A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) Effects of Posiphen® in Subjects With Early Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Phase: PHASE1
Conditions: Alzheimer's Disease
Sponsor: Annovis Bio Inc.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HOWARD FELDMAN, MDCM, FRCP(C)  
PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCES 
DIRECTOR, ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE COOPERATIVE STUDY (ADCS) 
DEAN, ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE RESEARCH 
9500 Gilman Drive     La Jolla, California 92037-0949     TEL: (858) 246-1347   FAX: (858) 246-1414 
 
 
 
Protocol Title: 
 
 A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 
Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, 
Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) Effects of Posiphen® 
in Subjects with Early Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)  
 
Protocol Short Title: A Safety and PK/PD Study of Posiphen in Subjects 
with Early Alzheimer’s Disease 
 
  
Protocol Number: ADC-043-DISC (QR15001)  
 
 
NCT02925650 
 
 
Protocol Version 8.0 
 (23NOV2021) 
 
 
 
 
 

Protocol Number: ADC-043 DISC (QR15001) 
 
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Protocol Title: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending 
Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics (PK) and 
Pharmacodynamic (PD) Effects of Posiphen® in Subjects with Early Alzheimer’s Disease 
(AD) 
Protocol Short Title: A Safety and PK/PD Study of Posiphen in Subjects with Early 
Alzheimer’s Disease 
 
Protocol Number: ADC-043-DISC (QR15001) 
 
US IND Number: 72,654 
 
November 23, 2021, V 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Confidentiality Statement 
The information in this document is privileged or confidential and may not be disclosed unless 
such disclosure is required by applicable laws and regulations. It is the property of Annovis Bio, 
Inc. and ADCS, and should not be copied by or distributed to persons not involved in the study. 
Persons to whom the information is disclosed must be informed that the information is privileged 
or confidential and may not be further disclosed by them. These restrictions on disclosure will 
apply equally to all future information supplied to you, which is indicated as privileged or 
confidential. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure, copying or distribution is strictly 
prohibited.  
 

Protocol Number: ADC-043 DISC (QR15001) 
 
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PROJECT DIRECTORS 
DRUG SUPPLIER 
 
Martin Farlow, M.D. 
Project Director 
Indiana University 
Department of Neurology 
355 W. 16th Street, Suite 4700 
Indianapolis, IN 46202 
 
mfarlow@iupui.edu  
Tel: (317) 963-7402 
 
Douglas R. Galasko, MD 
Project Director 
UC San Diego 
9500 Gilman Drive MC 0948 
La Jolla, CA 92093-0948  
 
dgalasko@ucsd.edu 
Tel: (858) 552-8585  
 
 
Maria L. Maccecchini, Ph.D. 
President & CEO 
Annovis Bio, Inc. 
1055 Westlakes Drive, Suite 300 
Berwyn, PA 19312 
 
maccecchini@annovisbio.com  
Tel: (610) 727-3710 
 
COORDINATION & DATA 
MANAGEMENT CENTER 
MEDICAL MONITOR 
 
Howard Feldman, MDCM, FRCP(C)  
Director 
UC San Diego 
Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study 
9500 Gilman Drive MC 0949 
La Jolla, CA 92093-0949 
 
hhfeldman@ucsd.edu  
Tel: (858) 246-1347 
 
 
Gabriel Leger, M.D. 
Medical Monitor  
UC San Diego 
Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study 
9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0949 
La Jolla, CA 92093-0949  
 
gleger@ucsd.edu  
Tel: (702) 833-0916 
PROTOCOL VERSION 
VERSION DATE 
Final Protocol 
  November 23, 2021 V8 
 
 
 

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  
 
5’UTR  
5’ untranslated region 
αSYN 
Alpha-synuclein 
Aβ 
Beta-amyloid 
Aβ38 
Beta Amyloid 38 
Aβ40 
Beta Amyloid 40 
Aβ42 
Beta Amyloid 42 
AChE 
Acetylcholinesterase 
AD 
Alzheimer’s Disease 
ADAS-Cog12 
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive 
ADCS 
Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study 
AE 
Adverse Event 
AIDS 
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 
APOE/APOE4 
Apolipoprotein E /Apolipoprotein epsilon 4  
APP  
Amyloid Precursor Protein 
ANOVA 
Analysis of variance 
AUC 
Area under the curve 
BACE 
β-secretase 
BChE  
Butyrylcholinesterase 
BDNF 
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 
BID 
Twice a Day 
BP 
Blood pressure 
CDR 
Clinical Dementia Rating  
CFR 
Code of Federal Regulations 
CTCAE 
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 
CLBP 
Chronic low back pain 
Cmax 
Maximum plasma and CSF concentration  
ChE 
Cholinesterase 
CJD 
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 
C-SSRS 
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale 
CNS 
Central Nervous System 
CSF 
Cerebrospinal Fluid 
CV 
Coefficients of variation 
CVD 
Cerebrovascular Dementia 
DNA 
Deoxyribonucleic Acid 
DSMB 
Data Safety Monitoring Board 
DSM 
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 
ECG 
Electrocardiogram 
eCRF 
Electronic Case Report Form 
FCR  
Fractional clearance rate 
FDA 
Food and Drug Administration 
FSR 
Fractional Synthesis Rate 
FWA 
Federalwide Assurance 
GCP 
Good Clinical Practice 
GI 
Gastrointestinal 
GRAS  
Generally recognized as safe  
GWAS 
Genome Wide Association Studies 
HEK 293 
Human embryonic kidney cells 

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HEENT 
Head/ears/eyes/nose/throat 
hERG 
Human ether-a-go-go related gene  
HIPAA 
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 
ICH 
International Conference on Harmonisation 
IRB 
Institutional Review Board 
IRE 
Iron-responsible element 
IRP1 
Iron Regulatory Protein 1 
LBD 
Lewy Bodies Dementia 
LP 
Lumbar Puncture 
MAD 
Multiple Ascending Dose 
MCI 
Mild Cognitive Impairment 
MMSE 
Mini-Mental State Examination 
MRI 
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
mRNA 
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid 
NIA 
National Institute on Aging, under the NIH 
NIA-AA 
NIA and Alzheimer’s Association 
NIH 
National Institutes of Health 
NOAEL 
No observed adverse effect level 
NPH 
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 
NPI 
Neuropsychiatric Inventory 
OHRP 
Office for Human Research Protections 
p-tau  
Phosphorylated tau 
PD 
Pharmacodynamic 
PHI 
Protected Health Information 
PI 
Principal Investigator 
PK 
Pharmacokinetic 
PSP 
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 
QD 
Once a Day 
QID 
4 Times a Day 
QT 
Interval seen in electrocardiogram (ECG) test 
QTc  
Interval seen in QT (ECG) test 
sAPP 
Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein 
sAPPα 
Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein alpha 
sAPPβ 
Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein beta 
SAD 
Single Ascending Dose 
SAE 
Serious Adverse Event 
SH-SY-5Y 
Human Derived Cell Line 
SILK™ 
Stable Isotope Labeling and Kinetics 
SD 
Standard Deviation 
t1/2 
Half-life 
tau 
Tau protein 
TID 
Three Times a Day 
 
 
 
 

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SIGNATURE PAGE 
(SIGNATURES ON FILE AT THE COORDINATING CENTER) 
 
 
_______________________________________ 
 
___________________ 
Maria L. Maccecchini, Ph.D.  
 
 
 
Date (DDMMMYYYY) 
President & CEO 
Annovis Bio, Inc.  
 
_______________________________________ 
 
___________________ 
Gabriel Leger, M.D. 
 
 
 
                        Date (DDMMMYYYY) 
Medical Monitor 
UC San Diego 
Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) 
 
_______________________________________ 
 
___________________  
Martin Farlow, M.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
Date (DDMMMYYYY) 
Project Director 
Indiana University 
 
_______________________________________ 
 
___________________ 
Douglas Galasko, M.D. 
 
 
                       Date (DDMMMYYYY) 
Project Director 
UC San Diego 
 
_______________________________________ 
 
___________________ 
Howard Feldman, MDCM, FRCP(C)                                      Date (DDMMMYYYY) 
Director, ADCS 
Coordination & Data Management Center 
UC San Diego 
ADCS 
 
 
 

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1 
PROTOCOL SYNOPSIS .................................................................................... 10 
2 
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 122 
2.1 
Primary Aims ................................................................................................... 12 
2.2 
Secondary Aims ............................................................................................ 133 
3 
PRELIMINARY STUDIES .................................................................................. 13 
3.1 
Summary of Non-Clinical Findings .................................................................. 13 
3.2 
Summary of Clinical Findings .......................................................................... 14 
4 
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE .............................................................. 15 
5 
POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS OF INVESTIGATIONAL PRODUCT AND 
STUDY PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 18 
5.1 
Risks and Benefits Associated with Posiphen or Placebo............................... 18 
5.2 
Risk/Benefit Associated with Blood Collections .............................................. 19 
5.3 
Risk/Benefit Associated with Stable Isotope Labeling Kinetics (SILK™) 
Procedure and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Sampling ...................................... 20 
    5.4 
Risk/Benefit Associated with Investigational Drugs Intended to Reduce β-
amyloid in the Brain ........................................................................................ 20 
6 
SAMPLE SIZE AND STATISTICAL PLAN ........................................................ 20 
6.1 
Randomization ................................................................................................ 20 
6.2 
Power and Sample Size Determination .......................................................... 21 
6.3 
Safety and Tolerability Analysis ...................................................................... 21 
6.4 
PK Analysis ..................................................................................................... 22 
6.5 
SILK™ Analysis .............................................................................................. 22 
6.6 
Criteria for the termination of the trial .............................................................. 23 
7 
STUDY DRUG AND CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS ..................................... 23 
7.1 
Name and Description of IP and Comparator ................................................. 23 
7.2 
Dosage............................................................................................................ 23 
7.3 
Packaging/Dispensing/Labeling ...................................................................... 23 
7.4 
Storage ........................................................................................................... 24 

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7.5 
Drug Accountability ......................................................................................... 24 
7.6 
Compliance ..................................................................................................... 24 
7.7 
Breaking the Blind ........................................................................................... 25 
7.8 
Overdose ........................................................................................................ 25 
7.9 
Concomitant Medications ................................................................................ 25 
7.9.1 
Prohibited Concomitant Medications........................................................ 25 
7.9.2 
Permitted Concomitant Medications ........................................................ 26 
8 
STUDY POPULATION ....................................................................................... 26 
8.1 
Inclusion Criteria ............................................................................................. 26 
8.2 
Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................ 28 
9 
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY VISITS .................................................................... 29 
9.1 
Pre-screening .................................................................................................. 29 
9.2 
Screening Visit ................................................................................................ 29 
9.2.1 
Re-screens .............................................................................................. 30 
9.3 
Baseline Visit .................................................................................................. 30 
9.4 
Day 14 Telephone Contact ............................................................................. 30 
9.5 
Confinement Visits .......................................................................................... 30 
9.5.1 
Pre-Confinement Visit .............................................................................. 30 
9.5.2 
Confinement Visit ..................................................................................... 30 
9.5.3 
Post-Confinement 24-Hour Phone Follow-up .......................................... 33 
10 
EARLY TREATMENT/STUDY DISCONTINUATION ......................................... 33 
10.1 
Reasons for Early Discontinuation .................................................................. 33 
11 
STUDY-SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTS ................................................................... 34 
11.1 Cognitive and Clinical Evaluations ..................................................................... 34 
11.1.1 
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog12) ......... 34 
11.1.2 
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) ................................. 34 

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11.1.3 
Logical Memory Test (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised) ....................... 35 
11.1.4 
Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) ................................................ 35 
11.1.5 
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) ............................................................. 35 
11.1.6 
Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) .............................................................. 35 
12 
STUDY-SPECIFIC PROCEDURES ................................................................... 36 
12.1 
Safety Assessments ....................................................................................... 36 
12.1.1 
Physical and Neurological Examination ................................................... 36 
12.1.2 
Electrocardiogram (ECG) ......................................................................... 36 
12.1.3 
Clinical Laboratory Evaluations ................................................................ 36 
12.2 
Biofluids .......................................................................................................... 37 
12.2.1 
CSF for Biomarkers ................................................................................. 37 
12.2.2 
Apolipoprotein (APOE) Genotype and other Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 
Markers .................................................................................................... 38 
12.2.3 
Plasma for Biomarkers and Pharmacokinetics ........................................ 39 
12.2.4 
DNA/Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)/APOE Sample ........... 39 
13 
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 39 
14 
ADVERSE EVENTS (AES) ................................................................................ 40 
14.1 
Definition ......................................................................................................... 40 
14.2 
Following Up on Adverse Events .................................................................... 40 
15 
SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (SAE) ............................................................... 40 
15.1 
Definition ......................................................................................................... 40 
15.2 
Reporting SAEs .............................................................................................. 40 
16 
DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB)...................................... 40 
17 
RECORDING AND COLLECTION OF DATA .................................................... 41 
17.1 
Case Report Form .......................................................................................... 41 
17.2 
Study Files and Source Documents ................................................................ 41 
18 
ETHICS AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .......................................... 42 

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18.1 
Good Clinical Practice ..................................................................................... 42 
18.2 
Institutional Review Board (IRB) ..................................................................... 42 
18.3 
Informed Consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 
(HIPAA) Compliance ....................................................................................... 43 
18.4 
Genetic Research and Storage of Genetic Material ........................................ 44 
18.5 
Storage of Biospecimen Samples ................................................................... 44 
19 
STUDY MONITORING ....................................................................................... 44 
20 
AUDIT ................................................................................................................ 45 
21 
RECORD RETENTION ...................................................................................... 45 
22 
PUBLICATION POLICY ..................................................................................... 45 
23 
SHARING OF FINAL RESEARCH DATA.......................................................... 45 
24 
LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................... 47 
25 
APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 49 
 
APPENDIX 1: SCHEDULE OF EVENTS ........................................................... 50 
 
APPENDIX 2: STUDY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ................................................ 50 
 
APPENDIX 3: CONFINEMENT VISIT DIAGRAM .............................................. 51 
 
Appendix 3.1 Confinement Visit Phase 1: Admission Diagram ....................... 51 
Appendix 3.2a Confinement Visit Phase 2: Sampling – 36-Hour Observation   
Diagram .......................................................................................................... 52 
Appendix 3.2b Confinement Visit Phase 2: Sampling – 36-Hour Observation 
Schedule of Events ......................................................................................... 53 
 
Appendix 3.3 Confinement Visit Phase 3: 12-Hour Observation Diagram ...... 54 
 
Appendix 3.4 Confinement Visit Phase 4: Discharge Diagram ....................... 55 
 
APPENDIX 4: SAMPLE LOW LEUCINE MENU ................................................ 57 
APPENDIX 5: SEVERITY EVALUATION OF CHOLINERGIC AES .................. 57 
 
 
 

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1 
PROTOCOL SYNOPSIS 
PROTOCOL TITLE 
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 
Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, PK and 
PD Effects of Posiphen® in Subjects with Early AD 
PROJECT DIRECTORS 
Martin Farlow, M.D. and Douglas Galasko, M.D. 
COORDINATING 
CENTER 
Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) 
STUDY DESIGN 
A Phase 1b multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled study evaluating safety, tolerability, PK and PD of 23-25 
days exposure to multiple ascending doses of Posiphen in up to 
24 participants with a clinical profile consistent with early AD 
including Mild Cognitive Impairment due to AD (MCI-AD) or Mild 
AD with the following planned doses: 
• 
60 mg Once a Day (QD) (1x60mg) 
• 
60 mg Twice a Day (BID) (2x60mg) 
• 
60 mg Three Times a Day (TID) (3x60mg) 
Each dose group will include 8 subjects, 5 randomly assigned to 
Posiphen and 3 randomly assigned to placebo. 
Each dose group will be completed and evaluated for safety and 
tolerability by the standing ADCS Data Safety Monitoring Board 
(DSMB).  The ADCS DSMB will determine whether to approve 
dose escalation.   
Subjects who do not tolerate study drug during the initial 3-week 
at-home treatment period will be discontinued and replaced by 
new subjects. If two subjects at a given dose are discontinued due 
to adverse events, no additional subjects will be added at this dose 
level until a safety review has been conducted. The safety 
committee will determine the appropriate dose level for additional 
subjects. The safety committee has the option to change the 
allocation of future patients to active drug versus placebo based 
on statistical advice to maintain an appropriate balance between 
placebo subjects and subjects on active drug. 
DURATION OF STUDY 
PARTICIPATION 
Each subject will have up to a 42-day screening period, followed 
by approximately 21-23 days of treatment at home, and an in-clinic 
visit that includes treatment and a 36-hour lumbar puncture (LP) 
Stable Isotope Labeling and Kinetics (SILK™) procedure. 
SUMMARY OF 
INVESTIGATIONAL 
PRODUCT 
Posiphen 60 mg QD, 60 mg BID or 60 mg TID, or placebo 
capsules taken orally for up to 25 days. 

