ImmuneRACE - Immune Response Action to COVID-19 Events
Conditions: Covid19
Sponsor: Adaptive Biotechnologies

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
1 
 
 
Protocol for "ImmuneRACE – Immune Response Action to 
COVID-19 Events" 
 
 
Protocol: ADAP-006 
Version: 1.0 
Date: 7/24/2020 
 
Principle Investigator: Dr. Jennifer N. Dines, M.D. 
Sponsor: Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation 
1551 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 200 
Seattle, WA 98102 
(206) 659-0067 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
2 
I. 
BACKGROUND 
 
Adaptive Biotechnologies has developed a platform technology called T-cell receptor βeta-1 
(TCRβ1) Assay for immune profiling, also referred to as immunoSEQ§ in this proposal. The 
platform utilizes next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify rearranged T-cell receptor 
beta (TRβ)gene sequences and the abundance of those sequences. This broad platform 
technology can be used to determine the diversity of the cellular adaptive immune system and 
track phenotype associated T-cell clones to query the current state and history of the adaptive 
immune system.  
 
Detecting Specific TCRs for Diagnostics1-3  
 
Despite the overwhelming number of possible T-cell receptors (TCRs), many TCRs are quite 
common and repeatedly recur within and between individuals, comprising the public T-cell 
repertoire4. These public TCRs are diagnostically useful because once a TCR has been associated 
with a particular antigen or disease state, the association is reliable even when that TCR is seen 
in a new individual.  Using this technique, we have demonstrated that CMV infection can be 
assayed purely from the peripheral TCR repertoire3. 
 
When specific TCRs associated with particular antigens or disease states are known, scanning the 
T-cell repertoire for those specific sequences can be clinically useful. The purpose of this research 
study is to explore the immune system in individuals with coronavirus disease. 
  
II. 
PROPOSED RESEARCH 
 
The SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly 
throughout the world. Researchers, governments, and biotechnology companies are mobilizing to 
develop and disseminate diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives to try to curb this global 
pandemic. The vast majority of these R&D efforts are focused on the RNA of the virus itself 
rather than critical information held within the genetics of a patient's immune response to the 
virus and the disease patterns we can infer from studying the immune response at the population 
level. 
 
First, we will identify the parts of the virus, called antigens, that induce a cellular immune 
response via T cells. We do this by rapidly determining the nearly full set of processed, 
presented, immunogenic, and immunodominant antigens from a disease. This has historically 
been very challenging for the immunology community and we are confident that our approach is 
a significant breakthrough in the field. Next, we use these antigens to identify tens of thousands 
of T-cell receptors from T cells that expand in response to the virus across the human population. 
This requires the scale of data generation and processing made possible by the Adaptive and 
Microsoft partnership. 
 
In parallel, we will identify and confirm the TCR signature of the immune response to SARS-
CoV-2 virus. To do this, we require DNA extracted from the peripheral blood or whole blood of 
 
§ For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures  

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
3 
approximately 1000 blood samples from patients with COVID-19. The immune signature we 
expect to identify of COVID-19 is a starting point to solve key public health challenges in the 
present. These samples can either be newly diagnosed patients or patients who have already 
recovered from the virus because the immune response will still be identifiable in the memory 
compartment.  
 
 
III. 
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 
 
The primary aim is to increase the understanding of the immune system response in coronavirus 
diseases by assaying the peripheral immune repertoire for TCRs  and a secondary aim of BCRs, 
specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which 
causes COVID-19, with the potential to develop better diagnostic tests and treatments. 
 
Adaptive and Microsoft are committed to making TCR repertoire data public to researchers 
around the world. We hypothesize that by studying the immune response in patients with 
COVID-19 and making these data public, we can help solve several key challenges plaguing this 
current pandemic. 
 
Specific Aims 
 
Aim 1. Comparison of disease-specific TCR signatures in patients and controls 
 
We will run immunoSEQ on approximately 1000 patient samples with disease status unblinded. 
After sequencing these samples, we will quantitatively describe the compartment of the T-cell 
repertoire specific for the disease of interest. We will then use these data to construct a classifier 
that accurately distinguishes patients from controls. 
 
