocardial revascularization: 
CPT-4: 33140, 33141 OR - Inpatient ICD-9 procedure: 36.31-36.34
ICD-10: 021K0Z5, 021K4Z5, 021L0Z5, 021L4Z5, 02QA3ZZ, 02QA4ZZ, 02QB3ZZ, 02QB4ZZ, 02QC3ZZ, 02QC4ZZ
– Hypertension requiring medical treatment
Measured any time prior to and including day of drug initiation** in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient 
care setting 
Hypertension
 ICD-9 diagnosis: 401.x – 405.x 
AND
At least one drug prescriptions from 0 to 14 days after diagnosis*: 
ACE inhibitor Benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril
ARB Azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan
Beta blocker Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, carvedilol, esmolol, labetalol, metoprolol tartrate, 
metoprolol succinate, propranolol, penbutolol, pindolol, nadolol, nebivolol, sotalol, timolol
Calcium channel blocker Diltiazem, mibefradil, verapamil, amlodipine, clevidipine, bepridil, felodipine, isradipine, 
nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine
Other hypertension drugs Doxazosin, eplerenone, prazosin, terazosin, clonidine, guanabenz, guanadrel, guanethidine, 
guanfacine, hydralazine, methyldopa, metyrosine, reserpine, minoxidil, aliskiren, apraclonidine 
3 Age >18 y at entry
Measured on  the day of drug initiation 
Age >18 
4 Written, informed consent
N/A
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Appendix A

1 History of heart valve disorders (ie, prosthetic valve or hemodynamically relevant valve disease)
Measured anytime prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient care setting
394.x (diseases of mitral valve), 395.x (diseases of aortic valve), 396.x (diseases of mitral and aortic valve)
397.x (diseases of other endocardial structures), 398.9x (other and unspecified rheumatic heart diseases)
V42.2 (heart valve replaced by transplant), V43.3 (heart valve replaced by a mechanical device/prosthesis)
-OR-
ICD-9 procedure code 35.1x (open heart valvuloplasty without replacement), 35.2x (replacement of heart valve)
-OR- one of the following CPT codes:
33660-33665 (atrioventricular valve repair)
33400-33403 (aortic valve valvuloplasty)
33405 (Replacement, aortic valve, with cardiopulmonary bypass; with prosthetic
valve other than homograft or stentless valve)
33420-33430 (mitral valve repair/valvuloplasty/replacement)
33460 (valvectomy, tricuspid valve, with cardiopulmonary bypass)
33463-33468 (tricuspid valve repair/valvuloplasty/replacement)
33475 (replacement, pulmonary valve)
33496 (prosthetic valve dysfunction repair)
0257T (implantation of catheter-delivered prosthetic aortic heart valve; open thoracic approach)
0258T (transthoracic cardiac exposure for catheter-delivered aortic valve replacement;without cardiopulmonary bypass)
0259T (transthoracic cardiac exposure for catheter-delivered aortic valve replacement;with cardiopulmonary bypass)
0262T (implantation of catheter-delivered prosthetic pulmonary valve, endovascular approach)
2
Severe, disabling stroke within the previous 6 months
or
Any stroke within the previous 14 days
1) Disabling stroke effects
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
ICD-9 diagnosis: 438.xx (Late effects of cerebrovascular disease)
ICD-10 diagnosis: I69 (Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease (hemiplegia etc))
ICD10 diagnosis: Z73.6 (Limitation of activities due to disability)
-OR-
2) Any stroke:
Measured 14 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in primary diagnosis position and inpatient care setting 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 430.xx, 431.xx, 433.xx, 434.xx, 436.xx
3 Conditions associated with an increased risk of bleeding:
3a • Major surgery in the previous month
Measured 30 days  prior to and including day of drug initiation in any procedure position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting- 
ICD-9 procedure codes:
Major surgery selected from codes range 34.x- 84.x 
30-34 Operations On The Respiratory System
35-39 Operations On The Cardiovascular System
40-41 Operations On The Hemic And Lymphatic System
42-54 Operations On The Digestive System
55-59 Operations On The Urinary System
60-64 Operations On The Male Genital Organs
65-71 Operations On The Female Genital Organs
72-75 Obstetrical Procedures
76-84 Operations On The Musculoskeletal System
3b • Planned surgery or intervention in the next 3 m
N/A
3c • History of intracranial, intraocular, spinal, retroperitoneal or atraumatic intra-articular bleeding
Measured anytime prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient care setting
Intracranial hemorrhage: 
ICD-9: 430.x, 431.x, 432.x 
Intraocular hemorrhage:
379.23 vitreous hemorrhage, 
H43.1x
362.81 retinal hemorrhage 
H35.6x
Appendix A

3d • Gastrointestinal hemorrhage within the past year
Measured 365 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting:
ICD-9 diagnosis: 
578.x Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
ICD-10 diagnosis:
K92.2 : Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, unspecified
acute hemorrhagic gastritis (K29.01)
peptic ulcer with hemorrhage (K25.x - excluding K25.9 - K26.x - excluding K26.9 - K27.x-K28.x)
gastritis and duodenitis with hemorrhage (K29.x)
diverticular disease with hemorrhage (K57.x)
angiodysplasia of stomach with hemorrhage (K31.811)
CPT/HCPCS:
0W3P8ZZ - (ICD10) Control Bleeding in Gastrointestinal Tract, Via Natural or Artificial Opening Endoscopic
43255 - (HCPCS) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with control of bleeding, any method / Upper 
gastrointestinal endoscopy including esophagus, stomach, and either the duodenum and/or jejunum as appropriate; with 
control of bleeding, any method
44.43 - (ICD9) ENDOSCOPIC CONTROL OF GASTRIC OR DUODENAL BLEEDING
3e • Symptomatic or endoscopically documented gastroduodenal ulcer disease in the previous 30 days
Measured 30 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting:
ICD-9 diagnosis: 
Disease of esophagus: 530.1x-530.4x, 530.8x, 530.9x
Gastric ulcer: 531.x
Duodenal ulcer: 532.x
Peptic ulcer: 533.x
Acute gastritis: 535.0x
Other specified gastritis: 535.4x
Unspecified gastritis and gastroduodenitis: 535.5x
Duodenitis: 535.6x
ICD-10 diagnosis:
Peptic ulcer, site unspecified K27.x
K25.9 - Gastric ulcer, unspecified as acute or chronic, without hemorrhage or perforation
K26.9 Duodenal ulcer, unspecified as acute or chronic, without hemorrhage or perforation
3f • Hemorrhagic disorder or bleeding diathesis
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
Bleeding diathesis:
ICD-9 diagnosis: 
286.x Coagulation defects
287.x Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
ICD-10 diagnosis:
D65.x  Disseminated intravascular coagulation [defibrination syndrome]
D66.x  Hereditary factor VIII deficiency
D67.x  Hereditary factor IX deficiency
D68.x  Other coagulation defects
D69.x  Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions
3g • Need for anticoagulant treatment of disorders other than Atrial fibrillation
N/A
3h • Fibrinolytic agents within 48 h of study entry
We will censor the patients upon initiating these drugs after cohort entry:  
Fibrinolytic agent: 
Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase, streptokinase, urkinase
3i •  Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure >180 mm Hg and/ or diastolic blood pressure
>100 mm Hg)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
Malignant hypertension: 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 401.0x (no ICD-10)
Hypertensive urgency/ Hypertensive crisis:
ICD-10 diagnosis: I16.x (no ICD-9) 
3j • Recent malignancy or radiation therapy (≤6 m) and not expected to survive 3 y
N/A
4 Contraindication to warfarin treatment
N/A
5 Reversible causes of atrial fibrillation (eg, cardiac surgery, pulmonary embolism, 
untreated hyperthyroidism).
N/A
6 Plan to perform a pulmonary vein ablation or surgery for cure of the AF
N/A
7 Severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance ≤30 mL/min)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of  drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
CKD stage 4/5/ESRD
ICD-9 diagnosis: 585.4x, 585.5x, 585.6x
ICD-10 diagnosis: N18.4x, N18.5x, N18.6x 
Dialysis/ Renal transplant
Codes are in the sheet "Dialysis and Renal Transplant'"
Appendix A

8 Active infective endocarditis
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting
Infective endocarditis
ICD-9 diagnosis: 421.x
ICD-10 diagnosis: I33.x
9 Active liver disease, including but not limited to:
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting 
Acute Liver Disease:
ICD-9 diagnosis: 070.xx, 570.xx- 573.xx, 576.8x, 782.4x, 789.5x
ICD-10 diagnosis: B15.x, B16.x, B17.x, K76.x, R17.x, R18.x, K72.00, K76.2
ICD-9 procedure codes: 39.1x, 42.91 
9a • Persistent ALT, AST, Alk Phos > 2× ULN
N/A
9b • Known active hepatitis C (positive HCV RNA)
N/A
9c • Active hepatitis B (HBs antigen +, anti HBc IgM+)
N/A
9d • Active hepatitis A
N/A
10 Women who are pregnant or of childbearing potential who refuse to use a medically acceptable form of contraception 
throughout the study
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting 
Codes are in the sheet "Pregnancy"
11 Anemia (hemoglobin level < 100g/L) or thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 × 109/L)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting 
Anemia (non-deficiency/neoplastic/chemotherapy/hemorrhagic assoicated)
ICD-9 diagnosis: 282.x, 283.x, 284.x, 285.x
ICD-10 diagnosis: D55 - D62, D63.0 
Thrombocytopenia:
ICD-9 diagnosis: 287.3x, 287.4x, 287.5x
ICD-10 diagnosis: D69.3x, D69.4x, D69.5x, D69.6x
12 Patients who have developed transaminase elevations upon exposure to ximelagatran.
N/A
13 Patients who have received an investigational drug in the past 30 d
N/A
14
Patients considered unreliable by the investigator or have a life expectancy less than the expected duration 
of the trial because of concomitant disease, or has any condition which in the opinion of the investigator, would not allow safe 
participation in the study (eg, drug addiction, alcohol abuse)
Measured 180 days prior to and including day of drug initiation in any diagnosis position and inpatient or outpatient care 
setting 
CCI >=10  (life expectancy less than the expected duration of the trial)
-OR-
Alcohol abuse or dependence 
ICD-9 diagnosis: 291.xx, 303.xx, 305.0x, 571.0x, 571.1x, 571.2x, 571.3x, 357.5x, 425.5x, E860.0x (CMS has not released 
mapping for new ICD10 for this code), V11.3x 
ICD-10 diagnosis: F10.x, K70.x, G62.1, I42.6, 099.31x
Drug abuse or dependence
292.xx, 304.xx, 305.2x-305.9x, 648.3x 965.0x, 967.xx, 969.4x-969.6x, 969.72-969.79, 970.81
ICD-10 diagnosis: F11.x, F12.x, F13.x, F14.x, F15.x, F16.x, F18.x, F19.x, G62.0, 099.32x
15 Any known hypersensitivity to galactose if the warfarin used contains galactose.
N/A
Appendix A

Trial ID 
pNDA22
Trial Name (with web links)
RE-LY 
NCT
NCT00262600 
Therapeutic Area
Cardiology/Vascular Diseases
Brand Name
Pradaxa 
Generic Name
dabigatran etexilate mesylate
Sponsor
 Boehringer Ingelheim
Year
2010
pNDA Indication
 For the risk reduction of stroke and embolism due to 
atrial fibrillation
Measurable endpoint
primary composite endpoint of stroke and systemic 
embolism
Trial finding
Rates of the primary outcome were 1.69% per year in 
the warfarin group, as compared with 1.53% per year in 
the group that received 110 mg of dabigatran (relative 
risk with
dabigatran, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 
1.11; P<0.001 for noninferiority) and 1.11% per year in 
the group that received 150 mg of dabigatran (relative 
risk, 0.66;
95% CI, 0.53 to 0.82; P<0.001 for superiority).
Blinding
fixed doses of dabigatran — 110 mg or 150 mg twice 
daily —each administered in a blinded manner, and  
adjusted-dose warfarin in an unblinded fashion
No. of Patients
 18,113 
Comparator
Active
Appendix A

Pregnancy 
Diagnosis codes 
650   NORMAL DELIVERY
660   OBSTRUCTED LABOR
661   ABNORMALITY OF FORCES OF LABOR
662   LONG LABOR
663   UMBILICAL CORD COMPLICATIONS DURING LABOR AND DELIVERY
664   TRAUMA TO PERINEUM AND VULVA DURING DELIVERY
665   OTHER OBSTETRICAL TRAUMA
667   RETAINED PLACENTA OR MEMBRANES WITHOUT HEMORRHAGE
668   COMPLICATIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANESTHETIC OR OTHER SEDATION IN LABOR AND DELIVERY
669.94   UNSPECIFIED COMPLICATION OF LABOR AND DELIVERY POSTPARTUM CONDITION OR COMPLICATION
V24   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION
V24.0   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION IMMEDIATELY AFTER DELIVERY
V24.1   POSTPARTUM CARE AND EXAMINATION OF LACTATING MOTHER
V24.2   ROUTINE POSTPARTUM FOLLOW
V27   OUTCOME OF DELIVERY
V27.0   MOTHER WITH SINGLE LIVEBORN
V27.1   MOTHER WITH SINGLE STILLBORN+A2:J81
V27.2   MOTHER WITH TWINS BOTH LIVEBORN
V27.3   MOTHER WITH TWINS ONE LIVEBORN AND ONE STILLBORN
V27.4   MOTHER WITH TWINS BOTH STILLBORN
V27.5   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH ALL LIVEBORN
V27.6   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH SOME LIVEBORN
V27.7   MOTHER WITH OTHER MULTIPLE BIRTH ALL STILLBORN
V27.9   MOTHER WITH UNSPECIFIED OUTCOME OF DELIVERY
Procedure codes 
72.0   LOW FORCEPS OPERATION
72.1   LOW FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.2   MID FORCEPS OPERATION
72.21   MID FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.29   OTHER MID FORCEPS OPERATION
72.3   HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION
Appendix A

72.31   HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.39   OTHER HIGH FORCEPS OPERATION
72.4   FORCEPS ROTATION OF FETAL HEAD
72.5   BREECH EXTRACTION
72.51   PARTIAL BREECH EXTRACTION WITH FORCEPS TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.52   OTHER PARTIAL BREECH EXTRACTION
72.53   TOTAL BREECH EXTRACTION WITH FORCEPS TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.54   OTHER TOTAL BREECH EXTRACTION
72.6   FORCEPS APPLICATION TO AFTERCOMING HEAD
72.7   VACUUM EXTRACTION
72.71   VACUUM EXTRACTION WITH EPISIOTOMY
72.79   OTHER VACUUM EXTRACTION
72.8   OTHER SPECIFIED INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY
72.9   UNSPECIFIED INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY
73.0   ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.01   INDUCTION OF LABOR BY ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.09   OTHER ARTIFICIAL RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
73.1   OTHER SURGICAL INDUCTION OF LABOR
73.2   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION AND EXTRACTION
73.21   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION WITHOUT EXTRACTION
73.22   INTERNAL AND COMBINED VERSION WITH EXTRACTION
73.3   FAILED FORCEPS
73.4   MEDICAL INDUCTION OF LABOR
73.5   MANUALLY ASSISTED DELIVERY
73.51   MANUAL ROTATION OF FETAL HEAD
73.59   OTHER MANUALLY ASSISTED DELIVERY
73.6   EPISIOTOMY
73.8   OPERATIONS ON FETUS TO FACILITATE DELIVERY
73.9   OTHER OPERATIONS ASSISTING DELIVERY
73.91   EXTERNAL VERSION ASSISTING DELIVERY
73.92   REPLACEMENT OF PROLAPSED UMBILICAL CORD
73.93   INCISION OF CERVIX TO ASSIST DELIVERY
73.94   PUBIOTOMY TO ASSIST DELIVERY
73.99   OTHER OPERATIONS ASSISTING DELIVERY
74.0   CLASSICAL CESAREAN SECTION
Appendix A

74.1   LOW CERVICAL CESAREAN SECTION
74.2   EXTRAPERITONEAL CESAREAN SECTION
74.3   REMOVAL OF EXTRATUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
74.4   CESAREAN SECTION OF OTHER SPECIFIED TYPE
74.9   CESAREAN SECTION OF UNSPECIFIED TYPE
74.91   HYSTEROTOMY TO TERMINATE PREGNANCY
74.99   OTHER CESAREAN SECTION OF UNSPECIFIED TYPE
75.4   MANUAL REMOVAL OF RETAINED PLACENTA
75.5   REPAIR OF CURRENT OBSTETRIC LACERATION OF UTERUS
75.6   REPAIR OF OTHER CURRENT OBSTETRIC LACERATION
75.7   MANUAL EXPLORATION OF UTERINE CAVITY, POSTPARTUM
75.9   OTHER OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS
Appendix A

Dialysis codes
ESRD, defined as 2 codes (either inpatient or outpatient), separated by at least 30 days 
Codes include:
- ICD9 prox codes:
39.95, Hemodialysis
54.98, Peritoneal dialysis
- ICD9 dx codes:
585.5x, Chronic kidney disease, Stage V (for ESRD with no mention of dialysis)
585.6x, End stage renal disease (for ESRD with dialysis)
V56.0x, encounter for dialysis NOS
V56.8x, encounter for peritoneal dialysis
V45.1x, renal dialysis status
- CPT4 codes:
90957, 90960, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 4 or more face-
to-face physician visits per month
90958, 90961, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 2-3 face-to-face
physician visits per month
90959, 90962, ESRD related services monthly, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and older; with 1 face-to-face
physician visit per month
90920, 90921, ESRD related services per full month; for patients 12-19 and twenty years of age and over
90924, 90925, ESRD related services (less than full month), per day; for patients 12-19 and twenty years of age and
over
90935, Hemodialysis procedure with single physician evaluation
90937, Hemodialysis procedure requiring repeated evaluation(s) with or without substantial revision of dialysis
prescription
90945, Dialysis procedure other than hemodialysis (eg, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, or other continuous renal
replacement therapies), with single physician evaluation
90947, Dialysis procedure other than hemodialysis (eg, peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, or other continuous renal
replacement therapies) requiring repeated physician evaluations, with or without substantial revision of dialysis
prescription
90965, 90966, ESRD related services for home dialysis per full month, for patients 12-19 and 20 years of age and
older
90969, 90970, ESRD related services for dialysis less than a full month of service, per day; for patients 12-19 and 20
years of age and older
90989 Dialysis training patient including helper whereapplicable any mode completed course
Appendix A

90989, Dialysis training, patient, including helper where applicable, any mode, completed course
90993, Dialysis training, patient, including helper where applicable, any mode, course not completed, per training 
session
90999, Unlisted dialysis procedure, inpatient or outpatient
99512, Home visit for hemodialysis
- HCPCS codes:
G0257, Unscheduled or emergency dialysis treatment for ESRD patient in a hospital outpatient dept. that is not
certified as an ESRD facility
G0314, G0317, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age an over to
include monitoring for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/4 or more physician visit per month
G0315, G0318, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20yrs of age and over to
include monitoring for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/2 or 3 physician visit per month
G0316, G0319, ESRD related services during the course of treatment, for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age and over to
include monitoring for the adequacy of nutrition, etc. w/1 physician visit per month
G0322, G0323, ESRD related services for home dialysis patients per full month: for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of age
and over to include monitoring for adequacy of nutrition and etc.
G0326, G0327, ESRD related services for home dialysis (less than full month), per day; for patients 12-19 and 20 yrs of
age and over
S9335, Home therapy, hemodialysis; administrative services, professional pharmacy services, care coordination, and
all necessary supplies and equipment (drugs and nursing services coded separately), per diem
S9339, Home therapy, peritoneal dialysis, administrative services, care coordination and all necessary supplies and
equipment, per diem
OR
Kidney transplant, defined as either 1 inpatient or 1 outpatient code
Codes include:
-ICD9 dx codes:
V42.0x, Kidney transplant status
996.81 Complications of transplanted kidney
-ICD9 prox codes:
55.6x, Transplant of kidney (Exclude 55.61)
- CPT4 codes:
50360, Renal allotransplantation, implantation, graft, w/o donor & recipient nephrectomy
 50365, Renal allotransplantation, implantation, graft, w/ donor & recipient nephrectomy
Appendix A

Documented Coronary Artery Disease
ICD10: Coronary Bypass -
02.10083, 02.1008x, 02.1009x, 02.100Ax, 02.100Jx, 02.100Kx, 02.100Zx, 02.10483, 02.10488, 02.10489, 
02.1048x, 02.1049x, 02.1049x, 02.104Ax, 02.104Jx, 02.104Kx, 02.104Zx, 02.1108x, 02.1109x, 02.110Ax, 
02.110Jx, 02.110Kx, 02.110Zx, 02.1148x, 02.1149x, 02.114Ax, 02.114Jx, 02.114Kx, 02.114Zx, 02.1208x, 
02.1209x, 02.120Ax, 02.120Jx, 02.120Kx, 02.120Zx, 02.1248x, 02.1249x, 02.124Ax, 02.124Jx, 02.124Kx, 
02.124Zx, 02.1308x, 02.1309x, 02.130Ax, 02.130Jx, 02.130Kx, 02.130Zx, 02.1348x, 02.1349x, 02.134Ax, 
02.134x, 02.134Kx, 02.134Zx, 02.1K0Zx, 02.1K4Zx, 02.1L08X, 02.1L09x, 02.IL0Ax, 02.1L0Jx, 02.IL0Kx,  02.1l0Zx, 
02.1L0Zx, 02.1L48X, 02.1L49x, 02.1L4xx, 02.7004x, 02.7006x, 02.7007x, 02.700Dx, 02.700Ex, 02.700Fx, 
02.700Gx, 02.700Tx, 02.700Zx, 02.703xx, 02.704xx, 02.7104x, 02.7105x, 02.7106x, 02.7107x, 02.710Dx, 
02.710Ex, 02.710Fx, 02.710Gx, 02.710Tx, 02.710Zx, 02.7134x, 02.7135x, 02.7136x, 02.7137x, 02.713Dx, 
02.713Ex, 02.713Fx, 02.713Gx, 02.713Tx, 02.713Zx, 02.7144x, 02.7145x, 02.7146x, 02.7147x, 02.714Dx, 
02.714Ex, 02.714Fx, 02.714Gx, 02.714Tx, 02.714Zx, 02.7204x, 02.72056, 02.72066, 02.7206Z, 02.72076, 
02.7207Z, 02.720Dx, 02.720Ex, 02.720Fx, 02.720Tx, 02.720Zx, 02.7234x, 02.7235x, 02.7236x, 02.7237x, 
02.7237x, 02.723Dx, 02.723Ex, 02.723Fx, 02.723Gx, 02.723Tx, 02.723Tx, 02.723Zx, 02.723Zx, 02.7244x, 
02.7245x, 02.7246x, 02.7247x, 02.724Dx,  02.724Ex, 02.724Fx, 02.724Gx, 02.724Tx, 02.7304x, 02.7304x, 
02.7305x, 02.7306x, 02.7307x, 02.730Dx, 02.730Ex, 02.730Fx, 02.730Gx, 02.730Tx, 02.730Zx, 02.7334x, 
02.7335x, 02.7336x, 02.7337x, 02.733Dx, 02.733Ex, 02.733Fx, 02.733Gx, 02.733Tx, 02.733Zx, 02.7344x, 
02.7345x, 02.7346x, 02.7347x, 02.734Dx, 02.734Ex, 02.734Fx, 02.734Gx, 02.734Tx, 02.734Zx, 02.C00Zx, 
02.C03Zx, 02.C04Zx, 02.C10Zx, 02.C13Zx, 02.C14Zx, 02.C20Zx, 02.C23Zx, 02.C24Zx, 02.C30Zx, 02.C33Zx, 02.C34Zx
Stenting:
Inpatient CPT-4:
92980, 92981, 92928-92929, 92933-92934
OR-
Inpatient ICD-9 Procedure:
36.06 
36.07 
Inpatient ICD-10 Procedure:
02.7004x, 02.7005x, 02.7006x,  02.7007x, 02.700Dx, 02.700Ex, 02.700Fx, 02.700Gx, 02.700Tx, 02.700Zx, 
02.7034x, 02.7035x, 02.7036x, 02.7037x, 02.703Dx, 02.703Ex, 02.703Fx, 02.703Gx, 02.703Tx, 02.703Zx, 
02.7044x, 02.7045x, 02.7046x, 02.7047x, 02.704Dx, 02.704Ex, 02.704Fx, 02.704Gx, 02.704Tx, 02.704Zx, 
02.7104x, 02.7105x, 02.7106x, 02.7107x, 02.710Dx, 02.710Ex, 02.710Fx, 02.710Gx, 02.710Tx, 02.710Zx, 
Appendix A