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SUMMARY OF KEY 
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA  
• 
Clinical profile consistent with early AD including MCI-AD or 
mild AD according to the core clinical criteria outlined in the 
National Institute Aging (NIA) and Alzheimer’s Association 
(NIA-AA) Guidelines 
• 
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers consistent with AD 
(Beta Amyloid 42(Aβ42)/Beta Amyloid 40(Aβ40) ratio less than 
0.131 as measured by mass spectrometry) 
• 
Age 55-89  (inclusive), in good health with no frailty 
• 
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 17 – 30 
(inclusive) - 
• 
Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) global score of 0.5 with a 
memory score of 0.5 or greater, or global score of 1.0  
 
PRIMARY OUTCOME 
MEASURE 
Aim 1. Safety and Tolerability 
Aim 2. PK of Posiphen/metabolites in Plasma and CSF 
Aim 3. PD on fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of Beta Amyloid 40 
(Aβ40) in CSF 
OTHER KEY OUTCOME 
MEASURES / STUDY 
PROCEDURES 
Aim 4. Feasibility of SILK™ in a multicenter trial 
Aim 5. PD on other biomarkers in CSF including Beta Amyloid 38 
(Aβ38), Aβ40, Aβ42, Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein alpha 
(sAPPα), Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein alpha (sAPPβ), and 
T-Tau     
Aim 6. Cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric effects of Posiphen 
 
 
 

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2 
INTRODUCTION 
The medications that are currently approved for AD target symptoms such as memory loss, but 
the magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical benefits are limited. Aducanumab 
(commercially known as Aduhelm™), an Aβ-directed monoclonal antibody, received accelerated 
approval by the FDA for the treatment of early AD in June 2021.  
 
Posiphen® is a selective inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein (APP) production and has 
potential utility as a disease modifying treatment for AD (Cullen 2006; Utsuki 2006; Lahiri 2007). 
Posiphen was discovered at the National Institute on Aging and was selected from a series of 
structurally related compounds designed for APP specificity with no minimal or minimal 
acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Posiphen was shown to reduce APP and consequently 
beta-amyloid (Aβ) production in relevant preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies.  
 
Posiphen, developed by Annovis Bio, Inc., is a small molecule that is thought to act by lowering 
soluble APP protein levels through a post-transcriptional mechanism. Iron increases the 
translation of APP by binding to an iron-responsive element (IRE) that forms a stem loop 
structure in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of APP Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA). 
Iron regulatory proteins bind to these stem loop structures and suppress the iron activation of 
mRNA translation. Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1) selectively binds the APP IRE with an 
affinity of 35 pM. When IRP1 is bound to the stem loop, it prevents the complex from binding to 
the ribosome and prevents translation of the mRNA. Addition of Posiphen to human derived cell 
line (SH-SY-5Y) neuroblastoma cells increases the affinity of IRP1 to the stem loop structure to 
15 pM and lowers the rate of translation of the mRNA by the ribosome (Venti 2004; Cahill 2009; 
Cho 2010; Rogers 2011). A study conducted to analyze the effect of orally administered 
Posiphen on Αβ levels in the mouse brain, revealed that Posiphen lowered Αβ levels at plasma 
concentrations that are attainable with oral dosing in humans (IB  2015). Three Phase 1 studies 
have been completed with Posiphen. The first study was a single ascending dose (SAD) study 
in healthy volunteers; the second study was a multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in healthy 
volunteers, and the third study was one with a PK/PD study of biomarkers in CSF obtained from 
mild cognitively impaired participants.  
 
The present study will confirm the pharmacokinetics of Posiphen and its metabolites in plasma 
and CSF. More importantly, it will expand on the biomarker reduction seen in the mechanism of 
action study (Maccecchini 2012) by measuring the effects of a 23-25 day treatment period with 
Posiphen on the CSF and plasma levels of a number of biomarkers, inflammatory factors and 
control proteins. It will also expand the safety data in humans by extending the treatment period 
from 10 days to a treatment period from 23-25 days. In addition, this study will measure 
concentrations of various soluble biomarkers in CSF and use the SILK™ assay methods to 
directly measure the effect of Posiphen on the fractional synthesis rate of Aβ40 in CSF, which 
will help guide the further development of Posiphen and determine the feasibility of SILK™ in a 
multicenter trial. 
2.1 
Primary Aims 
Aim 1: To determine the safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of Posiphen on 
subjects with early AD with up to 23-25 days of daily usage. 
Aim 2: To determine the PK of Posiphen and its metabolites in plasma and CSF of subjects with 
early AD treated with QD, BID and TID dosing regimens.  

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Aim 3: To assess the PD effects on the FSR of Aβ 40 using the SILK™ technique with multiple 
doses of Posiphen. 
2.2 
Secondary Aims 
Aim 4: To implement a multicenter lumbar CSF catheter study employing standardized 
methodology and SILK™ technology. The following criteria will be evaluated as outcomes to 
determine feasibility:  
• 
Enrollment comparisons of research subjects at each of the 3 sites 
• 
Adequacy of sample collections to permit analyses of PK and PD effects of Posiphen  
• 
Subject satisfaction questionnaires 
• 
Comparison of protocol deviations and variances in data between the sites 
Aim 5: To assess the PD effects of treatment with Posiphen versus placebo on the levels of the 
following biomarkers in CSF of subjects with early AD: 
• 
Aβ 38 and 40 
• 
sAPPα 
• 
sAPPβ 
• 
T-tau protein (T) 
Aim 6: To assess whether there are short-term cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric effects of 
Posiphen in subjects with early AD, either positive or negative.  
• 
ADAS-Cog12 
• 
MMSE 
• 
Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 
3 
PRELIMINARY STUDIES 
The following is a brief summary of the available information on Posiphen. Detailed information 
can be found in the Posiphen Clinical Investigational Brochure (2015). 
3.1 
Summary of Non-Clinical Findings 
In wild type mice, Posiphen lowered brain APP and Aβ levels by up to 60% (Lahiri 2007, 
Cullen 2006). In APP transgenic AD mice, Posiphen led to a decrease in APP levels, improved 
neuronal stem cell survival and increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 
(Marutle 2007; Kadir 2008, Lilja 2013). Chronic administration of Posiphen to APP transgenic 
mice totally prevented decline in memory and learning at plasma concentrations that are easily 
attainable with oral dosing in humans (Maccecchini, Sambamurti & Arancio in preparation). In 
alpha-synuclein (αSYN) transgenic PD mice, Posiphen restored gut motility to normal 
(Maccecchini, Kuo & Nussbaum in preparation). 
Posiphen was not mutagenic or clastogenic as assessed by in vitro assays.  

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The cardiac electrophysiological properties of Posiphen tartrate were negative in vitro using 
human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) transfected human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 
293). Posiphen did not adversely affect the interval seen in an electrocardiogram (ECG) test 
(QT (or QTc)) interval.  
Toxicity studies in dogs showed brain toxicity (ataxia and tremors/twitching) and gastrointestinal 
(GI) toxicity at 30 mg/kg/day, which was dose-dependent and reversible. The no observed 
adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 20 mg/kg/day in dogs. Posiphen readily crosses the blood-
brain barrier. The signs/symptoms noted at high doses of Posiphen may be related to 
cholinergic manifestations. In in vitro assays, Posiphen showed minimal inhibition of AChE or 
BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase) activity, however, a metabolic product of Posiphen, N1-
norposiphen demonstrated acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity (Yu 2013). There were no 
effects on the reproductive organs associated with 4-week exposure to Posiphen in male or 
female rats or dogs.  
3.2 
Summary of Clinical Findings  
Three Phase 1 studies have been conducted with Posiphen (Annovis Bio, Inc. 2019). The first 
was an SAD study in healthy volunteers; the second was an MAD study in healthy volunteers, 
and the third one was a PK/PD study of CSF obtained from mild cognitively impaired 
participants.  
In the multiple ascending dose trial, Posiphen was administered orally in doses of 20, 40, and 
60 mg 4 times a day (QID). The first two treatments were administered for 7 days, and the third, 
for 10 days. Single doses were given on the first and last day to determine the pharmacokinetics 
of the drug. In general, the drug was well tolerated, resulting in no serious or severe adverse 
events and only one premature discontinuation, a subject in the 60 mg group discharged 
because of nausea, vomiting, dizziness and “feeling warm.” The incidence of adverse events, all 
of either mild or moderate severity also occurred with similar frequency in the placebo group. 
The most common AEs were dizziness, headache, and nausea/vomiting.  
Posiphen was absorbed rapidly after oral administration, achieving maximum plasma and CSF 
concentration (Cmax) within 1.2 - 1.5 hours. For the 40 and 60 mg doses, with fully defined 
plasma profiles, the mean terminal t½’s were 3.80  ± 0.88 and 5.23 ± 1.24 hours, respectively 
after a single dose and 3.53 ± 1.03 and 4.104  ± 0.91 hours, respectively, after repeat dosing. 
The half-life (t½) of the plasma concentrations at the lower doses could not be calculated 
accurately. The Cmax increased disproportionally with dose (24, 144, and 2310 ng.h/mL after a 
single dose of 20, 40, and 60 mg, respectively and 110, 134, and 2101 ng.h/mL after multiple 
doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg, respectively). 
In the proof of mechanism of action study, the PK of Posiphen was measured after 10 days of 
administration (4x60 mg) over 12 hours in CSF and plasma of the AD participants. The PD of a 
number of biomarkers was compared for 12 hours before the first dose at day 0 and after the 
last dose at day 11 of Posiphen administration. We found that the plasma concentrations of 
Posiphen overlapped with the plasma concentrations found in the MAD study. In this study, the 
N1 metabolite reached about 10 to 15%, while the level of the N8 metabolite reached about 20 
to 25% of the Posiphen levels measured in plasma.  
Because a substantial proportion of the adverse events observed in AD participants treated with 
cholinesterase inhibitors appear to reflect the cholinomimetic properties of molecules in this 

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class, Posiphen’s highest tolerated dose is determined by the levels of the N1-norposiphen in 
blood and brain. 
While the t1/2 of Posiphen in plasma was 5 hours as seen in the SAD and MAD studies, the t1/2 
in CSF/brain was longer than 12 hours. Concentrations of Posiphen in the brain, extrapolated 
from blood and CSF, were 8 times higher than in plasma. 10 days of treatment with Posiphen 
normalized CSF levels of Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein (sAPP) and tau, reduced αSYN 
and a series of inflammatory markers. The concentration and persistence of Posiphen in the 
brain suggest that much lower doses of drug administered once daily could achieve the desired 
pharmacological effect.  
4 
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 
A major pathological hallmark of AD is the appearance in the brain of senile plaques composed 
of aggregated forms of Aβ, which is a proteolytic product of APP. Both accumulation of Aβ and 
other pathological changes, such as development of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss and 
brain atrophy, are thought to occur one or two decades prior to overt dementia. Soluble Aβ 
oligomers have been demonstrated to show toxicity in vitro and in vivo and represent a target 
for drug development in AD. Recent research has shown that soluble forms of phosphorylated 
tau (p-tau) and αSYN may also contribute to neuronal loss and that AD as well as Parkinson’s 
Disease carry a high load of inflammation and microglia activating factors that contribute to 
neurodegeneration. 
For small molecules that target Aβ protein metabolism or other key biochemical pathways in AD, 
studies using CSF and plasma sampling in humans can provide data to demonstrate that a drug 
crosses the blood-brain barrier and engages the relevant target, and to describe the relationship 
between blood levels and central nervous system (CNS) effects. Repeated sampling through a 
lumbar CSF catheter for up to 36 hours, and the additional technique of SILK™ to measure 
parameters such as fractional synthesis rate of Aβ, can help guide the development of drugs 
targeting Aβ.  
Posiphen is the (+) enantiomer of phenserine, an AChE inhibitor which had been tested in 
several AD studies without significant evidence of efficacy. Preliminary data shows that 
Posiphen is affected by food; however, when the drug is taken in a series there is no effect on 
the PK analyses results. However, the failure of those studies with phenserine may have been 
related to the formulation, which is significantly affected by food. While phenserine inhibits 
AChE, Posiphen has no AChE activity itself and develops some activity in vivo with the 
metabolism to N1-bisnorposiphen. In vivo phenserine is about 200 times more potent in regards 
to AChE activity than Posiphen, when metabolized to N1-bisnorposiphen. 
Posiphen has been found to significantly reduce soluble APP and Aβ as well as tau, p-tau and 
αSYN in the rodent brain and in human CSF. In preliminary studies in animals and humans, 
inhibition of APP, Aβ, tau, p-tau and αSYN occurs at levels 6 to 10 times lower than the levels 
causing cholinomimetic effects. 
Posiphen is thought to act at the 5’UTR of the APP mRNA and lowers APP and Aβ protein 
levels in animal models, and decreased sAPP levels in human CSF. Preliminary data suggests 
that these effects are achieved via the same mechanism of binding to the 5’UTR of mRNAs and 
inhibiting their translation. 

