Enhancing Adaptations to Exercise
Phase: PHASE3
Conditions: Inflammation
Sponsor: Mayo Clinic

 
 
Enhancing Adaptations to Exercise 
 
NCT03350906 
 
2/25/2021 

Title of the study: Enhancing Adaptations to Exercise  
Principal Investigator: Ian R. Lanza, Ph.D. 
Co-investigator(s): Adrian Vella, M.D., Michael Jensen, M.D., K. Sreekumaran Nair, 
M.D., Ph.D., Eric Polley, Ph.D., Surendra Dasari, Ph.D., Corey Hart, Ph.D., Hawley 
Kunz, Ph.D. 
IRB approved: 2/25/2021 
 
ABSTRACT 
Many older adults suffer from derangements in skeletal muscle, including mitochondrial 
impairments, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, weakness, and fatigue.  Despite 
evidence implicating inflammation in muscle dysfunction, a mechanistic link in the 
context of human aging is in early stages of investigation.  The objective here is to 
determine how chronic inflammation influences exercise responsiveness, mitochondrial 
physiology, and metabolic function in skeletal muscle of older adults. Our central 
hypothesis is that chronic inflammation originating from inflamed adipose tissue triggers 
local inflammatory responses within skeletal muscle, leading to oxidative stress, 
reduced mitochondrial capacity, compromised muscle quality, functional and metabolic 
impairments, and attenuated adaptive responses to exercise. We will test this 
hypothesis through cross-sectional comparisons of older humans grouped by 
inflammation status.  We will also perform a blinded, placebo-controlled study to 
determine if suppressing chronic inflammation using omega-3 fatty acids (n3-PUFA) 
restores skeletal muscle function and exercise responsiveness in older adults. 
 
RESEARCH PLAN 
 
A.  Specific Aims 
Aim 1.  To determine the impact of chronic inflammation on skeletal muscle 
physiology. 
Hypothesis 1:  chronic inflammation triggers local inflammation within skeletal muscle, 
which provokes mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein damage, and 
functional impairments.  
Approach: Skeletal muscle biochemical and functional parameters will be compared in 
older adults grouped into quartiles based on a composite systemic inflammatory score 
(CRP, IL-6, TNF-α). Outcomes will be measured again following 26 weeks of placebo or 
n3-PUFAs to reduce adipose tissue inflammation. 
 
Aim 2.  To determine the impact of chronic inflammation on responsiveness to 
acute exercise. 
Hypothesis 2:  Acute exercise responsiveness is blunted in older adults with chronic 
inflammation, but restored when inflammation is reduced.  
Approach:  We will combine conventional molecular techniques with tracer-based 
approaches to evaluate anabolic and metabolic responses to a single bout of exercise 
in older adults grouped by inflammation status before and after inflammation is reduced 
by n3-PUFAs.  Muscle and blood samples collected before and after a single bout of 
exercise will be used to measure anabolic and metabolic responsiveness to exercise 
from mRNA of exercise-responsive genes, activation of signaling proteins in muscle, 
and whole-body amino acid kinetics.  Exercise-stimulated anabolic and metabolic 
responsiveness will be evaluated again after reducing inflammation in older adults 
(placebo vs. n3-PUFAs). 
 
B.  Background 

 
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Many older adults suffer from derangements in skeletal muscle, including mitochondrial 
impairments, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, weakness, and fatigue.  Exercise 
forestalls disease and disability in older adults, but many (15-20%) fail to demonstrate 
favorable adaptations even when interventions are painstakingly controlled (1-4). This 
so-called exercise resistance is particularly evident in older adults, who exhibit blunted 
anabolic responses to exercise and nutrition (5-7), which likely contributes to sarcopenia 
and attenuates adaptive responses to exercise. Early evidence shows that clearance of 
inflammatory cells in adipose tissue restores mitochondrial function and muscle mass in 
mice.  In humans, we show that responsiveness to acute exercise is enhanced by 
omega-3 fatty acids (n3-PUFAs), putative suppressors of chronic inflammation, 
particularly in adipose tissue (8, 9). Knowledge gap: Despite evidence implicating 
inflammation in muscle dysfunction, a mechanistic link in the context of human aging is 
in early stages of investigation. 
 