02.71346, 02.7134Z, 02.71356, 02.7135Z, 02.71366, 02.7136Z, 02.71376, 02.7137Z, 02.713D6, 02.713DZ, 
02.713E6, 02.713EZ, 02.713F6, 02.713FZ, 02.713G6, 02.713GZ, 02.713T6, 02.713TZ, 02.713Z6, 02.713ZZ, 
02.71446, 02.7144Z, 02.71456, 02.7145Z, 02.71466, 02.7146Z, 02.71476,  02.7147Z, 02.714D6, 02.714DZ, 
02.714E6, 02.714EZ, 02.714F6, 02.714FZ, 02.714G6, 02.714GZ, 02.714T6, 02.714TZ, 02.714ZZ, 02.72046, 
02.7204Z, 02.72056, 02.7205Z, 02.72066, 02.7206Z, 02.72076, 02.7207Z, 02.720D6, 02.720DZ, 02.720E6, 
02.720EZ, 02.720F6, 02.720FZ, 02.720G6, 02.720GZ, 02.720T6, 02.720TZ, 02.720Z6, 02.720ZZ, 02.72346, 
02.7234Z, 02.72356, 02.7235Z, 02.72366, 02.7236Z, 02.72376, 02.7237Z, 02.723D6, 02.723DZ, 02.723E6, 
02.723EZ, 02.723F6, 02.723FZ, 02.723G6, 02.723GZ, 02.723T6, 02.723TZ, 02.723Z6, 02.723ZZ, 02.72446, 
02.7244Z, 02.72456, 02.7245Z, 02.72466, 02.7246Z, 02.72476, 02.7247Z, 02.724D6, 02.724DZ, 02.724E6, 
02.724EZ, 02.724F6, 02.724FZ, 02.724G6, 02.724T6, 02.724TZ, 02.724Z6, 02.724ZZ, 02.73046, 02.7304Z, 
02.73056, 02.7305Z, 02.73066, 02.7306Z, 02.73076, 02.7307Z, 02.730D6, 02.730DZ, 02.730E6, 02.730EZ, 
02.730F6, 02.730FZ, 02.730G6, 02.730GZ, 02.730T6, 02.730TZ, 02.730TZ, 02.730Z6, 02.730ZZ, 02.73346, 
02.7334Z, 02.73356, 02.7335Z, 02.73366, 02.7336Z, 02.73376, 02.73376, 02.7337Z, 02.733D6, 02.733DZ, 
02.733E6, 02.733EZ, 02.733F6, 02.733FZ, 02.733G6, 02.733GZ, 02.733T6, 02.733TZ, 02.733Z6, 02.733ZZ, 
02.733ZZ, 02.73446, 02.7344Z, 02.73456, 02.7345Z, 02.73466, 02.73476, 02.7347Z, 02.34D6, 02.734DZ, 
02.734E6, 02.734EZ, 02.734F6, 02.734FZ, 02.734G6, 02.734GZ, 02.734T6, 02.734TZ, 02.734Z6, 02.734ZZ, 
02.C00Z6, 02.C03Z6, 02.C03ZZ, 02.C04Z6, 02.C10Z6, 02.C13Z6, 02.C13ZZ, 02.C14Z6, 02.C20Z6, 02.C23Z6,
02.C23ZZ, 02.C24Z6, 02.C30Z6, 02.C33ZZ, 02.C34Z6
Appendix A

AFTER PS MATCHING
BEFORE PS MATCHING
Optum
MarketScan
Medicare
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.857. The post-matching c-statistic 
was 0.556.
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.806. The post-matching 
c-statistic was 0.539.
The c-statistics for the propensity score model, pre-matching was 0.868. The post-matching c-statistic 
was 0.53.
Appendix B

Variable
 WARFARIN 
 Dabigatran 150mg 
St. Diff.
Reference - warfarin
Exposure - Dabigatran 150mg
St. Diff.
Reference - warfarin
Exposure - Dabigatran 150mg
St. Diff.
 Reference - warfarin 
 Exposure - Dabigatran 
150mg 
St. Diff.
Number of patients
22,665 
2,936 
67,790
 
14,929
 
136,087
 
25,230
 
226,542 
43,095 
Age
...mean (sd)
77.97 (6.21)
74.91 (7.65)
0.44
78.02 (9.20)
74.13 (9.67)
0.41
79.43 (7.37)
76.93 (6.88)
0.35
78.86 (7.86)
75.82 (8.01)
0.38
...median [IQR]
79.00 [76.00, 82.00]
77.00 [70.00, 80.00]
0.29
79.00 [74.00, 84.00]
76.00 [68.00, 81.00]
0.32
79.00 [75.00, 84.00]
77.00 [73.00, 81.00]
0.28
79.00 (7.86)
76.65 (8.01)
0.30
Age categories without zero category
...18 - 54; n (%)
128 (0.6%)
54 (1.8%)
-0.11
1,319 (1.9%)
586 (3.9%)
-0.12
586 (0.4%)
123 (0.5%)
-0.01
2,033 (0.9%)
763 (1.8%)
-0.08
...55 - 64; n (%)
573 (2.5%)
198 (6.7%)
-0.20
4,878 (7.2%)
1,917 (12.8%)
-0.19
1,594 (1.2%)
351 (1.4%)
-0.02
7,045 (3.1%)
2,466 (5.7%)
-0.13
...65 - 74; n (%)
3,335 (14.7%)
705 (24.0%)
-0.24
11,624 (17.1%)
3,645 (24.4%)
-0.18
26,002 (19.1%)
7,382 (29.3%)
-0.24
40,961 (18.1%)
11,732 (27.2%)
-0.22
...>= 75; n (%)
18,629 (82.2%)
1,979 (67.4%)
0.35
49,969 (73.7%)
8,781 (58.8%)
0.32
107,905 (79.3%)
17,374 (68.9%)
0.24
176,503 (77.9%)
28,134 (65.3%)
0.28
Gender without zero category- United
...Males; n (%)
12,791 (56.4%)
1,776 (60.5%)
-0.08
36,708 (54.1%)
8,819 (59.1%)
-0.10
72,765 (53.5%)
14,393 (57.0%)
-0.07
122,264 (54.0%)
24,988 (58.0%)
-0.08
...Females; n (%)
9,874 (43.6%)
1,160 (39.5%)
0.08
31,082 (45.9%)
6,110 (40.9%)
0.10
63,322 (46.5%)
10,837 (43.0%)
0.07
104,278 (46.0%)
18,107 (42.0%)
0.08
Race 
...White; n (%)
127,987 (94.0%)
23,447 (92.9%)
127,987 (94.0%)
23,447 (92.9%)
0.00
...Black; n (%)
3,795 (2.8%)
714 (2.8%)
3,795 (2.8%)
714 (2.8%)
0.00
...Asian; n (%)
1,217 (0.9%)
344 (1.4%)
1,217 (0.9%)
344 (1.4%)
0.00
...Hispanic; n (%)
1,169 (0.9%)
245 (1.0%)
1,169 (0.9%)
245 (1.0%)
0.00
...North American Native; n (%)
428 (0.3%)
70 (0.3%)
428 (0.3%)
70 (0.3%)
0.00
...Other/Unknown; n (%)
1,491 (1.1%)
410 (1.6%)
1,491 (1.1%)
410 (1.6%)
0.00
Region without zero category- United v3 (lumping 
missing&other category with West)
...Northeast; n (%)
2,860 (12.6%)
428 (14.6%)
-0.06
15,592 (23.0%)
3,464 (23.2%)
0.00
27,525 (20.2%)
4,871 (19.3%)
0.02
45,977 (20.3%)
8,763 (20.3%)
0.00
...South; n (%)
5,965 (26.3%)
1,026 (34.9%)
-0.19
21,981 (32.4%)
3,920 (26.3%)
0.13
44,598 (32.8%)
10,023 (39.7%)
-0.14
72,544 (32.0%)
14,969 (34.7%)
-0.06
...Midwest; n (%)
4,585 (20.2%)
473 (16.1%)
0.11
18,724 (27.6%)
5,249 (35.2%)
-0.16
38,803 (28.5%)
5,759 (22.8%)
0.13
62,112 (27.4%)
11,481 (26.6%)
0.02
...West; n (%)
9,255 (40.8%)
1,009 (34.4%)
0.13
11,263 (16.6%)
2,233 (15.0%)
0.04
25,161 (18.5%)
4,577 (18.1%)
0.01
45,679 (20.2%)
7,819 (18.1%)
0.05
...Unknown+missing; n (%)
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
230 (0.3%)
63 (0.4%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
230 (0.3%)
63 (0.4%)
-0.02
CV Covariates
Ischemic heart disease; n (%)
5,796 (25.6%)
854 (29.1%)
-0.08
22,356 (33.0%)
5,213 (34.9%)
-0.04
37,673 (27.7%)
8,145 (32.3%)
-0.10
65,825 (29.1%)
14,212 (33.0%)
-0.08
Acute MI; n (%)
192 (0.8%)
19 (0.6%)
0.02
1,721 (2.5%)
411 (2.8%)
-0.02
1,928 (1.4%)
380 (1.5%)
-0.01
3841 (1.7%)
810 (1.9%)
-0.02
ACS/unstable angina; n (%)
196 (0.9%)
30 (1.0%)
-0.01
1,436 (2.1%)
412 (2.8%)
-0.05
1,896 (1.4%)
456 (1.8%)
-0.03
3528 (1.6%)
898 (2.1%)
-0.04
Old MI; n (%)
654 (2.9%)
72 (2.5%)
0.02
2,040 (3.0%)
506 (3.4%)
-0.02
4,824 (3.5%)
1,089 (4.3%)
-0.04
7518 (3.3%)
1667 (3.9%)
-0.03
Stable angina; n (%)
557 (2.5%)
99 (3.4%)
-0.05
2,157 (3.2%)
612 (4.1%)
-0.05
3,376 (2.5%)
966 (3.8%)
-0.07
6,090 (2.7%)
1,677 (3.9%)
-0.07
Coronary atherosclerosis and other forms of chronic 
ischemic heart disease; n (%)
5,348 (23.6%)
808 (27.5%)
-0.09
20,511 (30.3%)
4,710 (31.5%)
-0.03
34,808 (25.6%)
7,439 (29.5%)
-0.09
60,667 (26.8%)
12,957 (30.1%)
-0.07
Other atherosclerosis with ICD10 v2 Copy; n (%)
291 (1.3%)
50 (1.7%)
-0.03
1,283 (1.9%)
237 (1.6%)
0.02
1,625 (1.2%)
346 (1.4%)
-0.02
3199 (1.4%)
633 (1.5%)
-0.01
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) 
v4; n (%)
19 (0.1%)
7 (0.2%)
-0.03
712 (1.1%)
161 (1.1%)
0.00
893 (0.7%)
154 (0.6%)
0.01
1624 (0.7%)
322 (0.7%)
0.00
History of CABG or PTCA; n (%)
1,022 (4.5%)
146 (5.0%)
-0.02
2,582 (3.8%)
672 (4.5%)
-0.04
8,074 (5.9%)
2,028 (8.0%)
-0.08
11,678 (5.2%)
2,846 (6.6%)
-0.06
Any stroke; n (%)
1,585 (7.0%)
271 (9.2%)
-0.08
5,866 (8.7%)
1,426 (9.6%)
-0.03
8,312 (6.1%)
1,840 (7.3%)
-0.05
15,763 (7.0%)
3,537 (8.2%)
-0.05
Ischemic stroke (w and w/o mention of cerebral 
infarction); n (%)
1,579 (7.0%)
270 (9.2%)
-0.08
5,843 (8.6%)
1,421 (9.5%)
-0.03
8,268 (6.1%)
1,832 (7.3%)
-0.05
15,690 (6.9%)
3,523 (8.2%)
-0.05
Hemorrhagic stroke; n (%)
12 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
41 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
56 (0.0%)
9 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
109 (0.0%)
20 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
TIA; n (%)
627 (2.8%)
151 (5.1%)
-0.12
2,260 (3.3%)
759 (5.1%)
-0.09
3,166 (2.3%)
811 (3.2%)
-0.06
6053 (2.7%)
1721 (4.0%)
-0.07
Other cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
386 (1.7%)
54 (1.8%)
-0.01
1,417 (2.1%)
315 (2.1%)
0.00
2,122 (1.6%)
433 (1.7%)
-0.01
3925 (1.7%)
802 (1.9%)
-0.02
Late effects of cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
110 (0.5%)
10 (0.3%)
0.03
77 (0.1%)
19 (0.1%)
0.00
511 (0.4%)
69 (0.3%)
0.02
698 (0.3%)
98 (0.2%)
0.02
Cerebrovascular procedure; n (%)
2 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
73 (0.1%)
25 (0.2%)
-0.03
91 (0.1%)
21 (0.1%)
0.00
166 (0.1%)
46 (0.1%)
0.00
Heart failure (CHF); n (%)
3,108 (13.7%)
335 (11.4%)
0.07
15,297 (22.6%)
3,232 (21.6%)
0.02
17,205 (12.6%)
2,846 (11.3%)
0.04
35,610 (15.7%)
6,413 (14.9%)
0.02
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) or PVD Surgery v2; 
n (%)
1,790 (7.9%)
210 (7.2%)
0.03
5,549 (8.2%)
974 (6.5%)
0.07
8,046 (5.9%)
1,363 (5.4%)
0.02
15,385 (6.8%)
2,547 (5.9%)
0.04
Atrial fibrillation; n (%)
21,440 (94.6%)
2,786 (94.9%)
-0.01
61,508 (90.7%)
14,189 (95.0%)
-0.17
121,089 (89.0%)
21,872 (86.7%)
0.07
204,037 (90.1%)
38,847 (90.1%)
0.00
Other cardiac dysrhythmia; n (%)
10,235 (45.2%)
1,233 (42.0%)
0.06
18,823 (27.8%)
4,688 (31.4%)
-0.08
47,883 (35.2%)
8,912 (35.3%)
0.00
76,941 (34.0%)
14,833 (34.4%)
-0.01
Cardiac conduction disorders; n (%)
1,169 (5.2%)
183 (6.2%)
-0.04
3,958 (5.8%)
953 (6.4%)
-0.03
6,776 (5.0%)
1,425 (5.6%)
-0.03
11903 (5.3%)
2561 (5.9%)
-0.03
Other CVD; n (%)
2,744 (12.1%)
358 (12.2%)
0.00
18,692 (27.6%)
4,297 (28.8%)
-0.03
14,045 (10.3%)
2,647 (10.5%)
-0.01
35,481 (15.7%)
7,302 (16.9%)
-0.03
Diabetes-related complications
Diabetic retinopathy; n (%)
311 (1.4%)
41 (1.4%)
0.00
852 (1.3%)
196 (1.3%)
0.00
1,343 (1.0%)
229 (0.9%)
0.01
2,506 (1.1%)
466 (1.1%)
0.00
Diabetes with other ophthalmic manifestations; n 
(%)
24 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
710 (1.0%)
130 (0.9%)
0.01
866 (0.6%)
162 (0.6%)
0.00
1600 (0.7%)
294 (0.7%)
0.00
Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, 
vitrectomy; n (%)
41 (0.2%)
7 (0.2%)
0.00
157 (0.2%)
35 (0.2%)
0.00
214 (0.2%)
40 (0.2%)
0.00
412 (0.2%)
82 (0.2%)
0.00
Retinal laser coagulation therapy; n (%)
23 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
127 (0.2%)
34 (0.2%)
0.00
199 (0.1%)
35 (0.1%)
0.00
349 (0.2%)
71 (0.2%)
0.00
Occurrence of Diabetic Neuropathy v2 Copy; n (%)
1,095 (4.8%)
116 (4.0%)
0.04
2,494 (3.7%)
485 (3.2%)
0.03
3,720 (2.7%)
626 (2.5%)
0.01
7309 (3.2%)
1227 (2.8%)
0.02
Occurrence of diabetic nephropathy V3 with ICD10 
Copy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Hypoglycemia v2; n (%)
148 (0.7%)
19 (0.6%)
0.01
780 (1.2%)
138 (0.9%)
0.03
1,333 (1.0%)
221 (0.9%)
0.01
2261 (1.0%)
378 (0.9%)
0.01
Hyperglycemia; n (%)
775 (3.4%)
114 (3.9%)
-0.03
1,082 (1.6%)
303 (2.0%)
-0.03
5,641 (4.1%)
1,169 (4.6%)
-0.02
7498 (3.3%)
1586 (3.7%)
-0.02
Disorders of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance; n 
(%)
797 (3.5%)
111 (3.8%)
-0.02
4,181 (6.2%)
939 (6.3%)
0.00
5,781 (4.2%)
1,199 (4.8%)
-0.03
10759 (4.7%)
2249 (5.2%)
-0.02
Diabetic ketoacidosis; n (%)
12 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
65 (0.1%)
9 (0.1%)
0.00
107 (0.1%)
23 (0.1%)
0.00
184 (0.1%)
34 (0.1%)
0.00
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome 
(HONK); n (%)
17 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
49 (0.1%)
7 (0.0%)
0.04
91 (0.1%)
24 (0.1%)
0.00
157 (0.1%)
32 (0.1%)
0.00
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders with 
ICD-10 v2 Copy; n (%)
554 (2.4%)
48 (1.6%)
0.06
1,275 (1.9%)
239 (1.6%)
0.02
2,694 (2.0%)
433 (1.7%)
0.02
4523 (2.0%)
720 (1.7%)
0.02
Diabetic Foot; n (%)
413 (1.8%)
39 (1.3%)
0.04
1,743 (2.6%)
268 (1.8%)
0.05
3,207 (2.4%)
457 (1.8%)
0.04
5363 (2.4%)
764 (1.8%)
0.04
Gangrene v2; n (%)
19 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
103 (0.2%)
16 (0.1%)
0.03
108 (0.1%)
12 (0.0%)
0.04
230 (0.1%)
29 (0.1%)
0.00
Lower extremity amputation; n (%)
55 (0.2%)
8 (0.3%)
-0.02
131 (0.2%)
29 (0.2%)
0.00
277 (0.2%)
39 (0.2%)
0.00
463 (0.2%)
076 (0.2%)
0.00
Osteomyelitis; n (%)
40 (0.2%)
4 (0.1%)
0.03
274 (0.4%)
50 (0.3%)
0.02
404 (0.3%)
52 (0.2%)
0.02
718 (0.3%)
106 (0.2%)
0.02
Unmatched
Optum
MarketScan
Medicare
POOLED
Appendix B