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As Posiphen is thought to inhibit the synthesis of APP, as well as other neurotoxic aggregating 
proteins, it might have a broader spectrum of activity and protect neurons and have a disease-
modifying effect in AD as well as other neurodegenerative disorders.  
CSF Sampling and SILK™ 
Sampling CSF repeatedly for as long as 36 hours through a lumbar catheter had been initially 
used in a few studies related to AD treatment during the 1990s (Cutler 1998). The technique 
has gained greater utility in relation to measuring pharmacological effects on Aβ with the 
addition of SILK™, a technique developed by Dr. R. Bateman and colleagues at Washington 
University (Bateman 2006). This technique involves placement of a lumbar CSF catheter, 
followed by intravenous infusion of 13C6-labeled “heavy” leucine for 9 hours. Leucine is an 
essential amino acid that undergoes active transport into the brain. 13C6 leucine is non-
radioactive, harmless to humans and the environment, and is physically identical to unlabeled 
(12C6) leucine except for an additional proton difference in the mass of the amino acids. The 
leucine is incorporated into a fraction of newly synthesized proteins throughout the body, 
including the brain, which are secreted into the CSF. Samples of CSF are collected and Aβ is 
immune-precipitated from the CSF, and the ratio of Aβ containing 13C6-leucine to that containing 
unlabeled leucine is measured using mass spectrometry. During hours 4-12 after start of the 
leucine infusion, the fraction of labeled Aβ in the lumbar CSF increases, reaching a maximum of 
about 10%. The slope (change in % labeled Aβ/time) is called the fractional synthesis rate 
(FSR) and is a measure of the rate of Aβ synthesis in the brain. During late stages of the 
catheter procedure (hours 24-36), the fractional % of Aβ that is labeled decreases linearly, and 
the slope is measured to calculate the fractional clearance rate (FCR). Using this method, 
Bateman and colleagues estimated that Aβ has a rapid FSR and FCR in CSF. 
As part of their CSF sampling studies, Bateman and colleagues measured CSF Aβ hourly for 36 
hours in healthy adults and participants with AD. They found that CSF Aβ in normal subjects 
fluctuate from hour to hour, in a circadian pattern, and to a much greater extent than in 
participants with AD (Huang 2012). This variability complicates the design of studies in which 
CSF is sampled in a serial manner through a single lumbar puncture before and after treatment 
from the same person.  
In this study 13C6-leucine will be infused during the CSF catheterization procedure. CSF 
samples will be collected for mass spectrometry analysis of Aβ40 and Aβ42 to see if treatment 
with Posiphen decreases CSF levels of Aβ40 and of sAPPβ measured initially by mass 
spectrometry.  
During the leucine infusion, participants must comply with a low leucine diet – approximately 
1500 mg or less of leucine per day (refer to Appendix 4, Sample Low Leucine Menu). The 
kitchen on site will be responsible for preparing low leucine meals and snacks while maintaining 
a food journal for each subject. Subjects who break the low leucine diet will not be excluded 
from the study, since this will not be evident until the leucine analyses are completed.  
At the end of the study, all unused leucine should be returned to C2N.  
Study population: The study will be conducted in participants with a clinical profile consistent 
with early AD including MCI due to AD and mild Alzheimer’s disease, consistent with the core 
clinical criteria outlined in the NIA-AA guidelines (2011), MMSE inclusion score between 17 – 30 
(inclusive), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) global score of 0.5 with a memory score of 0.5 or 

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greater, or global score of 1.0, and by the presence of a CSF Aβ42/ Aβ40 ratio less than 0.131 
consistent with AD (as measured by C2N at screening). All subjects will have a screening 
lumbar puncture to measure the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio. These biomarkers can support a diagnosis 
of AD. CSF will be stored to allow analysis of baseline (pre-treatment) levels of larger 
biomarkers. 
Dose selection: Posiphen will be tested at doses of 60 mg QID, 60 mg BID (120 mg total daily), 
and at 60 mg TID (180 mg total daily). Whereas the plasma t½ of Posiphen has been  
determined to be 5 hours, the CNS t½ is estimated to be over 12 hours, allowing that  once daily 
dosing may be feasible.  However, previous studies indicated that likely cholinergic adverse 
events are mostly driven by Cmax. In particular, in the SAD study significant nausea, vomiting 
and dizziness occurred at a single dose of 160mg. In the MAD study 40mg QD (=160 mg/day) 
was well tolerated. Thus, the same total daily dose is better tolerated if divided into several 
doses. The use of multiple doses compared to once a day in this study will help evaluate the 
PK/PD relationship in the context of tolerability of different administration schemes.  
Study Design: This study is designed as a Phase 1b multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 
placebo-controlled study evaluating safety, tolerability, PK and PD of 23-25 days exposure to 
multiple ascending doses of Posiphen in up to 24 participants with a clinical profile consistent 
with early AD including MCI-AD or Mild AD with the following planned doses: 
• 
60 mg QD (1x60mg) 
• 
60 mg BID (2x60mg) 
• 
60 mg TID (3x60mg) 
Each dose group will include 8 subjects, 5 randomly assigned to Posiphen and 3 randomly 
assigned to placebo. 
There is some risk of excess cholinergic adverse events given that some subjects will be 
included who are on cholinesterase inhibitor treatment for Alzheimer’s disease which may 
become additive with the first metabolite of Posiphen (N1-norPosiphen) that has 
anticholinesterase properties. 
Therefore, each dose group will be completed and evaluated for safety and tolerability by the 
standing ADCS DSMB before the next dose group is initiated.  
Subjects who do not tolerate study drug during the initial 3-week at home treatment period will 
be discontinued and replaced by new subjects. If two subjects at a given dose are discontinued 
due to adverse events, no additional subjects will be added at this dose level until a safety 
review has been conducted. The safety committee will determine the appropriate dose level for 
additional subjects. The safety committee has the option to change the allocation of future 
patients to active drug versus placebo based on statistical advice to maintain an appropriate 
balance between placebo subjects and subjects on active drug. 
Outcome measures to assess pharmacodynamics: Transcriptional inhibition of the APP 
gene will result in decreased production of APP, which may be reflected by decreased secretion 
of the processed parts fragments of APP, namely sAPP and Aβ, in CSF. We have selected 
Aβ40 as a primary outcome measure because it has a relatively high concentration in CSF and 
is unaffected by the deposition of Aβ as plaques in the brain, which will be present in the study 
population. We also will measure secreted forms of APP (sAPPα and sAPPβ) and levels of tau 
in CSF as secondary outcome measures. sAPP reflects processing of APP by α-secretase to 

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produce sAPPα and β-secretase (BACE) to produce sAPPβ. Tau levels are being measured 
since tau transcription may be under the regulation of a similar IRE that may also be affected by 
Posiphen treatment. 
Safety outcome measures: Reports of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events 
(SAEs) during exposure to Posiphen will be collected to evaluate if there are any significant 
clinical safety issues for the study population. All SAEs occurring up to 30 days after last study 
drug administration that are considered drug-related must also be reported. Extensive clinical 
and laboratory safety data already exist for Posiphen, therefore, this approach will be sufficient 
in the proposed study. 
Clinical and cognitive assessment measures: Although clinical benefit is unlikely due to the 
short duration of this study, standard cognitive measures (MMSE, Logical Memory subtest of 
the Wechsler memory Scale (Story 1 only), and ADAS-cog) will be collected to describe the 
study cohort, which allows comparison to subjects in other clinical trials. It is predicted that 
cognition will remain stable over the course of drug exposure; however, this will be assessed 
formally in clinic.   
5 
POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS OF INVESTIGATIONAL PRODUCT AND STUDY 
PROCEDURES  
5.1 
Risks and Benefits Associated with Posiphen or Placebo 
There are no benefits to the subjects other than receiving medical and selective cognitive 
evaluations. 
The clinical investigator should advise all potential subjects of the possibility of unexpected side 
effects and carefully evaluate each person exposed to Investigational Product for possible AEs. 
Side effects to placebo are not uncommon but are obviously not due to a pharmacological agent 
as an industry standard placebo (non-lactose compound) will be provided. The placebo used for 
the study consists of microcrystalline cellulose which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS), 
with no known side effects anticipated. 
In clinical studies to date, Posiphen has been well tolerated with single doses of 80 mg or less 
and QID doses of 60 mg. A higher single dose of 160 mg was associated with an increased 
incidence of nausea and vomiting, potentially cholinergic based side effects, which resulted in 
the decision not to test higher single doses. Please refer to table below from the single, 
ascending dose study, which included healthy men and women: 

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Aside from nausea and vomiting, which are well-known responses to treatment with ChE 
inhibitors, the only consistent pattern of AEs entailed dizziness/fainting, headache, and 
reduction in total serum protein. These effects were seen to varying degrees at all doses of 
Posiphen and also in the placebo group. There was a tendency, but no definitive pattern of 
increased incidence of AEs with increasing dose of Posiphen. There have been no SAEs in 
prior clinical studies with Posiphen. 
Definitive reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have not been conducted with 
Posiphen. As a result, women of childbearing potential will be excluded from participating in this 
study. 
5.2 
Risk/Benefit Associated with Blood Collections 
Phlebotomy is associated with mild to moderate discomfort due to piercing of the skin. This can 
be minimized with the use of a well-trained phlebotomist/nurse. Sometimes the blood draw site 
may become discolored with a “bruised” appearance that is transient and not painful. Rarely, the 
blood draw site may become infected and require antibiotic treatment. 

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5.3 
Risk/Benefit Associated with SILK™ Procedure and CSF Sampling 
The most frequent adverse event associated with these studies was post-lumbar puncture 
headache. This was successfully managed by blood patching if a participant is unresponsive to 
orally administered fluids and/or caffeine.  
Other potential risks include meningitis, pain or tingling sensation in the lower extremities, 
temporary eye weakness or double vision, infection or bleeding at the site of catheter insertion, 
pain at the site of insertion, backache, epidural or subdural bleeding, infection, paralysis and 
potential injury to the nerve root.  
In studies conducted at C2N Diagnostics and at Washington University, the rate of post-lumbar 
puncture headache requiring a blood patch is about 10% in older individuals (Randall Bateman, 
MD, personal communication). 
5.4 
Risk/Benefit Associated with Investigational Drugs Intended to Reduce β-amyloid 
in the Brain 
In 2010, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sent a notice to all sponsors of investigational 
compounds that are intended to treat Alzheimer's disease by reducing Aβ in the brain of the 
occurrence of imaging abnormalities believed to represent cerebral vasogenic edema. These 
imaging abnormalities were noted in a study of a monoclonal antibody (Salloway, 2013) and 
were, in the majority of instances, asymptomatic, and their presence was detected by routine 
brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Symptoms, when present in association with such 
imaging abnormalities, were reported to include headache, worsening cognitive function, 
alteration of consciousness, seizures, unsteadiness, and vomiting. In most instances, the 
occurrence of such imaging abnormalities, even when symptomatic, did not require treatment 
beyond discontinuation of the investigational compound, with imaging abnormalities then 
resolving. Infrequently, high-dose steroid therapy was administered in the presence of 
prominent symptoms.  
More recently (2014), FDA has determined that, following a comprehensive review of existing 
data, development programs investigating use of a monoclonal antibody that targets β-amyloid 
(regardless of mechanism) must incorporate serial clinical and MRI monitoring. However, 
development programs for small molecules that target Aβ are only required to inform 
investigators of the potential risk of cerebral vasogenic edema including its imaging 
manifestations, accompanying clinical signs and symptoms, and appropriate management 
should symptomatic cases occur. Informed consent documents for these programs should also 
include a description of the manifestations of cerebral vasogenic edema, including its possible 
symptoms (i.e., headache, worsening cognitive function, alteration of consciousness, seizures, 
unsteadiness, and vomiting). 
6 
SAMPLE SIZE AND STATISTICAL PLAN 
A sample size of up to 24 subjects (5 randomized to Posiphen and 3 randomized to placebo per 
treatment group) is planned across 3-6 clinical research centers.  

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6.1 
Randomization 
Subjects who have signed an informed consent and meet screening eligibility requirements will 
be randomly assigned to receive 60 mg Posiphen daily or placebo (with an allocation of 5 on 
Posiphen, 3 on placebo) by a stratified, random permuted blocked treatment assignment 
method, stratified by site. Following dosing of the initial 8 subjects and review of safety and 
tolerability, the next dose group will be 60 mg BID Posiphen or placebo (5 on Posiphen, 3 on 
placebo). Following the dosing of this group of 8 subjects and review of safety and tolerability, 
the next dose group will be 60 mg TID Posiphen or placebo (5 on Posiphen, 3 on placebo).  
6.2 
Power and Sample Size Determination 
 
SILK™ Analyses 
Power estimates for SILK™ studies involving measurements of FSR of Aβ40 were determined 
by analysis of data provided by C2N, Inc., and modeled to evaluate a primary analytic goal of 
demonstrating a monotonic dose response relationship to Posiphen treatment. 
Based on a two-sided t-test for the difference between two independent means at a significance 
level (alpha) of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80% (1-beta), a sample size of 5 subjects in each 
treatment group (n.active = 15) and 9 controls will provide at least 80% statistical power to 
detect a 27% change in the mean Aβ40 FSR.  The following table provides estimated power 
analysis to detect different effect size reductions of FSR Aβ40 of 27% with 2-sided alpha and 
significance set at 0.05, assuming no dropouts during the SILK™ study: 
Table 2. Estimated Power Analysis  
 
n.active= 12 
n.active= 15 
n.active= 18 
n.cont= 8 
0.783 
0.822 
0.848 
n.cont= 9 
0.812 
0.851 
0.876 
n.cont= 10 
0.836 
0.874 
0.898 
This serves as justification for our sample size estimate of 24. We expect that if dropouts are to 
occur, they will occur before the SILK™ studies at day 23-25 and can be replaced to allow the 
full sample size of 24 for SILK™ being achieved.  
6.3 
Safety and Tolerability Analysis 
Safety and tolerability will be assessed with physical examinations, vital signs, clinical laboratory 
values, use of concomitant medications, and AE reports. The frequencies of adverse events, 
serious adverse events and laboratory abnormalities between the participants across the three 
groups will be compared. The severity of cholinergic adverse events will be carefully evaluated 
taking the criteria in Appendix 5 into consideration (modified from Common Terminology Criteria 
for Adverse Events (CTCAE)” version 4.03) as there is potential for an interaction between 
Posiphen and Donepezil through the inhibition of AChE, thereby resulting in increased 
cholinergic activity.   
 