C.  Significance of Proposed Research 
A goal of Healthy People 2020 is to improve the quality of life of older adults. The 
initiative underscores the importance of physical activity for metabolic health and 
preventing frailty.  In this regard skeletal muscle health is critical, but muscle mass and 
strength are clearly compromised in older adults (10, 11).  Sarcopenia is a major factor 
contributing to physical impairment with aging and predictive of disability (12).  Exercise 
is a proven strategy to prevent and reverse sarcopenia, insulin resistance, and related 
complications (13, 14), but the recommended 150 minutes per week as a lifestyle goal 
is often met with poor adherence or is impractical for people with physical disability or 
other contraindications to exercise. There is also emerging evidence that the 
adaptations to exercise training are blunted in some people.  For example, there is 
considerably variability in the improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to a 
standardized aerobic training program (1, 2). These findings are in line with the concept 
of “anabolic resistance” whereby some individuals, particularly older adults, exhibit 
blunted increases in muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise or nutritional 
stimuli (3, 5, 6, 15, 16) and attenuated transcriptional responses to acute endurance 
exercise (4). Through a better understanding of the factors that attenuate exercise 
responsiveness, it may be possible to enhance adaptations to exercise in people who 
are “exercise resistant” or are unable to engage in exercise at sufficient intensities or 
volumes required to induce therapeutic benefit.  Chronic inflammation appears to be a 
factor in exercise resistance based on observations that anabolic responses are 
restored when inflammation is reduced (17, 18). Altogether, precedent literature and our 
own preliminary data suggest that chronic systemic inflammation is detrimental to 
skeletal muscle and may limit adaptative responses to exercise.  Inasmuch, targeting 
inflammation holds promise for enhancing responses to exercise, particularly under 
conditions of chronic inflammation such as sarcopenia, insulin resistance, type 2 
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer cachexia.  The following contributions will 
emerge from the proposed work:  
1) Identify mechanistic links between systemic inflammation, adipose tissue 
inflammation, and local inflammatory responses within aging muscle. 
2) Determine the influence of inflammation on biochemical and functional parameters 
in aging muscle. 
3) Determine if reducing inflammation can enhance the adaptations to acute exercise 
in older humans. 
This contribution is significant because it will provide new fundamental knowledge to 
help understand the origins of metabolic and functional impairments in skeletal muscle 

 
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of older people and how chronic inflammation may be an effective target to enhance 
therapeutic benefits of exercise.  Such knowledge would be expected to have a positive 
impact on health and quality of life of older adults. 
 
D. Research Design and Methods: 
 
Study Design: Men and women between the ages of 20-35 years (N=30)and 65-85 
years (N=120) will be recruited for this study. Participants in the older age group will be 
randomly assigned to receive n3-PUFA or placebo (corn oil) in a double-blind manner.  
Before and after the intervention, all participants will complete an outpatient study day 
(body composition, blood draw, treadmill test, strength test) and an inpatient study day 
(muscle biopsies, fat biopsies, indirect calorimetry, exercise test, mixed meal test) as 
described below in more detail.  The DHA/EPA and placebo softgels will be supplied by 
Sancilio and Company, Inc.,Riviera Beach, FL) and stored in the Mayo Clinic Research 
Pharmacy at room temperature. During the intervention phase of the study, participants 
will be instructed to swallow 2 softgels twice per day with meals (morning and evening) 
for a total of 4 softgels per day.  The DHA/EPA softgels will each contain 675mg of EPA 
and 300mg of DHA for a total daily dosage of 3.9g/day. The total omega-3 content of 
each capsule is 1050mg, which includes an additional 75mg of “non EPA/DHA” omega-
3 fatty acids.  The total fat content of the capsule will be 1200mg.  This dose of 
EPA?DHA was choosen because it has been shown to augment the anabolic response 
of skeletal muscle [24]Every 4 weeks, participants will report to the Clinical Research 
and Trials Unit (CRTU) to pick up a new prescription and return any remaining capsules 
from the previous prescription.  Remaining pills will be counted to determine 
compliance. The pharmacy will maintain records of receipt, dispensation, and return pill 
counts for compliance. Unused drug will be incinerated at the end of the study.  On the 
day they pick up prescription refills, participants will report to the CRTU for a fasting 
blood sample to measure liver function (ALT, AST), coagulation (INR), blood lipid 
profile, glucose, and insulin.  Participants will be withdrawn from the study if INR values 
exceed 2.0, indicating a high chance of bleeding.  Participants will also be withdrawn 
from the study if ALT levels exceed 165IU/L or AST levels exceed 144IU/L.  The 
duration of the intervention will be 6 months.  
 
Participants: Our plan is to complete the study on 120 men and women age 65-85yrs 
and 30 young adults who will only be studied at baseline  We are anticipating a target 
accrual of 179 subjects to account for an anticipated dropout rate of 20% in the 
intervention group. 
 
Description of recruitment methods: 
We will use lists of prior research participants in our lab who have given permission to 
be contacted. We will use brochures, flyers, radio ads, television ads, and 
advertisements on the Research Studies section of the Mayo Classifieds. A member of 
the study team will contact participants by telephone or email with a brief description of 
the study and to determine if they are interested in participating. Brochures, flyers and 
radio ads will include the telephone number of a study team member.  Participants will 
be asked to call the contact person.  When the call is received, the member of the study 
team will perform a brief screening questionnaire to determine eligibility to proceed with 
enrollment.  The screening questionnaire may also be sent by email in accordance with 
the Research Policy Manual Policy on Electronic Communications with Research 

 
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Subjects.  The information gathered from the screening questionnaire will not be stored 
or used for data analysis if participants do not qualify for the study. 
 