Aim 2.  Identify the immunodominant antigens that elicit a T-cell response to COVID-19 
 
We developed technology to query the antigen specificity of the T-cell repertoire to hundreds of 
peptide epitopes in a single blood sample5.  This technology not only allows us to parse out 
immunodominant epitopes of a given infection from irrelevant epitopes, but also allows us to 
determine the TCR sequences of the T cells responding to these immunodominant epitopes.  We 
will use this technology to determine which peptide epitopes derived from the SARS-CoV-2 
genome commonly elicit an immunodominant T-cell response in different samples. The TCR 
sequence data generated from these studies will be used to boost the diagnostic classifier 
obtained in Aim 1. In addition, the identification of immunodominant epitopes can be 
disseminated to fuel studies in vaccine design and antigen specific T-cell responses relating to 
clinical outcome in other labs. 
 
Aim 3. Risk Stratification based on an individual's immune signature 
 
There is a critical need for a reliable risk stratification test to enable treatment prioritization 
given the potentially massive number of symptomatic patients. Despite an emerging 
understanding of the diagnosis of COVID-19, how it spreads, and the death rate, there is no 
currently available way to predict who needs hospitalization beyond age associated risk and 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
4 
limited epidemiologically linked comorbidities. We aim to utilize the immune signature as a way 
to predict disease severity in individuals by utilizing T cell sequencing capabilities and machine 
learning pipelines to identify T cells specific to the virus and assessing the strength of the 
immune response by the expansion of these T cells in a patient's blood. By understanding the 
strength and specificity of a patient's immune response, which may be temporarily bolstered by 
recent exposure to other coronaviruses (e.g., common cold) in some people, we may be able to 
significantly improve the diagnostic and risk stratification process.    
 
Aim 4. Determine whether an immune signature can be detected in individuals exposed to 
SARS-CoV-2 earlier than currently available tests   
 
Another critical need to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is to determine the false negative 
rate of the RNA test in asymptomatic people and offer an alternative diagnostic that is more 
sensitive in this cohort. For example, it is possible that early stage disease is not picked up by 
RNA tests because the virus may be isolated to regions such as the lower respiratory cavity that 
are not assessed by standard testing methods. We aim to determine whether the immune response 
can be used to detect the virus from a simple blood test thereby providing a more sensitive test in 
asymptomatic people even if the virus itself is not directly detectable in the upper respiratory 
region.  
 
Secondary Aim: 
Aim 5. Explore whether additional research assays could potential identify and/or confirm 
antigenic binding 
 
As a secondary aim, Adaptive will perform explorational research with additional sequencing-based 
research assays to profile the adaptive immune system, such as, but not limited to TCR pairSEQ**6 
and B-cell receptor (BCR) pairSEQ††.  These assays use a combinatorial method for pairing TCR 
alpha and beta chain sequences and BCR heavy and light chain sequences. The output is a large set 
of full length paired BCR or TCR sequences, which allows reconstruction of a functional antibody or 
TCR. We regularly utilize the results of our pairSEQ assays to identify and/or confirm antigenic 
binding. For the case of BCR pairSEQ, the resulting antibody sequences could potentially have 
therapeutic value for imparting passive immunity. 
 
IV. 
STUDY POPULATION 
Participants 
 
Prospective ascertainment of approximately 1000 individuals, between the ages of 18 – 89, who 
reside within the United States. Blood samples and nose or throat swabs will be collected at 
affiliated sites or with mobile phlebotomy. These samples will be shipped frozen or transported 
refrigerated or at room temperature to Adaptive Biotechnologies for processing, including, but 
not limited to DNA extraction and analysis. Minors, pregnant women, prisoners, mentally 
disabled persons, and wards-of-the-state will be excluded to prevent any risk to vulnerable 
populations. The selection of participants will be equitable per 45 CFR 111(a). The inclusion and 
exclusion criteria for the three cohorts are included below.  
 