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Each dose group will be completed and evaluated for safety and tolerability by the standing 
ADCS DSMB before the next dose group is initiated. Drug administration at the next higher 
dose level may not proceed until written confirmation is provided from the ADCS DSMB 
indicating that the results of the previous dose level were evaluated and that it is permissible to 
proceed to a higher dose level. 
Subjects who do not tolerate study drug during the initial 3-week at-home treatment period will 
be discontinued and replaced by new subjects. If two subjects at a given dose are discontinued 
due to adverse events, no additional subjects will be added at this dose level until a safety 
review has been conducted. The ADCS DSMB will determine the appropriate dose level for 
additional subjects. The ADCS DSMB has the option to change the allocation of future patients 
to active drug versus placebo based on statistical advice to maintain an appropriate balance 
between placebo subjects and subjects on active drug.  
 
6.4 
PK Analysis 
Plasma concentration-time data will be analyzed by non-compartmental methods using 
WinNonlin version 6.2.1 or greater. Calculations will be based on the actual sampling times 
recorded during the study. Only the subjects receiving Posiphen will be included in the PK 
analysis. From the plasma concentration-time data, the following PK parameters will be 
determined, as data permit: Area under the curve (AUC)τ, AUC0-∞, Cmax, tmax, t½, eff, Vss, Cτ, 
AR, and CL. 
Dose-proportionality may be assessed on Cmax and AUCτ as appropriate. Serial pre-dose 
trough concentrations Cτ will be assessed for the attainment of steady-state. 
The focus of the PK analysis will be to characterize the preliminary PK of Posiphen. Plasma 
concentration-time data for Posiphen will be listed and summarized descriptively (number of 
subjects (N), mean, median, standard deviation (SD), minimum (min), and maximum (max)) and 
graphically presented. PK parameters will be listed and summarized descriptively (N, mean, 
median, SD, min, max, and 95% CI) by each dose regimen. Also, a plasma/CSF comparison of 
the Posiphen PK will be conducted.  
In addition, geometric means and between-subject coefficients of variation (CV) will be 
calculated for AUCτ, AUC0-∞, Cmax, tmax, t½, eff, Vss, Cτ, AR, and CL. All PK analyses will be 
performed by the ADCS Biomarker Core. 
6.5 
SILK™ Analysis 
In SILK™ studies, the mass spectrometry data will be used to calculate the fraction of labeled 
Aβ for Aβ38, 40, and 42 during 36 hours after administration of study drug for each subject, as 
described. The FSRs will be calculated by fitting a line to this data. FSRs for treated and 
untreated subjects will be compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The percentage of newly 
synthesized and degraded Aβ will be estimated over 36 hours by multiplying the mass 
spectrometry concentration of Aβ by the % of Aβ that contains 13C6-leucine at each time point. 
This will be used to estimate the AUC of the drug for decreasing the amount of newly produced 
Aβ (Bateman 2009). 

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6.6 
Criteria for the termination of the trial  
The trial may be terminated by the Project Directors and/or Annovis Bio, Inc., based on issues 
of safety, feasibility, and Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) recommendations. 
7 
STUDY DRUG AND CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS 
7.1 
Name and Description of IP and Comparator 
Posiphen will be prepared in 60 mg gelatin capsules, without excipients or fillers. Matching 
placebo capsules (non-lactose compound) will be prepared with an inert inactive excipient 
generally recognized as safe for human pharmaceutical use. Annovis Bio, Inc.’s vendor, 
Frontage Laboratories, will provide both study drug and placebo. 
7.2 
Dosage 
The study drug is to be taken orally; one capsule, up to three times per day depending on 
treatment group (one in the morning, one  in the middle of the day, and one in evening/bed 
time), with or without food, for 21-23 days at home (depending on when the confinement visit is 
scheduled). An additional 2 days of drug will be administered during the confinement visit for a 
total 23-25 days of Posiphen exposure.  The study drug will be size 5, hard gelatin capsules.  
The following table describes the number and type of capsules to be taken each day based on 
treatment group. The quantity of 60 mg Posiphen capsules and placebo capsules to be taken 
each day will depend on the assigned treatment group: 
Table 3. Quantity of Capsules per Day 
 
Quantity of Capsules per day 
Treatment Group 
60 mg Posiphen 
 
Matching Placebo 
Posiphen 60 mg Treatment Group 
1 
2 
Posiphen 120 mg Treatment Group 
2 
1 
Posiphen 180 mg Treatment Group 
3 
0 
Placebo 
0 
3 
Based on when the confinement visit is scheduled, participants will take 21-23 days of the drug 
at home. Participants must take 80% of all doses (across 21-23 days), and should take at least 
80% of all doses in the last week before the confinement visit. Blister packs will be examined in 
clinic at the pre-confinement visit to assess compliance overall and in the last week.  
7.3 
Packaging/Dispensing/Labeling 
Frontage Laboratories will prepare the study drug (Posiphen capsules and placebo capsules) to 
preserve the blind, i.e., identical color and shape opaque hard gelatin capsule shells. The study 
drug (Posiphen) and placebo capsules will be packaged in identical blister packs with labels 
including the requisite cautionary statement “CAUTION: Limited by Federal (United States) Law 
to Investigational Use Only”.  
In order to preserve the blind, Frontage Laboratories will provide the initial drug supply and 
subsequent resupply to the sites to dispense to participants.  

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The dosing schedule and storage requirements will be clearly explained to the participants and 
caregiver before dispensing the study drug, and it will be printed on the labels.  
All clinical trial material dispensed under this protocol will bear the requisite cautionary 
statement “CAUTION: Limited by Federal (United States) Law to Investigational Use Only”. 
7.4 
Storage 
Both Posiphen capsules and the matching placebo capsules (non-lactose compound) must be 
stored at room temperature (15-30 °C; 59-86 °F), protected from moisture, in a locked area with 
limited staff access. 
7.5 
Drug Accountability  
The investigator is responsible for investigational product reconciliation and records 
maintenance. In accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, the investigator or 
designated site staff must maintain investigational product accountability records throughout the 
course of the study. The responsible person(s) will document the amount of investigational 
product dispensed to and returned by subjects. All used and unused study drug containers must 
be returned to the site for accountability. Once authorized by a clinical monitor, unused study 
drug (including partially used blister packs) may be destroyed on site per appropriate site SOPS 
or should be shipped back to Annovis Bio, Inc. for destruction.  
7.6 
Compliance 
Site personnel will assess compliance based on the amount of study drug dispensed to and 
returned by the participants, together with any related information, including the administration 
of study drug by study staff during the confinement visit. Participants must take 80% of all doses 
at home (21-23 days) depending on the confinement visit date and should take at least 80% of 
all doses in the last week prior to the confinement visit. Site personnel will count capsules and 
evaluate compliance from the blister packs at the pre-confinement visit.  
Prior to the pre-confinement visit, site personnel will also contact the participant and study 
partner to remind them of the dose regimen, in particular to ensure that the necessary level of 
compliance has been achieved to continue with the confinement visit procedures. 
Site personnel will assess compliance at the pre-confinement visit and again at the time of 
admission for the confinement visit. If participants are found to be < 80% compliant for all doses 
at home and in the last week there is an insufficient level of compliance, the site must consult 
with the Project Directors (and/or Medical Monitor) regarding timing and conduct of the 
confinement visit procedures. It is possible that subjects will be discontinued early from the 
study due to insufficient drug compliance. 
During the leucine infusion, participants must comply with a low leucine diet – 1500 mg or less 
of leucine per day. The kitchen on-site will have the responsibility of preparing low leucine meals 
meals/snacks and maintaining a food journal for each individual. (Refer to Appendix 4 for a 
sample low leucine menu). 

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7.7 
Breaking the Blind  
Only in the case of an emergency, when knowledge of whether the participant has received the 
investigational product is essential for the clinical management or welfare of the participant, may 
the investigator request to unblind a participant’s treatment assignment. If the investigator needs 
the blind to be unmasked for a subject for any reason, the investigator must contact the Medical 
Monitor (and/or Project Directors) to obtain an approval. The blind will need to be broken 
centrally at the ADCS  Coordinating Center.  If the blind is broken, whether it be by accident or 
for the welfare of the participant, the investigator MUST contact the Medical Monitor. Refer to 
the study procedures manual for detailed procedures related to breaking the blind and reporting. 
7.8 
Overdose  
No specific antidote for the overdose of Posiphen is known; however, signs or symptoms of 
possible overdose should be noted and treated. The Medical Monitor and Project Directors 
should be notified as well. Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually 
evolving, it is advisable to contact a poison control center to determine the latest 
recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug. Although Posiphen is a 
weak AChE inhibitor, based upon overdose information published in prescribing information for 
related products, overdose with AChE inhibitors can result in cholinergic crisis characterized by 
severe nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, 
collapse and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if 
respiratory muscles are involved. Tertiary anti-cholinergics such as atropine may be used as an 
antidote for overdosage. Intravenous atropine sulfate titrated to effect is recommended. Atypical 
responses in blood pressure (BP) and HR have been reported with other cholinomimetics when 
co-administered with quaternary anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate. It is not known whether 
dialysis (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or hemofiltration) is an effective treatment for 
overdose. 
7.9 
Concomitant Medications 
7.9.1 Prohibited Concomitant Medications 
Current use of anti-coagulants (e.g., warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran (Pradaxa) or anti-platelet 
drugs (e.g., aspirin, Plavix)), other than aspirin up to a dose of 325 mg per day, is prohibited. 
Prospective subjects who can safely discontinue these medications for 4 weeks before 
screening and remain off these medications throughout the study, can be considered for 
inclusion in the study.    
Use of the following medications is prohibited within 4 weeks of screening and throughout the 
study except as noted in Section 7.9.2: 
• 
specific psychoactive medications (tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics (except ≤50 
mg quetiapine daily, risperidone ≤1.5 mg/day, olanzapine ≤5 mg/day, and aripiprazole 
≤10 mg/day) 
• 
mood-stabilizing psychotropic agents (e.g., lithium salts) 
• 
psychostimulants 
• 
opiate analgesics 
• 
antiparkinsonian medications 

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• 
anticonvulsant medications 
• 
systemic corticosteroids 
• 
CNS active antihistamines for allergy or sleep (daily use)  
Investigational agents are prohibited 4 weeks prior to entry and for the duration of the trial. Also, 
exclusionary, is previous treatment with an investigational small molecule with anti-amyloid 
properties or passive immunization against Aβ within 1 year of entry or previous treatment with 
an active immunization against amyloid. This will also include Aduhelm™, an Aβ-directed 
monoclonal antibody that received accelerated FDA approval for treatment of early AD but 
which is prohibited in this study. 
Initiation of prohibited medications during the course of the study is discouraged, however, if an 
excluded medication is initiated after screening, the site should consult with the Project 
Directors and Medical Monitor for further guidance.  
7.9.2 Permitted Concomitant Medications 
This protocol allows concomitant treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine if on 
a stable dose (FDA approved drug ranges) for 12 weeks prior to screening. However, 
participants are only permitted to be on a maximum of 10 mg/day of Aricept (donezepil).  
Initiation of or modifications to concomitant AD medications during the course of the study is 
discouraged; however, if a change occurs or a new medication is initiated, the site should 
consult with the Project Directors and Medical Monitor for further guidance. The addition of 
Aduhelm is not permitted during the trial.  
Gabapentin and pregabalin for non-seizure indications, stable doses of bladder medication, and 
non-opiate analgesics for pain management are permitted.  
Use of benzodiazepines for treatment on an as-needed basis for insomnia or daily dosing as 
anxiolytics is permitted. If they are being given chronically, use of sedatives or hypnotics should 
be avoided for 8 hours before administration of cognitive tests. If sedating medication is given 
for any short-term use, then all cognitive assessments must be administered at least 24 hours 
after administration of the sedative. Sedating medication should not be taken the night before 
the baseline visit, the day of the baseline visit, the night before the pre-confinement visit, or the 
day of the pre-confinement visit.  
8 
STUDY POPULATION 
Up to 24 participants with early AD including those with a clinical profile consistent with MCI or 
mild AD will be enrolled in this study, in accordance with the criteria specified below. Subjects 
who do not meet all inclusion criteria, disease diagnostic criteria, or who meet any exclusion 
criteria may not be randomized into the study without prior approval from the Project Directors 
and Medical Monitor. 
8.1 
Inclusion Criteria 
Subjects must meet the following criteria:  
1. Male or female aged 55 to 89 years (inclusive), in good health, no frailty. 

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2. Female participants must be post-menopausal for at least 2 consecutive years or 
surgically sterile (bilateral tubal ligation, hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy) for at 
least 6 months prior to screening.  
3. Female participants will be given a urine pregnancy test at the screening visit for which 
they should test negative.  
4. Clinical profile consistent with MCI or mild AD, consistent with the core clinical criteria 
outlined in the NIA-AA Guidelines (2011).  
5. MMSE score between 17 and 30 (inclusive). 
6. CDR global score of 0.5 with a memory score of 0.5 or greater, or CDR global score of 
1.0. 
7. Participant likely to tolerate all study procedures per PI judgment. 
8. To qualify for entry, subjects will have a CSF Aβ42/ Aβ40 ratio below 0.131 that is 
consistent with Alzheimer’s disease as measured via mass spectrometry by C2N.  
9. General cognition and functional performance sufficiently preserved that the subject can 
provide written informed consent. 
10. A minimum of 6 years of education or good work history. 
11. Study partner is available who has frequent contact with the subject (e.g., average of 10 
hours per week or more), and can accompany the subject to most visits to answer 
questions about the subject. The study partner is required to attend the entire screening 
visit and the baseline visit. The study drug is dispensed to the participant at the baseline 
visit and the study partner (or other individual) should also oversee study drug 
administration if needed to ensure compliance with dose regimen. At a minimum, the 
study partner should stay for the first 3 hours of the confinement visit and return at the 
discharge to drive the subject home.   
12. No evidence of current suicidal ideation or previous suicide attempt in the past month as 
evaluated in the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. 
13. MRI scan within the 12 months prior to screening without evidence of infection, 
infarction, or other focal lesions and without clinical symptoms suggestive of intervening 
neurological disease. Lacunes that are not believed to contribute to the subject's 
cognitive impairment are permissible. If there is no MRI available within a 12-month 
timeframe, then an MRI must be performed as part of the screening procedures for 
eligibility.  
14. Stability of permitted medications for 4 weeks prior to baseline. NOTE: Cholinesterase 
inhibitors and or memantine are allowable only if stable for 12 weeks prior to screen. If 
taking Arciept (donezepil), no more than 10 mg/day is permitted during the course of the 
study.  
15. Adequate visual and hearing ability (physical ability to perform all the study 
assessments). 
16. Good general health with no disease expected to interfere with the study. Subjects may 
have common age-related disorders (i.e., hypertension, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, 
and hypothyroidism) as long as these disorders are being controlled by diet or 
medication. 
17. Must speak English, Spanish, or Korean fluently. 