 Exclusion criteria: 
1) Regular use of omega-3 nutritional supplements 
2) Diabetes or fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL 
3) Anemia (female subjects hemoglobin of <11 g/dl and male subjects hemoglobin 
<12 g/dl) 
4) Active coronary artery disease or history of unstable macrovascular disease 
(unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization of coronary, 
peripheral or carotid artery within 3 months of recruitment) 
5) Renal failure (serum creatinine > 1.5mg/dl) 
6) Chronic active liver disease (AST>144IU/L or ALT>165IU/L) 
7) Oral warfarin group medications or history of blood clotting disorders. 
8) INR >2.0 
9) Smoking 
10) Pregnancy or breastfeeding 
11) Alcohol consumption greater than 2 glasses/day or other substance abuse 
12) Untreated or uncontrolled hypothyroidism 
13) Debilitating chronic disease (at the discretion of the investigators) 
14) Fish or shellfish allergy 
 
Consent and screening: Potential participants will report to the Clinical Research and 
Trials Unit at Mayo Clinic Hospital St. Marys Campus the morning after an overnight 
fast.  A member of the study team will meet the potential participant and the consent 
form will be read and discussed in private area.  After receiving consent, the CRTU staff 
will measure vital signs including blood pressure, heart rate, temperature.  Height and 
weight will be measured.  The participant will undergo urine pregnancy test (if 
applicable) and screening blood work that will include CBC, lipid profile, creatinine, liver 
enzymes, TSH, glucose, insulin, blood clotting time (INR), c-reactive protein, and 
interleukin-6. Participants will be instructed on the use of a physical activity monitor 
(Actigraph), which they will wear for waking hours for a period of two weeks to quantify 
habitual physical activity levels.  Participants will return for two additional blood draws 
and weight approximately 2 and 4 weeks later to repeat measurements of inflammatory 
markers (CBC, c-reactive protein, interleukin-6). RReconsenting may take place if study 
is stopped due to COVID closure.  The subject will be withdrawn from the study at the 
point where the study stopped. The subject will be reconsented and start over from the 
beginning of the study.   
 
Withdrawn and Reenrollment 
Two participants were withdrawn from the study due to COVID-19 related closure of the 
clinical research unit.  One participant completed a consent and screening visit 
(baseline blood testing).  Another participant completed consent, screening, and an 
outpatient visit involving DEXA and exercise testing.  Neither participant completed 
baseline inpatient study visits or were randomized to study arms.  These participants 
will be re-enrolled, starting from the beginning given the amount of time that passed 
since the initial testing and potential drift in measured outcomes. 
 
 

 
5
Outpatient testing: At least 4 weeks following the screening visit, participants will 
return for an outpatient testing session when they will provide a third blood sample to 
confirm inflammatory status. Participants will meet with a dietician to discuss food 
preferences.  Participants will undergo measurements of body composition by dual-
energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect 
calorimetry, and a graded exercise test on a treadmill.  Participants will also be 
habituated to the single-leg exercise that will be used to evaluate acute exercise 
responsiveness. Blood tests,  REE, DEXA, and treadmill tests will be repeated after 26 
weeks of the n3-PUFA/placebo intervention. 
 
Inpatient study day: Participants will be admitted to the CRTU on the evening of the 
3rd day of a weight-maintaining diet provided by the CRTU metabolic kitchen. The 
weight maintenance meals (diet composition: 20% protein, 30% fat, 50% carbohydrate) 
will be monitored daily to assure correct calorie level and that the participants are 
weight-stable. After a standardized meal (10kcal/kg with 50% carbohydrate, 20% 
protein, and 30% fat) at 1800 hours on the evening of admission to the CRTU, 
participants will remain fasting except for water until the noon on the following day.  
 
At 0500h infusions of 13C6 phenylalanine at 1.0 mg/kg FFM/h and [15N] tyrosine at 0.5 
mg/kg FFM/h will be started after bolus of 1.0 mg/kg FFM [13C6] phenylalanine, 0.5 
mg/kg FFM [15N] tyrosine, and 0.5 mg/kg FFM [13C6] tyrosine.  These are stable (non-
radioactive) isotopes. Muscle biopsies from one v. lateralis will be obtained at 0830hrs 
for measuring baseline gene expression, protein expression, and mitochondrial function.  
Muscle biopsy samples will be collected under local anesthesia (2% lidocaine buffered 
with sodium bicarbonate) using a modified Bergstrom needle. A single abdominal 
subcutaneous fat biopsy will be performed at 0830 hrs under local anesthesia using 
sterile technique.  Following the muscle and fat biopsies (~0900hrs), participants will 
perform a bout of unaccustomed unilateral knee extension exercise using only the leg 
without prior biopsies.  Following a warm-up set, subjects will complete 8 sets of 10 
repetitions at 70% of their 1-repetition maximum, determined at least 7 days prior.  A 
second muscle biopsy will be obtained from the exercised leg 3 hours following exercise 
(~1230hrs).   
 