Skin infections v2; n (%)
1,050 (4.6%)
137 (4.7%)
0.00
4,516 (6.7%)
784 (5.3%)
0.06
7,183 (5.3%)
1,151 (4.6%)
0.03
12749 (5.6%)
2072 (4.8%)
0.04
Erectile dysfunction; n (%)
343 (1.5%)
69 (2.4%)
-0.07
726 (1.1%)
237 (1.6%)
-0.04
904 (0.7%)
232 (0.9%)
-0.02
1973 (0.9%)
538 (1.2%)
-0.03
Diabetes with unspecified complication; n (%)
187 (0.8%)
20 (0.7%)
0.01
519 (0.8%)
101 (0.7%)
0.01
764 (0.6%)
139 (0.6%)
0.00
1470 (0.6%)
260 (0.6%)
0.00
Diabetes mellitus without mention of complications; 
n (%)
5,754 (25.4%)
833 (28.4%)
-0.07
16,310 (24.1%)
3,721 (24.9%)
-0.02
34,888 (25.6%)
6,813 (27.0%)
-0.03
56,952 (25.1%)
11,367 (26.4%)
-0.03
Hypertension: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims 
within 365 days; n (%)
16,322 (72.0%)
2,239 (76.3%)
-0.10
42,997 (63.4%)
9,870 (66.1%)
-0.06
108,842 (80.0%)
21,120 (83.7%)
-0.10
168,161 (74.2%)
33,229 (77.1%)
-0.07
Hyperlipidemia v2; n (%)
11,780 (52.0%)
1,804 (61.4%)
-0.19
25,573 (37.7%)
6,296 (42.2%)
-0.09
59,674 (43.8%)
12,723 (50.4%)
-0.13
97,027 (42.8%)
20,823 (48.3%)
-0.11
Edema; n (%)
1,814 (8.0%)
243 (8.3%)
-0.01
5,614 (8.3%)
1,040 (7.0%)
0.05
8,853 (6.5%)
1,425 (5.6%)
0.04
16281 (7.2%)
2708 (6.3%)
0.04
Renal Dysfunction (non-diabetic) v2; n (%)
7 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
50 (0.1%)
6 (0.0%)
0.04
33 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of acute renal disease v2; n (%)
2 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
46 (0.1%)
6 (0.0%)
0.04
23 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
71 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
CKD Stage 3-4; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of hypertensive nephropathy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Occurrence of miscellaneous renal insufficiency v2; n 
(%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
4 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
000 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Glaucoma or cataracts v2; n (%)
5,118 (22.6%)
675 (23.0%)
-0.01
15,190 (22.4%)
3,243 (21.7%)
0.02
1,139 (0.8%)
160 (0.6%)
0.02
21,447 (9.5%)
4,078 (9.5%)
0.00
Cellulitis or abscess of toe; n (%)
191 (0.8%)
17 (0.6%)
0.02
500 (0.7%)
93 (0.6%)
0.01
2,821 (2.1%)
399 (1.6%)
0.04
3512 (1.6%)
509 (1.2%)
0.03
Foot ulcer; n (%)
422 (1.9%)
40 (1.4%)
0.04
1,801 (2.7%)
271 (1.8%)
0.06
128 (0.1%)
27 (0.1%)
0.00
2351 (1.0%)
338 (0.8%)
0.02
Bladder stones; n (%)
26 (0.1%)
5 (0.2%)
-0.03
78 (0.1%)
28 (0.2%)
-0.03
1,422 (1.0%)
293 (1.2%)
-0.02
1526 (0.7%)
326 (0.8%)
-0.01
Kidney stones; n (%)
171 (0.8%)
33 (1.1%)
-0.03
813 (1.2%)
228 (1.5%)
-0.03
12,492 (9.2%)
2,078 (8.2%)
0.04
13476 (5.9%)
2339 (5.4%)
0.02
Urinary tract infections (UTIs); n (%)
1,630 (7.2%)
185 (6.3%)
0.04
5,324 (7.9%)
927 (6.2%)
0.07
40,989 (30.1%)
8,320 (33.0%)
-0.06
47,943 (21.2%)
9,432 (21.9%)
-0.02
Dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
5,873 (25.9%)
901 (30.7%)
-0.11
13,373 (19.7%)
3,156 (21.1%)
-0.03
14,042 (10.3%)
2,978 (11.8%)
-0.05
33,288 (14.7%)
7,035 (16.3%)
-0.04
Non-dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
2,541 (11.2%)
355 (12.1%)
-0.03
3,103 (4.6%)
801 (5.4%)
-0.04
5,152 (3.8%)
1,026 (4.1%)
-0.02
10,796 (4.8%)
2,182 (5.1%)
-0.01
Urine function test; n (%)
687 (3.0%)
102 (3.5%)
-0.03
2,778 (4.1%)
638 (4.3%)
-0.01
2,169 (1.6%)
447 (1.8%)
-0.02
5634 (2.5%)
1187 (2.8%)
-0.02
Cytology; n (%)
250 (1.1%)
38 (1.3%)
-0.02
1,664 (2.5%)
358 (2.4%)
0.01
2,833 (2.1%)
519 (2.1%)
0.00
4747 (2.1%)
915 (2.1%)
0.00
Cystoscopy; n (%)
380 (1.7%)
48 (1.6%)
0.01
1,732 (2.6%)
378 (2.5%)
0.01
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
Other Covariates
Liver disease; n (%)
84 (0.4%)
14 (0.5%)
-0.01
343 (0.5%)
98 (0.7%)
-0.03
443 (0.3%)
100 (0.4%)
-0.02
870 (0.4%)
212 (0.5%)
-0.01
Osteoarthritis; n (%)
3,538 (15.6%)
497 (16.9%)
-0.04
10,558 (15.6%)
2,139 (14.3%)
0.04
21,641 (15.9%)
3,936 (15.6%)
0.01
35737 (15.8%)
6572 (15.3%)
0.01
Other arthritis, arthropathies and musculoskeletal 
pain; n (%)
7,087 (31.3%)
897 (30.6%)
0.02
23,692 (34.9%)
4,746 (31.8%)
0.07
41,341 (30.4%)
7,342 (29.1%)
0.03
72120 (31.8%)
12985 (30.1%)
0.04
Dorsopathies; n (%)
3,877 (17.1%)
535 (18.2%)
-0.03
12,398 (18.3%)
2,723 (18.2%)
0.00
22,378 (16.4%)
4,307 (17.1%)
-0.02
38653 (17.1%)
7565 (17.6%)
-0.01
Fractures; n (%)
627 (2.8%)
65 (2.2%)
0.04
3,305 (4.9%)
496 (3.3%)
0.08
5,148 (3.8%)
760 (3.0%)
0.04
9080 (4.0%)
1321 (3.1%)
0.05
Falls v2; n (%)
688 (3.0%)
67 (2.3%)
0.04
1,133 (1.7%)
149 (1.0%)
0.06
2,111 (1.6%)
262 (1.0%)
0.05
3932 (1.7%)
478 (1.1%)
0.05
Osteoporosis; n (%)
1,758 (7.8%)
188 (6.4%)
0.05
5,295 (7.8%)
1,008 (6.8%)
0.04
10,526 (7.7%)
1,911 (7.6%)
0.00
17579 (7.8%)
3107 (7.2%)
0.02
Hyperthyroidism; n (%)
163 (0.7%)
23 (0.8%)
-0.01
494 (0.7%)
104 (0.7%)
0.00
1,000 (0.7%)
248 (1.0%)
-0.03
1657 (0.7%)
375 (0.9%)
-0.02
Hypothyroidism v2; n (%)
3,397 (15.0%)
425 (14.5%)
0.01
7,128 (10.5%)
1,551 (10.4%)
0.00
15,444 (11.3%)
3,025 (12.0%)
-0.02
25969 (11.5%)
5001 (11.6%)
0.00
Other disorders of thyroid gland V2; n (%)
505 (2.2%)
74 (2.5%)
-0.02
1,546 (2.3%)
387 (2.6%)
-0.02
2,907 (2.1%)
676 (2.7%)
-0.04
4958 (2.2%)
1137 (2.6%)
-0.03
Depression; n (%)
1,103 (4.9%)
144 (4.9%)
0.00
3,463 (5.1%)
728 (4.9%)
0.01
6,172 (4.5%)
1,217 (4.8%)
-0.01
10738 (4.7%)
2089 (4.8%)
0.00
Anxiety; n (%)
973 (4.3%)
154 (5.2%)
-0.04
2,440 (3.6%)
592 (4.0%)
-0.02
5,217 (3.8%)
1,082 (4.3%)
-0.03
8630 (3.8%)
1828 (4.2%)
-0.02
Sleep_Disorder; n (%)
1,509 (6.7%)
291 (9.9%)
-0.12
6,461 (9.5%)
1,761 (11.8%)
-0.07
7,241 (5.3%)
1,661 (6.6%)
-0.05
15211 (6.7%)
3713 (8.6%)
-0.07
Dementia; n (%)
1,070 (4.7%)
113 (3.8%)
0.04
3,564 (5.3%)
483 (3.2%)
0.10
6,660 (4.9%)
919 (3.6%)
0.06
11294 (5.0%)
1515 (3.5%)
0.07
Delirium; n (%)
85 (0.4%)
16 (0.5%)
-0.01
960 (1.4%)
124 (0.8%)
0.06
1,006 (0.7%)
154 (0.6%)
0.01
2051 (0.9%)
294 (0.7%)
0.02
Psychosis; n (%)
119 (0.5%)
13 (0.4%)
0.01
772 (1.1%)
104 (0.7%)
0.04
944 (0.7%)
177 (0.7%)
0.00
1835 (0.8%)
294 (0.7%)
0.01
Obesity; n (%)
1,627 (7.2%)
283 (9.6%)
-0.09
3,572 (5.3%)
1,075 (7.2%)
-0.08
9,935 (7.3%)
2,313 (9.2%)
-0.07
15134 (6.7%)
3671 (8.5%)
-0.07
Overweight; n (%)
619 (2.7%)
83 (2.8%)
-0.01
498 (0.7%)
96 (0.6%)
0.01
2,324 (1.7%)
441 (1.7%)
0.00
3441 (1.5%)
620 (1.4%)
0.01
Smoking; n (%)
1,391 (6.1%)
228 (7.8%)
-0.07
2,660 (3.9%)
831 (5.6%)
-0.08
14,879 (10.9%)
3,432 (13.6%)
-0.08
18930 (8.4%)
4491 (10.4%)
-0.07
Alcohol abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Drug abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
COPD; n (%)
2,521 (11.1%)
302 (10.3%)
0.03
9,289 (13.7%)
1,896 (12.7%)
0.03
12,605 (9.3%)
2,316 (9.2%)
0.00
24415 (10.8%)
4514 (10.5%)
0.01
Asthma; n (%)
928 (4.1%)
134 (4.6%)
-0.02
3,235 (4.8%)
799 (5.4%)
-0.03
4,679 (3.4%)
1,016 (4.0%)
-0.03
8842 (3.9%)
1949 (4.5%)
-0.03
Obstructive sleep apnea; n (%)
1,465 (6.5%)
273 (9.3%)
-0.10
5,202 (7.7%)
1,465 (9.8%)
-0.07
5,922 (4.4%)
1,420 (5.6%)
-0.06
12589 (5.6%)
3158 (7.3%)
-0.07
Pneumonia; n (%)
479 (2.1%)
46 (1.6%)
0.04
4,419 (6.5%)
880 (5.9%)
0.02
4,846 (3.6%)
865 (3.4%)
0.01
9744 (4.3%)
1791 (4.2%)
0.00
Imaging; n (%)
3 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
115 (0.2%)
18 (0.1%)
0.03
2,821 (2.1%)
399 (1.6%)
0.04
2939 (1.3%)
418 (1.0%)
0.03
Other Medications
Use of ACE inhibitors; n (%)
7,637 (33.7%)
997 (34.0%)
-0.01
23,436 (34.6%)
5,249 (35.2%)
-0.01
47,332 (34.8%)
8,768 (34.8%)
0.00
78405 (34.6%)
15014 (34.8%)
0.00
Use of ARBs; n (%)
4,045 (17.8%)
571 (19.4%)
-0.04
14,719 (21.7%)
3,547 (23.8%)
-0.05
26,443 (19.4%)
5,734 (22.7%)
-0.08
45207 (20.0%)
9852 (22.9%)
-0.07
Use of Loop Diuretics - United; n (%)
4,781 (21.1%)
482 (16.4%)
0.12
21,128 (31.2%)
3,432 (23.0%)
0.19
34,289 (25.2%)
4,812 (19.1%)
0.15
60198 (26.6%)
8726 (20.2%)
0.15
Use of other diuretics- United; n (%)
859 (3.8%)
91 (3.1%)
0.04
4,266 (6.3%)
730 (4.9%)
0.06
6,138 (4.5%)
860 (3.4%)
0.06
11263 (5.0%)
1681 (3.9%)
0.05
Use of nitrates-United; n (%)
1,267 (5.6%)
146 (5.0%)
0.03
6,398 (9.4%)
1,249 (8.4%)
0.04
10,986 (8.1%)
1,964 (7.8%)
0.01
18651 (8.2%)
3359 (7.8%)
0.01
Use of other hypertension drugs; n (%)
1,739 (7.7%)
228 (7.8%)
0.00
5,200 (7.7%)
1,037 (6.9%)
0.03
9,777 (7.2%)
1,817 (7.2%)
0.00
16716 (7.4%)
3082 (7.2%)
0.01
Use of digoxin- United; n (%)
3,142 (13.9%)
318 (10.8%)
0.09
13,308 (19.6%)
2,168 (14.5%)
0.14
20,843 (15.3%)
2,997 (11.9%)
0.10
37293 (16.5%)
5483 (12.7%)
0.11
Use of Anti-arrhythmics; n (%)
2,154 (9.5%)
459 (15.6%)
-0.18
9,822 (14.5%)
3,029 (20.3%)
-0.15
15,578 (11.4%)
4,366 (17.3%)
-0.17
27554 (12.2%)
7854 (18.2%)
-0.17
Use of COPD/asthma meds- United; n (%)
3,022 (13.3%)
435 (14.8%)
-0.04
12,353 (18.2%)
2,900 (19.4%)
-0.03
20,518 (15.1%)
4,170 (16.5%)
-0.04
35893 (15.8%)
7505 (17.4%)
-0.04
Use of statins; n (%)
12,189 (53.8%)
1,579 (53.8%)
0.00
37,940 (56.0%)
8,310 (55.7%)
0.01
74,659 (54.9%)
14,235 (56.4%)
-0.03
124788 (55.1%)
24124 (56.0%)
-0.02
Use of other lipid-lowering drugs; n (%)
1,345 (5.9%)
221 (7.5%)
-0.06
6,440 (9.5%)
1,567 (10.5%)
-0.03
9,683 (7.1%)
2,038 (8.1%)
-0.04
17468 (7.7%)
3826 (8.9%)
-0.04
Use of antiplatelet agents; n (%)
1,466 (6.5%)
282 (9.6%)
-0.11
8,223 (12.1%)
2,505 (16.8%)
-0.13
12,346 (9.1%)
3,435 (13.6%)
-0.14
22035 (9.7%)
6222 (14.4%)
-0.14
Use of heparin and other low-molecular weight 
heparins; n (%)
501 (2.2%)
11 (0.4%)
0.16
29 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
5,084 (3.7%)
125 (0.5%)
0.22
5614 (2.5%)
138 (0.3%)
0.19
Use of NSAIDs; n (%)
1,606 (7.1%)
290 (9.9%)
-0.10
5,269 (7.8%)
1,572 (10.5%)
-0.09
11,395 (8.4%)
3,015 (12.0%)
-0.12
18270 (8.1%)
4877 (11.3%)
-0.11
Use of oral corticosteroids; n (%)
3,335 (14.7%)
475 (16.2%)
-0.04
12,514 (18.5%)
2,819 (18.9%)
-0.01
23,765 (17.5%)
4,688 (18.6%)
-0.03
39614 (17.5%)
7982 (18.5%)
-0.03
Use of bisphosphonate (United); n (%)
961 (4.2%)
109 (3.7%)
0.03
3,457 (5.1%)
681 (4.6%)
0.02
5,374 (3.9%)
1,024 (4.1%)
-0.01
9792 (4.3%)
1814 (4.2%)
0.00
Use of opioids- United; n (%)
4,335 (19.1%)
569 (19.4%)
-0.01
16,765 (24.7%)
3,550 (23.8%)
0.02
30,560 (22.5%)
5,619 (22.3%)
0.00
51660 (22.8%)
9738 (22.6%)
0.00
Use of antidepressants; n (%)
3,538 (15.6%)
473 (16.1%)
-0.01
12,223 (18.0%)
2,578 (17.3%)
0.02
24,350 (17.9%)
4,457 (17.7%)
0.01
40111 (17.7%)
7508 (17.4%)
0.01
Use of antipsychotics; n (%)
225 (1.0%)
25 (0.9%)
0.01
1,128 (1.7%)
168 (1.1%)
0.05
2,318 (1.7%)
392 (1.6%)
0.01
3671 (1.6%)
585 (1.4%)
0.02
Use of anticonvulsants; n (%)
2,045 (9.0%)
248 (8.4%)
0.02
6,508 (9.6%)
1,262 (8.5%)
0.04
13,821 (10.2%)
2,344 (9.3%)
0.03
22374 (9.9%)
3854 (8.9%)
0.03
Use of lithium- United; n (%)
16 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
46 (0.1%)
14 (0.1%)
0.00
57 (0.0%)
23 (0.1%)
-0.04
119 (0.1%)
40 (0.1%)
0.00
Use of Benzos- United; n (%)
1,463 (6.5%)
205 (7.0%)
-0.02
8,662 (12.8%)
1,940 (13.0%)
-0.01
10,944 (8.0%)
1,679 (6.7%)
0.05
21069 (9.3%)
3824 (8.9%)
0.01
Appendix B

Use of anxiolytics/hypnotics- United; n (%)
937 (4.1%)
184 (6.3%)
-0.10
4,377 (6.5%)
1,073 (7.2%)
-0.03
7,226 (5.3%)
1,699 (6.7%)
-0.06
12540 (5.5%)
2956 (6.9%)
-0.06
Use of dementia meds- United; n (%)
840 (3.7%)
98 (3.3%)
0.02
3,200 (4.7%)
474 (3.2%)
0.08
6,279 (4.6%)
927 (3.7%)
0.05
10319 (4.6%)
1499 (3.5%)
0.06
Use of antiparkinsonian meds- United; n (%)
492 (2.2%)
43 (1.5%)
0.05
1,880 (2.8%)
371 (2.5%)
0.02
3,833 (2.8%)
682 (2.7%)
0.01
6205 (2.7%)
1096 (2.5%)
0.01
Any use of pramlintide; n (%)
2 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
19 (0.0%)
8 (0.1%)
-0.04
11 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
32 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Any use of 1st generation sulfonylureas; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
19 (0.0%)
5 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0.00
Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan); n (%)
21 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
18 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
30 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
69 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
0.00
Labs
90,455 
17,865 
Lab values- HbA1c (%) v3; n (%)
2,340 (10.3%)
328 (11.2%)
-0.03
682 (1.0%)
109 (0.7%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,022 (3.3%)
437 (2.4%)
0.05
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 3 months) v3; n (%)
1,502 (6.6%)
212 (7.2%)
-0.02
480 (0.7%)
69 (0.5%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
1,982 (2.2%)
281 (1.6%)
0.04
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 6 months) v3; n (%)
2,340 (10.3%)
328 (11.2%)
-0.03
682 (1.0%)
109 (0.7%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,022 (3.3%)
437 (2.4%)
0.05
Lab values- BNP; n (%)
227 (1.0%)
28 (1.0%)
0.00
45 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
272 (0.3%)
045 (0.3%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 3 months); n (%)
165 (0.7%)
24 (0.8%)
-0.01
36 (0.1%)
14 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
201 (0.2%)
038 (0.2%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 6 months); n (%)
227 (1.0%)
28 (1.0%)
0.00
45 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
272 (0.3%)
045 (0.3%)
0.00
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl); n (%)
4,553 (20.1%)
704 (24.0%)
-0.09
559 (0.8%)
166 (1.1%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
5,112 (5.7%)
870 (4.9%)
0.04
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
3,091 (13.6%)
479 (16.3%)
-0.08
387 (0.6%)
117 (0.8%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,478 (3.8%)
596 (3.3%)
0.03
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
4,553 (20.1%)
704 (24.0%)
-0.09
559 (0.8%)
166 (1.1%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
5,112 (5.7%)
870 (4.9%)
0.04
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
4,643 (20.5%)
718 (24.5%)
-0.10
577 (0.9%)
182 (1.2%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
5,220 (5.8%)
900 (5.0%)
0.04
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; 
n (%)
3,146 (13.9%)
489 (16.7%)
-0.08
402 (0.6%)
125 (0.8%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,548 (3.9%)
614 (3.4%)
0.03
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; 
n (%)
4,643 (20.5%)
718 (24.5%)
-0.10
577 (0.9%)
182 (1.2%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
5,220 (5.8%)
900 (5.0%)
0.04
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl); n (%)
3,264 (14.4%)
532 (18.1%)
-0.10
539 (0.8%)
125 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,803 (4.2%)
657 (3.7%)
0.03
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
2,041 (9.0%)
340 (11.6%)
-0.09
367 (0.5%)
77 (0.5%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
2,408 (2.7%)
417 (2.3%)
0.03
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
3,264 (14.4%)
532 (18.1%)
-0.10
539 (0.8%)
125 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,803 (4.2%)
657 (3.7%)
0.03
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
3,488 (15.4%)
561 (19.1%)
-0.10
689 (1.0%)
134 (0.9%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4,177 (4.6%)
695 (3.9%)
0.03
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; n 
(%)
2,174 (9.6%)
359 (12.2%)
-0.08
460 (0.7%)
83 (0.6%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
2,634 (2.9%)
442 (2.5%)
0.02
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; n 
(%)
3,488 (15.4%)
561 (19.1%)
-0.10
689 (1.0%)
134 (0.9%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4,177 (4.6%)
695 (3.9%)
0.03
Lab values- NT-proBNP; n (%)
20 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
3 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
23 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 3 months); n (%)
16 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
2 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
18 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 6 months); n (%)
20 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
3 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
23 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
-
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
3,311 (14.6%)
542 (18.5%)
-0.11
560 (0.8%)
136 (0.9%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,871 (4.3%)
678 (3.8%)
0.03
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 3 
months) v2; n (%)
2,069 (9.1%)
346 (11.8%)
-0.09
377 (0.6%)
82 (0.5%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
2,446 (2.7%)
428 (2.4%)
0.02
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 6 
months) v2; n (%)
3,311 (14.6%)
542 (18.5%)
-0.11
560 (0.8%)
136 (0.9%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,871 (4.3%)
678 (3.8%)
0.03
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl); n (%)
3,262 (14.4%)
537 (18.3%)
-0.11
535 (0.8%)
126 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,797 (4.2%)
663 (3.7%)
0.03
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 3 
months); n (%)
2,035 (9.0%)
343 (11.7%)
-0.09
358 (0.5%)
77 (0.5%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
2,393 (2.6%)
420 (2.4%)
0.01
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 6 
months); n (%)
3,262 (14.4%)
537 (18.3%)
-0.11
535 (0.8%)
126 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
3,797 (4.2%)
663 (3.7%)
0.03
Lab result number- HbA1c (%) mean (only 2 to 20 
included) v4
2,323
 
326
 
534
 
101
 
N/A
N/A
2,857 
427 
...mean (sd)
6.47 (1.11)
6.53 (1.34)
-0.05
6.97 (1.28)
6.79 (1.17)
0.15
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
6.56 (1.14)
6.59 (1.30)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
6.25 [5.80, 6.90]
6.30 [5.80, 6.91]
-0.04
6.60 [6.15, 7.50]
6.50 [5.95, 7.35]
0.08
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
6.32 (1.14)
6.35 (1.30)
-0.02
...Missing; n (%)
20,342 (89.8%)
2,610 (88.9%)
0.03
67,256 (99.2%)
14,828 (99.3%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
87,598 (96.8%)
17,438 (97.6%)
-0.05
Lab result number- BNP mean v2
227
 
28
 
45
 
17
 
N/A
N/A
272 
45 
...mean (sd)
261.46 (277.83)
214.33 (164.51)
0.21
247.18 (218.19)
180.30 (209.53)
0.31
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
259.10 (269.51)
201.47 (184.72)
0.25
...median [IQR]
198.60 [99.39, 339.40]
170.15 [69.72, 343.75]
0.12
174.00 [78.80, 330.50]
121.00 [59.00, 245.00]
0.25
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
194.53 (269.51)
151.58 (184.72)
0.19
...Missing; n (%)
22,438 (99.0%)
2,908 (99.0%)
0.00
67,745 (99.9%)
14,912 (99.9%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
90,183 (99.7%)
17,820 (99.7%)
0.00
Lab result number- BUN (mg/dl) mean v2
4,553 
704 
559 
166 
N/A
N/A
5,112 
870 
...mean (sd)
18.85 (6.58)
17.70 (5.20)
0.19
19.96 (8.62)
18.29 (6.07)
0.22
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
18.97 (6.83)
17.81 (5.38)
0.19
...median [IQR]
18.00 [15.00, 22.00]
17.00 [14.00, 21.00]
0.17
18.50 [15.00, 23.00]
18.00 [14.88, 22.00]
0.07
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
18.05 (6.83)
17.19 (5.38)
0.14
...Missing; n (%)
18,112 (79.9%)
2,232 (76.0%)
0.09
67,231 (99.2%)
14,763 (98.9%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85,343 (94.3%)
16,995 (95.1%)
-0.04
Lab result number- Creatinine (mg/dl) mean (only 0.1 
to 15 included) v3
4,611 
714 
571 
178 
N/A
N/A
5,182 
892 
...mean (sd)
1.01 (0.25)
0.98 (0.21)
0.13
1.05 (0.30)
0.98 (0.24)
0.26
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
1.01 (0.26)
0.98 (0.22)
0.12
...median [IQR]
0.98 [0.84, 1.14]
0.96 [0.83, 1.10]
0.09
1.00 [0.85, 1.18]
0.96 [0.80, 1.13]
0.15
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
0.98 (0.26)
0.96 (0.22)
0.08
...Missing; n (%)
18,054 (79.7%)
2,222 (75.7%)
0.10
67,219 (99.2%)
14,751 (98.8%)
0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85,273 (94.3%)
16,973 (95.0%)
-0.03
Lab result number- HDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
3,264 
532 
539 
125 
N/A
N/A
3,803 
657 
...mean (sd)
51.06 (16.33)
52.25 (17.04)
-0.07
45.82 (14.49)
48.92 (17.38)
-0.19
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
50.32 (16.08)
51.62 (17.12)
-0.08
...median [IQR]
48.00 [40.00, 60.00]
49.00 [41.00, 61.00]
-0.06
44.00 [37.00, 53.00]
48.00 [36.75, 60.00]
-0.25
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
47.43 (16.08)
48.81 (17.12)
-0.08
...Missing; n (%)
19,401 (85.6%)
2,404 (81.9%)
0.10
67,251 (99.2%)
14,804 (99.2%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,652 (95.8%)
17,208 (96.3%)
-0.03
Lab result number- LDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
3,405 
545 
552 
128 
N/A
N/A
3,957 
673 
...mean (sd)
86.00 (31.67)
87.70 (33.74)
-0.05
84.18 (33.47)
82.01 (35.36)
0.06
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85.75 (31.93)
86.62 (34.08)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
82.00 [65.00, 104.00]
82.00 [66.00, 109.00]
0.00
81.00 [62.25, 101.00]
81.00 [59.00, 102.75]
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
81.86 (31.93)
81.81 (34.08)
0.00
...Missing; n (%)
19,260 (85.0%)
2,391 (81.4%)
0.10
67,238 (99.2%)
14,801 (99.1%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,498 (95.6%)
17,192 (96.2%)
-0.03
Lab result number- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
3,310 
542 
560 
136 
N/A
N/A
3,870 
678 
...mean (sd)
163.13 (39.87)
165.20 (40.26)
-0.05
157.07 (40.57)
160.25 (40.19)
-0.08
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
162.25 (39.98)
164.21 (40.28)
-0.05
...median [IQR]
159.00 [137.00, 186.00]
159.50 [138.00, 192.00]
-0.01
155.00 [132.00, 177.00]
160.50 [137.25, 183.38]
-0.14
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
158.42 (39.98)
159.70 (40.28)
-0.03
...Missing; n (%)
19,355 (85.4%)
2,394 (81.5%)
0.11
67,230 (99.2%)
14,793 (99.1%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,585 (95.7%)
17,187 (96.2%)
-0.03
Lab result number- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
3,262 
537 
535 
126 
N/A
N/A
3,797 
663 
...mean (sd)
129.05 (78.48)
121.50 (66.86)
0.10
139.12 (74.65)
141.59 (94.40)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
130.47 (77.96)
125.32 (72.93)
0.07
...median [IQR]
111.00 [82.00, 156.00]
107.00 [77.50, 145.00]
0.05
122.00 [88.00, 175.00]
125.50 [89.38, 157.38]
-0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
112.55 (77.96)
110.52 (72.93)
0.03
Appendix B