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8.2 
Exclusion Criteria 
Subjects meeting any of the following criteria must not be included in the study: 
1. Has a history of a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major 
depression according to the criteria of the most current version of the Diagnostic and 
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Mild depression or history of depression 
that is stable on treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant SSRI or SNRI medication at a 
stable dose is acceptable. 
2. Other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s 
disease, or cerebral tumor. 
3. Dementia other than AD, such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Lewy Bodies dementia (LBD), Cerebrovascular 
dementia (CVD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), or normal pressure 
hydrocephalus (NPH). 
4. History of a seizure disorder. 
5. Clinically significant abnormalities in screening laboratory or ECG results. 
6. Has current serious or unstable illness including cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, 
gastroenterologic, respiratory, endocrinologic, neurologic, psychiatric, immunologic, or 
hematologic disease or other conditions that, in the investigator’s opinion, makes them 
ineligible for participation in this study. 
7. Has four or more microinfarcts as noted in the MRI scan. 
8. Has cancer or has had a malignant tumor within the past 3 years, except patients who 
underwent potentially curative therapy with no evidence of recurrence. (Patients with 
stable untreated prostate cancer or skin cancers are not excluded). 
9. According to the criteria of the most current version of the DSM, alcohol abuse, alcohol 
dependence, or drug abuse in the past 5 years. 
10. Participation in another clinical trial with an investigational agent and have taken at least 
one dose of study medication, unless unblinded on placebo, within 16 weeks prior to 
screening. (The end of a previous investigational trial is the date the last dose of an 
investigational agent was taken). 
11. Resides in a skilled nursing facility. 
12. Subjects with infection or inflammation of the skin or skin disease at or in proximity to the 
lumbar puncture site. 
13. History of lumbar spine surgery or chronic low back pain (CLBP). 
14. Subjects whom the site PI deems to be otherwise ineligible. 
15. Has a deep brain stimulator (DBS).  
 

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9 
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY VISITS 
Each subject will have a 42 day screening period followed by approximately 21-23 days of 
treatment at home. The study visits are described below and outlined in the Schedule of Events 
in Appendix 1 as well as in the Study Schematic Diagram in Appendix 2.  
9.1 
Pre-screening 
During the prescreen phase, sites will identify potential participants through a variety of 
mechanisms (i.e., reviewing participants enrolled in ADRC centers, de novo recruitment, and 
referrals) and assess if they may potentially qualify for the study following the site’s standard 
practice.  
9.2 
Screening Visit 
The screening visit should occur up to 42 days before the baseline visit. The screening visit 
procedures may be completed over multiple days and will typically require at least two in-clinic 
visits, one of which will be to perform the lumbar puncture. 
Potential participants, or legally authorized representatives, and their study partners must sign 
an informed consent form prior to administration of any study-related procedures. Information 
regarding the subject’s demographics, concurrent medications, and medical history will be 
collected along with cognitive assessments, physical examination, and neurological 
examination. 
Safety assessments will include an ECG and MRI scan that will need to be read locally and 
reviewed by the site investigator to confirm eligibility. The clinical safety laboratory blood and 
urine tests will be sent to a central lab for analysis. The screening safety laboratory tests will be 
comprised of a metabolic panel, complete blood count, coagulation panel, and urinalysis as 
listed in Section 12.1.3. Coagulation panel results must be obtained prior to performing the 
lumbar puncture. The urinalysis will include a pregnancy test for female participants. 
A lumbar puncture will be performed as part of the screening visit, in the morning (before 10 am 
is recommended), after an overnight fast. 16-20 mL CSF will be typically obtained. 2 mL CSF 
will be sent for analysis by the site (total protein, glucose, cell count) to their local lab and the 
remainder will be shipped to the ADCS Biomarker Core. The CSF sent to the ADCS Biomarker 
Core should be placed into a 14 ml conical polypropylene tube, inverted gently 3-4 times, then 
centrifuged at 1500 x g for 10 minutes at room temperature. Next, the supernatant should be 
aliquoted into 2.0 ml tubes, frozen at -80oC, and shipped overnight to the ADCS Biomarker core.  
If CSF cannot be shipped on the day of draw, it will be frozen and stored at -80 oCby the site 
until it can be shipped on dry ice. The ADCS Biomarker Core will send CSF samples to C2N 
and C2N will analyze the screening CSF for Aβ42/ Aβ40 levels. All LP supplies will be provided 
to sites by ADCS. 
Blood will be drawn at the time of the LP for research procedures. This will consist of 3 mL of 
plasma, and 10 mL of blood for APOE genotyping and storage of DNA. Blood samples should 
be shipped overnight at ambient temperature to the ADCS Biomarker Core. For a complete list 
of procedures, refer to the Schedule of Events (Appendix 1). 
Cognitive assessments must be done either prior to the lumbar puncture or within 48 hours after 
the lumbar puncture. Cognitive assessments should not be administered when the subject is in 

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a fasted state. Given the timing of the MRI and the LP, during the screening visit the cognitive 
testing can be scheduled up to 7 weekdays prior to the LP visit date. 
Once all screening visit procedures are completed, all information related to eligibility, including 
screening lab results, must be reviewed by the site investigator to assess the subject’s eligibility 
before proceeding to the baseline visit. 
9.2.1 
Screening LP Exception 
If a participant has undergone an LP for another study at your site within 90 days prior to the 
baseline visit, this LP and collected CSF samples may be used in place of the screening LP with 
prior approval from ADCS Clinical Operations. ADCS approval may be requested by email 
(csf@ucsd.edu) 
9.2.2 Re-screens 
Unless otherwise approved by the Project Directors, only one re-screen is allowed per 
participant, should the original screen be a failure. The re-screen should typically occur at least 
3 months after the original screen failure. Individuals who fail screening due to ineligible results 
from the CSF testing may not be re-screened.  
9.3 
Baseline Visit 
Baseline procedures include cognitive assessments, behavioral assessments, Research 
Satisfaction Survey, safety assessments, and review of concurrent medications and adverse 
events that occur in clinic.  
For a complete list of all visit procedures, refer to the Schedule of Events (Appendix 1). 
Following completion of all baseline procedures, subjects who continue to meet all protocol 
inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria, should be scheduled for the confinement visit. The 
person should then be randomized, dispensed study drug and instructed on proper storage and 
dosing. The subject should be instructed on 1) when to take the first dose of the study drug and 
2) the duration of study drug administration (21-23 days at home) based on the scheduled date 
of the confinement visit.   
9.4 
Day 14 Telephone Contact  
A telephone call will be conducted at 14 ± 4 days from the baseline visit to assess for any 
changes in status, adverse events, or concomitant medications. Study medication compliance 
will be discussed and reminders given about the upcoming confinement visit. If there is an 
insufficient level of drug compliance (less than 80% overall and or less than 80% in the last 
week), the site must consult with the Project Directors and Medical Monitor regarding timing and 
conduct of the remaining confinement visit procedures. It is possible that subjects will be 
discontinued early from the study due to insufficient drug compliance. 
9.5 
Confinement Visits 
Admission for the confinement visit should occur 21-23 days (+2 days) following the first dose of 
study medication. A pre-confinement visit will be conducted 1-3 days prior to admission and a 

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post-confinement phone follow-up will be conducted approximately 24 hours following 
discharge. The confinement visit is outlined in Appendix 3, Confinement Visit Diagram. 
9.5.1 Pre-Confinement Visit  
The Pre-Confinement Visit procedures include a physical and neurological examination, 
cognitive and behavioral assessments, certain safety assessments (including clinical safety 
labs), and a review of compliance, concurrent medications and adverse events. The clinical 
safety labs will be sent to a central lab for analysis. For a complete list of all visit procedures, 
refer to the Schedule of Events (Appendix 1). 
If there is an insufficient level of drug compliance, the site must consult with the Project 
Directors and Medical Monitor regarding timing and conduct of the Confinement Visit 
procedures. It is possible that subjects will be discontinued early from the study due to 
insufficient compliance. 
9.5.2 Confinement Visit 
The confinement visit will last just over 2 days and will consist of four phases: admission, 36-
hour sampling, 12-hour observation, and discharge. Subjects will be provided with meals (note: 
some restrictions are specified below) and sleeping accommodations during this visit. For a 
complete list of all visit procedures, refer to the Schedule of Events (Appendix 1) and to the 
Confinement Visit Diagram (Appendix 3). 
Phase 1: Admission 
Subjects should arrive fasted in the early morning after an overnight fast. Clinical safety labs will 
be drawn and sent to the local lab for analysis.  
Study drug compliance over the preceding days will be assessed. If there is an insufficient level 
of drug compliance (less than 80% overall and or less than 80% in the last week), the site must 
consult with the Project Directors and Medical Monitor regarding timing and conduct of the 
remaining confinement visit procedures. It is possible that subjects will be discontinued early 
from the study due to insufficient study drug compliance. 
Admission visit procedures include conducting a brief Physical and Neurological Exam, 
collecting vital signs, reviewing and recording adverse events and concurrent medications. 
Please refer to Appendix 3.1, Confinement Visit Phase 1: Admission Diagram. 
Phase 2: 36-Hour Sampling 
For an overview of the 36-Hour Sampling time points, please refer to the Confinement Visit 
Schedule of Events (Appendix 3.2b). 
If no medical or compliance concerns are identified during the admission procedures, the 
subject will move on to the 36-Hour Sampling Phase, which entails the following procedures: 
1. Place an intravenous line (for infusion) as well as a second venous line for blood 
sampling 
2. Place the CSF catheter 
3. Collect initial samples of blood and CSF 

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4. Administer assigned study drug (will vary based on blinded treatment assignments) at 0 
hours 
5. Begin the 13C6-labeled “heavy” leucine infusion. Subjects will receive an initial bolus of 3 
mg/kg over 10 minutes, followed by 8 hours and 50 minutes of continuous intravenous 
infusion at a rate of 2 mg/kg/hour. The total leucine administration with the bolus is 9 
hours 
6. Provide a low leucine meal (NOTE: all food provided during the heavy leucine infusion 
must conform to low leucine dietary guidelines; refer to Appendix 4, Sample Low 
Leucine Menu and to the Procedures Manual for more details) 
7. Continue with the following for 36 hours: 
a. Collect CSF (6 mL) and blood (10mL) every 2 hours at the following time points: 
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36 hours; all 
collection times should be calculated from the start of the heavy leucine infusion. 
Samples should be in separate tubes and sent to the ADCS Biomarker Core  
NOTE: If unable to obtain a total of 6 mL CSF at any given collection time (e.g., 
due to participant headache or participant’s CSF production level) please obtain 
the maximum amount possible and notify ADCS Clinical Operations  
b. At 0 hours, an additional 1-2 ml CSF (or volume per Local laboratory 
requirements) should be sent ambient to the local laboratory for protein, glucose, 
and cell counts   
c. Perform safety monitoring every 4 hours while the subject is awake. This 
includes questions about any symptoms in relation to the CSF catheter (including 
potential adverse events such as leg or back pain, dizziness or headaches) and 
vital sign monitoring. Participants also should be asked about pain, redness or 
swelling at the IV site in the arm  
d. Administer assigned study drug (will vary based on blinded treatment 
assignments) every 8 hours – at 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours  
e. Provide low leucine meals and snacks as needed during the duration of the 
heavy leucine infusion; return to normal diet after completion of the infusion 
(Refer to Appendix 4, Sample Low Leucine Menu) 
f. 
Subjects remain at bedrest throughout the CSF sampling period of 36 hours. 
They are allowed to use a bedside commode for toileting 
8. 36 hours after the start of the heavy leucine infusion, collect the final blood and CSF 
samples. An extra 9mL of whole blood should be sent to the central lab for the metabolic 
panel and a CBC/Diff.  An extra 2mL of CSF should be sent to the local lab for protein, 
glucose, and cell counts 
9. Remove the blood and LP catheters  
10. Perform final safety monitoring, a brief physical and a brief Neurological Exam 
If the subject experiences intolerable AE(s) that require early discontinuation of the sampling 
procedures and removal of the LP catheter, contact the Medical Monitor and Project Directors 
as soon as possible to discuss the situation. If feasible, the standard 12-hour observation and 
discharge procedures should be followed to allow for management and follow-up on the adverse 
events. 

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Phase 3: 12-Hour Observation 
The subject should be observed for at least 2 hours following removal of the LP catheter. 
Subjects are allowed to be up and out of bed during this period. The Research Satisfaction 
Survey should also be administered.  
Any clinical safety labs from the pre-confinement visit that were clinically high should be 
repeated and sent to the local laboratory. A blood patch will be administered as required if a 
subject exhibits signs of a post-spinal tap headache that is not managed with bed rest, oral and 
intravenous fluids, caffeine, and/or mild analgesics (e.g., Ibuprofen, Naproxen or Tylenol). 
Do not continue administration of study drug after completion of the 36-Hour Sampling Phase. 
All used and unused study drug should be returned to the clinical site for final accountability. 
Please refer to Appendix 3.3, Confinement Visit Phase 3:12-Hour Observation Diagram. 
Phase 4: Discharge 
Prior to discharge, vital signs should be recorded and a review of AE(s) and Concurrent 
Medications should be conducted. Upon determination by the investigator (or qualified 
designee) that the subject is stable, the participant will be discharged. If a participant 
experiences an unstable AE, please contact the Medical Monitor and Project Directors for 
guidance on the appropriate course of action to be taken. Please refer to Appendix 3.4, 
Confinement Visit Phase 4: Discharge Diagram. 
9.5.3 Post-Confinement 24-Hour Phone Follow-up 
Approximately 24 hours following discharge from the Confinement Visit the subject or a person 
designated to speak for them will be contacted by phone to confirm the subject’s well-being and 
to query about any new AEs. 
10 
EARLY TREATMENT/STUDY DISCONTINUATION 
The investigators at each site will make every reasonable effort to maximize subject retention. 
However, if an investigator removes a subject from treatment or study, or if a subject declines 
further treatment or study participation, an early discontinuation visit will be completed as soon 
as possible following discontinuation. The early discontinuation visit will contain the same 
assessments as the pre-confinement visit. If an in-person visit is not possible, site personnel will 
complete as much of the early discontinuation visit as possible by telephone. 
Subjects who discontinue from the study prior to completing all protocol procedures may be 
replaced at the discretion of the Coordinating Center, in consultation with the Sponsor. 
10.1 
Reasons for Early Discontinuation 
Participants may withdraw from the study at any time as stated in the informed consent 
document given to the participant at the screening visit. Participants may also be discontinued 
from treatment/study for reasons such as the following: 
• 
Adverse experience: The participant has experienced an adverse event that, in the 
opinion of the investigator, requires early termination. This may include abnormal 
laboratory values. 