** For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures 
†† For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
5 
 
Cohort 1. Exposed to coronavirus disease  
Inclusion criteria  
 
Participants must satisfy the following criteria to be enrolled in the study:  
i. 
Individuals exposed to someone with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease within 
2 weeks of exposure (or at the discretion of the investigator) 
ii. 
Male and female participants of any race and ethnicity between 18 to 89 years of age 
(inclusive) at the time of enrolling in the study 
iii. 
Must be able to communicate with the investigator, understand and comply with the 
requirements of the study 
 
Exclusion Criteria  
 
The presence of any of the following will exclude a participant from enrollment:  
i. 
Individuals who have not been exposed to a person with a confirmed diagnosis of 
coronavirus disease within 2 weeks of exposure (or at the discretion of the investigator) 
ii. 
Protected populations including minors, pregnant women, prisoners, mentally disabled 
persons, and wards-of-the state 
iii. 
Any significant condition, laboratory abnormality, or psychiatric illness that would 
prevent the participant from safely participating in the study  
iv. 
Donated more than 500cc or 1 pint of blood in the past 60 days prior to the blood 
draw (at the discretion of the investigator) 
 
Cohort 2. Active coronavirus disease  
Inclusion criteria  
 
Participants must satisfy the following criteria to be enrolled in the study:  
i. 
Individuals with a diagnosis of coronavirus disease: 
a. Either by clinical diagnosis made by a medical professional, or 
b. By positive laboratory test, including but not limited to naso- or oropharyngeal 
swab (or at the discretion of the investigator) 
ii. 
Male and female participants of any race and ethnicity between 18 to 89 years of age 
(inclusive) at the time of enrolling in the study 
iii. 
Must be able to communicate with the investigator, understand and comply with the 
requirements of the study 
 
Exclusion Criteria  
 
The presence of any of the following will exclude a participant from enrollment:  
i. 
Individuals without a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 
ii. 
Protected populations including minors, pregnant women, prisoners, mentally disabled 
persons, and wards-of-the state 
iii. 
Any significant condition, laboratory abnormality, or psychiatric illness that would 
prevent the participant from safely participating in the study  

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
6 
iv. 
Donated more than 500cc or 1 pint of blood in the past 60 days prior to the blood 
draw (at the discretion of the investigator) 
 
Cohort 3. Recovered from coronavirus disease  
 
Inclusion criteria  
 
Participants must satisfy the following criteria to be enrolled in the study:  
i. 
Individuals previously diagnosed with coronavirus disease and cleared from active 
infection (within 2 weeks or at the discretion of the investigator) by: 
a. Testing negative on two consecutive naso- or oropharyngeal swab tests following 
initial diagnosis, or 
b. Cleared by a healthcare professional or public health authority, or 
c. Resolution of symptoms related to COVID-19 (or at the discretion of the 
investigator) 
ii. 
Male and female participants of any race and ethnicity between 18 to 89 years of age 
(inclusive) at the time of enrolling in the study 
iii. 
Must be able to communicate with the investigator, understand and comply with the 
requirements of the study 
 
Exclusion Criteria  
 
The presence of any of the following will exclude a participant from enrollment:  
i. 
Individuals without a previous diagnosis of coronavirus disease at the discretion of the 
investigator 
ii. 
Protected populations including minors, pregnant women, prisoners, mentally disabled 
persons, and wards-of-the state 
iii. 
Any significant condition, laboratory abnormality, or psychiatric illness that would 
prevent the participant from safely participating in the study  
iv. 
Donated more than 500cc or 1 pint of blood in the past 60 days prior to the blood 
draw (at the discretion of the investigator) 
 