...Missing; n (%)
19,403 (85.6%)
2,399 (81.7%)
0.11
67,255 (99.2%)
14,803 (99.2%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,658 (95.8%)
17,202 (96.3%)
-0.03
Lab result number- Hemoglobin mean (only >0 
included)
3,295 
521 
359 
114 
N/A
N/A
3,654 
635 
...mean (sd)
13.87 (1.59)
14.08 (1.40)
-0.14
13.42 (1.59)
13.63 (2.34)
-0.10
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
13.83 (1.59)
14.00 (1.61)
-0.11
...median [IQR]
13.90 [12.90, 14.90]
14.00 [13.20, 15.00]
-0.07
13.50 [12.40, 14.40]
13.95 [12.94, 15.00]
-0.22
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
13.86 (1.59)
13.99 (1.61)
-0.08
...Missing; n (%)
19,370 (85.5%)
2,415 (82.3%)
0.09
67,431 (99.5%)
14,815 (99.2%)
0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,801 (96.0%)
17,230 (96.4%)
-0.02
Lab result number- Serum sodium mean (only > 90 
and < 190 included)
4,380 
685 
456 
142 
N/A
N/A
4,836 
827 
...mean (sd)
140.12 (2.88)
140.14 (3.00)
-0.01
139.70 (2.75)
139.32 (2.94)
0.13
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
140.08 (2.87)
140.00 (2.99)
0.03
...median [IQR]
140.00 [139.00, 142.00]
140.00 [139.00, 142.00]
0.00
140.00 [138.00, 141.00]
139.33 [138.00, 141.00]
0.24
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
140.00 (2.87)
139.88 (2.99)
0.04
...Missing; n (%)
18,285 (80.7%)
2,251 (76.7%)
0.10
67,334 (99.3%)
14,787 (99.0%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85,619 (94.7%)
17,038 (95.4%)
-0.03
Lab result number- Albumin mean (only >0 and <=10 
included)
3,911 
632 
366 
120 
N/A
N/A
4,277 
752 
...mean (sd)
4.14 (0.32)
4.19 (0.31)
-0.16
4.05 (0.49)
4.06 (0.47)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.13 (0.34)
4.17 (0.34)
-0.12
...median [IQR]
4.15 [3.95, 4.35]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
-0.16
4.10 [3.85, 4.30]
4.10 [3.90, 4.30]
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.15 (0.34)
4.18 (0.34)
-0.09
...Missing; n (%)
18,754 (82.7%)
2,304 (78.5%)
0.11
67,424 (99.5%)
14,809 (99.2%)
0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
86,178 (95.3%)
17,113 (95.8%)
-0.02
Lab result number- Glucose (fasting or random) mean 
(only 10-1000 included)
4,320 
676 
439 
130 
N/A
N/A
4,759 
806 
...mean (sd)
109.88 (33.22)
111.68 (39.94)
-0.05
130.34 (49.02)
127.55 (43.03)
0.06
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
111.77 (34.98)
114.24 (40.48)
-0.07
...median [IQR]
101.00 [91.00, 118.00]
100.17 [91.00, 116.88]
0.02
116.50 [98.00, 148.00]
114.50 [101.81, 138.31]
0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
102.43 (34.98)
102.48 (40.48)
0.00
...Missing; n (%)
18,345 (80.9%)
2,260 (77.0%)
0.10
67,351 (99.4%)
14,799 (99.1%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85,696 (94.7%)
17,059 (95.5%)
-0.04
Lab result number- Potassium mean (only 1-7 
included)
4,610 
711 
552 
164 
N/A
N/A
5,162 
875 
...mean (sd)
4.35 (0.44)
4.38 (0.44)
-0.07
4.33 (0.43)
4.37 (0.38)
-0.10
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.35 (0.44)
4.38 (0.43)
-0.07
...median [IQR]
4.30 [4.10, 4.60]
4.40 [4.10, 4.60]
-0.23
4.30 [4.10, 4.60]
4.40 [4.15, 4.60]
-0.25
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.30 (0.44)
4.40 (0.43)
-0.23
...Missing; n (%)
18,055 (79.7%)
2,225 (75.8%)
0.09
67,238 (99.2%)
14,765 (98.9%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
85,293 (94.3%)
16,990 (95.1%)
-0.04
Comorbidity Scores
CCI (180 days)- ICD9 and ICD10 v2
...mean (sd)
2.62 (1.44)
2.62 (1.34)
0.00
2.78 (1.68)
2.79 (1.56)
-0.01
1.42 (1.41)
1.32 (1.38)
0.07
1.95 (1.50)
1.92 (1.44)
0.02
...median [IQR]
2.00 [2.00, 3.00]
2.00 [2.00, 3.00]
0.00
2.00 [2.00, 4.00]
2.00 [2.00, 4.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
1.40 (1.50)
1.41 (1.44)
-0.01
Non-Frailty; n (%)
12,577 (55.5%)
1,612 (54.9%)
0.01
33,237 (49.0%)
7,284 (48.8%)
0.00
3,400 (2.5%)
524 (2.1%)
0.03
49,214 (21.7%)
9,420 (21.9%)
0.00
Frailty Score (mean): Empirical Version 365 days, v2
...mean (sd)
0.17 (0.04)
0.17 (0.04)
0.00
0.18 (0.05)
0.17 (0.05)
0.20
12.15 (9.76)
10.54 (9.32)
0.17
7.37 (7.56)
6.24 (7.13)
0.15
...median [IQR]
0.16 [0.14, 0.19]
0.16 [0.14, 0.19]
0.00
0.17 [0.15, 0.21]
0.16 [0.14, 0.19]
0.20
10.13 [5.57, 16.45]
8.75 [4.29, 14.71]
0.14
6.15 (7.56)
5.19 (7.13)
0.13
Healthcare Utilization
Any hospitalization; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
17,074 (25.2%)
4,804 (32.2%)
-0.16
19,589 (14.4%)
4,815 (19.1%)
-0.13
36,663 (16.2%)
9,619 (22.3%)
-0.16
Any hospitalization within prior 30 days; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
9,626 (14.2%)
3,296 (22.1%)
-0.21
11,829 (8.7%)
2,910 (11.5%)
-0.09
21455 (9.5%)
6206 (14.4%)
-0.15
Any hospitalization during prior 31-180 days; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
8,232 (12.1%)
1,717 (11.5%)
0.02
8,606 (6.3%)
2,082 (8.3%)
-0.08
16838 (7.4%)
3799 (8.8%)
-0.05
Endocrinologist Visit; n (%)
436 (1.9%)
84 (2.9%)
-0.07
1,932 (2.8%)
501 (3.4%)
-0.03
4,050 (3.0%)
874 (3.5%)
-0.03
6418 (2.8%)
1459 (3.4%)
-0.03
Endocrinologist Visit (30 days prior); n (%)
139 (0.6%)
21 (0.7%)
-0.01
633 (0.9%)
176 (1.2%)
-0.03
1,150 (0.8%)
276 (1.1%)
-0.03
1922 (0.8%)
473 (1.1%)
-0.03
Endocrinologist Visit (31 to 180 days prior); n (%)
381 (1.7%)
72 (2.5%)
-0.06
1,650 (2.4%)
413 (2.8%)
-0.03
3,536 (2.6%)
755 (3.0%)
-0.02
5567 (2.5%)
1240 (2.9%)
-0.02
Internal medicine/family medicine visits; n (%)
19,784 (87.3%)
2,435 (82.9%)
0.12
52,971 (78.1%)
11,827 (79.2%)
-0.03
108,913 (80.0%)
20,381 (80.8%)
-0.02
181668 (80.2%)
34643 (80.4%)
-0.01
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (30 days 
prior) v2; n (%)
13,564 (59.8%)
1,529 (52.1%)
0.16
33,572 (49.5%)
7,777 (52.1%)
-0.05
68,566 (50.4%)
12,510 (49.6%)
0.02
115702 (51.1%)
21816 (50.6%)
0.01
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (31 to 180 
days prior) v2; n (%)
17,797 (78.5%)
2,119 (72.2%)
0.15
48,286 (71.2%)
10,294 (69.0%)
0.05
95,817 (70.4%)
17,389 (68.9%)
0.03
161900 (71.5%)
29802 (69.2%)
0.05
Cardiologist visit; n (%)
11,235 (49.6%)
1,976 (67.3%)
-0.37
35,004 (51.6%)
9,003 (60.3%)
-0.18
85,057 (62.5%)
19,330 (76.6%)
-0.31
131296 (58.0%)
30309 (70.3%)
-0.26
Number of Cardiologist visits (30 days prior); n (%)
6,801 (30.0%)
1,379 (47.0%)
-0.35
20,128 (29.7%)
6,908 (46.3%)
-0.35
53,448 (39.3%)
14,249 (56.5%)
-0.35
80377 (35.5%)
22536 (52.3%)
-0.34
Number of Cardiologist visits (31 to 180 days prior); 
n (%)
8,195 (36.2%)
1,255 (42.7%)
-0.13
27,617 (40.7%)
5,842 (39.1%)
0.03
61,773 (45.4%)
12,141 (48.1%)
-0.05
97585 (43.1%)
19238 (44.6%)
-0.03
Electrocardiogram v2; n (%)
11,225 (49.5%)
2,064 (70.3%)
-0.43
39,015 (57.6%)
11,173 (74.8%)
-0.37
77,673 (57.1%)
19,434 (77.0%)
-0.43
127913 (56.5%)
32671 (75.8%)
-0.42
Use of glucose test strips; n (%)
176 (0.8%)
33 (1.1%)
-0.03
475 (0.7%)
113 (0.8%)
-0.01
1,262 (0.9%)
261 (1.0%)
-0.01
1913 (0.8%)
407 (0.9%)
-0.01
Dialysis; n (%)
4 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
number of different/distinct medication 
prescriptions
...mean (sd)
7.72 (3.82)
8.13 (4.07)
-0.10
9.26 (4.52)
9.27 (4.58)
0.00
8.30 (3.85)
8.59 (4.06)
-0.07
8.53 (4.06)
8.79 (4.25)
0.00
...median [IQR]
7.00 [5.00, 10.00]
8.00 [5.00, 10.00]
-0.25
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
0.00
8.00 [6.00, 10.00]
8.00 [6.00, 11.00]
0.00
5.79 (4.76)
6.43 (4.80)
0.00
Number of Hospitalizations
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
#DIV/0!
0.28 (0.51)
0.35 (0.55)
-0.13
0.16 (0.43)
0.21 (0.47)
-0.11
0.18 (0.43)
0.24 (0.48)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#DIV/0!
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.52)
0.00 (0.55)
0.00
Number of hospital days
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.11)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00
1.61 (4.76)
1.50 (3.28)
0.03
0.80 (2.85)
0.85 (2.46)
-0.02
0.96 (3.41)
1.02 (2.70)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (4.30)
0.00 (3.14)
0.00
Number of Emergency Department (ED) visits v3
...mean (sd)
0.33 (0.88)
0.42 (1.03)
-0.09
0.38 (1.65)
0.45 (1.73)
-0.04
0.57 (1.27)
0.63 (1.27)
-0.05
0.49 (1.36)
0.55 (1.43)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.64)
0.00 (1.66)
0.00
Number of Office visits
...mean (sd)
5.17 (4.16)
5.24 (3.67)
-0.02
6.39 (5.10)
5.79 (4.33)
0.13
11.99 (11.24)
11.79 (10.20)
0.02
9.63 (9.24)
9.27 (8.27)
0.00
...median [IQR]
4.00 [2.00, 7.00]
4.00 [3.00, 7.00]
0.00
5.00 [3.00, 9.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
0.00
9.00 [4.00, 16.00]
9.00 [5.00, 16.00]
0.00
4.59 (9.66)
5.12 (8.53)
0.00
Number of Endocrinologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.07 (0.76)
0.11 (1.08)
-0.04
0.11 (0.99)
0.11 (0.87)
0.00
0.13 (1.28)
0.17 (1.51)
-0.03
0.12 (1.16)
0.15 (1.29)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.28)
0.00 (1.36)
0.00
Number of internal medicine/family medicine visits
...mean (sd)
10.57 (13.09)
8.08 (12.69)
0.19
7.44 (10.97)
6.42 (9.19)
0.10
7.40 (9.26)
6.44 (7.85)
0.11
7.73 (10.23)
6.54 (8.74)
0.00
...median [IQR]
6.00 [2.00, 15.00]
4.00 [1.00, 10.00]
0.16
4.00 [1.00, 10.00]
4.00 [1.00, 8.00]
0.00
4.00 [1.00, 10.00]
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
0.00
2.99 (11.87)
3.04 (9.82)
0.00
Number of Cardiologist visits
...mean (sd)
2.53 (4.49)
3.44 (4.50)
-0.20
3.04 (5.45)
3.42 (5.10)
-0.07
3.93 (6.21)
4.80 (5.92)
-0.14
3.52 (5.84)
4.23 (5.56)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
-0.44
1.00 [0.00, 4.00]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
-0.19
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
3.00 [1.00, 7.00]
-0.16
0.90 (6.56)
1.87 (6.09)
0.00
Number electrocardiograms received v2
...mean (sd)
0.96 (1.50)
1.61 (1.87)
-0.38
1.26 (1.82)
1.79 (1.99)
-0.28
1.24 (1.68)
1.89 (1.96)
-0.36
1.22 (1.71)
1.84 (1.96)
0.00
Appendix B

...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
-0.59
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [1.00, 3.00]
0.00
0.60 (1.98)
0.76 (2.19)
0.00
Number of HbA1c tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.36 (0.67)
0.39 (0.70)
-0.04
0.14 (0.45)
0.16 (0.48)
-0.04
0.37 (0.69)
0.41 (0.72)
-0.06
0.30 (0.63)
0.32 (0.65)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.67)
0.00 (0.69)
0.00
Number of glucose tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.11 (0.90)
0.16 (0.94)
-0.05
0.10 (0.54)
0.11 (0.58)
-0.02
0.11 (0.52)
0.13 (0.49)
-0.04
0.11 (0.58)
0.13 (0.56)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.65)
0.00 (0.63)
0.00
Number of lipid tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.59 (0.80)
0.69 (0.85)
-0.12
0.22 (0.62)
0.26 (0.68)
-0.06
0.59 (0.71)
0.70 (0.75)
-0.15
0.48 (0.69)
0.55 (0.73)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.21
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.37
0.00 (0.77)
0.41 (0.81)
-0.01
Number of creatinine tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.06 (0.32)
0.07 (0.32)
-0.03
0.07 (0.41)
0.05 (0.27)
0.06
0.09 (0.38)
0.09 (0.37)
0.00
0.08 (0.38)
0.07 (0.34)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.44)
0.00 (0.36)
0.00
Number of BUN tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.03 (0.24)
0.05 (0.25)
-0.08
0.04 (0.31)
0.03 (0.23)
0.04
0.05 (0.29)
0.06 (0.28)
-0.04
0.05 (0.29)
0.05 (0.26)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.34)
0.00 (0.28)
0.00
Number of tests for microalbuminuria
...mean (sd)
0.18 (0.61)
0.19 (0.64)
-0.02
0.06 (0.36)
0.08 (0.39)
-0.05
0.10 (0.37)
0.12 (0.39)
-0.05
0.10 (0.40)
0.11 (0.41)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.44)
0.00 (0.45)
0.00
Total N distinct ICD9/ICD10 diagnoses at the 3rd 
digit level Copy
...mean (sd)
3.20 (4.99)
3.00 (5.09)
0.04
2.23 (5.06)
2.21 (4.86)
0.00
3.88 (6.40)
3.93 (6.39)
-0.01
3.32 (5.90)
3.27 (5.82)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 5.00]
0.00 [0.00, 5.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00
0.00 (6.52)
0.00 (6.28)
0.00
For PS
Hemorrhagic stroke+Other cerebrovascular 
disease+Cerebrovascular procedure (for PS); n (%)
392 (1.7%)
56 (1.9%)
-0.02
1,508 (2.2%)
344 (2.3%)
-0.01
2,242 (1.6%)
461 (1.8%)
-0.02
4142 (1.8%)
861 (2.0%)
-0.01
Occurrence of creatinine tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
1,003 (4.4%)
167 (5.7%)
-0.06
3,079 (4.5%)
535 (3.6%)
0.05
9,217 (6.8%)
1,813 (7.2%)
-0.02
13299 (5.9%)
2515 (5.8%)
0.00
Occurrence of BUN tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
611 (2.7%)
112 (3.8%)
-0.06
1,812 (2.7%)
365 (2.4%)
0.02
5,615 (4.1%)
1,169 (4.6%)
-0.02
8038 (3.5%)
1646 (3.8%)
-0.02
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency w/o CKD 
(for PS) v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 1-2 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 3-6 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Bladder stones+Kidney stones (for PS); n (%)
187 (0.8%)
36 (1.2%)
-0.04
861 (1.3%)
245 (1.6%)
-0.03
1,494 (1.1%)
311 (1.2%)
-0.01
2542 (1.1%)
592 (1.4%)
-0.03
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory 
disorders+Gangrene+Osteomyelitis(for PS) v3 with 
ICD10 Copy; n (%)
601 (2.7%)
51 (1.7%)
0.07
1,554 (2.3%)
285 (1.9%)
0.03
3,124 (2.3%)
485 (1.9%)
0.03
5279 (2.3%)
821 (1.9%)
0.03
Alcohol abuse or dependence+Drug abuse or 
dependence (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Diabetes with other ophthalmic 
manifestations+Retinal detachment, vitreous 
hemorrhage, vitrectomy+Retinal laser coagulation 
therapy (for PS); n (%)
86 (0.4%)
11 (0.4%)
0.00
937 (1.4%)
183 (1.2%)
0.02
1,247 (0.9%)
226 (0.9%)
0.00
2270 (1.0%)
420 (1.0%)
0.00
Other atherosclerosis+Cardiac conduction 
disorders+Other CVD (for PS) v2 Copy; n (%)
3,880 (17.1%)
540 (18.4%)
-0.03
21,635 (31.9%)
4,994 (33.5%)
-0.03
20,779 (15.3%)
4,065 (16.1%)
-0.02
46294 (20.4%)
9599 (22.3%)
-0.05
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) + 
History of CABG or PTCA (for PS) v3; n (%)
1,033 (4.6%)
148 (5.0%)
-0.02
3,026 (4.5%)
771 (5.2%)
-0.03
8,489 (6.2%)
2,092 (8.3%)
-0.08
12548 (5.5%)
3011 (7.0%)
-0.06
Hyperthyroidism + Hypothyroidism + Other disorders 
of thyroid gland (for PS); n (%)
3,831 (16.9%)
479 (16.3%)
0.02
8,436 (12.4%)
1,861 (12.5%)
0.00
17,662 (13.0%)
3,549 (14.1%)
-0.03
29929 (13.2%)
5889 (13.7%)
-0.01
Delirium + Psychosis (for PS); n (%)
198 (0.9%)
29 (1.0%)
-0.01
1,554 (2.3%)
211 (1.4%)
0.07
1,839 (1.4%)
311 (1.2%)
0.02
3591 (1.6%)
551 (1.3%)
0.03
Any use of Meglitinides (for PS); n (%)
38 (0.2%)
3 (0.1%)
0.03
324 (0.5%)
74 (0.5%)
0.00
377 (0.3%)
74 (0.3%)
0.00
739 (0.3%)
151 (0.4%)
-0.02
Any use of AGIs (for PS); n (%)
17 (0.1%)
4 (0.1%)
0.00
69 (0.1%)
28 (0.2%)
-0.03
109 (0.1%)
30 (0.1%)
0.00
195 (0.1%)
62 (0.1%)
0.00
CKD stage 3-6 + dialysis (for PS); n (%)
4 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
Use of thiazide- United; n (%)
2,786 (12.3%)
342 (11.6%)
0.02
7,453 (11.0%)
1,623 (10.9%)
0.00
16,971 (12.5%)
3,212 (12.7%)
-0.01
27210 (12.0%)
5177 (12.0%)
0.00
Use of beta blockers; n (%)
13,713 (60.5%)
1,820 (62.0%)
-0.03
44,683 (65.9%)
10,110 (67.7%)
-0.04
87,512 (64.3%)
16,625 (65.9%)
-0.03
145908 (64.4%)
28555 (66.3%)
-0.04
Use of calcium channel blockers; n (%)
7,737 (34.1%)
1,075 (36.6%)
-0.05
24,743 (36.5%)
5,699 (38.2%)
-0.04
48,655 (35.8%)
9,878 (39.2%)
-0.07
81135 (35.8%)
16652 (38.6%)
-0.06
All antidiabetic medications except Insulin; n (%)
4,109 (18.1%)
615 (20.9%)
-0.07
12,310 (18.2%)
2,931 (19.6%)
-0.04
25,209 (18.5%)
5,082 (20.1%)
-0.04
41628 (18.4%)
8628 (20.0%)
-0.04
DM Medications - Insulin Copy; n (%)
864 (3.8%)
128 (4.4%)
-0.03
3,888 (5.7%)
795 (5.3%)
0.02
5,129 (3.8%)
926 (3.7%)
0.01
9881 (4.4%)
1849 (4.3%)
0.00
Use of Low Intensity Statins; n (%)
8,138 (35.9%)
964 (32.8%)
0.07
23,820 (35.1%)
4,901 (32.8%)
0.05
48,921 (35.9%)
8,854 (35.1%)
0.02
80879 (35.7%)
14719 (34.2%)
0.03
Use of High Intensity Statins; n (%)
4,085 (18.0%)
619 (21.1%)
-0.08
13,552 (20.0%)
3,233 (21.7%)
-0.04
26,098 (19.2%)
5,459 (21.6%)
-0.06
43735 (19.3%)
9311 (21.6%)
-0.06
Malignant hypertension; n (%)
693 (3.1%)
107 (3.6%)
-0.03
27,053 (39.9%)
6,491 (43.5%)
-0.07
16,757 (12.3%)
4,133 (16.4%)
-0.12
44503 (19.6%)
10731 (24.9%)
-0.13
Cardiovascular stress test; n (%)
58 (0.3%)
13 (0.4%)
-0.02
449 (0.7%)
69 (0.5%)
0.03
579 (0.4%)
107 (0.4%)
0.00
1086 (0.5%)
189 (0.4%)
0.01
Echocardiogram; n (%)
3,464 (15.3%)
835 (28.4%)
-0.32
23,390 (34.5%)
7,438 (49.8%)
-0.31
29,798 (21.9%)
9,331 (37.0%)
-0.34
56652 (25.0%)
17604 (40.8%)
-0.34
Number of BNP tests
...mean (sd)
0.08 (0.35)
0.09 (0.36)
-0.03
0.07 (0.40)
0.08 (0.35)
-0.03
0.11 (0.41)
0.13 (0.42)
-0.05
0.10 (0.40)
0.11 (0.39)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.46)
0.00 (0.43)
0.00
Number of Cardiac biomarkers tests (tropnin, CK-MBs, Myoglobin, CPK)
...mean (sd)
0.22 (0.91)
0.37 (1.23)
-0.14
0.21 (0.98)
0.32 (1.30)
-0.10
0.19 (0.49)
0.25 (0.56)
-0.11
0.20 (0.72)
0.28 (0.93)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.90)
0.00 (1.13)
0.00
Number of Ambulatory Blood pressure monitoring tests
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.03)
0.00 (0.03)
0.00
0.00 (0.04)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
0.00 (0.03)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.04)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
N of days on antihypertensive medications during baseline
0
0
...mean (sd)
130.02 (68.95)
129.85 (66.94)
0.00
135.76 (65.79)
131.96 (67.63)
0.06
138.23 (64.13)
137.11 (64.13)
0.02
136.67 (65.13)
134.83 (65.56)
0.00
...median [IQR]
171.00 [89.00, 181.00]
168.00 [91.00, 181.00]
0.04
174.00 [110.00, 181.00]
171.00 [94.00, 181.00]
0.04
174.00 [122.00, 181.00]
173.00 [116.00, 181.00]
0.02
121.24 (74.47)
130.61 (73.42)
0.00
N of days in database anytime prior
0
0
...mean (sd)
1,750.74 (1,238.00)
1,753.82 (1,191.57)
0.00
2,172.37 (1,246.30)
2,083.21 (1,203.95)
0.07
833.53 (537.51)
873.46 (457.48)
-0.08
1325.93 (889.77)
1352.52 (849.34)
0.00
Appendix B