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• 
Death. 
• 
Safety risk: Any participant who becomes a safety risk to themselves during the trial will 
be withdrawn. 
• 
Protocol violation: The participant fails to meet protocol entry criteria or does not adhere 
to protocol requirements. 
• 
Non-compliance: The participant is non-compliant with completion of study-related 
evaluations and/ or intake of study drugs. 
• 
In the investigator’s judgment, it is in the participant’s best interest to discontinue 
participation in the study. 
• 
Development of suicidal or homicidal ideation requiring hospitalization or confinement. 
• 
Participant has need for a medication prohibited by the protocol. 
• 
Consent is withdrawn. The participant wishes to withdraw from the study, or the legally 
authorized representative wishes that the participant be withdrawn. 
• 
The study is terminated by the Sponsor/Coordinating Center, alone or at the 
recommendation of the Data Safety Monitoring Board. 
• 
Lost to follow up. Participant could not be recalled back to conduct follow up visits. 
• 
Loss of informed study partner. The participant no longer has a responsible study 
partner to oversee participant visits and administration of study drug. 
• 
Coordinating Center (ADCS) request. The Coordinating Center determines it is in the 
participant’s best interest to discontinue participation from the treatment and or study. 
11 
STUDY-SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTS 
11.1 
Cognitive and Clinical Evaluations  
11.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog12) 
The ADAS-Cog (Rosen 1984) is a structured scale that evaluates memory (word recall, word 
recognition), reasoning (following commands), language (naming, comprehension), orientation, 
ideational praxis (placing letter in envelope) and constructional praxis (copying geometric 
designs). Ratings of spoken language, language comprehension, word finding difficulty, and 
ability to remember test instructions are also obtained. The test is scored in terms of errors, with 
higher scores reflecting poorer performance and greater impairment. An ADAS-Cog12 version 
will be used in the current study that includes Delayed Word Recall – a measure of episodic 
memory (Mohs 1997). Total ADAS scores can range from 0 (best) to 70 (worse) on the standard 
11 items, and then the delayed recall item is added with a score ranging from 0-10, for a 
maximum score of 80. The ADAS-Cog has been the primary cognitive instrument in previous 
and ongoing ADCS trials. Psychometrists at each site are required to complete an ADAS-Cog 
training and certification process prior to administering the evaluation. 
11.1.2 Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)  
Consistent with FDA regulatory guidance (FDA 2012), occurrence of suicide-related thoughts 
and behaviors will be assessed. The C-SSRS is a scale that captures the occurrence, severity, 

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and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors during the corresponding assessment 
period (Posner 2011). The scale includes suggested questions to elicit the type of information 
needed to determine if a suicide-related thought or behavior occurred. 
If a suicide-related thought or behavior is identified at any time during the study, a thorough 
evaluation will be performed by a study physician, and appropriate medical care will be 
provided.  
11.1.3 Logical Memory Test (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised) 
The Logical Memory Test I and II (Delayed Paragraph Recall) is a modification of the episodic 
memory measure from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) (Wechsler 1987). In this 
modified version, free recall of one short story that consists of 25 bits of information will be 
elicited immediately after it is read aloud to the participant and again after an approximate thirty-
minute delay. The total bits of information from the story that are recalled immediately 
(maximum score = 25) and after the delay interval (maximum score = 25) are recorded. A 
retention or “savings” score can be computed by dividing the score achieved during delayed 
recall by the score achieved during immediate recall. 
11.1.4 Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) 
The MMSE (Folstein 1975) is a brief, frequently used screening instrument in Alzheimer’s 
disease drug studies. The MMSE scale evaluates orientation, memory, attention, concentration, 
naming, repetition, comprehension, and ability to create a sentence and to copy two overlapping 
pentagons. The MMSE is scored as the number of correctly completed items with a lower score 
indicative of poorer performance and greater cognitive impairment. The total score ranges from 
0 (worse) to 30 (perfect performance). 
11.1.5 Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 
The NPI is a well-validated, reliable, multi-item instrument to assess psychopathology in AD 
based on interview with the study partner (Cummings 1997). The NPI evaluates both the 
frequency and severity of 12 neuropsychiatric features, including delusions, hallucinations, 
agitation/aggression, dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition irritability/lability, and 
aberrant motor behavior, as well as sleep and appetite/eating disorders. Frequency ratings 
range from 1 (occasionally, less than once per week) to 4 (very frequently, once or more per 
day or continuously). Severity ratings range from 1 (mild) to 3 (severe). The score for each 
subscale is the product of severity and frequency and the total score is the sum of all subscales. 
11.1.6 Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 
The CDR (Berg 1998) describes five degrees of impairment in performance on each of six 
categories of cognitive functioning including memory, orientation, judgment and problem 
solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, and personal care. The ratings of degree of 
impairment obtained on each of the six categories of function are synthesized into one global 
rating of dementia (ranging from 0 to 3), with more refined measure of change available by use 
of the Sum of Boxes. Reliability and validity has been established, as has high inter-rater 
reliability. This will be used as a global measure of severity of dementia. Where a full CDR 
interview is not possible, the abbreviated CDR (Davis 1991) can be utilized. 

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11.1.7 
Research Satisfaction Survey (RSS) 
The Research Satisfaction Survey (RSS) was adapted from the work of Larsen (Larsen 1979) to 
measures the satisfaction of elderly volunteers in clinical trials to treat or prevent cognitive loss 
or dementia.  The RSS builds on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) which 
demonstrates a high degree of validity and internal consistency and measured consumer 
satisfaction with health and human service programs. Higher scores on the CSQ indicate a 
greater level of satisfaction in service programs102; conversely, lower CSQ-8 scores have been 
associated with higher dropout rates (Lunnen 1998) and missed appointments in treatment 
settings (Larsen 1983) and in urban Community Mental Health programs (Larsen 1979). Open-
ended questions about satisfaction are part of the CSQ, and allow participants to provide 
feedback about specific operational procedures of a particular service program (Larsen 1979). 
The RSS is similarly designed with a 7- item survey and may include additional items to inquire 
about the specific aspects of a given trial. Four items are designed to be answered with a 
modified Likert scale and can be used to create a summary score with a range of 4-16, which 
can be analyzed with parametric statistics; three items provide for open ended responses about 
the intervention, the assessments and the frequency of visits and may be used to understand 
retention rates. 
12 
STUDY-SPECIFIC PROCEDURES  
12.1 
Safety Assessments 
Safety will be evaluated by monitoring for changes in the parameters summarized below, 
including any AEs/SAEs as reported by subjects or observed by the clinical staff, or by the use 
of concomitant medication during the study. 
12.1.1 Physical and Neurological Examination 
A medically qualified professional will perform a brief physical examination that consists of a 
review of the major body systems (i.e., skin, head/ears/eyes/nose/throat (HEENT), 
cardiovascular, pulmonary, abdomen, musculoskeletal, and extremities) and a brief neurological 
examination which will include an assessment of cranial nerves, strength, coordination, reflexes, 
sensation, tremor, gait and mental status. Assessments of height, weight, and vital signs 
(systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, temperature, and respiration) are included. 
12.1.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 
An appropriately qualified individual will conduct a standard 12-lead resting ECG. The ECG 
report must be reviewed, signed, and dated by the site PI (or a medically-qualified individual 
delegated by the site PI). Those with clinically significant ECG findings will be referred for follow-
up as deemed appropriate by the investigator and may be excluded from the study. 
12.1.3 Clinical Laboratory Evaluations 
Blood and urine samples will be obtained for clinical safety lab assessments as described in the 
Schedule of Events (Appendix 1). The following table lists the clinical safety lab tests that will be 
assessed by the central lab at three time points: the screening visit, the pre-confinement visit, 
and the end of the 36-hour sampling period.  

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Table 4. Clinical Safety Lab Tests 
CLINICAL SAFETY LAB TESTS 
METABOLIC PANEL 
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT 
URINALYSIS 
Sodium (Na) 
Potassium (K) 
Chloride (Cl) 
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 
Glucose  
Calcium (Ca)  
Creatinine (Crn) 
Bilirubin Total 
Albumin 
Protein (NOS) Total 
Glutamic-
OxaloaceticTransferase (AST, 
SGOT) 
Glutamic-PyruvateTransferase 
(ALT, SGPT) 
Alkaline Phosphatase NOS 
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) 
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) 
Hemoglobin (Hb) 
Hematocrit (HCT) 
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin 
Concentration (MCHC) 
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width 
(RDW) 
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) 
Platelet Count (PLT) 
 
 
Color 
Appearance 
Specific Gravity 
pH 
Blood 
Glucose 
Protein 
Ketones 
Leukocyte Esterase  
Nitrite 
Urobilinogen 
Bilirubin 
Pregnancy Test 
(only screening visit) 
COAGULATION PANEL  
PPT/PTT 
[Screening Visit ONLY] 
Routine laboratory samples (including CSF) that are collected at the admission before the LP, 
the post-confinement visit, and the 12-hour observation (if necessary) should be analyzed by a 
CLIA/CAP (or equivalent) certified local laboratory. Lab reports will be reviewed, signed and 
dated by the site PI (or a medically qualified individual delegated by the PI). If a value is outside 
of the laboratory’s normal range, the clinician will indicate if the value has clinical significance. 
Those results that are deemed clinically significant may need to be repeated and may require 
follow up with the subject’s primary care physician for further evaluation.  
12.2 
Biofluids 
12.2.1 CSF for Biomarkers 
Standard Lumbar Puncture: 
A lumbar puncture will be performed as part of the screening visit, in the morning (before 10am 
is recommended), after an overnight fast. 2ml CSF will be sent for analysis by the site (total 
protein, glucose, cell count) to a local lab. The remaining CSF will be placed into a 14 ml conical 
polypropylene tube, inverted gently 3-4 times, then centrifuged at 1500 x g for 10 minutes at 
room temperature. The supernatant should be aliquoted into 2.0 ml tubes, frozen at -80o, and 
shipped overnight to the ADCS Biomarker Core. The ADCS Biomarker Core will subsequently 
send these samples to C2N for processing and analysis according to Biomarker core SOPs. 
Analyses will include AD biomarkers (e.g., Aβ, sAPPs, tau). 
CSF samples will be banked in the biospecimen repository of the ADCS Biomarker Core for 
various future research studies; access to samples will be granted according to SOPs 
established by ADCS Biomarker Core. 

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Prior to the LP, a coagulation panel will be obtained to rule out a clotting disorder. Participants 
taking an anti-platelet agent (e.g., Plavix) must be discontinued from that agent for a minimum 
of 5 days prior to the lumbar puncture. These participants may continue with the agent after a 
minimum of 24 hours post LP. Participants who are taking anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin 
(Coumadin) and/or dabigatran (Pradaxa) may not undergo an LP and are not suitable to 
participate in this study. 
When done at the same visit, the LP should occur after the MRI scan. When done at the same 
visit, if the MRI scan can only be scheduled prior to the LP, the site must contact ADCS Clinical 
Operations for permission before proceeding. In the unplanned event that the MRI does not 
precede the LP, there should be a minimum window of 72 hours between the MRI and the LP. 
LP under fluoroscopy is permitted; however, the site must contact ADCS Clinical Operations for 
permission before proceeding. Site personnel should advise the subject that use of fluoroscopy 
(x-rays) involves exposure to radiation. 
Each study participant or a person designated to speak for them will be contacted by phone 
approximately 24 hours after the LP to confirm participant well-being and any adverse events. 
CSF Sampling:  
A total volume of 116 mL of CSF should be collected during the CSF catheter sampling during 
the confinement visit. At hours 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 
and 36, 6 mL of CSF is collected.  
NOTE: If unable to obtain a total of 6 mL CSF at any given collection time (e.g., due to 
participant headache or participant’s CSF production level) the maximum amount will be 
obtained and ADCS Clinical Operations must be notified.  
To clear blood associated with needle insertion, the first 1-2 mL (or more if needed) of CSF 
should will be discarded. In addition, at 0 hours, 1-2 ml CSF (or volume per Local laboratory 
requirements) will be sent ambient to the local laboratory for protein, glucose, and cell counts. 
At the 36 hours, an extra 2mL of CSF should be sent to the local lab for protein, glucose, and 
cell counts. The remaining CSF should be placed into a 14 ml conical polypropylene tube, 
inverted gently 3-4 times, and then centrifuged at 1500 x g for 10 minutes at room temperature. 
Then the supernatant should be aliquoted into 2.0 ml tubes and frozen at -80o and shipped 
overnight to the ADCS Biomarker Core.  
Each study participant or a person designated to speak for them will be contacted by phone one 
day after being discharged from the confinement visit. The participant will be asked about their 
well being and the occurrence of any adverse events. 
12.2.2 APOE Genotype and other DNA Markers 
DNA will be extracted from participant blood samples at the screening visit and will be analyzed 
for APOE genotype. This will allow secondary analyses of data on the impact of the APOE 
genotype on putative biomarkers of AD, clinical outcome measures, and adverse events. APOE 
polymorphisms are an important genetic risk factor for AD. Individuals with one or two 
Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) alleles have a higher risk of developing AD and an earlier age 
of onset. Furthermore, those with one or two APOE4 alleles exhibit a more rapid rate of clinical 
change in some, but not all studies.  

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Blood is collected in a uniform fashion using EDTA as anti-coagulant, as described in Section 
12.2.3.  Once blood is collected into a 10 mL EDTA plastic tube, it is shipped overnight at 
ambient temperature to the ADCS Biomarker Core for APOE genotyping. Participants will be 
asked to consent to optional DNA banking for future research studies.  
12.2.3 Plasma for Biomarkers and Pharmacokinetics 
Plasma samples will be collected at screening visit and during the confinement visit every 2 
hours for analysis of AD biomarkers (e.g., Aβ40 & 42 and exploratory biomarkers), 
cholinesterase inhibition, and drug level analyses. 
Biomarker and PK analyses at the screening visit will be performed on the 10 ml EDTA plastic 
tube whose collection is described in Section 12.2.2.    
In addition, 10 ml of blood will be collected in a uniform fashion into 10mL lavender top EDTA 
tubes at hours 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, and 36 during the 
confinement visit. Once blood is collected, it should be centrifuged at 1500 x g for 10 minutes at 
room temperature. 2 ml of plasma should be aliquoted into 2.0 ml freezer tubes, frozen at -80o, 
and shipped overnight on dry ice to the ADCS Biomarker Core. 
At the last collection (36 hours), an extra 9mL of whole blood should be sent to the central lab 
for metabolic panel and CBC/Diff.   
Plasma samples will be banked in the biospecimen repository of the ADCS Biomarker Core for 
future research studies; access to samples will be granted according to SOPs established by 
the ADCS Biomarker Core. 
12.2.4 DNA/Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)/APOE Sample 
A single 10 mL EDTA tube of whole blood will be collected for DNA/GWAS and APOE 
genotyping and epigenetic analysis at the screening visit. The EDTA tube will be shipped 
overnight at ambient temperature to the ADCS Biomarker Core and processed per SOP for 
APOE genotyping. If the sample condition is compromised or if there is poor sample yield, 
subjects will be asked to agree to re-sampling. 
In addition, subjects will be asked to consent to optional DNA banking for future research 
studies. The DNA will extracted and banked in biospecimen repository of the ADCS Biomarker 
Core. 
13 
PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 
The site PI is responsible for the overall conduct of the study at the site. The PI is to supervise 
project personnel and ensure that clinical raters maintain a high level of skill and accuracy in 
conducting assessments. Additionally, the PI will perform or supervise clinical evaluation of all 
subjects and ensure protocol adherence. Additional key personnel will be required, as outlined 
in the procedures manual.  