V. 
METHODS AND PROCEDURES 
 
Sample and Data Collection Plan 
 
Blood Draw and Sample Processing  
Standard blood draws will be performed via routine venipuncture during either routine clinical 
care of the participants or scheduled remote phlebotomy appointments for the research study. 
Whole blood will be collected in volumes of approximately 10-60 mL (~1-6 X 10 mL tubes). All 
blood samples will be shipped frozen (at -20 to -80 °C) or transported refrigerated (at 2 to 8°C) 
or at room temperature within 72 hours of being drawn to Adaptive Biotechnologies for further 
testing. Blood will undergo DNA extraction, and the immunoSEQ Assay will be performed. This 
will quantitatively describe the compartment of the T-cell repertoire specific for the disease of 
interest compared to controls. In addition, additional research assays may be applied.   
 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
7 
Depending on the needs of the study, Adaptive will coordinate with the phlebotomist blood 
draws that will be transported and processed same day at room temperature. These samples must 
be processed and cryopreserved within 6 hours of the sample blood draw. Both the PBMCs and 
serum will be processed and frozen. For samples undergoing this route, participants that will be 
prioritized include, but are not limited to individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus 
disease and reporting symptoms for at least two weeks prior to blood draw.  
 
Nose or Throat Swabs 
A nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab will be collected by inserting a swab into the nose or 
throat of the participant. Samples collected will be shipped frozen at -80 °C to Adaptive within 1 
month of collection or stored at 4 °C and transported to Adaptive within 72 hours. All samples 
will be stored at -80°C until further testing is performed. Testing may include, but not limited to, 
clinically available tests for coronavirus disease or other respiratory illnesses. 
 
Study Visit 
 
During the study visit, the examiner will collect information including, but not limited to, 
participant's diagnosis of coronavirus disease and symptoms associated with coronavirus disease. 
This information will be used in the analysis to better understand and interpret the test results. 
This information will be stored with an alphanumeric code. All information will be de-identified 
in accordance with HIPAA standards. 
 
Electronic Questionnaire  
An electronic questionnaire will be administered in this study to collect information pertaining to 
the participant's medical history, symptoms, and diagnostic tests performed for coronavirus 
disease. This information will be used in the analysis to better understand and interpret the test 
results. This information will be stored with an alphanumeric code. All information will be de-
identified in accordance with HIPAA standards. 
 
As part of this study, medical records, with the participant's consent, may be accessed to confirm 
medical information pertaining the participant's medical history, symptoms, and diagnostic tests 
performed for coronavirus disease. 
 
As part of this study, participants may be asked to provide diagnostic test results performed for 
coronavirus disease, if available. Diagnostic test results can be provided via secure email or 
secure fax.  
 
Optional Participation  
Participants will have the option to undergo up to four additional blood draws and four additional 
questionnaires about the participant's symptoms and medical information relating to coronavirus 
disease throughout a 4-month time period. Each additional blood draw will be approximately 10-
60 mL (1-6 x 10mL tube(s)). Optional blood draws are at the discretion of the investigator and 
dependent on the needs of the study. 
 
Additional tests may be run to diagnose or support the diagnosis may be run on the participant's 
sample from all cohorts. This is explicitly stated in the consenting information sheet. 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
8 
Shipping 
 
Batches of samples can be transported to Adaptive by courier. All sample shipments will follow 
regulations for UN 3373 Biological Substance, Category B. Shipment notification and the 
electronic manifest should be provided before sample receipt at Adaptive. 
 
Contact: Emily Svejnoha (esvejnoha@adaptivebiotech.com) +1 (206) 693-2032  
Address: 
ATTN: BSM 
Adaptive Biotechnologies 
1551 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 200 
Seattle, WA 98102 
 
Metadata Summary:  
For each sample the following metadata will be included, but not limited to:  
i. 
Basic demographics (age at collection, gender, ethnicity/race) 
ii. 
Symptoms associated with coronavirus disease and at time of blood draw 
iii. 
Required hospitalizations relating to coronavirus disease 
iv. 
Date and city/state of diagnosis of coronavirus disease 
v. 
Test results for coronavirus disease  
vi. 
Other comorbid conditions that may impact results and interpretation (for example, 
asthma, chronic lung disease, autoimmune conditions) 
vii. 
Medications that may impact results and interpretation 
Data Analysis 
 
Data analysis will be performed by Adaptive Biotechnologies scientists using customized 
molecular assays and software designed to capture detailed information about the immune 
repertoire. In collaboration with Microsoft, we will use these data to construct a classifier that 
accurately distinguishes cases from controls with the use of machine learning and artificial 
intelligence (AI) based on TCR repertoire analysis. A rigorous statistical analysis will be 
performed.  
 