...median [IQR]
1,541.00 [660.00, 
2,568.00]
1,604.00 [712.50, 
2,511.00]
-0.05
2,222.00 [1,052.00, 3,178.25]
2,094.00 [997.50, 3,086.00]
0.10688.00 [448.00, 1,064.00]
814.00 [530.00, 1,095.00]
-0.25
1024.96 (1122.48)
1116.67 (1033.38)
0.00
Mean Copay for per prescription cost (charges in U.S. $) (180-1 day prior)
0
0
...mean (sd)
30.18 (42.11)
31.24 (39.86)
-0.03
20.81 (20.98)
22.85 (23.53)
-0.09
119.85 (114.12)
114.07 (117.32)
0.05
81.24 (90.18)
76.83 (91.42)
0.00
...median [IQR]
18.00 [8.44, 36.45]
20.77 [9.54, 39.82]
-0.07
16.05 [8.20, 27.50]
17.50 [8.75, 30.19]
-0.07
95.08 [66.22, 140.00]
90.00 [62.61, 132.00]
0.04
35.06 (90.91)
38.66 (92.15)
0.00
...Missing; n (%)
897 (4.0%)
62 (2.1%)
0.11
1,967 (2.9%)
447 (3.0%)
-0.01
3,658 (2.7%)
516 (2.0%)
0.05
6522 (2.9%)
1025 (2.4%)
0.03
Colonoscopy; n (%)
527 (2.3%)
97 (3.3%)
-0.06
1,843 (2.7%)
500 (3.3%)
-0.04
3,176 (2.3%)
762 (3.0%)
-0.04
5546 (2.4%)
1359 (3.2%)
-0.05
Fecal occult blood (FOB) test; n (%)
738 (3.3%)
119 (4.1%)
-0.04
1,273 (1.9%)
340 (2.3%)
-0.03
2,831 (2.1%)
742 (2.9%)
-0.05
4842 (2.1%)
1201 (2.8%)
-0.05
Flu vaccine; n (%)
4,911 (21.7%)
569 (19.4%)
0.06
8,030 (11.8%)
1,549 (10.4%)
0.04
45,927 (33.7%)
8,362 (33.1%)
0.01
58868 (26.0%)
10480 (24.3%)
0.04
Mammogram; n (%)
1,643 (7.2%)
230 (7.8%)
-0.02
3,465 (5.1%)
794 (5.3%)
-0.01
9,038 (6.6%)
1,984 (7.9%)
-0.05
14146 (6.2%)
3008 (7.0%)
-0.03
Pap smear; n (%)
238 (1.1%)
45 (1.5%)
-0.04
876 (1.3%)
243 (1.6%)
-0.03
1,723 (1.3%)
566 (2.2%)
-0.07
2837 (1.3%)
854 (2.0%)
-0.05
Pneumonia vaccine; n (%)
2,371 (10.5%)
268 (9.1%)
0.05
2,176 (3.2%)
469 (3.1%)
0.01
16,663 (12.2%)
2,980 (11.8%)
0.01
21210 (9.4%)
3717 (8.6%)
0.03
PSA test or Prostate exam for DRE; n (%)
3,062 (13.5%)
511 (17.4%)
-0.11
3,858 (5.7%)
1,151 (7.7%)
-0.08
18,750 (13.8%)
4,597 (18.2%)
-0.12
25670 (11.3%)
6259 (14.5%)
-0.10
Bone mineral density; n (%)
705 (3.1%)
107 (3.6%)
-0.03
1,213 (1.8%)
266 (1.8%)
0.00
3,836 (2.8%)
858 (3.4%)
-0.03
5754 (2.5%)
1231 (2.9%)
-0.02
Use of Sympatomimetic agents; n (%)
45 (0.2%)
11 (0.4%)
-0.04
231 (0.3%)
91 (0.6%)
-0.04
267 (0.2%)
61 (0.2%)
0.00
543 (0.2%)
163 (0.4%)
-0.04
Use of CNS stimulants; n (%)
24 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
250 (0.4%)
84 (0.6%)
-0.03
183 (0.1%)
33 (0.1%)
0.00
457 (0.2%)
120 (0.3%)
-0.02
Use of estrogens, progestins, androgens; n (%)
465 (2.1%)
88 (3.0%)
-0.06
2,275 (3.4%)
696 (4.7%)
-0.07
3,175 (2.3%)
880 (3.5%)
-0.07
5915 (2.6%)
1664 (3.9%)
-0.07
Use of Angiogenesis inhibitors; n (%)
4 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
28 (0.0%)
5 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
29 (0.0%)
12 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
61 (0.0%)
18 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Use of Oral Immunosuppressants; n (%)
6 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
69 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
19 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
94 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of fondaparinux or Bivalirudin; n (%)
3 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
61 (0.1%)
11 (0.1%)
0.00
61 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
125 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of other direct thrombin inhibitors (lepirudin, 
desirudin, argatroban); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Use of Ticagrelor ON CED; n (%)
2 (0.0%)
2 (0.1%)
-0.04
43 (0.1%)
12 (0.1%)
0.00
26 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
71 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of Ticagrelor; n (%)
6 (0.0%)
3 (0.1%)
-0.04
62 (0.1%)
19 (0.1%)
0.00
165 (0.1%)
37 (0.1%)
0.00
233 (0.1%)
59 (0.1%)
0.00
Number of D-dimer tests
...mean (sd)
0.01 (0.12)
0.02 (0.15)
-0.07
0.01 (0.12)
0.02 (0.16)
-0.07
0.02 (0.16)
0.03 (0.18)
-0.06
0.02 (0.15)
0.03 (0.17)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.16)
0.00 (0.19)
0.00
Numbe of CRP, high-sensitivity CRP tests
...mean (sd)
0.04 (0.31)
0.06 (0.32)
-0.06
0.03 (0.23)
0.03 (0.20)
0.00
0.06 (0.35)
0.07 (0.36)
-0.03
0.05 (0.31)
0.06 (0.31)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.34)
0.00 (0.33)
0.00
Number of PT or aPTTt tests
...mean (sd)
3.36 (4.06)
0.45 (1.50)
0.95
1.97 (3.43)
0.38 (1.42)
0.61
3.73 (4.31)
0.40 (1.30)
1.05
3.17 (4.04)
0.40 (1.36)
0.01
...median [IQR]
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.65
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.63
0.80 (4.46)
0.00 (1.52)
0.00
Number of Bleeding time tests
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.01)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00
0.00 (0.01)
0.00 (0.01)
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
HAS-BLED Score (ICD-9 and ICD-10), 180 days
...mean (sd)
3.18 (0.65)
3.23 (0.68)
-0.08
3.23 (0.70)
3.24 (0.75)
-0.01
3.23 (0.61)
3.29 (0.62)
-0.10
3.22 (0.64)
3.27 (0.67)
0.00
...median [IQR]
3.00 [3.00, 3.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
2.10 (0.75)
2.28 (0.77)
0.00
N of Generic name drugs
...mean (sd)
15.76 (13.47)
14.43 (12.65)
0.10
13.67 (9.58)
12.24 (9.51)
0.15
15.17 (11.23)
14.50 (11.57)
0.06
14.78 (11.02)
13.71 (10.98)
0.00
...median [IQR]
12.00 [7.00, 20.00]
11.00 [6.00, 19.00]
0.08
12.00 [7.00, 18.00]
10.00 [6.00, 16.00]
0.21
13.00 [8.00, 19.00]
12.00 [7.00, 19.00]
0.09
8.68 (12.21)
8.37 (11.93)
0.00
N of Brand name drugs
...mean (sd)
2.94 (4.50)
4.77 (5.14)
-0.38
4.27 (4.65)
5.81 (5.28)
-0.31
3.12 (4.33)
5.05 (5.37)
-0.40
3.45 (4.45)
5.29 (5.32)
0.00
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 4.00]
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
-0.41
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
4.00 [2.00, 8.00]
-0.20
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
3.00 [1.00, 7.00]
-0.21
1.60 (5.13)
2.63 (5.92)
0.00
Use of clopidogrel ; n (%)
1,016 (4.5%)
190 (6.5%)
-0.09
5,477 (8.1%)
1,823 (12.2%)
-0.14
8,774 (6.4%)
2,571 (10.2%)
-0.14
15267 (6.7%)
4584 (10.6%)
-0.14
Systemic embolism; n (%)
117 (0.5%)
12 (0.4%)
0.01
588 (0.9%)
58 (0.4%)
0.06
713 (0.5%)
87 (0.3%)
0.03
1418 (0.6%)
157 (0.4%)
0.03
DVT; n (%)
887 (3.9%)
33 (1.1%)
0.18
3,510 (5.2%)
214 (1.4%)
0.21
6,763 (5.0%)
280 (1.1%)
0.23
11160 (4.9%)
527 (1.2%)
0.22
PE; n (%)
406 (1.8%)
4 (0.1%)
0.18
2,009 (3.0%)
91 (0.6%)
0.18
3,175 (2.3%)
74 (0.3%)
0.18
5590 (2.5%)
169 (0.4%)
0.18
Diabetes: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims within 
183 days ; n (%)
5,727 (25.3%)
791 (26.9%)
-0.04
16,089 (23.7%)
3,565 (23.9%)
0.00
33,792 (24.8%)
6,369 (25.2%)
-0.01
55608 (24.5%)
10725 (24.9%)
-0.01
Intracranial or retroperitoneal hemorrhage: 1 
inpatient or 2 outpatient claims within 183 days ; n 
(%)
27 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
89 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
90 (0.1%)
18 (0.1%)
0.00
206 (0.1%)
27 (0.1%)
0.00
Peptic Ulcer Disease; n (%)
1,599 (7.1%)
222 (7.6%)
-0.02
3,997 (5.9%)
908 (6.1%)
-0.01
8,879 (6.5%)
1,855 (7.4%)
-0.04
14475 (6.4%)
2985 (6.9%)
-0.02
Upper GI bleed; n (%)
2 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
17 (0.0%)
4 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
18 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
37 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Lower/ unspecified GI bleed; n (%)
127 (0.6%)
25 (0.9%)
-0.03
491 (0.7%)
102 (0.7%)
0.00
705 (0.5%)
154 (0.6%)
-0.01
1323 (0.6%)
281 (0.7%)
-0.01
Urogenital bleed; n (%)
686 (3.0%)
91 (3.1%)
-0.01
2,289 (3.4%)
451 (3.0%)
0.02
4,121 (3.0%)
727 (2.9%)
0.01
7096 (3.1%)
1269 (2.9%)
0.01
Other bleeds; n (%)
297 (1.3%)
28 (1.0%)
0.03
1,189 (1.8%)
163 (1.1%)
0.06
1,919 (1.4%)
259 (1.0%)
0.04
3405 (1.5%)
450 (1.0%)
0.05
Prior cancer; n (%)
2,605 (11.5%)
307 (10.5%)
0.03
6,550 (9.7%)
1,366 (9.1%)
0.02
13,998 (10.3%)
2,691 (10.7%)
-0.01
23153 (10.2%)
4364 (10.1%)
0.00
Aspirin; n (%)
58 (0.3%)
13 (0.4%)
-0.02
593 (0.9%)
180 (1.2%)
-0.03
348 (0.3%)
118 (0.5%)
-0.03
999 (0.4%)
311 (0.7%)
-0.04
Aspirin/dipyridamole; n (%)
36 (0.2%)
11 (0.4%)
-0.04
243 (0.4%)
83 (0.6%)
-0.03
295 (0.2%)
103 (0.4%)
-0.04
574 (0.3%)
197 (0.5%)
-0.03
Other antiplatelet agents; n (%)
108 (0.5%)
13 (0.4%)
0.01
407 (0.6%)
83 (0.6%)
0.00
604 (0.4%)
148 (0.6%)
-0.03
1119 (0.5%)
244 (0.6%)
-0.01
PGP inhibitors; n (%)
8,231 (36.3%)
1,160 (39.5%)
-0.07
30,813 (45.5%)
7,267 (48.7%)
-0.06
54,573 (40.1%)
11,181 (44.3%)
-0.09
93617 (41.3%)
19608 (45.5%)
-0.08
Other gastroprotective agents; n (%)
89 (0.4%)
17 (0.6%)
-0.03
525 (0.8%)
142 (1.0%)
-0.02
866 (0.6%)
178 (0.7%)
-0.01
1480 (0.7%)
337 (0.8%)
-0.01
Number of lipid tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.59 (0.80)
0.69 (0.85)
-0.12
0.22 (0.62)
0.26 (0.68)
-0.06
0.62 (0.78)
0.74 (0.83)
-0.15
0.50 (0.74)
0.57 (0.78)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.21
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.24
0.00 (0.81)
0.41 (0.85)
0.00
Proton pump inhibitor; n (%)
3,648 (16.1%)
468 (15.9%)
0.01
13,322 (19.7%)
2,930 (19.6%)
0.00
25,610 (18.8%)
4,816 (19.1%)
-0.01
42580 (18.8%)
8214 (19.1%)
-0.01
H2 receptor antagonist; n (%)
704 (3.1%)
99 (3.4%)
-0.02
2,254 (3.3%)
422 (2.8%)
0.03
5,175 (3.8%)
1,006 (4.0%)
-0.01
8133 (3.6%)
1527 (3.5%)
0.01
Vitamin K therapy; n (%)
18 (0.1%)
0 (0.0%)
0.04
180 (0.3%)
8 (0.1%)
0.04
101 (0.1%)
**
#VALUE!
299 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Number of neurologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.15 (0.97)
0.17 (1.00)
-0.02
0.18 (1.18)
0.21 (1.01)
-0.03
0.20 (1.29)
0.24 (1.22)
-0.03
0.19 (1.23)
0.22 (1.14)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.39)
0.00 (1.24)
0.00
Number of INR (prothrombin) tests ordered
...mean (sd)
3.26 (3.99)
0.35 (1.30)
0.98
1.88 (3.34)
0.29 (1.24)
0.63
3.71 (4.27)
0.37 (1.27)
1.06
3.12 (3.99)
0.34 (1.26)
0.01
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.34
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.63
0.70 (4.39)
0.00 (1.40)
0.00
Treating prescriber - Cardiologist; n (%)
6,838 (30.2%)
1,387 (47.2%)
-0.35
23,716 (35.0%)
8,267 (55.4%)
-0.42
53,448 (39.3%)
14,249 (56.5%)
-0.35
84002 (37.1%)
23903 (55.5%)
-0.38
Treating prescriber - Primary Care Physician; n (%)
14,075 (62.1%)
1,646 (56.1%)
0.12
18,447 (27.2%)
4,421 (29.6%)
-0.05
32,984 (24.2%)
5,914 (23.4%)
0.02
65506 (28.9%)
11981 (27.8%)
0.02
Appendix B

Treating prescriber - Other; n (%)
16,132 (71.2%)
2,151 (73.3%)
-0.05
50,911 (75.1%)
11,444 (76.7%)
-0.04
103,947 (76.4%)
19,204 (76.1%)
0.01
170990 (75.5%)
32799 (76.1%)
-0.01
Alpha blockers; n (%)
3,017 (13.3%)
415 (14.1%)
-0.02
9,114 (13.4%)
1,933 (12.9%)
0.01
18,132 (13.3%)
3,523 (14.0%)
-0.02
30263 (13.4%)
5871 (13.6%)
-0.01
CHADS2 score, 180 days, V
...mean (sd)
1.86 (1.00)
1.87 (1.01)
-0.01
1.97 (1.09)
1.90 (1.08)
0.06
3.02 (1.28)
2.92 (1.27)
0.08
2.59 (1.20)
2.50 (1.19)
0.00
...median [IQR]
2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
0.00
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 2.50]
0.00
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
0.00
1.70 (1.34)
1.87 (1.30)
0.00
Use of Prasugrel; n (%)
14 (0.1%)
7 (0.2%)
-0.03
138 (0.2%)
72 (0.5%)
-0.05
11 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
163 (0.1%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of Loop Diuretics+other diuretics+other 
hypertension drugs; n (%)
6,341 (28.0%)
695 (23.7%)
0.10
25,337 (37.4%)
4,384 (29.4%)
0.17
43,001 (31.6%)
6,494 (25.7%)
0.13
74679 (33.0%)
11573 (26.9%)
0.13
Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Business Type 
Code - CORRECT ONE - OPTUM
...Commercial; n (%)
2,194 (9.7%)
653 (22.2%)
-0.35
61,780 (91.1%)
12,464 (83.5%)
0.23
-
-
#VALUE!
63,974 (70.7%)
13,117 (73.4%)
-0.06
...Medicare Advantage; n (%)
20,471 (90.3%)
2283 (77.8%)
0.35
6,010 (8.9%)
2,465 (16.5%)
-0.23
-
-
#VALUE!
26,481 (29.3%)
4,748 (26.6%)
0.06
Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Business Type 
Code
...COM = COMMERCIAL; n (%)
2,194 (9.7%)
653 (22.2%)
-0.35
-
-
-
-
#VALUE!
2,194 (9.7%)
653 (22.2%)
-0.35
...MCR = MEDICARE; n (%)
20,471 (90.3%)
2,283 (77.8%)
0.35
-
-
-
-
#VALUE!
20,471 (90.3%)
2,283 (77.8%)
0.35
...MCD = MEDICAID; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
...NONE = NO BUSINESS LINE CODE (added in 2015); n 
(%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
...UNK = UNKNOWN (added in 2015); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Data Type
...1 - Fee For Service; n (%)
-
-
5,285 (7.8%)
2,211 (14.8%)
-0.22
-
-
5,285 (7.8%)
2,211 (14.8%)
-0.22
...2 - Encounter; n (%)
-
-
725 (1.1%)
254 (1.7%)
-0.05
-
-
725 (1.1%)
254 (1.7%)
-0.05
...3 - Medicare; n (%)
-
-
54,723 (80.7%)
11,573 (77.5%)
0.08
-
-
54,723 (80.7%)
11,573 (77.5%)
0.08
...4 - Medicare Encounter; n (%)
-
-
7,057 (10.4%)
891 (6.0%)
0.16
-
-
7,057 (10.4%)
891 (6.0%)
0.16
Metropolitan Statistical Area - Urban (any MSA) vs 
Rural (non-MSA)
0
0
0.00
...Urban; n (%)
-
-
53,890 (79.5%)
11,905 (79.7%)
0.00
-
-
53,890 (79.5%)
11,905 (79.7%)
0.00
...Rural; n (%)
-
-
649 (1.0%)
117 (0.8%)
0.02
-
-
649 (1.0%)
117 (0.8%)
0.02
...Unknown/Missing; n (%)
-
-
13,251 (19.5%)
2,907 (19.5%)
0.00
-
-
13,251 (19.5%)
2,907 (19.5%)
0.00
Due to CMS cell suppression policy, all values less 
than 11 are denoted with **
Appendix B

Variable
WARFARIN
Dabigatran 150mg
St. Diff.
Reference - warfarin
Exposure - Dabigatran 150mg
St. Diff.
Reference - warfarin
Exposure - Dabigatran 150mg
St. Diff.
 Reference - warfarin  Exposure - Dabigatran 150mg 
St. Diff.
Number of patients
2,790
 
2,790
 
13,960
 
13,960
 
22,320
 
22,320
 
39,070 
39,070 
Age
...mean (sd)
75.41 (7.35)
75.41 (7.13)
0.00
74.41 (10.11)
74.76 (9.22)
-0.04
77.04 (7.31)
77.18 (6.88)
-0.02
75.98 (8.42)
76.19 (7.81)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
77.00 [71.00, 81.00]
77.00 [71.00, 81.00]
0.00
76.00 [69.00, 81.00]
76.00 [69.00, 81.00]
0.00
77.00 [73.00, 82.00]
77.00 [73.00, 82.00]
0.00
76.64 (8.42)
76.64 (7.81)
0.00
Age categories without zero category
...18 - 54; n (%)
50 (1.8%)
32 (1.1%)
0.06
628 (4.5%)
428 (3.1%)
0.07
209 (0.9%)
92 (0.4%)
0.06
887 (2.3%)
552 (1.4%)
0.07
...55 - 64; n (%)
145 (5.2%)
153 (5.5%)
-0.01
1,527 (10.9%)
1,634 (11.7%)
-0.03
414 (1.9%)
310 (1.4%)
0.04
2,086 (5.3%)
2,097 (5.4%)
0.00
...65 - 74; n (%)
661 (23.7%)
665 (23.8%)
0.00
3,394 (24.3%)
3,359 (24.1%)
0.00
6,138 (27.5%)
6,223 (27.9%)
-0.01
10,193 (26.1%)
10,247 (26.2%)
0.00
...>= 75; n (%)
1,934 (69.3%)
1,940 (69.5%)
0.00
8,411 (60.3%)
8,539 (61.2%)
-0.02
15,559 (69.7%)
15,695 (70.3%)
-0.01
25,904 (66.3%)
26,174 (67.0%)
-0.01
Gender without zero category- United
...Males; n (%)
1,675 (60.0%)
1,675 (60.0%)
0.00
8,106 (58.1%)
8,134 (58.3%)
0.00
12,689 (56.9%)
12,580 (56.4%)
0.01
22,470 (57.5%)
22,389 (57.3%)
0.00
...Females; n (%)
1,115 (40.0%)
1,115 (40.0%)
0.00
5,854 (41.9%)
5,826 (41.7%)
0.00
9,631 (43.1%)
9,740 (43.6%)
-0.01
16,600 (42.5%)
16,681 (42.7%)
0.00
Race 
...White; n (%)
20,699 (92.7%)
20,744 (92.9%)
20,699 (92.7%)
20,744 (92.9%)
0.00
...Black; n (%)
663 (3.0%)
656 (2.9%)
663 (3.0%)
656 (2.9%)
0.00
...Asian; n (%)
289 (1.3%)
290 (1.3%)
289 (1.3%)
290 (1.3%)
0.00
...Hispanic; n (%)
242 (1.1%)
219 (1.0%)
242 (1.1%)
219 (1.0%)
0.00
...North American Native; n (%)
73 (0.3%)
67 (0.3%)
73 (0.3%)
67 (0.3%)
0.00
...Other/Unknown; n (%)
354 (1.6%)
344 (1.5%)
354 (1.6%)
344 (1.5%)
0.00
Region without zero category- United v3 (lumping 
missing&other category with West)
...Northeast; n (%)
407 (14.6%)
401 (14.4%)
0.01
3,208 (23.0%)
3,249 (23.3%)
-0.01
4,283 (19.2%)
4,272 (19.1%)
0.00
7,898 (20.2%)
7,922 (20.3%)
0.00
...South; n (%)
945 (33.9%)
945 (33.9%)
0.00
3,797 (27.2%)
3,765 (27.0%)
0.00
8,706 (39.0%)
8,595 (38.5%)
0.01
13,448 (34.4%)
13,305 (34.1%)
0.01
...Midwest; n (%)
453 (16.2%)
456 (16.3%)
0.00
4,767 (34.1%)
4,766 (34.1%)
0.00
5,278 (23.6%)
5,344 (23.9%)
-0.01
10,498 (26.9%)
10,566 (27.0%)
0.00
...West; n (%)
985 (35.3%)
988 (35.4%)
0.00
2,126 (15.2%)
2,119 (15.2%)
0.00
4,053 (18.2%)
4,109 (18.4%)
-0.01
7,164 (18.3%)
7,216 (18.5%)
-0.01
...Unknown+missing; n (%)
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
62 (0.4%)
61 (0.4%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
62 (0.4%)
61 (0.4%)
0.00
CV Covariates
Ischemic heart disease; n (%)
815 (29.2%)
800 (28.7%)
0.01
4,873 (34.9%)
4,841 (34.7%)
0.00
7,025 (31.5%)
6,988 (31.3%)
0.00
12,713 (32.5%)
12,629 (32.3%)
0.00
Acute MI; n (%)
18 (0.6%)
19 (0.7%)
-0.01
394 (2.8%)
378 (2.7%)
0.01
320 (1.4%)
337 (1.5%)
-0.01
732 (1.9%)
734 (1.9%)
0.00
ACS/unstable angina; n (%)
28 (1.0%)
28 (1.0%)
0.00
386 (2.8%)
384 (2.8%)
0.00
405 (1.8%)
400 (1.8%)
0.00
819 (2.1%)
812 (2.1%)
0.00
Old MI; n (%)
76 (2.7%)
69 (2.5%)
0.01
486 (3.5%)
464 (3.3%)
0.01
992 (4.4%)
952 (4.3%)
0.00
1554 (4.0%)
1485 (3.8%)
0.01
Stable angina; n (%)
100 (3.6%)
94 (3.4%)
0.01
556 (4.0%)
549 (3.9%)
0.01
864 (3.9%)
822 (3.7%)
0.01
1,520 (3.9%)
1,465 (3.7%)
0.01
Coronary atherosclerosis and other forms of chronic 
ischemic heart disease; n (%)
759 (27.2%)
754 (27.0%)
0.00
4,442 (31.8%)
4,376 (31.3%)
0.01
6,399 (28.7%)
6,373 (28.6%)
0.00
11,600 (29.7%)
11,503 (29.4%)
0.01
Other atherosclerosis with ICD10 v2 Copy; n (%)
49 (1.8%)
44 (1.6%)
0.02
241 (1.7%)
223 (1.6%)
0.01
296 (1.3%)
296 (1.3%)
0.00
586 (1.5%)
563 (1.4%)
0.01
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) 
v4; n (%)
3 (0.1%)
7 (0.3%)
-0.04
221 (1.6%)
142 (1.0%)
0.05
222 (1.0%)
125 (0.6%)
0.04
446 (1.1%)
274 (0.7%)
0.04
History of CABG or PTCA; n (%)
152 (5.4%)
139 (5.0%)
0.02
585 (4.2%)
611 (4.4%)
-0.01
1,677 (7.5%)
1,720 (7.7%)
-0.01
2,414 (6.2%)
2,470 (6.3%)
0.00
Any stroke; n (%)
244 (8.7%)
243 (8.7%)
0.00
1,310 (9.4%)
1,263 (9.0%)
0.01
1,529 (6.9%)
1,560 (7.0%)
0.00
3,083 (7.9%)
3,066 (7.8%)
0.00
Ischemic stroke (w and w/o mention of cerebral 
infarction); n (%)
243 (8.7%)
243 (8.7%)
0.00
1,307 (9.4%)
1,258 (9.0%)
0.01
1,521 (6.8%)
1,552 (7.0%)
-0.01
3,071 (7.9%)
3,053 (7.8%)
0.00
Hemorrhagic stroke; n (%)
3 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
6 (0.0%)
8 (0.1%)
-0.04
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
TIA; n (%)
132 (4.7%)
137 (4.9%)
-0.01
655 (4.7%)
636 (4.6%)
0.00
690 (3.1%)
663 (3.0%)
0.01
1477 (3.8%)
1436 (3.7%)
0.01
Other cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
43 (1.5%)
51 (1.8%)
-0.02
274 (2.0%)
290 (2.1%)
-0.01
390 (1.7%)
375 (1.7%)
0.00
707 (1.8%)
716 (1.8%)
0.00
Late effects of cerebrovascular disease; n (%)
11 (0.4%)
9 (0.3%)
0.02
17 (0.1%)
19 (0.1%)
0.00
66 (0.3%)
68 (0.3%)
0.00
94 (0.2%)
96 (0.2%)
0.00
Cerebrovascular procedure; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
21 (0.2%)
21 (0.2%)
0.00
19 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
0.00
040 (0.1%)
37 (0.1%)
0.00
Heart failure (CHF); n (%)
325 (11.6%)
326 (11.7%)
0.00
3,066 (22.0%)
3,013 (21.6%)
0.01
2,500 (11.2%)
2,580 (11.6%)
-0.01
5,891 (15.1%)
5,919 (15.1%)
0.00
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) or PVD Surgery v2; 
n (%)
209 (7.5%)
203 (7.3%)
0.01
898 (6.4%)
922 (6.6%)
-0.01
1,212 (5.4%)
1,199 (5.4%)
0.00
2,319 (5.9%)
2,324 (5.9%)
0.00
Atrial fibrillation; n (%)
2,634 (94.4%)
2,641 (94.7%)
-0.01
13,289 (95.2%)
13,224 (94.7%)
0.02
19,244 (86.2%)
19,278 (86.4%)
-0.01
35,167 (90.0%)
35,143 (89.9%)
0.00
Other cardiac dysrhythmia; n (%)
1,200 (43.0%)
1,187 (42.5%)
0.01
4,384 (31.4%)
4,311 (30.9%)
0.01
8,194 (36.7%)
8,120 (36.4%)
0.01
13,778 (35.3%)
13,618 (34.9%)
0.01
Cardiac conduction disorders; n (%)
145 (5.2%)
174 (6.2%)
-0.04
894 (6.4%)
888 (6.4%)
0.00
1,301 (5.8%)
1,265 (5.7%)
0.00
2340 (6.0%)
2327 (6.0%)
0.00
Other CVD; n (%)
363 (13.0%)
333 (11.9%)
0.03
4,082 (29.2%)
4,009 (28.7%)
0.01
2,342 (10.5%)
2,297 (10.3%)
0.01
6,787 (17.4%)
6,639 (17.0%)
0.01
Diabetes-related complications
Diabetic retinopathy; n (%)
38 (1.4%)
40 (1.4%)
0.00
187 (1.3%)
176 (1.3%)
0.00
222 (1.0%)
201 (0.9%)
0.01
#VALUE!
417 (1.1%)
#VALUE!
Diabetes with other ophthalmic manifestations; n 
(%)
1 (0.0%)
2 (0.1%)
-0.04
154 (1.1%)
121 (0.9%)
0.02
154 (0.7%)
137 (0.6%)
0.01
309 (0.8%)
260 (0.7%)
0.01
Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, 
vitrectomy; n (%)
9 (0.3%)
7 (0.3%)
0.00
36 (0.3%)
31 (0.2%)
0.02
31 (0.1%)
33 (0.1%)
0.00
076 (0.2%)
71 (0.2%)
0.00
Retinal laser coagulation therapy; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
2 (0.1%)
-0.04
26 (0.2%)
31 (0.2%)
0.00
43 (0.2%)
31 (0.1%)
0.03
70 (0.2%)
64 (0.2%)
0.00
Occurrence of Diabetic Neuropathy v2 Copy; n (%)
103 (3.7%)
110 (3.9%)
-0.01
436 (3.1%)
455 (3.3%)
-0.01
570 (2.6%)
569 (2.5%)
0.01
1109 (2.8%)
1134 (2.9%)
-0.01
Occurrence of diabetic nephropathy V3 with ICD10 
Copy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Hypoglycemia v2; n (%)
15 (0.5%)
18 (0.6%)
-0.01
151 (1.1%)
128 (0.9%)
0.02
244 (1.1%)
190 (0.9%)
0.02
410 (1.0%)
336 (0.9%)
0.01
Hyperglycemia; n (%)
117 (4.2%)
105 (3.8%)
0.02
255 (1.8%)
282 (2.0%)
-0.01
1,028 (4.6%)
1,049 (4.7%)
0.00
1400 (3.6%)
1436 (3.7%)
-0.01
Disorders of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance; n 
(%)
105 (3.8%)
107 (3.8%)
0.00
872 (6.2%)
880 (6.3%)
0.00
1,011 (4.5%)
1,061 (4.8%)
-0.01
1988 (5.1%)
2048 (5.2%)
0.00
Diabetic ketoacidosis; n (%)
2 (0.1%)
2 (0.1%)
0.00
19 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
24 (0.1%)
16 (0.1%)
0.00
45 (0.1%)
26 (0.1%)
0.00
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome 
(HONK); n (%)
2 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
12 (0.1%)
5 (0.0%)
0.04
17 (0.1%)
21 (0.1%)
0.00
31 (0.1%)
27 (0.1%)
0.00
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders with 
ICD-10 v2 Copy; n (%)
68 (2.4%)
46 (1.6%)
0.06
242 (1.7%)
225 (1.6%)
0.01
361 (1.6%)
384 (1.7%)
-0.01
671 (1.7%)
655 (1.7%)
0.00
Diabetic Foot; n (%)
46 (1.6%)
38 (1.4%)
0.02
243 (1.7%)
261 (1.9%)
-0.02
358 (1.6%)
423 (1.9%)
-0.02
647 (1.7%)
722 (1.8%)
-0.01
Gangrene v2; n (%)
3 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
13 (0.1%)
15 (0.1%)
0.00
14 (0.1%)
11 (0.0%)
0.04
030 (0.1%)
27 (0.1%)
0.00
Lower extremity amputation; n (%)
2 (0.1%)
8 (0.3%)
-0.04
15 (0.1%)
27 (0.2%)
-0.03
33 (0.1%)
38 (0.2%)
-0.03
050 (0.1%)
073 (0.2%)
-0.03
Osteomyelitis; n (%)
5 (0.2%)
4 (0.1%)
0.03
40 (0.3%)
48 (0.3%)
0.00
43 (0.2%)
47 (0.2%)
0.00
88 (0.2%)
99 (0.3%)
-0.02
Skin infections v2; n (%)
119 (4.3%)
131 (4.7%)
-0.02
711 (5.1%)
748 (5.4%)
-0.01
967 (4.3%)
1,042 (4.7%)
-0.02
1797 (4.6%)
1921 (4.9%)
-0.01
Erectile dysfunction; n (%)
58 (2.1%)
63 (2.3%)
-0.01
215 (1.5%)
215 (1.5%)
0.00
223 (1.0%)
192 (0.9%)
0.01
496 (1.3%)
470 (1.2%)
0.01
Optum
 PS-matched
MarketScan
Medicare
POOLED
Appendix B