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14 
ADVERSE EVENTS (AEs)  
14.1 
Definition 
An AE is defined as per the US Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21, Part 312.32 
[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=312.32]. An AE is any 
untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a drug in humans, whether or not 
considered drug related. 
Collection of adverse events will begin once informed consent is signed and will continue until 
the follow-up phone call performed on the day after discharge.  Adverse events include but are 
not limited to: (1) worsening or change in nature, severity, or frequency of conditions or 
symptoms present at the start of the study; (2) Subject deterioration due to primary illness; (3) 
intercurrent illness; and (4) drug interaction. An abnormal laboratory value will only be reported 
as an AE if the investigator considers it clinically significant, or if it leads to the subject being 
withdrawn from the study. 
The investigator should attempt to establish a diagnosis of the event based on signs, symptoms, 
and or other clinical information. In such cases, the diagnosis should be documented as the AE 
and not the individual signs or symptoms. Symptoms and conditions present at the beginning of 
the study will be characterized, so that AEs can be defined as any new symptom, or any 
increase in frequency or severity of an existing symptom. Adverse events should be described 
with medical terminology so that the event can be matched against a medical coding dictionary, 
such as MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities). 
Investigators should report their assessment of the potential relatedness of each AE to the 
protocol procedure, and to the investigational product, and/or drug delivery system used in the 
protocol.  
Following questioning and evaluation, all AEs, whether determined to be related or unrelated to 
the study drug by a medically qualified site PI or clinician must be documented in the subject’s 
records, in accordance with the investigator’s normal clinical practice, and on the AE electronic 
case report form (eCRF). 
14.2 
Following Up on AEs 
The investigator is obliged to follow subjects with AEs until the events have subsided, the 
conditions are considered medically stable, or the subjects are no longer available for follow up. 
Subjects who discontinue due to adverse experiences will be treated and followed according to 
established medical practice. All pertinent information will be entered into the eCRF. Adverse 
events will be reported to the independent DSMB, per ADCS SOPs and study DSMB Charter. 
Because of the potential of additive cholinergic adverse events caused by a combination of 
Posiphen and cholinesterase inhibitors in some subjects, the severity of such adverse events 
should be carefully evaluated taking the criteria in Appendix 5 into consideration (modified from 
CTCAE version 4.03.) 

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15 
SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS (SAE) 
15.1 
Definition  
A SAE is defined as per the US Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21, Part 312.32 
[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=312.32]. 
An adverse event or suspected adverse reaction is considered “serious” if, in the view of either 
the investigator or Sponsor, it results in any of the following outcomes: Death, a life-threatening 
adverse event, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, a persistent or 
significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, or a 
congenital anomaly/birth defect. Important medical events that may not result in death, be life-
threatening, or require hospitalization may be considered serious when, based upon appropriate 
medical judgment, they may jeopardize the subject and may require medical or surgical 
intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed in this definition. Examples of such medical 
events include allergic bronchospasm requiring intensive treatment in an emergency room or at 
home, blood dyscrasias or convulsions that do not result in in-patient hospitalization, or the 
development of drug dependency or drug abuse. 
15.2 
Reporting SAEs 
Collection of serious adverse events will begin once informed consent is signed (regardless of 
study drug exposure) and will continue until 30 days following the last dose of study drug.  All 
SAEs must be reported to the Medical Monitor, Project Directors and the Coordinating Center 
within 24 hours of learning of the event. This in turn will trigger an alert to the appropriate 
Coordinating Center personnel and Protocol Project Directors, which will lead to the initiation of 
the creation of the report. A notification will be sent to all participating sites and the DSMB once 
the report is available. Sites will inform their IRB of the event based on local IRB requirements. 
Annovis Bio, Inc. the IND holder is responsible for submitting any SAEs according to the FDA 
reporting requirements. 
16 
DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB) 
The Coordinating Center currently has a DSMB that reviews the safety of all subjects enrolled in 
trials on an ongoing basis. The initial task of the DSMB will be to review the protocol to identify 
any necessary modifications. If modifications are necessary, revisions will be reviewed by the 
DSMB prior to its recommendation on initiation of the project. The DSMB, based on its review of 
the protocol, will work with the Medical and Safety Core personnel to identify the study-specific 
data parameters and format of the information to be regularly reported. The DSMB will initially 
be provided with data blinded to treatment status, but they may request unblinded data if there 
is a safety concern. The DSMB and NIA representative will meet in person or by conference call 
on a quarterly basis. 
Additionally, the DSMB will be informed of the occurrence of any serious adverse events within 
7 days of being reported to the Coordinating Center. The DSMB may at any time request 
additional information from the Coordinating Center. 
Based on the review of safety data, the DSMB will make recommendations regarding the 
conduct of the study. These may include amending safety monitoring procedures, modifying the 
protocol or consent, terminating the study or continuing the study as designed. Using the ADCS 

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Safety Review Process (review of lab data, vitals, and adverse events) and the DSMB, there is 
substantial oversight and case review to alert the investigators, in a timely manner, to any safety 
issues that may arise. For further details, please refer to the DSMB charter.  
Lastly, the DSMB will evaluate safety and tolerability for each dosing group.  
17 
RECORDING AND COLLECTION OF DATA  
17.1 
Case Report Form 
The PI or designee will record all data collected (either written or electronic record of data). 
Written or electronic data of record must be entered on the eCRF provided for that purpose. In 
some instances, no prior written or electronic record of data may exist and data recorded 
directly on the eCRF is considered source data. The site will be suitably trained on the use of 
the eCRF and appropriate site personnel will be authorized to provide electronic signatures. The 
PI is responsible to verify the integrity of the data and acknowledge as such by signature. 
All site entries will be made in a secured web site and the PI will review the record for 
completeness. If corrections are necessary to the eCRFs, the PI or designee will update the 
eCRF and provide documentation for the reason for change. 
Completed eCRFs will be submitted according to provided instructions, and reviewed by the 
Coordinating Center to determine their acceptability. If necessary, data correction requests will 
be generated for resolution by the study site.  
17.2 
Study Files and Source Documents 
Subject confidentiality is strictly held in trust by the participating investigators, research staff, 
and the Coordinating Center and/or sponsoring institution and their agents. This confidentiality 
is extended to cover testing of biological samples and genetic tests in addition to the clinical 
information relating to subjects. 
The study protocol, documentation, data and all other information generated will be held in strict 
confidence. No information concerning the study or the data will be released to any 
unauthorized third party, without prior written approval of the sponsoring institution. Authorized 
representatives of the sponsoring institution may inspect all documents and records required to 
be maintained by the investigator, including but not limited to, medical records (office, clinic or 
hospital) and pharmacy records for the subjects in this study. The clinical study site will permit 
access to such records. Any data, specimens, forms, reports, video/audio recordings, and other 
records that leave the site will be identified only by a subject identification number (Subject ID, 
PID) to maintain confidentiality. All records will be kept in a locked file cabinet. All computer 
entry and networking programs will be done using PIDs only. Information will not be released 
without written permission of the subject, except as necessary for monitoring by the Institutional 
Review Board (IRB), the FDA, the NIA, and the Office for Human Research Protections 
(OHRP). 
Information about study subjects will be kept confidential and managed according to the 
requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. Those 
regulations require a signed Subject HIPAA Authorization informing the subject of the following:  
• 
What protected health information (PHI) will be collected from subjects in this study 

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• 
Who will have access to that information and why 
• 
Who will use or disclose that information 
• 
The rights of a research subject to revoke their authorization for use of their PHI  
In the event that a subject revokes authorization to collect or use PHI, the investigator, by 
regulation, retains the ability to use all information collected prior to the revocation of subject 
authorization. Each site PI, under the guidance of his/her IRB, is responsible for ensuring that all 
applicable HIPAA regulations and State laws are met. 
18 
ETHICS AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 
18.1 
Good Clinical Practice 
This study will be conducted in compliance with the protocol and accordance with Good Clinical 
Practice (GCP) guidelines, as defined by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) 
Guideline, Topic E6, the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 21, Part 50 – 
Protection of Human Subjects, and Part 56 – IRBs, HHS Regulations (45 CFR part 46, 160, 164 
HHS Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects; HIPAA; 42 CFR part 50), Subpart F 
HHS Regulations for Responsibility of Applicants for Promoting Objectivity in Research for 
Which PHS Funding Is Sought HIPAA, State and Federal regulations and all other applicable 
local regulatory requirements and laws. 
Study personnel involved in conducting this study will be qualified by education, training and 
experience to perform their respective task(s) in accordance with GCP. 
No study document shall be destroyed without prior written agreement between the 
Coordinating Center and the investigator. Should the investigator wish to assign study records 
to another party or move them to another location, he/she may do so only with the prior written 
consent of the Coordinating Center. 
18.2 
Institutional Review Board (IRB)  
Institutional Review Boards must be constituted and their authority delegated through the 
institution’s normal process of governance according to applicable State and Federal 
requirements for each participating location. Each participating institution must provide for the 
review and approval of this protocol and the associated informed consent documents and 
recruitment material by an appropriate IRB registered with the OHRP. Any amendments to the 
protocol or consent materials must also be approved before they are placed into use. In the 
United States, only institutions holding a current US Federal wide Assurance (FWA) issued by 
OHRP may participate. Refer to: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/assurances/. 
The investigator must obtain approval from the IRB for all subsequent protocol amendments 
and, when warranted, changes to the informed consent document. Protocol and informed 
consent form amendments can be made only with the prior approval of the Coordinating Center. 
The investigator may not implement any protocol deviation without prior notification, review, and 
documented approval from the ADCS, except where necessary to eliminate an immediate 
hazard to study subjects, or when change(s) involve only logistical or administrative aspects of 
the trial. The investigator shall notify the IRB of deviations from the protocol or serious adverse 
events occurring at the site, in accordance with local procedures. 

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18.3 
Informed Consent and Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act 
(HIPAA) Compliance 
Informed consent will be obtained in accordance with 21CFR§50.25, and ICH Good Clinical 
Practice. Applicable HIPAA privacy notifications will be implemented and HIPAA authorizations 
signed before protocol procedures are carried out. Information should be given in both oral and 
written form as deemed appropriate by the Site’s IRB. 
Prior to the beginning of the trial, the investigator must obtain the IRB’s written approval of the 
informed consent form and any other written information to be provided to subjects and be 
acceptable by ADCS Regulatory Affairs. Consent forms must be in a language fully 
comprehensible to the prospective subjects and/or their authorized representatives and study 
partners. Subjects, their relatives, guardians, or authorized representatives and study partners will 
be given ample opportunity to inquire about the details of the study. Prior to a subject’s 
participation in the trial, the written informed consent form must be signed and personally dated by 
the subject or by the subject’s legally acceptable representative, and by the person who 
conducted the informed consent discussion. Subjects will be provided a copy of the signed ICF. 
The informed consent will not only cover consent for the trial itself, but for the genetic 
samples/data/storage and biomarker samples/data/storage as well. Consent forms will specify 
that DNA and biomarker samples are for research purposes only; the tests on the DNA and 
biomarker samples are not diagnostic in nature and subjects will never receive results. 
18.4 
Genetic Research and Storage of Genetic Material  
Only DNA from consenting subjects will be banked and used to facilitate future research on 
aging and dementia, particularly in the discovery of genetic polymorphisms that may influence 
risk of developing AD. Collection of DNA will permit investigators to probe candidate genetic 
polymorphisms as predictors of outcome in future studies. The samples will be stored by the 
ADCS as long as funding is available from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). If funding 
should lapse completely, the UCSD ADRC will provide responsible custodianship of the ADCS 
Biomarker Core. 
18.5 
Storage of Biospecimen Samples  
All biospecimens being banked for future AD biomarker research will be shipped to and stored 
by the ADCS Biomarker Core. Sample tubes will be barcoded and inventoried by subject ID 
number only and banked without personal identifiers, in accordance with ADCS Biomarker Core 
SOPs. The presence of the sample is recorded into a computerized inventory database that is 
encrypted and password-protected. 
Only specimens from consenting subjects will be banked and used to facilitate future research 
on aging and dementia. The samples will be stored by the ADCS as long as funding is available 
from the NIH. If funding should lapse completely, the UCSD ADRC will provide responsible 
custodianship of the ADCS Biomarker Core. 
19 
STUDY MONITORING  
The clinical monitor is responsible for inspecting the online case report forms and source 
documentation at specific time points throughout the study to verify adherence to the protocol, 

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completeness and accuracy of the data, and adherence to local regulations on the conduct of 
clinical research. The monitoring visits must be conducted according to the applicable ICH and 
FDA guidelines to ensure protocol adherence, quality of data, drug accountability, compliance 
with regulatory requirements and continued adequacy of the investigational site and its facilities. 
The Site Investigator will cooperate in the monitoring process by ensuring the availability of the 
eCRFs, source documents and other necessary documents at the time of the monitoring visits. 
The Site Investigator will promptly address any matters brought to his/her attention by the 
monitor. The Site Investigator may also be asked to meet in-person with the site monitor during 
certain visits. 
20 
AUDIT 
In accordance with ICH E6 (Good Clinical Practices) representatives of the Coordinating Center 
and/or Sponsor and/or regulatory agency may select this study for audit. The investigator and 
study staff are responsible for maintaining the site master file containing all study-related 
regulatory documentation as outlined by ADCS Regulatory Affairs that will be suitable for 
inspection at any time by ADCS, Sponsor, its designees, and/or regulatory agencies. Inspection 
of site facilities (e.g., pharmacy, laboratories) to evaluate the trial conduct and compliance with 
the protocol may also occur. 
21 
RECORD RETENTION 
Essential documents and study records must be retained for a minimum of seven years 
following primary publication of study results. The Coordinating Center will notify sites when 
retention of such documents is no longer required. Essential documents should be retained for 
at least 2 years after the last approval of a marketing application in an ICH region and until there 
are no pending or contemplated marketing applications in an ICH region or at least 2 years have 
elapsed since the formal discontinuation of clinical development of the investigational product. 
However, these documents should be retained for a longer period if required by the applicable 
regulatory requirements or by an agreement with the Sponsor. It is the responsibility of the 
Sponsor to inform the investigator/institution as to when these documents no longer need to be 
retained.  
22 
PUBLICATION POLICY 
The results of this study will be published. To coordinate dissemination of data from this study, a 
publication committee will be formed. The committee will consist of the The study PIs, interested 
site PIs, and appropriate ADCS and Coordinating Center personnel The committee will solicit 
input and assistance from the Sponsor and other investigators, as appropriate, and adhere to all 
ADCS Publications Policies. 
23 
SHARING OF FINAL RESEARCH DATA  
Data from this research will be shared with other researchers pursuant to the 02/26/2003 “NIH 
Final Statement on Sharing Research Data”. The ADCS grant contains a data sharing policy 
consistent with the goals of the NIH but which also respects the rights of commercial partners. 
The NIH policy can be found at:  

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http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html 
NIH believes that data sharing is important for further translation of research results into 
knowledge, products, and procedures to improve human health. The NIH endorses the sharing 
of final research data to serve these and other important scientific goals. To protect subjects’ 
rights and confidentiality, identifiers will be removed from the data before they are shared. 
 