For the secondary aim, TCR pairSEQ and/or BCR pairSEQ assay analysis will be performed. 
This involves a combinatorial method for pairing TCR alpha and beta chain sequences and BCR 
heavy and light chain sequences will be performed, allowing reconstruction of a functional 
antibody or TCR.  
 
This study is considered minimal risk and does not require additional data monitoring measures 
in place. 
 
Immunodominant peptide analysis 
 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
9 
Cryopreserved PBMC will be used to run the assay, which will link TCR sequences to T-cell 
specificity of peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 genome as described by Klinger et al.5. 
Briefly, memory T cells from SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals will be incubated with epitopes 
derived from the entire genome of SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 specific memory T cells 
will be isolated and sequenced.  The TCR sequences of the memory response will be used to 
broaden the diagnostic signal obtained by repertoire analysis alone.  In addition, the SARS-CoV-
2 antigenic epitopes that are found to be immunogenic in participants who have cleared the 
infection will be identified and shared with the community so that further studies can be targeted 
at these epitopes.   
 
Data Storage and Confidentiality 
 
DNA extracted from the samples will be stored at -20 to -80 °C until the sample is exhausted. 
Samples and associated clinical information will be de-identified prior to being transferred or 
upon arrival to Adaptive Biotechnologies. The samples will be stored and tracked by the research 
technicians using a laboratory information management system (LIMS). The samples may be 
used for research assays in areas beyond the disease of interest at the conclusion of this study. 
 
To the extent, the results of this research study are presented at meetings or in publications, the 
identity of participants will not be included in the information that is disclosed. In addition, 
records related to this study may be reviewed during a regulatory inspection. 
 
VI. 
RISK/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT 
 
Risk Category: Minimal 
 
Potential Risk - Physical 
 
Physical risks associated with drawing blood, include soreness at the site of puncture, bruising, 
and in the rare case, infection of the blood draw site, fainting, nerve, or tendon damage.  
 
Physical risks associated with a nose or throat swab include: a very small risk of bleeding when 
swabbing the inside of your nose or throat (mucosal membranes). 
 
Mitigating strategies to minimize risk: 
 
Standard procedures to minimize discomfort, and the chance of infection resulting from 
venipuncture, nasal or throat swabs will be utilized.  
 
Potential Risk – Loss of Confidentiality 
 
There may be a risk of loss of confidentiality of the protected health information of the 
participants. 
 
Mitigating strategies to minimize risk: 
 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
10 
All data, blood samples from participants will be de-identified at Adaptive in accordance with 
the HIPAA Safe Harbor Method. In addition, staff sign confidentiality agreements as conditions 
of their employment and are trained annually on the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rule. 
Delegated research staff will be able to view information about the participant, the code given 
their samples, and the resulting data derived from the analysis. Therefore, appropriate data 
security measures will be in place to prevent unauthorized access to individually identifiable 
data.  
 
Benefits 
 
No direct benefit will be seen by the study participants.  
 
Participants are made aware that allowing the study to use their blood samples and analyze their 
DNA may help develop better lab tests and lead to a better scientific understanding of 
coronavirus disease.  
 
In addition, de-identified data will be shared with the global research community with the 
potential of developing better tests and treatment for coronavirus disease. 
 
The participants are informed that they will not receive individual results from this study. 
Moreover, we will not give the results to their doctor or put them in their medical records. 
 
Alternatives to Participation 
 
Options include not participating or participating in other research studies. 
 
VII. 
PARTICIPANT IDENTIFICATION, RECRUITMENT AND CONSENT 
 
Method of Participant Identification and Recruitment 
 
Prospective participants will be identified and recruited by, but not limited to, clinicians and 
other health care personnel at participating sites, online and printed marketing material, and radio 
and television advertisements. The identification and recruitment of participants will protect 
privacy and be free of undue influence. All material will be submitted to the IRB for approval. 
 