Diabetes with unspecified complication; n (%)
19 (0.7%)
19 (0.7%)
0.00
115 (0.8%)
92 (0.7%)
0.01
150 (0.7%)
125 (0.6%)
0.01
284 (0.7%)
236 (0.6%)
0.01
Diabetes mellitus without mention of complications; 
n (%)
803 (28.8%)
788 (28.2%)
0.01
3,509 (25.1%)
3,454 (24.7%)
0.01
6,004 (26.9%)
5,993 (26.9%)
0.00
10,316 (26.4%)
10,235 (26.2%)
0.00
Hypertension: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims 
within 365 days; n (%)
2,143 (76.8%)
2,129 (76.3%)
0.01
9,249 (66.3%)
9,189 (65.8%)
0.01
18,608 (83.4%)
18,599 (83.3%)
0.00
30,000 (76.8%)
29,917 (76.6%)
0.00
Hyperlipidemia v2; n (%)
1,705 (61.1%)
1,697 (60.8%)
0.01
5,935 (42.5%)
5,767 (41.3%)
0.02
11,060 (49.6%)
10,934 (49.0%)
0.01
18,700 (47.9%)
18,398 (47.1%)
0.02
Edema; n (%)
233 (8.4%)
230 (8.2%)
0.01
1,038 (7.4%)
981 (7.0%)
0.02
1,262 (5.7%)
1,296 (5.8%)
0.00
2533 (6.5%)
2507 (6.4%)
0.00
Renal Dysfunction (non-diabetic) v2; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
6 (0.0%)
6 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of acute renal disease v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
6 (0.0%)
6 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Chronic kidney disease v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
CKD Stage 3-4; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Occurrence of hypertensive nephropathy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Occurrence of miscellaneous renal insufficiency v2; n 
(%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Glaucoma or cataracts v2; n (%)
605 (21.7%)
645 (23.1%)
-0.03
3,101 (22.2%)
3,062 (21.9%)
0.01
4,898 (21.9%)
5,044 (22.6%)
-0.02
8,604 (22.0%)
8,751 (22.4%)
-0.01
Cellulitis or abscess of toe; n (%)
15 (0.5%)
16 (0.6%)
-0.01
68 (0.5%)
89 (0.6%)
-0.01
143 (0.6%)
150 (0.7%)
-0.01
226 (0.6%)
255 (0.7%)
-0.01
Foot ulcer; n (%)
48 (1.7%)
39 (1.4%)
0.02
248 (1.8%)
264 (1.9%)
-0.01
310 (1.4%)
369 (1.7%)
-0.02
606 (1.6%)
672 (1.7%)
-0.01
Bladder stones; n (%)
8 (0.3%)
5 (0.2%)
0.02
15 (0.1%)
26 (0.2%)
-0.03
28 (0.1%)
23 (0.1%)
0.00
51 (0.1%)
54 (0.1%)
0.00
Kidney stones; n (%)
29 (1.0%)
32 (1.1%)
-0.01
181 (1.3%)
213 (1.5%)
-0.02
270 (1.2%)
257 (1.2%)
0.00
480 (1.2%)
502 (1.3%)
-0.01
Urinary tract infections (UTIs); n (%)
194 (7.0%)
181 (6.5%)
0.02
860 (6.2%)
893 (6.4%)
-0.01
1,803 (8.1%)
1,851 (8.3%)
-0.01
2,857 (7.3%)
2,925 (7.5%)
-0.01
Dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
817 (29.3%)
853 (30.6%)
-0.03
2,796 (20.0%)
2,903 (20.8%)
-0.02
7,125 (31.9%)
7,263 (32.5%)
-0.01
10,738 (27.5%)
11,019 (28.2%)
-0.02
Non-dipstick urinalysis; n (%)
355 (12.7%)
332 (11.9%)
0.02
689 (4.9%)
710 (5.1%)
-0.01
2,558 (11.5%)
2,600 (11.6%)
0.00
3,602 (9.2%)
3,642 (9.3%)
0.00
Urine function test; n (%)
106 (3.8%)
93 (3.3%)
0.03
623 (4.5%)
599 (4.3%)
0.01
888 (4.0%)
889 (4.0%)
0.00
1617 (4.1%)
1581 (4.0%)
0.01
Cytology; n (%)
40 (1.4%)
37 (1.3%)
0.01
357 (2.6%)
338 (2.4%)
0.01
365 (1.6%)
391 (1.8%)
-0.02
762 (2.0%)
766 (2.0%)
0.00
Cystoscopy; n (%)
50 (1.8%)
45 (1.6%)
0.02
342 (2.4%)
361 (2.6%)
-0.01
493 (2.2%)
456 (2.0%)
0.01
885 (2.3%)
862 (2.2%)
0.01
Other Covariates
Liver disease; n (%)
12 (0.4%)
13 (0.5%)
-0.01
85 (0.6%)
84 (0.6%)
0.00
93 (0.4%)
90 (0.4%)
0.00
190 (0.5%)
187 (0.5%)
0.00
Osteoarthritis; n (%)
488 (17.5%)
471 (16.9%)
0.02
2,145 (15.4%)
2,035 (14.6%)
0.02
3,559 (15.9%)
3,519 (15.8%)
0.00
6192 (15.8%)
6025 (15.4%)
0.01
Other arthritis, arthropathies and musculoskeletal 
pain; n (%)
865 (31.0%)
849 (30.4%)
0.01
4,550 (32.6%)
4,451 (31.9%)
0.01
6,586 (29.5%)
6,545 (29.3%)
0.00
12001 (30.7%)
11845 (30.3%)
0.01
Dorsopathies; n (%)
503 (18.0%)
500 (17.9%)
0.00
2,553 (18.3%)
2,541 (18.2%)
0.00
3,859 (17.3%)
3,772 (16.9%)
0.01
6915 (17.7%)
6813 (17.4%)
0.01
Fractures; n (%)
56 (2.0%)
62 (2.2%)
-0.01
474 (3.4%)
477 (3.4%)
0.00
701 (3.1%)
699 (3.1%)
0.00
1231 (3.2%)
1238 (3.2%)
0.00
Falls v2; n (%)
74 (2.7%)
67 (2.4%)
0.02
124 (0.9%)
135 (1.0%)
-0.01
260 (1.2%)
252 (1.1%)
0.01
458 (1.2%)
454 (1.2%)
0.00
Osteoporosis; n (%)
159 (5.7%)
177 (6.3%)
-0.03
973 (7.0%)
963 (6.9%)
0.00
1,668 (7.5%)
1,687 (7.6%)
0.00
2800 (7.2%)
2827 (7.2%)
0.00
Hyperthyroidism; n (%)
23 (0.8%)
23 (0.8%)
0.00
122 (0.9%)
92 (0.7%)
0.02
187 (0.8%)
207 (0.9%)
-0.01
332 (0.8%)
322 (0.8%)
0.00
Hypothyroidism v2; n (%)
381 (13.7%)
405 (14.5%)
-0.02
1,399 (10.0%)
1,455 (10.4%)
-0.01
2,639 (11.8%)
2,604 (11.7%)
0.00
4419 (11.3%)
4464 (11.4%)
0.00
Other disorders of thyroid gland V2; n (%)
56 (2.0%)
68 (2.4%)
-0.03
344 (2.5%)
361 (2.6%)
-0.01
593 (2.7%)
567 (2.5%)
0.01
993 (2.5%)
996 (2.5%)
0.00
Depression; n (%)
132 (4.7%)
135 (4.8%)
0.00
675 (4.8%)
663 (4.7%)
0.00
1,132 (5.1%)
1,065 (4.8%)
0.01
1939 (5.0%)
1863 (4.8%)
0.01
Anxiety; n (%)
144 (5.2%)
141 (5.1%)
0.00
545 (3.9%)
540 (3.9%)
0.00
1,013 (4.5%)
973 (4.4%)
0.00
1702 (4.4%)
1654 (4.2%)
0.01
Sleep_Disorder; n (%)
267 (9.6%)
255 (9.1%)
0.02
1,617 (11.6%)
1,579 (11.3%)
0.01
1,438 (6.4%)
1,405 (6.3%)
0.00
3322 (8.5%)
3239 (8.3%)
0.01
Dementia; n (%)
117 (4.2%)
106 (3.8%)
0.02
466 (3.3%)
469 (3.4%)
-0.01
822 (3.7%)
843 (3.8%)
-0.01
1405 (3.6%)
1418 (3.6%)
0.00
Delirium; n (%)
21 (0.8%)
15 (0.5%)
0.04
110 (0.8%)
121 (0.9%)
-0.01
135 (0.6%)
133 (0.6%)
0.00
266 (0.7%)
269 (0.7%)
0.00
Psychosis; n (%)
9 (0.3%)
12 (0.4%)
-0.02
100 (0.7%)
102 (0.7%)
0.00
168 (0.8%)
150 (0.7%)
0.01
277 (0.7%)
264 (0.7%)
0.00
Obesity; n (%)
273 (9.8%)
266 (9.5%)
0.01
1,009 (7.2%)
980 (7.0%)
0.01
2,080 (9.3%)
2,050 (9.2%)
0.00
3362 (8.6%)
3296 (8.4%)
0.01
Overweight; n (%)
79 (2.8%)
79 (2.8%)
0.00
102 (0.7%)
92 (0.7%)
0.00
424 (1.9%)
405 (1.8%)
0.01
605 (1.5%)
576 (1.5%)
0.00
Smoking; n (%)
230 (8.2%)
213 (7.6%)
0.02
743 (5.3%)
741 (5.3%)
0.00
3,157 (14.1%)
3,046 (13.6%)
0.01
4130 (10.6%)
4000 (10.2%)
0.01
Alcohol abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Drug abuse or dependence; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
COPD; n (%)
295 (10.6%)
294 (10.5%)
0.00
1,844 (13.2%)
1,797 (12.9%)
0.01
2,146 (9.6%)
2,079 (9.3%)
0.01
4285 (11.0%)
4170 (10.7%)
0.01
Asthma; n (%)
127 (4.6%)
130 (4.7%)
0.00
754 (5.4%)
749 (5.4%)
0.00
917 (4.1%)
881 (3.9%)
0.01
1798 (4.6%)
1760 (4.5%)
0.00
Obstructive sleep apnea; n (%)
270 (9.7%)
242 (8.7%)
0.03
1,345 (9.6%)
1,319 (9.4%)
0.01
1,262 (5.7%)
1,225 (5.5%)
0.01
2877 (7.4%)
2786 (7.1%)
0.01
Pneumonia; n (%)
33 (1.2%)
45 (1.6%)
-0.03
833 (6.0%)
848 (6.1%)
0.00
772 (3.5%)
783 (3.5%)
0.00
1638 (4.2%)
1676 (4.3%)
0.00
Imaging; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
25 (0.2%)
17 (0.1%)
0.03
26 (0.1%)
30 (0.1%)
0.00
51 (0.1%)
48 (0.1%)
0.00
Other Medications
Use of ACE inhibitors; n (%)
961 (34.4%)
951 (34.1%)
0.01
4,940 (35.4%)
4,936 (35.4%)
0.00
7,744 (34.7%)
7,830 (35.1%)
-0.01
13645 (34.9%)
13717 (35.1%)
0.00
Use of ARBs; n (%)
543 (19.5%)
542 (19.4%)
0.00
3,304 (23.7%)
3,285 (23.5%)
0.00
4,971 (22.3%)
4,922 (22.1%)
0.00
8818 (22.6%)
8749 (22.4%)
0.00
Use of Loop Diuretics - United; n (%)
467 (16.7%)
464 (16.6%)
0.00
3,441 (24.6%)
3,280 (23.5%)
0.03
4,396 (19.7%)
4,390 (19.7%)
0.00
8304 (21.3%)
8134 (20.8%)
0.01
Use of other diuretics- United; n (%)
80 (2.9%)
84 (3.0%)
-0.01
716 (5.1%)
693 (5.0%)
0.00
727 (3.3%)
771 (3.5%)
-0.01
1523 (3.9%)
1548 (4.0%)
-0.01
Use of nitrates-United; n (%)
170 (6.1%)
137 (4.9%)
0.05
1,278 (9.2%)
1,156 (8.3%)
0.03
1,979 (8.9%)
1,698 (7.6%)
0.05
3427 (8.8%)
2991 (7.7%)
0.04
Use of other hypertension drugs; n (%)
225 (8.1%)
220 (7.9%)
0.01
904 (6.5%)
997 (7.1%)
-0.02
1,616 (7.2%)
1,612 (7.2%)
0.00
2745 (7.0%)
2829 (7.2%)
-0.01
Use of digoxin- United; n (%)
319 (11.4%)
302 (10.8%)
0.02
2,692 (19.3%)
2,018 (14.5%)
0.13
2,933 (13.1%)
2,579 (11.6%)
0.05
5944 (15.2%)
4899 (12.5%)
0.08
Use of Anti-arrhythmics; n (%)
395 (14.2%)
406 (14.6%)
-0.01
2,766 (19.8%)
2,652 (19.0%)
0.02
3,619 (16.2%)
3,526 (15.8%)
0.01
6780 (17.4%)
6584 (16.9%)
0.01
Use of COPD/asthma meds- United; n (%)
436 (15.6%)
410 (14.7%)
0.03
2,621 (18.8%)
2,717 (19.5%)
-0.02
3,827 (17.1%)
3,626 (16.2%)
0.02
6884 (17.6%)
6753 (17.3%)
0.01
Use of statins; n (%)
1,516 (54.3%)
1,505 (53.9%)
0.01
7,744 (55.5%)
7,735 (55.4%)
0.00
12,406 (55.6%)
12,391 (55.5%)
0.00
21666 (55.5%)
21631 (55.4%)
0.00
Use of other lipid-lowering drugs; n (%)
228 (8.2%)
203 (7.3%)
0.03
1,425 (10.2%)
1,428 (10.2%)
0.00
1,695 (7.6%)
1,671 (7.5%)
0.00
3348 (8.6%)
3302 (8.5%)
0.00
Use of antiplatelet agents; n (%)
261 (9.4%)
258 (9.2%)
0.01
2,273 (16.3%)
2,255 (16.2%)
0.00
2,842 (12.7%)
2,828 (12.7%)
0.00
5376 (13.8%)
5341 (13.7%)
0.00
Use of heparin and other low-molecular weight 
heparins; n (%)
10 (0.4%)
11 (0.4%)
0.00
1 (0.0%)
2 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
113 (0.5%)
125 (0.6%)
-0.01
124 (0.3%)
138 (0.4%)
-0.02
Use of NSAIDs; n (%)
284 (10.2%)
269 (9.6%)
0.02
1,482 (10.6%)
1,438 (10.3%)
0.01
2,600 (11.6%)
2,593 (11.6%)
0.00
4366 (11.2%)
4300 (11.0%)
0.01
Use of oral corticosteroids; n (%)
443 (15.9%)
443 (15.9%)
0.00
2,669 (19.1%)
2,624 (18.8%)
0.01
4,130 (18.5%)
4,126 (18.5%)
0.00
7242 (18.5%)
7193 (18.4%)
0.00
Use of bisphosphonate (United); n (%)
85 (3.0%)
102 (3.7%)
-0.04
671 (4.8%)
644 (4.6%)
0.01
894 (4.0%)
892 (4.0%)
0.00
1650 (4.2%)
1638 (4.2%)
0.00
Use of opioids- United; n (%)
534 (19.1%)
536 (19.2%)
0.00
3,392 (24.3%)
3,321 (23.8%)
0.01
5,044 (22.6%)
4,995 (22.4%)
0.00
8970 (23.0%)
8852 (22.7%)
0.01
Use of antidepressants; n (%)
452 (16.2%)
448 (16.1%)
0.00
2,414 (17.3%)
2,392 (17.1%)
0.01
4,003 (17.9%)
3,947 (17.7%)
0.01
6869 (17.6%)
6787 (17.4%)
0.01
Use of antipsychotics; n (%)
23 (0.8%)
23 (0.8%)
0.00
158 (1.1%)
158 (1.1%)
0.00
337 (1.5%)
349 (1.6%)
-0.01
518 (1.3%)
530 (1.4%)
-0.01
Use of anticonvulsants; n (%)
262 (9.4%)
232 (8.3%)
0.04
1,177 (8.4%)
1,202 (8.6%)
-0.01
2,161 (9.7%)
2,125 (9.5%)
0.01
3600 (9.2%)
3559 (9.1%)
0.00
Use of lithium- United; n (%)
3 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
12 (0.1%)
13 (0.1%)
0.00
11 (0.0%)
19 (0.1%)
-0.04
26 (0.1%)
35 (0.1%)
0.00
Use of Benzos- United; n (%)
177 (6.3%)
186 (6.7%)
-0.02
1,811 (13.0%)
1,800 (12.9%)
0.00
1,595 (7.1%)
1,599 (7.2%)
0.00
3583 (9.2%)
3585 (9.2%)
0.00
Use of anxiolytics/hypnotics- United; n (%)
167 (6.0%)
165 (5.9%)
0.00
1,000 (7.2%)
984 (7.0%)
0.01
1,478 (6.6%)
1,447 (6.5%)
0.00
2645 (6.8%)
2596 (6.6%)
0.01
Use of dementia meds- United; n (%)
103 (3.7%)
94 (3.4%)
0.02
447 (3.2%)
458 (3.3%)
-0.01
856 (3.8%)
821 (3.7%)
0.01
1406 (3.6%)
1373 (3.5%)
0.01
Use of antiparkinsonian meds- United; n (%)
41 (1.5%)
42 (1.5%)
0.00
345 (2.5%)
349 (2.5%)
0.00
623 (2.8%)
604 (2.7%)
0.01
1009 (2.6%)
995 (2.5%)
0.01
Any use of pramlintide; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
3 (0.0%)
7 (0.1%)
-0.04
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Appendix B

Any use of 1st generation sulfonylureas; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
6 (0.0%)
5 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0.00
Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan); n (%)
6 (0.2%)
3 (0.1%)
0.03
7 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
0.00
Labs
16,750 
16,750 
Lab values- HbA1c (%) v3; n (%)
319 (11.4%)
309 (11.1%)
0.01
113 (0.8%)
94 (0.7%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
432 (2.6%)
403 (2.4%)
0.01
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 3 months) v3; n (%)
205 (7.3%)
202 (7.2%)
0.00
87 (0.6%)
61 (0.4%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
292 (1.7%)
263 (1.6%)
0.01
Lab values- HbA1c (%) (within 6 months) v3; n (%)
319 (11.4%)
309 (11.1%)
0.01
113 (0.8%)
94 (0.7%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
432 (2.6%)
403 (2.4%)
0.01
Lab values- BNP; n (%)
27 (1.0%)
28 (1.0%)
0.00
10 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
37 (0.2%)
45 (0.3%)
-0.02
Lab values- BNP (within 3 months); n (%)
23 (0.8%)
24 (0.9%)
-0.01
8 (0.1%)
14 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
31 (0.2%)
38 (0.2%)
0.00
Lab values- BNP (within 6 months); n (%)
27 (1.0%)
28 (1.0%)
0.00
10 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
37 (0.2%)
45 (0.3%)
-0.02
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl); n (%)
604 (21.6%)
673 (24.1%)
-0.06
111 (0.8%)
144 (1.0%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
715 (4.3%)
817 (4.9%)
-0.03
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
421 (15.1%)
456 (16.3%)
-0.03
83 (0.6%)
105 (0.8%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
504 (3.0%)
561 (3.3%)
-0.02
Lab values- BUN (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
604 (21.6%)
673 (24.1%)
-0.06
111 (0.8%)
144 (1.0%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
715 (4.3%)
817 (4.9%)
-0.03
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
614 (22.0%)
686 (24.6%)
-0.06
111 (0.8%)
159 (1.1%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
725 (4.3%)
845 (5.0%)
-0.03
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; 
n (%)
427 (15.3%)
465 (16.7%)
-0.04
82 (0.6%)
112 (0.8%)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
509 (3.0%)
577 (3.4%)
-0.02
Lab values- Creatinine (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; 
n (%)
614 (22.0%)
686 (24.6%)
-0.06
111 (0.8%)
159 (1.1%)
-0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
725 (4.3%)
845 (5.0%)
-0.03
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl); n (%)
464 (16.6%)
500 (17.9%)
-0.03
94 (0.7%)
106 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
558 (3.3%)
606 (3.6%)
-0.02
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months); n (%)
291 (10.4%)
320 (11.5%)
-0.04
70 (0.5%)
68 (0.5%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
361 (2.2%)
388 (2.3%)
-0.01
Lab values- HDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months); n (%)
464 (16.6%)
500 (17.9%)
-0.03
94 (0.7%)
106 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
558 (3.3%)
606 (3.6%)
-0.02
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
487 (17.5%)
527 (18.9%)
-0.04
117 (0.8%)
115 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
604 (3.6%)
642 (3.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 3 months) v2; n 
(%)
305 (10.9%)
338 (12.1%)
-0.04
88 (0.6%)
74 (0.5%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
393 (2.3%)
412 (2.5%)
-0.01
Lab values- LDL level (mg/dl) (within 6 months) v2; n 
(%)
487 (17.5%)
527 (18.9%)
-0.04
117 (0.8%)
115 (0.8%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
604 (3.6%)
642 (3.8%)
-0.01
Lab values- NT-proBNP; n (%)
4 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
04 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 3 months); n (%)
3 (0.1%)
0 (0.0%)
0.04
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
03 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
-
Lab values- NT-proBNP (within 6 months); n (%)
4 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
04 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
-
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) v2; n (%)
467 (16.7%)
508 (18.2%)
-0.04
95 (0.7%)
117 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
562 (3.4%)
625 (3.7%)
-0.02
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 3 
months) v2; n (%)
294 (10.5%)
325 (11.6%)
-0.04
70 (0.5%)
73 (0.5%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
364 (2.2%)
398 (2.4%)
-0.01
Lab values- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (within 6 
months) v2; n (%)
467 (16.7%)
508 (18.2%)
-0.04
95 (0.7%)
117 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
562 (3.4%)
625 (3.7%)
-0.02
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl); n (%)
464 (16.6%)
503 (18.0%)
-0.04
94 (0.7%)
107 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
558 (3.3%)
610 (3.6%)
-0.02
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 3 
months); n (%)
291 (10.4%)
322 (11.5%)
-0.04
71 (0.5%)
68 (0.5%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
362 (2.2%)
390 (2.3%)
-0.01
Lab values- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) (within 6 
months); n (%)
464 (16.6%)
503 (18.0%)
-0.04
94 (0.7%)
107 (0.8%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
558 (3.3%)
610 (3.6%)
-0.02
Lab result number- HbA1c (%) mean (only 2 to 20 
included) v4
315
 