 

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24 
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Marutle A., Ohmitsu M., Nilbratt M., Grieg N.H., Nordberg A., Sugaya K. (2007) Modulation of 
human neural stem cell differentiation in Alzheimer (APP23) transgenic mice by 
phenserine. PNAS 104(30) 
Posner K., Brown G.K., Stanley B., Brent D. A., Yershova K.V., Oquendo M.A., Currier G.W., 
Melvin G.A., Greenhill L., Shen S., Mann J.J. (2011) The Columbia – Suicide Severity 
Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings From Three Multisite 
Studies With Adolescents and Adults. Am. J Psychiatry 168(12) 1266-1277. 
Rogers J.T., Mikkilineni S., Castelvetri I.C., Smith D.H., Huang X.H., Bandyopadhyay S., Cahill 
C.M., Maccecchini M.L., Lahiri D.K., Greig N.H. (2011). The alpha-synuclein 
5’untranslated region targeted translation blockers: anti-alpha synuclein efficacy of 
cardiac glycosides and Posiphen. J Neural Transm 118, 493–507. 
Rosen W.G., Mohs, R.C., Davis K. L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. 
American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(11), 1356-1364. 
Rosen W.G., Mohs, R.C., Davis K. L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. 
American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(11), 1356-1364. 
Salloway S., Sperling R., Gilman S., Fox N.C., Blennow K., Raskind M., Sabbagh M., Honig 
L.S., Doody R., van Dyck C.H., Mulnard R., Barakos J., Gregg K.M., Liu E., Lieberburg 
I., Schenk D., Black R., Grundman M., Baplneuzumab 201 Clinical Trial Investigators 
(2009). A Phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate 
Alzheimer disease, Neurology, 73(24), 2061-2070. 
The Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. American 
Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 
Disorders. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44358 

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          Page 49 of 58 
 
Utsuki T., Yu Q.S., Davidson D., Chen D., Holloway H.W. (2006). Identification of novel small 
molecule inhibitors of amyloid precursor protein synthesis as a route to lower 
Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-beta peptide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318: 855-862. 
Venti A., Giordano T., Eder P., Bush A.L., Lahiri D.K., Greig N.H., Rogers J.T. (2004). The 
integrated role of desferrioxamine and phenserine targeted to aniron-responsive element 
in the APP-mRNA 5’-untranslated region. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1035:34-48. 
Wechsler D. (1987). WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised Manual. New York: The 
Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 
Yu QS1, Reale M, Kamal M.A., Holloway H.W., Luo W., Sambamurti K., Ray B., Lahiri D.K., 
Rogers JT, Greig NH.(2013). Syntheis of the Alzheimer drug Posiphen into its primary 
metabolic products (+)-N1-norPosiphen, (+)-N8-norPosiphen and (+)-N1,N8-
bisnorPosiphen, their inhibiton of amyloid precursor protein, a Synuclein synthesis, 
interleukin-1β release and cholinergic action. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 
12:117-28. 
 
 

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25 
APPENDICES 
APPENDIX 1: SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 
Visit Timing a 
Day -42 to 0 
Day 14 
(+/- 4) 
1-3 days prior to 
confinement 
Days 21-23 (+/- 2) 
 
Screening 
Baseline 
Phone 
contact 
Pre- 
confinement e 
Confinement 
Admission 
36-Hour 
Sampling 
12-Hour 
Observation 
Discharge 
Informed Consent 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demographics 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Medical and Psychiatric 
History 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CDR 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Logical Memory 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MMSE 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
ADAS-Cog12 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
NPI 
 
X 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
Physical and Neurological 
Examination 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
C-SSRS 
X 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
Research Satisfaction Survey 
 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
Vital Signs b 
X 
X 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
Height 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Clinical Safety Lab Testsg 
X 
 
 
X 
X 
X  
PRN f 
PRN f 
12-Lead ECG 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MRI of Brainc 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lumbar Puncture 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Blood Sampling for Research 
Labsh 
X 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
PK Sampling 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
Adverse Events  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
Concomitant Medication  
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
Dispense Study Drug 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
Dosing 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
Study Drug Compliance 
 
 
X 
X 
X 
 
X 
 
LP Catheter Placement 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
Heavy Leucine Infusion  
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
CSF Catheter Sampling  
 
 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
24-Hour Phone Follow-Up d 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
a Refer to Section 9 for more details on visit timing and windows. 
b Vital signs will include sitting blood pressure, pulse, temperature, respiration rate, and weight, except during the 36-hour Sampling 
Phase of the Confinement Visit when weight will not be included. 
c An MRI of the brain will only be conducted if there is no brain MRI available from within the window specified in Inclusion Criteria. 
d Phone Follow-up should occur approximately 24-hours after completion of the LP procedure at Screening and after discharge from 
the Confinement Visit. 
e The Early Discontinuation Visit will contain the same assessments as the Pre-confinement Visit. 
f If safety labs are clinically indicated during the Confinement Visit, they should be sent to a local laboratory rather than the central 
lab.  
g. Refer to Section 12.1.3 for the list of tests to be performed 
h Refer to Section 9.2 for details 
 

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APPENDIX 2: STUDY SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 
 

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APPENDIX 3: CONFINEMENT VISIT DIAGRAM 
Appendix 3.1 Confinement Visit Phase 1: Admission Diagram 
 
Conditions 
Check 
Arriving early pre-lunch 
 
Overnight fasting 
 
Study Drug Compliance 
 
Physical exam 
 
Neurological exam 
 
Clinical safety labs 
 
Vital signs 
 
AEs reviewed and recorded 
 
Con Meds reviewed and recorded 
 
 
 

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Appendix 3.2a Confinement Visit Phase 2: Sampling – 36-Hour Observation Diagram 
             
 
   
Intravenous line for infusion
Venous line for blood sampling
CSF catheter
Initial sample of blood
Initial sample of CSF
Administer study drug
Begin 13C6-labeled "heavy" leucine 
infusion 3mg/kg over 10 minutes
Continue 8 hours and 50 minutes 
of 13C6-labeled "heavy" leucine 
infusion 2mg/kg/hour

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Appendix 3.2b Confinement Visit Phase 2: Sampling – 36-Hour Observation Schedule of Events  
   
All sample collection times should be calculated from the start of the heavy leucine infusion 
 
Hours 
0 
2 
4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
Blood draw(10mL) includes PK 
sampling 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Posiphen dosing 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
 
X 
 
 
CSF catheter sampling   (6mL) 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
Extra blood 9mL (central labs) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Extra CSF 2mL (local labs) 
x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Leucine infusion (3mg/kg– 
10min) 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Leucine infusion (2mg/kg/hour – 
8 hours 50min) 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Safety Monitoring including vital 
signs (when subject is awake) 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
 
X 
Removing blood and LP 
catheters 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
X 
Low leucine meal 
Includes meals, snacks, and 
beverages 
Normal diet 
Physical and Neurological Exam 
 
X 
 

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Appendix 3.3 Confinement Visit Phase 3: 12-Hour Observation Diagram 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12-Hour Observation 
• Observe subject for at least two hours following 
LP catheter removal 
• Safety labs collected for local lab if clinically 
indicated 
• Administer Research Satisfaction Survey 
• Blood patch to be administered as required per 
subject condition in case oral intravenous fluids 

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Appendix 3.4 Confinement Visit Phase 4: Discharge Diagram 
 
 
 
 

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APPENDIX 4: SAMPLE LOW LEUCINE MENU  
Low leucine meals are 1,500 mg of leucine or less a day. Individualized diet/menu is based on 
food preferences and coffee consumption since coffee contains leucine. Foods used for the 
menu are determined by availability in research kitchen and leucine values based on nutritional 
database values (i.e. Nutritionist Pro or Esha.com). Below is the sample of meals, beverages, 
and snacks menu. 
  
Amount 
Unit 
Kcal 
(kcal) 
Protein (g) 
Carb (g) 
Fat (g) 
Leuc (mg) 
  
  
2268.830 
17.847 
528.804 
20.605 
901.059 
Breakfast 
  
318.215 
5.040 
67.456 
4.304 
199.980 
Juice, Orange, Unsweetened, Prepared from 
Frozen Concentrate 
4.000 
fl. oz. 
56.025 
0.847 
13.421 
0.075 
16.185 
Banana No peel ( prep just before serving 
101.500 
g 
90.335 
1.106 
23.183 
0.335 
69.020 
Bread, Wheat 
1.000 
sl. 
67.500 
2.593 
12.365 
0.860 
97.000 
Jelly (includes Grape) with Leucine 
25.000 
g 
66.500 
0.038 
17.488 
0.005 
0.000 
Margarine, Spread, 60% Fat, Stick or Tub or Bottle 
w/ Leucine 
5.000 
g 
26.300 
0.030 
0.000 
2.959 
0.000 
Coffee, Brewed 
12.000 
fl. oz. 
3.555 
0.427 
0.000 
0.071 
17.775 
SWEET N LOW Sugar Substitute, Packet 
2.000 
item 
8.000 
0.000 
1.000 
0.000 
0.000 
Morning Snack 
  
275.270 
1.661 
65.782 
1.552 
100.007 
Crackers, Graham, Plain 
14.000 
g 
59.220 
0.966 
10.752 
1.414 
66.500 
Pear, Halves, Canned in Juice, Drained 
197.100 
g 
98.550 
0.670 
25.505 
0.138 
33.507 
Drink, Cranberry Juice Cocktail, Prepared from 
Frozen Concentrate w/ Leucine 
8.000 
fl. oz. 
117.500 
0.025 
29.525 
0.000 
0.000 
Lunch 
  
477.229 
3.660 
114.135 
3.677 
199.994 
Lettuce, Iceberg Leaves 
50.000 
g 
7.000 
0.450 
1.485 
0.070 
12.500 
Tomatoes, Red 
15.000 
g 
2.700 
0.132 
0.584 
0.030 
3.750 
Carrots 
15.000 
g 
6.150 
0.140 
1.437 
0.036 
15.300 
WISH BONE Salad Dressing, Italian, Light 
20.000 
g 
23.333 
0.000 
2.000 
1.667 
0.000 
Crackers, Saltine 
18.000 
g 
75.780 
1.710 
13.381 
1.593 
117.360 
Peach, Halves, Canned in Juice, Drained 
141.900 
g 
62.436 
0.894 
16.418 
0.043 
51.084 
Juice, Apple, Prepared from Frozen Concentrate w/ 
Leucine 
8.000 
fl. oz. 
112.330 
0.335 
27.581 
0.239 
0.000 
PEPSI Soda, Regular Cola 
15.000 
fl. oz. 
187.500 
0.000 
51.250 
0.000 
0.000 
Afternoon Snack 
  
357.310 
2.353 
78.447 
5.483 
100.780 
Cookie, Wafer, Vanilla 
26.000 
g 
122.980 
1.118 
18.486 
5.044 
78.780 
Mandarin Oranges, Canned in Light Syrup, Drained 
200.000 
g 
122.000 
0.900 
32.380 
0.200 
22.000 
Juice, Apple, Prepared from Frozen Concentrate w/ 
Leucine 
8.000 
fl. oz. 
112.330 
0.335 
27.581 
0.239 
0.000 
Dinner 
  
538.445 
3.264 
129.832 
4.007 
200.294 
Lettuce, Iceberg Leaves 
50.000 
g 
7.000 
0.450 
1.485 
0.070 
12.500 
Tomatoes, Red 
15.000 
g 
2.700 
0.132 
0.584 
0.030 
3.750 
Carrots 
15.000 
g 
6.150 
0.140 
1.437 
0.036 
15.300 
WISH BONE Salad Dressing, Italian, Light 
20.000 
g 
23.333 
0.000 
2.000 
1.667 
0.000 
Crackers, Saltine 
22.200 
g 
93.462 
2.109 
16.503 
1.965 
144.744 
Applesauce, Unsweetened, Canned 
240.000 
g 
100.800 
0.408 
27.048 
0.240 
24.000 
Drink, Cranberry Juice Cocktail, Prepared from 
Frozen Concentrate w/ Leucine 
8.000 
fl. oz. 
117.500 
0.025 
29.525 
0.000 
0.000 
PEPSI Soda, Regular Cola 
15.000 
fl. oz. 
187.500 
0.000 
51.250 
0.000 
0.000 
Evening Snack 
  
302.360 
1.870 
73.153 
1.582 
100.004 
Crackers, Graham, Plain 
14.000 
g 
59.220 
0.966 
10.752 
1.414 
66.500 
Pineapple, Canned in Juice, Drained 
209.400 
g 
125.640 
0.879 
32.876 
0.168 
33.504 
Drink, Cranberry Juice Cocktail, Prepared from 
Frozen Concentrate w/ Leucine 
8.000 
fl. oz. 
117.500 
0.025 
29.525 
0.000 
0.000 
 
 
 

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APPENDIX 5: SEVERITY EVALUATION OF CHOLINERGIC ADVERSE EVENTS   
Because of the potential of additive cholinergic adverse events caused by a combination of 
Posiphen and cholinesterase inhibitors in some subjects the severity of such adverse events 
should be carefully evaluated taking the criteria below into consideration (modified from 
“CTCAE” version 4.03.) 
 
Adverse 
Event 
Mild 
Moderate 
Severe 
Nausea 
Loss of appetite 
without 
alteration in 
eating habits 
Oral intake decreased 
without significant weight 
loss, dehydration or 
malnutrition 
Inadequate oral caloric or fluid 
intake; tube feeding, TPN, or 
hospitalization indicated 
Vomiting 
1 - 2 episodes 
(separated by 5 
minutes) in 24 
hrs 
3 - 5 episodes (separated 
by 5 minutes) in 24 hrs 
>=6 episodes (separated by 5 
minutes) in 24 hrs; tube feeding, 
TPN or hospitalization indicated 
Diarrhea 
Increase of <4 
stools per day 
over baseline 
Increase of 4 - 6 stools per 
day over baseline 
Increase of >=7 stools per day 
over baseline; incontinence; 
hospitalization indicated; limiting 
self care ADL 
Anorexia 
Loss of appetite 
without 
alteration in 
eating habits 
Oral intake altered without 
significant weight loss or 
malnutrition; oral 
nutritional supplements 
indicated 
Associated with significant 
weight loss or malnutrition (e.g., 
inadequate oral caloric and/or 
fluid intake); tube feeding or 
TPN indicated 
Fatigue 
Fatigue relieved 
by rest 
Fatigue not relieved by 
rest; limiting instrumental 
ADL 
Fatigue not relieved by rest, 
limiting self care ADL