Process of Consent 
 
Eligible individuals will be given an information sheet and will electronically consent to 
participate in the study. We are requesting a waiver of signed consent given: 
 
• 
The research involves no more than minimal risk 
• 
The waiver of informed consent will not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the 
participant 
• 
It is not practicable to conduct the research without the waiver or alteration 
• 
Whenever appropriate, participants will be provided with additional pertinent information 
after their participation. 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
11 
Participants who wish to participate in this study will demonstrate consent by clicking 
"ACCEPT" to an information sheet that describes the study. They will not be able to participate 
if they do not click "ACCEPT". Additional information about the study will be available to 
participants as FAQ. Please reference the FAQ and eConsent information sheet for further 
details. There will be no elements of coercion or undue influence. Consent will be obtained via 
an eConsent process and/or through a research coordinator or other appropriate study staff when 
applicable. Documentation of consent and contact information for those who wish to be 
contacted in future studies will be obtained and stored on a secure, password-protected server. If 
eConsent is not available or handwritten signatures are required, a paper consent will be used, 
the participant will demonstrate consent by signing at the bottom of the information consent 
sheet that describes the study.  For certain instances where a wet ink signature is required, a 
HIPAA form to be shared with the provider network will be issued for authorization of release of 
medical records.   
 
Costs to the Participant 
 
Adaptive Biotechnologies, the Sponsor, or study partners (Microsoft, LabCorp/Covance and 
Illumina), will pay for procedures associated with the study and necessary follow-up. 
Participants will not incur any costs nor will insurance be billed for research procedures in this 
study. 
 
Payment for Participation 
 
Participants will be given a $50 gift card for their participation in the study. Participants must 
complete the blood draw, nasal or oral swab, and study questionnaire prior to receiving the gift 
card.  
 
Participants will be provided an additional $50 gift card after completing each additional blood 
draw and questionnaire about their symptoms and medical information relating to COVID-19.  
 
VIII. 
SPONSOR 
Adaptive, or study partners (Microsoft, LabCorp/Covance, and Illumina), will sponsor the 
entirety of this study and all related costs including resource needs to curate metadata. 
 

Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp., Seattle, Washington, USA 
ADAP-006 
WIRB# 20200625 
12 
REFERENCES 
 
1 
De Neuter, N. et al. Memory CD4(+) T cell receptor repertoire data mining as a tool for 
identifying cytomegalovirus serostatus. Genes and immunity, doi:10.1038/s41435-018-
0035-y (2018). 
2 
DeWitt, W. S., 3rd et al. Human T cell receptor occurrence patterns encode immune 
history, genetic background, and receptor specificity. eLife 7, doi:10.7554/eLife.38358 
(2018). 
3 
Emerson, R. O. et al. ImmunoSEQuencing identifies signatures of cytomegalovirus 
exposure history and HLA-mediated effects on the T cell repertoire. Nature genetics 49, 
659-665, doi:10.1038/ng.3822 (2017). 
4 
Venturi, V., Price, D. A., Douek, D. C. & Davenport, M. P. The molecular basis for 
public T-cell responses? Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 231-238, doi:10.1038/nri2260 
(2008). 
5 
Klinger M, Pepin F, Wilkins J, Asbury T, Wittkop T, et al. Multiplex Identification of 
Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptors Using a Combination of Immune Assays and Immune 
Receptor Sequencing. PLOS ONE 10, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141561 (2015). 
6 
Howie B, Sherwood AM, Berkebile AD, Berka J, Emerson RO, Williamson DW, Kirsch 
I, Vignali M, Rieder MJ, Carlson CS, Robins HS. High-throughput pairing of T cell 
receptor α and β sequences. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Aug 19;7(301):301ra131. doi: 
10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5624. Erratum in: Sci Transl Med. 2015 Oct 14;7(309):309er7.