307
 
100
 
87
 
N/A
N/A
415 
394 
...mean (sd)
6.57 (1.13)
6.54 (1.37)
0.02
7.01 (1.41)
6.75 (1.08)
0.21
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
6.68 (1.20)
6.59 (1.31)
0.07
...median [IQR]
6.20 [5.80, 7.00]
6.30 [5.80, 7.00]
-0.08
6.60 [6.10, 7.77]
6.50 [6.00, 7.25]
0.08
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
6.30 (1.20)
6.34 (1.31)
-0.03
...Missing; n (%)
2,475 (88.7%)
2,483 (89.0%)
-0.01
13,860 (99.3%)
13,873 (99.4%)
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,335 (97.5%)
16,356 (97.6%)
-0.01
Lab result number- BNP mean v2
27
 
28
 
10
 
17
 
N/A
N/A
37 
45 
...mean (sd)
358.65 (541.48)
214.33 (164.51)
0.36
217.51 (147.78)
180.30 (209.53)
0.21
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
320.50 (479.58)
201.47 (184.72)
0.33
...median [IQR]
216.30 [103.00, 361.00]
170.15 [69.72, 343.75]
0.12
233.50 [71.50, 328.00]
121.00 [59.00, 245.00]
0.62
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
220.95 (479.58)
151.58 (184.72)
0.19
...Missing; n (%)
2,763 (99.0%)
2,762 (99.0%)
0.00
13,950 (99.9%)
13,943 (99.9%)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,713 (99.8%)
16,705 (99.7%)
0.02
Lab result number- BUN (mg/dl) mean v2
604 
673 
111 
144 
N/A
N/A
715 
817 
...mean (sd)
17.89 (5.80)
17.74 (5.21)
0.03
17.65 (5.69)
18.46 (5.89)
-0.14
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
17.85 (5.79)
17.87 (5.34)
0.00
...median [IQR]
17.50 [14.00, 21.00]
17.00 [14.00, 21.00]
0.09
17.00 [14.00, 21.00]
18.00 [15.00, 22.00]
-0.17
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
17.42 (5.79)
17.18 (5.34)
0.04
...Missing; n (%)
2,186 (78.4%)
2,117 (75.9%)
0.06
13,849 (99.2%)
13,816 (99.0%)
0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,035 (95.7%)
15,933 (95.1%)
0.03
Lab result number- Creatinine (mg/dl) mean (only 0.1 
to 15 included) v3
607 
682 
110 
157 
N/A
N/A
717 
839 
...mean (sd)
0.98 (0.25)
0.98 (0.21)
0.00
0.98 (0.22)
0.98 (0.24)
0.00
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
0.98 (0.25)
0.98 (0.22)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.95 [0.82, 1.10]
0.96 [0.83, 1.10]
-0.04
0.96 [0.81, 1.10]
0.94 [0.80, 1.10]
0.09
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
0.95 (0.25)
0.96 (0.22)
-0.04
...Missing; n (%)
2,183 (78.2%)
2,108 (75.6%)
0.06
13,850 (99.2%)
13,803 (98.9%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,033 (95.7%)
15,911 (95.0%)
0.03
Lab result number- HDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
464 
500 
94 
106 
N/A
N/A
558 
606 
...mean (sd)
51.27 (15.97)
52.85 (17.18)
-0.10
45.87 (15.62)
48.01 (17.14)
-0.13
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
50.36 (15.93)
52.00 (17.19)
-0.10
...median [IQR]
48.25 [40.00, 60.00]
50.00 [41.00, 62.00]
-0.11
45.50 [34.00, 54.12]
47.50 [35.75, 59.25]
-0.12
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
47.79 (15.93)
49.56 (17.19)
-0.11
...Missing; n (%)
2,326 (83.4%)
2,290 (82.1%)
0.03
13,866 (99.3%)
13,854 (99.2%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,192 (96.7%)
16,144 (96.4%)
0.02
Lab result number- LDL level (mg/dl) mean (only 
=<5000 included) v2
472 
512 
95 
110 
N/A
N/A
567 
622 
...mean (sd)
89.15 (32.99)
87.59 (33.46)
0.05
82.89 (29.91)
79.99 (36.33)
0.09
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
88.10 (32.53)
86.25 (34.01)
0.06
...median [IQR]
84.83 [68.50, 108.00]
82.00 [66.00, 109.00]
0.09
80.00 [64.50, 101.00]
79.25 [57.38, 101.25]
0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
84.02 (32.53)
81.51 (34.01)
0.08
...Missing; n (%)
2,318 (83.1%)
2,278 (81.6%)
0.04
13,865 (99.3%)
13,850 (99.2%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,183 (96.6%)
16,128 (96.3%)
0.02
Lab result number- Total cholesterol (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
467 
508 
95 
117 
N/A
N/A
562 
625 
...mean (sd)
166.51 (40.78)
165.12 (40.18)
0.03
154.47 (33.16)
157.68 (41.05)
-0.09
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
164.47 (39.64)
163.73 (40.38)
0.02
...median [IQR]
162.00 [139.00, 192.00]
159.00 [138.00, 192.00]
0.07
154.00 [132.50, 175.00]
159.00 [136.00, 181.75]
-0.13
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
160.65 (39.64)
159.00 (40.38)
0.04
...Missing; n (%)
2,323 (83.3%)
2,282 (81.8%)
0.04
13,865 (99.3%)
13,843 (99.2%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,188 (96.6%)
16,125 (96.3%)
0.02
Lab result number- Triglyceride level (mg/dl) mean 
(only =<5000 included) v2
464 
503 
94 
107 
N/A
N/A
558 
610 
...mean (sd)
129.01 (76.77)
119.47 (64.42)
0.13
130.38 (67.84)
144.37 (97.89)
-0.17
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
129.24 (75.42)
123.84 (71.45)
0.07
...median [IQR]
112.00 [81.00, 151.38]
105.00 [77.00, 144.00]
0.10
114.50 [81.38, 175.00]
126.00 [91.00, 155.00]
-0.14
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
112.42 (75.42)
108.68 (71.45)
0.05
...Missing; n (%)
2,326 (83.4%)
2,287 (82.0%)
0.04
13,866 (99.3%)
13,853 (99.2%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,192 (96.7%)
16,140 (96.4%)
0.02
Lab result number- Hemoglobin mean (only >0 
included)
447 
494 
69 
99 
N/A
N/A
516 
593 
...mean (sd)
13.95 (1.46)
14.06 (1.41)
-0.08
13.65 (1.51)
13.64 (2.06)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
13.91 (1.47)
13.99 (1.54)
-0.05
...median [IQR]
14.00 [13.00, 14.90]
14.00 [13.10, 15.00]
0.00
13.88 [12.70, 14.65]
13.80 [12.90, 14.80]
0.04
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
13.98 (1.47)
13.97 (1.54)
0.01
...Missing; n (%)
2,343 (84.0%)
2,296 (82.3%)
0.05
13,891 (99.5%)
13,861 (99.3%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,234 (96.9%)
16,157 (96.5%)
0.02
Appendix B

Lab result number- Serum sodium mean (only > 90 
and < 190 included)
579 
654 
92 
122 
N/A
N/A
671 
776 
...mean (sd)
140.03 (2.74)
140.11 (3.01)
-0.03
139.22 (2.71)
139.28 (2.99)
-0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
139.92 (2.74)
139.98 (3.01)
-0.02
...median [IQR]
140.00 [138.50, 142.00]
140.00 [139.00, 142.00]
0.00
139.80 [138.00, 141.00]
139.83 [137.50, 141.00]
-0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
139.97 (2.74)
139.97 (3.01)
0.00
...Missing; n (%)
2,211 (79.2%)
2,136 (76.6%)
0.06
13,868 (99.3%)
13,838 (99.1%)
0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,079 (96.0%)
15,974 (95.4%)
0.03
Lab result number- Albumin mean (only >0 and <=10 
included)
530 
601 
72 
102 
N/A
N/A
602 
703 
...mean (sd)
4.17 (0.31)
4.19 (0.31)
-0.06
4.10 (0.58)
4.03 (0.49)
0.13
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.16 (0.35)
4.17 (0.34)
-0.03
...median [IQR]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
4.20 [4.00, 4.40]
0.00
4.20 [3.90, 4.40]
4.10 [3.89, 4.30]
0.19
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.20 (0.35)
4.19 (0.34)
0.03
...Missing; n (%)
2,260 (81.0%)
2,189 (78.5%)
0.06
13,888 (99.5%)
13,858 (99.3%)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,148 (96.4%)
16,047 (95.8%)
0.03
Lab result number- Glucose (fasting or random) mean 
(only 10-1000 included)
576 
645 
91 
111 
N/A
N/A
667 
756 
...mean (sd)
110.45 (33.39)
111.79 (39.37)
-0.04
139.94 (58.19)
128.83 (44.07)
0.22
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
114.47 (37.74)
114.29 (40.12)
0.00
...median [IQR]
101.00 [91.00, 118.88]
100.50 [91.00, 117.00]
0.01
122.00 [96.75, 162.50]
117.00 [102.00, 140.00]
0.10
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
103.87 (37.74)
102.92 (40.12)
0.02
...Missing; n (%)
2,214 (79.4%)
2,145 (76.9%)
0.06
13,869 (99.3%)
13,849 (99.2%)
0.01
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,083 (96.0%)
15,994 (95.5%)
0.02
Lab result number- Potassium mean (only 1-7 
included)
603 
679 
108 
143 
N/A
N/A
711 
822 
...mean (sd)
4.35 (0.43)
4.38 (0.44)
-0.07
4.35 (0.37)
4.34 (0.38)
0.03
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.35 (0.42)
4.37 (0.43)
-0.05
...median [IQR]
4.30 [4.10, 4.60]
4.40 [4.10, 4.65]
-0.23
4.30 [4.10, 4.60]
4.36 [4.10, 4.60]
-0.16
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
4.30 (0.42)
4.39 (0.43)
-0.21
...Missing; n (%)
2,187 (78.4%)
2,111 (75.7%)
0.06
13,852 (99.2%)
13,817 (99.0%)
0.02
N/A
N/A
#VALUE!
16,039 (95.8%)
15,928 (95.1%)
0.03
Comorbidity Scores
CCI (180 days)- ICD9 and ICD10 v2
...mean (sd)
2.63 (1.40)
2.62 (1.35)
0.01
2.81 (1.57)
2.78 (1.56)
0.02
1.33 (1.37)
1.33 (1.39)
0.00
1.95 (1.45)
1.94 (1.45)
0.01
...median [IQR]
2.00 [2.00, 3.00]
2.00 [2.00, 3.00]
0.00
2.00 [2.00, 4.00]
2.00 [2.00, 4.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
1.43 (1.45)
1.43 (1.45)
0.00
Non-Frailty; n (%)
1,525 (54.7%)
1,532 (54.9%)
0.00
6,845 (49.0%)
6,801 (48.7%)
0.01
669 (3.0%)
465 (2.1%)
0.06
9,039 (23.1%)
8,798 (22.5%)
0.01
Frailty Score (mean): Empirical Version 365 days, v2
...mean (sd)
0.17 (0.04)
0.17 (0.04)
0.00
0.17 (0.05)
0.17 (0.05)
0.00
10.70 (9.15)
10.66 (9.45)
0.00
6.19 (6.92)
6.16 (7.14)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.16 [0.14, 0.19]
0.16 [0.14, 0.19]
0.00
0.17 [0.14, 0.20]
0.17 [0.14, 0.20]
0.00
8.94 [4.50, 14.92]
8.82 [4.32, 14.85]
0.01
5.18 (6.92)
5.11 (7.14)
0.01
Healthcare Utilization
Any hospitalization; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
4,495 (32.2%)
4,381 (31.4%)
0.02
4,193 (18.8%)
4,147 (18.6%)
0.01
8,688 (22.2%)
8,528 (21.8%)
0.01
Any hospitalization within prior 30 days; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
3,098 (22.2%)
2,998 (21.5%)
0.02
2,640 (11.8%)
2,607 (11.7%)
0.00
5738 (14.7%)
5605 (14.3%)
0.01
Any hospitalization during prior 31-180 days; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
1,606 (11.5%)
1,567 (11.2%)
0.01
1,741 (7.8%)
1,691 (7.6%)
0.01
3347 (8.6%)
3258 (8.3%)
0.01
Endocrinologist Visit; n (%)
67 (2.4%)
77 (2.8%)
-0.03
474 (3.4%)
451 (3.2%)
0.01
783 (3.5%)
731 (3.3%)
0.01
1324 (3.4%)
1259 (3.2%)
0.01
Endocrinologist Visit (30 days prior); n (%)
24 (0.9%)
19 (0.7%)
0.02
165 (1.2%)
156 (1.1%)
0.01
233 (1.0%)
222 (1.0%)
0.00
422 (1.1%)
397 (1.0%)
0.01
Endocrinologist Visit (31 to 180 days prior); n (%)
56 (2.0%)
66 (2.4%)
-0.03
395 (2.8%)
374 (2.7%)
0.01
669 (3.0%)
636 (2.8%)
0.01
1120 (2.9%)
1076 (2.8%)
0.01
Internal medicine/family medicine visits; n (%)
2,317 (83.0%)
2,336 (83.7%)
-0.02
11,221 (80.4%)
11,040 (79.1%)
0.03
17,647 (79.1%)
17,982 (80.6%)
-0.04
31185 (79.8%)
31358 (80.3%)
-0.01
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (30 days 
prior) v2; n (%)
1,469 (52.7%)
1,468 (52.6%)
0.00
7,381 (52.9%)
7,282 (52.2%)
0.01
11,348 (50.8%)
11,109 (49.8%)
0.02
20198 (51.7%)
19859 (50.8%)
0.02
Internal medicine/family medicine visits (31 to 180 
days prior) v2; n (%)
2,048 (73.4%)
2,033 (72.9%)
0.01
9,897 (70.9%)
9,621 (68.9%)
0.04
14,888 (66.7%)
15,277 (68.4%)
-0.04
26833 (68.7%)
26931 (68.9%)
0.00
Cardiologist visit; n (%)
1,715 (61.5%)
1,844 (66.1%)
-0.10
8,643 (61.9%)
8,241 (59.0%)
0.06
15,939 (71.4%)
16,749 (75.0%)
-0.08
26297 (67.3%)
26834 (68.7%)
-0.03
Number of Cardiologist visits (30 days prior); n (%)
1,278 (45.8%)
1,272 (45.6%)
0.00
6,331 (45.4%)
6,217 (44.5%)
0.02
12,337 (55.3%)
12,208 (54.7%)
0.01
19946 (51.1%)
19697 (50.4%)
0.01
Number of Cardiologist visits (31 to 180 days prior); 
n (%)
1,089 (39.0%)
1,170 (41.9%)
-0.06
5,859 (42.0%)
5,354 (38.4%)
0.07
9,733 (43.6%)
10,383 (46.5%)
-0.06
16681 (42.7%)
16907 (43.3%)
-0.01
Electrocardiogram v2; n (%)
1,897 (68.0%)
1,931 (69.2%)
-0.03
9,862 (70.6%)
10,320 (73.9%)
-0.07
16,644 (74.6%)
16,887 (75.7%)
-0.03
28403 (72.7%)
29138 (74.6%)
-0.04
Use of glucose test strips; n (%)
26 (0.9%)
30 (1.1%)
-0.02
97 (0.7%)
101 (0.7%)
0.00
241 (1.1%)
229 (1.0%)
0.01
364 (0.9%)
360 (0.9%)
0.00
Dialysis; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
number of different/distinct medication 
prescriptions
...mean (sd)
8.18 (4.00)
8.05 (4.00)
0.03
9.29 (4.50)
9.24 (4.56)
0.01
8.57 (3.98)
8.52 (4.04)
0.01
8.80 (4.17)
8.74 (4.23)
0.01
...median [IQR]
8.00 [5.00, 10.00]
7.00 [5.00, 10.00]
0.25
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
9.00 [6.00, 12.00]
0.00
8.00 [6.00, 11.00]
8.00 [6.00, 11.00]
0.00
6.65 (4.66)
6.57 (4.73)
0.02
Number of Hospitalizations
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
#DIV/0!
0.35 (0.55)
0.34 (0.54)
0.02
0.21 (0.47)
0.21 (0.46)
0.00
0.25 (0.48)
0.24 (0.47)
0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#DIV/0!
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.55)
0.00 (0.54)
0.00
Number of hospital days
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
#DIV/0!
1.59 (3.38)
1.50 (3.34)
0.03
0.88 (2.32)
0.85 (2.52)
0.01
1.07 (2.68)
1.02 (2.76)
0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#DIV/0!
0.00 [0.00, 3.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (3.10)
0.00 (3.16)
0.00
Number of Emergency Department (ED) visits v3
...mean (sd)
0.40 (0.94)
0.40 (0.99)
0.00
0.44 (1.54)
0.44 (1.72)
0.00
0.64 (1.46)
0.63 (1.26)
0.01
0.55 (1.46)
0.55 (1.43)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.62)
0.00 (1.63)
0.00
Number of Office visits
...mean (sd)
5.25 (3.98)
5.16 (3.64)
0.02
5.89 (4.47)
5.77 (4.32)
0.03
11.61 (10.64)
11.48 (9.99)
0.01
9.11 (8.54)
8.99 (8.04)
0.01
...median [IQR]
4.00 [3.00, 7.00]
4.00 [3.00, 7.00]
0.00
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
5.00 [3.00, 8.00]
0.00
9.00 [5.00, 15.00]
9.00 [5.00, 15.00]
0.00
5.29 (8.79)
5.29 (8.28)
0.00
Number of Endocrinologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.09 (0.81)
0.09 (0.86)
0.00
0.13 (1.13)
0.11 (0.87)
0.02
0.17 (1.45)
0.15 (1.39)
0.01
0.15 (1.31)
0.13 (1.19)
0.02
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.41)
0.00 (1.26)
0.00
Number of internal medicine/family medicine visits
...mean (sd)
8.11 (10.84)
8.19 (12.81)
-0.01
6.56 (9.62)
6.46 (9.25)
0.01
6.41 (8.10)
6.38 (7.75)
0.00
6.58 (8.88)
6.54 (8.75)
0.00
...median [IQR]
5.00 [2.00, 10.00]
5.00 [1.00, 10.00]
0.00
4.00 [1.00, 8.00]
4.00 [1.00, 8.00]
0.00
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
4.00 [1.00, 9.00]
0.00
3.22 (9.94)
3.22 (9.74)
0.00
Number of Cardiologist visits
...mean (sd)
3.29 (4.91)
3.30 (4.42)
0.00
3.35 (4.99)
3.29 (5.01)
0.01
4.52 (6.31)
4.46 (5.54)
0.01
4.01 (5.78)
3.96 (5.28)
0.01
...median [IQR]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
0.00
2.00 [0.00, 5.00]
1.50 [0.00, 5.00]
0.10
2.00 [0.00, 6.00]
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
-0.17
1.57 (6.22)
1.75 (5.77)
-0.03
Number electrocardiograms received v2
...mean (sd)
1.56 (2.08)
1.54 (1.79)
0.01
1.77 (2.23)
1.72 (1.91)
0.02
1.82 (2.02)
1.80 (1.87)
0.01
1.78 (2.10)
1.75 (1.88)
0.02
...median [IQR]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 2.00]
1.00 [1.00, 2.00]
0.00
0.79 (2.34)
0.79 (2.08)
0.00
Number of HbA1c tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.39 (0.69)
0.39 (0.69)
0.00
0.14 (0.45)
0.15 (0.46)
-0.02
0.40 (0.71)
0.40 (0.70)
0.00
0.31 (0.63)
0.31 (0.62)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.66)
0.00 (0.66)
0.00
Number of glucose tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.13 (0.58)
0.16 (0.96)
-0.04
0.10 (0.54)
0.11 (0.58)
-0.02
0.13 (0.61)
0.12 (0.48)
0.02
0.12 (0.58)
0.12 (0.56)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.63)
0.00 (0.62)
0.00
Number of lipid tests ordered
Appendix B

...mean (sd)
0.67 (0.86)
0.68 (0.84)
-0.01
0.25 (0.70)
0.24 (0.63)
0.02
0.68 (0.76)
0.68 (0.74)
0.00
0.53 (0.75)
0.52 (0.71)
0.01
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.18
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.36 (0.81)
0.43 (0.77)
-0.09
Number of creatinine tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.07 (0.33)
0.07 (0.32)
0.00
0.05 (0.28)
0.05 (0.27)
0.00
0.10 (0.39)
0.09 (0.37)
0.03
0.08 (0.35)
0.07 (0.33)
0.03
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.37)
0.00 (0.36)
0.00
Number of BUN tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.04 (0.23)
0.05 (0.25)
-0.04
0.03 (0.22)
0.03 (0.22)
0.00
0.06 (0.30)
0.05 (0.28)
0.03
0.05 (0.27)
0.04 (0.26)
0.04
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.29)
0.00 (0.28)
0.00
Number of tests for microalbuminuria
...mean (sd)
0.21 (0.70)
0.19 (0.64)
0.03
0.07 (0.37)
0.07 (0.37)
0.00
0.12 (0.41)
0.12 (0.39)
0.00
0.11 (0.42)
0.11 (0.41)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.46)
0.00 (0.44)
0.00
Total N distinct ICD9/ICD10 diagnoses at the 3rd 
digit level Copy
...mean (sd)
3.02 (4.95)
3.04 (5.12)
0.00
2.23 (4.87)
2.21 (4.87)
0.00
4.18 (6.62)
4.08 (6.51)
0.02
3.40 (5.94)
3.34 (5.88)
0.01
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 5.00]
0.00 [0.00, 5.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00 [0.00, 2.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00 [0.00, 6.00]
0.00
0.00 (6.35)
0.00 (6.30)
0.00
For PS
Hemorrhagic stroke+Other cerebrovascular 
disease+Cerebrovascular procedure (for PS); n (%)
45 (1.6%)
52 (1.9%)
-0.02
297 (2.1%)
316 (2.3%)
-0.01
416 (1.9%)
398 (1.8%)
0.01
758 (1.9%)
766 (2.0%)
-0.01
Occurrence of creatinine tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
148 (5.3%)
154 (5.5%)
-0.01
495 (3.5%)
495 (3.5%)
0.00
1,648 (7.4%)
1,562 (7.0%)
0.02
2291 (5.9%)
2211 (5.7%)
0.01
Occurrence of BUN tests ordered (for PS); n (%)
95 (3.4%)
103 (3.7%)
-0.02
311 (2.2%)
333 (2.4%)
-0.01
1,063 (4.8%)
1,001 (4.5%)
0.01
1469 (3.8%)
1437 (3.7%)
0.01
Occurrence of chronic renal insufficiency w/o CKD 
(for PS) v2; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 1-2 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Chronic kidney disease Stage 3-6 (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Bladder stones+Kidney stones (for PS); n (%)
35 (1.3%)
35 (1.3%)
0.00
191 (1.4%)
229 (1.6%)
-0.02
283 (1.3%)
274 (1.2%)
0.01
509 (1.3%)
538 (1.4%)
-0.01
Diabetes with peripheral circulatory 
disorders+Gangrene+Osteomyelitis(for PS) v3 with 
ICD10 Copy; n (%)
75 (2.7%)
49 (1.8%)
0.06
285 (2.0%)
269 (1.9%)
0.01
408 (1.8%)
430 (1.9%)
-0.01
768 (2.0%)
748 (1.9%)
0.01
Alcohol abuse or dependence+Drug abuse or 
dependence (for PS); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Diabetes with other ophthalmic 
manifestations+Retinal detachment, vitreous 
hemorrhage, vitrectomy+Retinal laser coagulation 
therapy (for PS); n (%)
11 (0.4%)
11 (0.4%)
0.00
204 (1.5%)
168 (1.2%)
0.03
224 (1.0%)
191 (0.9%)
0.01
439 (1.1%)
370 (0.9%)
0.02
Other atherosclerosis+Cardiac conduction 
disorders+Other CVD (for PS) v2 Copy; n (%)
515 (18.5%)
505 (18.1%)
0.01
4,706 (33.7%)
4,661 (33.4%)
0.01
3,619 (16.2%)
3,549 (15.9%)
0.01
8840 (22.6%)
8715 (22.3%)
0.01
Previous cardiac procedure (CABG or PTCA or Stent) + 
History of CABG or PTCA (for PS) v3; n (%)
153 (5.5%)
141 (5.1%)
0.02
730 (5.2%)
700 (5.0%)
0.01
1,780 (8.0%)
1,772 (7.9%)
0.00
2663 (6.8%)
2613 (6.7%)
0.00
Hyperthyroidism + Hypothyroidism + Other disorders 
of thyroid gland (for PS); n (%)
430 (15.4%)
454 (16.3%)
-0.02
1,697 (12.2%)
1,748 (12.5%)
-0.01
3,078 (13.8%)
3,045 (13.6%)
0.01
5205 (13.3%)
5247 (13.4%)
0.00
Delirium + Psychosis (for PS); n (%)
28 (1.0%)
27 (1.0%)
0.00
190 (1.4%)
207 (1.5%)
-0.01
285 (1.3%)
264 (1.2%)
0.01
503 (1.3%)
498 (1.3%)
0.00
Any use of Meglitinides (for PS); n (%)
4 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
76 (0.5%)
69 (0.5%)
0.00
72 (0.3%)
57 (0.3%)
0.00
152 (0.4%)
129 (0.3%)
0.02
Any use of AGIs (for PS); n (%)
2 (0.1%)
4 (0.1%)
0.00
17 (0.1%)
27 (0.2%)
-0.03
18 (0.1%)
28 (0.1%)
0.00
37 (0.1%)
59 (0.2%)
-0.03
CKD stage 3-6 + dialysis (for PS); n (%)
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
1 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Use of thiazide; n (%)
319 (11.4%)
332 (11.9%)
-0.02
1,447 (10.4%)
1,514 (10.8%)
-0.01
2,908 (13.0%)
2,867 (12.8%)
0.01
4674 (12.0%)
4713 (12.1%)
0.00
Use of beta blockers; n (%)
1,727 (61.9%)
1,731 (62.0%)
0.00
9,487 (68.0%)
9,422 (67.5%)
0.01
14,583 (65.3%)
14,638 (65.6%)
-0.01
25797 (66.0%)
25791 (66.0%)
0.00
Use of calcium channel blockers; n (%)
1,068 (38.3%)
1,010 (36.2%)
0.04
5,367 (38.4%)
5,347 (38.3%)
0.00
8,746 (39.2%)
8,649 (38.8%)
0.01
15181 (38.9%)
15006 (38.4%)
0.01
All antidiabetic medications except Insulin; n (%)
603 (21.6%)
585 (21.0%)
0.01
2,704 (19.4%)
2,727 (19.5%)
0.00
4,497 (20.1%)
4,460 (20.0%)
0.00
7804 (20.0%)
7772 (19.9%)
0.00
DM Medications - Insulin Copy; n (%)
126 (4.5%)
119 (4.3%)
0.01
695 (5.0%)
733 (5.3%)
-0.01
1,030 (4.6%)
802 (3.6%)
0.05
1851 (4.7%)
1654 (4.2%)
0.02
Use of Low Intensity Statins; n (%)
960 (34.4%)
925 (33.2%)
0.03
4,415 (31.6%)
4,638 (33.2%)
-0.03
7,800 (34.9%)
7,804 (35.0%)
0.00
13175 (33.7%)
13367 (34.2%)
-0.01
Use of High Intensity Statins; n (%)
553 (19.8%)
586 (21.0%)
-0.03
3,170 (22.7%)
2,952 (21.1%)
0.04
4,696 (21.0%)
4,665 (20.9%)
0.00
8419 (21.5%)
8203 (21.0%)
0.01
Malignant hypertension; n (%)
108 (3.9%)
103 (3.7%)
0.01
6,144 (44.0%)
5,989 (42.9%)
0.02
3,405 (15.3%)
3,554 (15.9%)
-0.02
9657 (24.7%)
9646 (24.7%)
0.00
Cardiovascular stress test; n (%)
6 (0.2%)
13 (0.5%)
-0.05
96 (0.7%)
63 (0.5%)
0.03
105 (0.5%)
85 (0.4%)
0.01
207 (0.5%)
161 (0.4%)
0.01
Echocardiogram; n (%)
655 (23.5%)
781 (28.0%)
-0.10
6,201 (44.4%)
6,865 (49.2%)
-0.10
7,094 (31.8%)
8,024 (35.9%)
-0.09
13950 (35.7%)
15670 (40.1%)
-0.09
Number of BNP tests
...mean (sd)
0.09 (0.43)
0.09 (0.36)
0.00
0.07 (0.32)
0.07 (0.33)
0.00
0.12 (0.40)
0.13 (0.42)
-0.02
0.10 (0.38)
0.11 (0.39)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.40)
0.00 (0.42)
0.00
Number of Cardiac biomarkers tests (tropnin, CK-MBs, Myoglobin, CPK)
...mean (sd)
0.31 (1.08)
0.35 (1.15)
-0.04
0.27 (1.16)
0.30 (1.23)
-0.03
0.24 (0.54)
0.25 (0.55)
-0.02
0.26 (0.85)
0.28 (0.90)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.01)
0.00 (1.06)
0.00
Number of Ambulatory Blood pressure monitoring tests
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
0.00 (0.03)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.03)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.03)
0.00 (0.04)
0.00
N of days on antihypertensive medications during baseline
...mean (sd)
131.24 (67.61)
130.11 (66.94)
0.02
132.77 (67.41)
132.32 (67.50)
0.01
137.09 (64.11)
136.78 (64.52)
0.00
135.13 (65.56)
134.71 (65.77)
0.00
...median [IQR]
170.00 [94.75, 181.00]
169.00 [92.00, 181.00]
0.01
172.00 [97.00, 181.00]
171.00 [96.00, 181.00]
0.01
173.00 [118.00, 181.00]
173.00 [116.00, 181.00]
0.00
135.41 (72.60)
134.98 (72.81)
0.00
N of days in database anytime prior
...mean (sd)
1,737.28 (1,168.84)
1,752.47 (1,196.68)
-0.01
2,106.30 (1,213.13)
2,104.50 (1,207.54)
0.00
860.39 (497.95)
859.94 (468.49)
0.00
1368.18 (874.66)
1368.37 (865.24)
0.00
...median [IQR]
1,578.00 [699.75, 
2,481.50]
1,600.00 [708.75, 2,508.25]
-0.0208.50 [1,036.00, 3,090.75]
2,144.00 [1,017.00, 3,097.00]
-0.03 775.00 [499.00, 1,074.75]
775.00 [511.00, 1,085.00]
0.00
1142.98 (1039.21)
1157.24 (1029.89)
0.00
Mean Copay for per prescription cost (charges in U.S. $) (180-1 day prior)
...mean (sd)
32.13 (39.93)
31.29 (40.47)
0.02
22.72 (21.47)
22.59 (23.48)
0.01
113.35 (101.72)
115.02 (120.71)
-0.01
75.17 (78.67)
76.01 (92.94)
0.00
...median [IQR]
19.94 [8.75, 41.24]
20.38 [9.47, 39.44]
-0.01
18.19 [8.85, 30.64]
17.21 [8.61, 29.98]
0.04
90.00 [62.27, 132.46]
90.94 [63.10, 132.85]
-0.01
40.08 (79.30)
40.10 (93.57)
0.00
...Missing; n (%)
56 (2.0%)
61 (2.2%)
-0.01
420 (3.0%)
422 (3.0%)
0.00
482 (2.2%)
502 (2.2%)
0.00
958 (2.5%)
985 (2.5%)
0.00
Colonoscopy; n (%)
96 (3.4%)
86 (3.1%)
0.02
468 (3.4%)
459 (3.3%)
0.01
621 (2.8%)
639 (2.9%)
-0.01
1185 (3.0%)
1184 (3.0%)
0.00
Fecal occult blood (FOB) test; n (%)
112 (4.0%)
111 (4.0%)
0.00
316 (2.3%)
303 (2.2%)
0.01
621 (2.8%)
603 (2.7%)
0.01
1049 (2.7%)
1017 (2.6%)
0.01
Flu vaccine; n (%)
525 (18.8%)
549 (19.7%)
-0.02
1,463 (10.5%)
1,461 (10.5%)
0.00
7,309 (32.7%)
7,390 (33.1%)
-0.01
9297 (23.8%)
9400 (24.1%)
-0.01
Mammogram; n (%)
227 (8.1%)
220 (7.9%)
0.01
782 (5.6%)
732 (5.2%)
0.02
1,723 (7.7%)
1,707 (7.6%)
0.00
2732 (7.0%)
2659 (6.8%)
0.01
Appendix B

Pap smear; n (%)
42 (1.5%)
41 (1.5%)
0.00
236 (1.7%)
221 (1.6%)
0.01
446 (2.0%)
438 (2.0%)
0.00
724 (1.9%)
700 (1.8%)
0.01
Pneumonia vaccine; n (%)
256 (9.2%)
263 (9.4%)
-0.01
419 (3.0%)
438 (3.1%)
-0.01
2,807 (12.6%)
2,800 (12.5%)
0.00
3482 (8.9%)
3501 (9.0%)
0.00
PSA test or Prostate exam for DRE; n (%)
483 (17.3%)
471 (16.9%)
0.01
1,011 (7.2%)
980 (7.0%)
0.01
3,880 (17.4%)
3,854 (17.3%)
0.00
5374 (13.8%)
5305 (13.6%)
0.01
Bone mineral density; n (%)
104 (3.7%)
103 (3.7%)
0.00
250 (1.8%)
257 (1.8%)
0.00
739 (3.3%)
724 (3.2%)
0.01
1093 (2.8%)
1084 (2.8%)
0.00
Use of Sympatomimetic agents; n (%)
10 (0.4%)
8 (0.3%)
0.02
70 (0.5%)
79 (0.6%)
-0.01
48 (0.2%)
53 (0.2%)
0.00
128 (0.3%)
140 (0.4%)
-0.02
Use of CNS stimulants; n (%)
4 (0.1%)
3 (0.1%)
0.00
78 (0.6%)
73 (0.5%)
0.01
28 (0.1%)
30 (0.1%)
0.00
110 (0.3%)
106 (0.3%)
0.00
Use of estrogens, progestins, androgens; n (%)
73 (2.6%)
78 (2.8%)
-0.01
625 (4.5%)
617 (4.4%)
0.00
657 (2.9%)
703 (3.1%)
-0.01
1355 (3.5%)
1398 (3.6%)
-0.01
Use of Angiogenesis inhibitors; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
13 (0.1%)
4 (0.0%)
0.04
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of Oral Immunosuppressants; n (%)
2 (0.1%)
1 (0.0%)
0.04
14 (0.1%)
7 (0.1%)
0.00
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of fondaparinux or Bivalirudin; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
12 (0.1%)
10 (0.1%)
0.00
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of other direct thrombin inhibitors (lepirudin, des
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Use of Ticagrelor ON CED; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
14 (0.1%)
12 (0.1%)
0.00
6 (0.0%)
6 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
20 (0.1%)
19 (0.0%)
0.04
Use of Ticagrelor; n (%)
1 (0.0%)
2 (0.1%)
-0.04
19 (0.1%)
18 (0.1%)
0.00
43 (0.2%)
36 (0.2%)
0.00
63 (0.2%)
56 (0.1%)
0.03
Number of D-dimer tests
...mean (sd)
0.02 (0.14)
0.02 (0.14)
0.00
0.02 (0.15)
0.02 (0.15)
0.00
0.03 (0.18)
0.03 (0.18)
0.00
0.03 (0.17)
0.03 (0.17)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.18)
0.00 (0.18)
0.00
Numbe of CRP, high-sensitivity CRP tests
...mean (sd)
0.06 (0.33)
0.06 (0.32)
0.00
0.02 (0.20)
0.02 (0.19)
0.00
0.07 (0.36)
0.07 (0.34)
0.00
0.05 (0.31)
0.05 (0.29)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.32)
0.00 (0.31)
0.00
Number of PT or aPTTt tests
...mean (sd)
0.51 (1.32)
0.46 (1.53)
0.03
0.45 (1.36)
0.38 (1.44)
0.05
0.47 (1.25)
0.43 (1.37)
0.03
0.47 (1.30)
0.41 (1.41)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.44)
0.00 (1.56)
0.00
Number of Bleeding time tests
...mean (sd)
0.00 (0.00)
0.00 (0.00)
#DIV/0!
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.01)
0.00
0.00 (0.01)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
0.00 (0.01)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
#DIV/0!
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (0.02)
0.00 (0.02)
0.00
HAS-BLED Score (ICD-9 and ICD-10), 180 days
...mean (sd)
3.25 (0.70)
3.23 (0.67)
0.03
3.25 (0.74)
3.25 (0.74)
0.00
3.28 (0.63)
3.28 (0.62)
0.00
3.27 (0.68)
3.27 (0.67)
0.00
...median [IQR]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
3.00 [3.00, 4.00]
0.00
2.36 (0.76)
2.36 (0.75)
0.00
N of Generic name drugs
...mean (sd)
14.73 (11.91)
14.51 (12.77)
0.02
12.44 (8.50)
12.33 (9.55)
0.01
14.78 (10.66)
14.67 (11.77)
0.01
13.94 (10.04)
13.82 (11.11)
0.00
...median [IQR]
12.00 [7.00, 19.00]
11.00 [6.00, 19.00]
0.08
11.00 [7.00, 16.00]
10.00 [6.00, 16.00]
0.11
12.00 [8.00, 19.00]
12.00 [7.00, 19.00]
0.00
9.07 (10.79)
8.65 (11.95)
0.00
N of Brand name drugs
...mean (sd)
4.80 (6.60)
4.49 (4.60)
0.05
5.59 (5.92)
5.53 (4.85)
0.01
4.64 (5.86)
4.56 (4.70)
0.02
4.99 (5.94)
4.90 (4.75)
0.00
...median [IQR]
3.00 [0.00, 6.00]
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
0.00
4.00 [2.00, 8.00]
4.00 [2.00, 7.00]
0.00
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
3.00 [1.00, 6.00]
0.00
2.72 (6.54)
2.72 (5.25)
0.00
Use of clopidogrel ; n (%)
180 (6.5%)
177 (6.3%)
0.01
1,663 (11.9%)
1,623 (11.6%)
0.01
2,096 (9.4%)
2,122 (9.5%)
0.00
3939 (10.1%)
3922 (10.0%)
0.00
Systemic embolism; n (%)
13 (0.5%)
11 (0.4%)
0.01
50 (0.4%)
58 (0.4%)
0.00
77 (0.3%)
80 (0.4%)
-0.02
140 (0.4%)
149 (0.4%)
0.00
DVT; n (%)
35 (1.3%)
32 (1.1%)
0.02
207 (1.5%)
213 (1.5%)
0.00
245 (1.1%)
272 (1.2%)
-0.01
487 (1.2%)
517 (1.3%)
-0.01
PE; n (%)
5 (0.2%)
4 (0.1%)
0.03
92 (0.7%)
91 (0.7%)
0.00
84 (0.4%)
73 (0.3%)
0.02
181 (0.5%)
168 (0.4%)
0.01
Diabetes: 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims within 18
780 (28.0%)
749 (26.8%)
0.03
3,371 (24.1%)
3,331 (23.9%)
0.00
5,636 (25.3%)
5,630 (25.2%)
0.00
9787 (25.0%)
9710 (24.9%)
0.00
Intracranial or retroperitoneal hemorrhage: 1 inpatien
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
9 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
20 (0.1%)
17 (0.1%)
0.00
29 (0.1%)
26 (0.1%)
0.00
Peptic Ulcer Disease; n (%)
203 (7.3%)
208 (7.5%)
-0.01
901 (6.5%)
844 (6.0%)
0.02
1,652 (7.4%)
1,633 (7.3%)
0.00
2756 (7.1%)
2685 (6.9%)
0.01
Upper GI bleed; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
5 (0.0%)
4 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
0 (0.0%)
**
#VALUE!
5 (0.0%)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Lower/ unspecified GI bleed; n (%)
21 (0.8%)
24 (0.9%)
-0.01
104 (0.7%)
98 (0.7%)
0.00
116 (0.5%)
132 (0.6%)
-0.01
241 (0.6%)
254 (0.7%)
-0.01
Urogenital bleed; n (%)
91 (3.3%)
85 (3.0%)
0.02
441 (3.2%)
429 (3.1%)
0.01
671 (3.0%)
628 (2.8%)
0.01
1203 (3.1%)
1142 (2.9%)
0.01
Other bleeds; n (%)
29 (1.0%)
27 (1.0%)
0.00
167 (1.2%)
157 (1.1%)
0.01
229 (1.0%)
243 (1.1%)
-0.01
425 (1.1%)
427 (1.1%)
0.00
Prior cancer; n (%)
285 (10.2%)
289 (10.4%)
-0.01
1,288 (9.2%)
1,288 (9.2%)
0.00
2,427 (10.9%)
2,334 (10.5%)
0.01
4000 (10.2%)
3911 (10.0%)
0.01
Aspirin; n (%)
13 (0.5%)
11 (0.4%)
0.01
164 (1.2%)
161 (1.2%)
0.00
105 (0.5%)
97 (0.4%)
0.01
282 (0.7%)
269 (0.7%)
0.00
Aspirin/dipyridamole; n (%)
9 (0.3%)
9 (0.3%)
0.00
79 (0.6%)
71 (0.5%)
0.01
90 (0.4%)
84 (0.4%)
0.00
178 (0.5%)
164 (0.4%)
0.01
Other antiplatelet agents; n (%)
17 (0.6%)
13 (0.5%)
0.01
68 (0.5%)
77 (0.6%)
-0.01
134 (0.6%)
125 (0.6%)
0.00
219 (0.6%)
215 (0.6%)
0.00
PGP inhibitors; n (%)
1,098 (39.4%)
1,087 (39.0%)
0.01
6,825 (48.9%)
6,727 (48.2%)
0.01
9,742 (43.6%)
9,629 (43.1%)
0.01
17665 (45.2%)
17443 (44.6%)
0.01
Other gastroprotective agents; n (%)
19 (0.7%)
16 (0.6%)
0.01
131 (0.9%)
125 (0.9%)
0.00
165 (0.7%)
156 (0.7%)
0.00
315 (0.8%)
297 (0.8%)
0.00
Number of lipid tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.67 (0.86)
0.68 (0.84)
-0.01
0.25 (0.70)
0.24 (0.63)
0.02
0.71 (0.86)
0.71 (0.81)
0.00
0.54 (0.81)
0.54 (0.75)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
-1.18
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
1.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00
0.36 (0.87)
0.43 (0.81)
0.00
Proton pump inhibitor; n (%)
470 (16.8%)
440 (15.8%)
0.03
2,736 (19.6%)
2,724 (19.5%)
0.00
4,221 (18.9%)
4,253 (19.1%)
-0.01
7427 (19.0%)
7417 (19.0%)
0.00
H2 receptor antagonist; n (%)
91 (3.3%)
93 (3.3%)
0.00
384 (2.8%)
399 (2.9%)
-0.01
917 (4.1%)
890 (4.0%)
0.01
1392 (3.6%)
1382 (3.5%)
0.01
Vitamin K therapy; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
11 (0.1%)
8 (0.1%)
0.00
4 (0.0%)
4 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
15 (0.0%)
12 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Number of neurologist visits
...mean (sd)
0.16 (0.98)
0.16 (0.97)
0.00
0.20 (1.18)
0.20 (1.00)
0.00
0.24 (1.44)
0.23 (1.23)
0.01
0.22 (1.32)
0.21 (1.14)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.43)
0.00 (1.23)
0.00
Number of INR (prothrombin) tests ordered
...mean (sd)
0.41 (1.13)
0.36 (1.33)
0.04
0.36 (1.18)
0.30 (1.28)
0.05
0.45 (1.21)
0.41 (1.34)
0.03
0.41 (1.19)
0.37 (1.32)
0.00
...median [IQR]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 [0.00, 1.00]
0.00 [0.00, 0.00]
0.00
0.00 (1.31)
0.00 (1.45)
0.00
Treating prescriber - Cardiologist; n (%)
1,281 (45.9%)
1,280 (45.9%)
0.00
7,610 (54.5%)
7,447 (53.3%)
0.02
12,337 (55.3%)
12,208 (54.7%)
0.01
21228 (54.3%)
20935 (53.6%)
0.01
Treating prescriber - Primary Care Physician; n (%)
1,575 (56.5%)
1,574 (56.4%)
0.00
4,213 (30.2%)
4,147 (29.7%)
0.01
5,306 (23.8%)
5,332 (23.9%)
0.00
11094 (28.4%)
11053 (28.3%)
0.00
Treating prescriber - Other; n (%)
1,997 (71.6%)
2,025 (72.6%)
-0.02
10,745 (77.0%)
10,635 (76.2%)
0.02
17,177 (77.0%)
17,046 (76.4%)
0.01
29919 (76.6%)
29706 (76.0%)
0.01
Alpha blockers; n (%)
400 (14.3%)
399 (14.3%)
0.00
1,835 (13.1%)
1,839 (13.2%)
0.00
3,188 (14.3%)
3,078 (13.8%)
0.01
5423 (13.9%)
5316 (13.6%)
0.01
CHADS2 score, 180 days, V
...mean (sd)
1.88 (1.05)
1.87 (1.00)
0.01
1.91 (1.09)
1.90 (1.07)
0.01
2.90 (1.27)
2.92 (1.26)
-0.02
2.47 (1.19)
2.48 (1.18)
0.00
...median [IQR]
2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
0.00
2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
0.00
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
3.00 [2.00, 4.00]
0.00
1.93 (1.30)
1.93 (1.28)
0.00
Use of Prasugrel; n (%)
5 (0.2%)
4 (0.1%)
0.03
56 (0.4%)
61 (0.4%)
0.00
**
**
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Use of Loop Diuretics+other diuretics+other hypertens
669 (24.0%)
668 (23.9%)
0.00
4,208 (30.1%)
4,198 (30.1%)
0.00
5,853 (26.2%)
5,880 (26.3%)
0.00
10730 (27.5%)
10746 (27.5%)
0.00
Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Business Type Code - CORRECT ONE - OPTUM
0
0
...Commercial; n (%)
543 (19.5%)
550 (19.7%)
-0.01
11,890 (85.2%)
11,934 (85.5%)
-0.01
-
-
#VALUE!
12,433 (74.2%)
12,484 (74.5%)
-0.01
...Medicare Advantage; n (%)
2,247 (80.5%)
2240 (80.3%)
0.01
2,070 (14.8%)
2,026 (14.5%)
0.01
-
-
#VALUE!
4,317 (25.8%)
4,266 (25.5%)
0.01
Appendix B

Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Business Type Code
...COM = COMMERCIAL; n (%)
543 (19.5%)
550 (19.7%)
-0.01
-
-
#VALUE!
-
-
#VALUE!
543 (19.5%)
550 (19.7%)
-0.01
...MCR = MEDICARE; n (%)
2,247 (80.5%)
2,240 (80.3%)
0.01
-
-
#VALUE!
-
-
#VALUE!
2,247 (80.5%)
2,240 (80.3%)
0.01
...MCD = MEDICAID; n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
#VALUE!
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
...NONE = NO BUSINESS LINE CODE (added in 2015); n (
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
#VALUE!
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
...UNK = UNKNOWN (added in 2015); n (%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
-
-
#VALUE!
-
-
#VALUE!
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
#DIV/0!
Commercial vs Medicare Advantage- Data Type
-
-
0
0
-
-
...1 - Fee For Service; n (%)
-
-
1,842 (13.2%)
1,816 (13.0%)
-
-
1,842 (13.2%)
1,816 (13.0%)
0.00
...2 - Encounter; n (%)
-
-
228 (1.6%)
210 (1.5%)
-
-
228 (1.6%)
210 (1.5%)
0.00
...3 - Medicare; n (%)
-
-
11,016 (78.9%)
11,069 (79.3%)
-
-
11,016 (78.9%)
11,069 (79.3%)
0.00
...4 - Medicare Encounter; n (%)
-
-
874 (6.3%)
865 (6.2%)
-
-
874 (6.3%)
865 (6.2%)
0.00
Metropolitan Statistical Area - Urban (any MSA) vs Rural (non-MSA)
0
0
0.00
...Urban; n (%)
-
-
11,038 (79.1%)
11,101 (79.5%)
-
-
11,038 (79.1%)
11,101 (79.5%)
0.00
...Rural; n (%)
-
-
101 (0.7%)
111 (0.8%)
-
-
101 (0.7%)
111 (0.8%)
0.00
...Unknown/Missing; n (%)
-
-
2,821 (20.2%)
2,748 (19.7%)
-
-
2,821 (20.2%)
2,748 (19.7%)
0.00
Due to CMS cell suppression policy, all values less 
than 11 are denoted with **
Appendix B