Following the second biopsy (~1300hr), participants will consume a mixed liquid meal 
containing 15% protein, 55% carbohydrate, and 30% fat, approximately equal to 35% of 
resting energy expenditure determined from the REE on the outpatient study day. 
Arterialized blood samples will be taken from a heated hand vein for glucose, insulin, 
and c-peptide measurements at intervals over 5 h after the test meal, which will be 
consumed over 10 min. Blood samples will be collected at 30, 20, and 10 minutes 
before the meal and at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 
260, 280, and 300 minutes following the meal. We are collecting and washing red blood 
cells for storage for future testing.   Resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient 
will be measured by indirect calorimetry for 30 minutes under postabsorptive conditions 
(0700hrs) and postprandial (1430hrs). Participants will be given a meal 
from the hospital kitchen at approximately 1800hr before discharge. 
 
The inpatient and 48 hour study day will be repeated following the 6 
month intervention. 
 

 
6
Muscle
Bx
0500
Bloodsampling
Muscle
Bx
06000700 0800 0900 1000 1100 12001300 1400
Isotopeinfusion
1500 1600
Resistance
exercise
Mixedmealtolerancetest
FatBx
1700
REE
REE
1800
 
 
 
48 hours post-exercise biopsy: 
Participants will return to the CRTU for an outpatient study visit involving an additional 
muscle biopsy from the exercised leg 48 hours following the single bout of exercise. 
 
Additional Dexa scan 
One subject will have an additional Dexa scan due to unforeseen Covid circumstances. 
Participant was withdrawn from the study due to COVID-19 related closure of the 
clinical research unit.  Patient completed consent, screening, and an outpatient visit 
involving DEXA and exercise testing.  The participant will be re-enrolled, starting from 
the beginning given the amount of time that passed since the initial testing and potential 
drift in measured outcomes.  
 
 
Statistical analyses and Power: 
For all variables in aim 1, the interest is in assessing if the change from baseline to post 
treatment differs by treatment arm. We will determine the influence of chronic 
inflammation on these outcomes in older adults grouped according to quartiles of a 
composite score including serum CRP and IL-6.  The initial analysis will be stratified by 
inflammation composite score quartiles. Within a subgroup, the Wilcoxon rank sum test 
will be applied to test for difference in the change of outcome value pre and post 
treatment between the two treatment arms, placebo and n3-PUFAs.  Additionally, 
generalized linear models will be used to assess the effect inflammation has on 
modifying the treatment effect by including interaction terms of a smoothing spline 
functional fit of the composite score with the treatment and time variables. The residuals 
from the regression will be used to assess distribution assumptions and variables will be 
transformed if required for appropriate statistical inference. All participants with at least 
a pre-treatment measurement will be included in the primary analysis utilizing the as-
randomized study arm assignment for comparison. Efforts will be made to minimize 
missing data, but in the event of missing values, characteristics between those with 
observed values and with missing values will be compared. If no observed differences 
are identified, multiple imputation will be used with the primary analysis.  Power 
calculations were performed for hypotheses related to mitochondrial physiology.  We 
used the preliminary data where we measured effects of EPA on mitochondrial capacity.  
With mean JO2 = 28.9 pmol/s/tissue and σ = 4.891, a sample size of 15 per treatment 
group within an inflammation quartile gives 80% power (α=0.05) to detect a treatment 
difference in the difference from baseline to post treatment of 5.18 pmol/s/tissue (15% 
change).  With 4 inflammation quartile groups, the total sample size will be 120, with 

 
7
balanced randomization that gives 60 for each treatment arm in total. We believe that 
this expected difference is meaningful and realistic because our target population of 
older adults is known to exhibit reductions in mitochondrial capacity, and this degree of 
improvement would be physiologically important. 
 
The main outcome variables for specific aim 2 are: 1) mRNA expression of anabolic and 
metabolic signaling genes, 2) expression and activation (phosphorylation) of signaling 
proteins, and 3) whole-body protein turnover.  Hypothesis 2a will be addressed using 
the pre-treatment measurements, including a baseline and 3 post-exercise time points 
for all individuals. For each outcome, linear random effects models with time point and 
the inflammation score interaction terms plus a random intercept for each individual will 
be estimated.  The statistical analysis for hypothesis 2b will be similar to specific aim 1, 
wherein regression models will be estimated for each outcome variable and include an 
interaction term between assigned treatment arm and the inflammation score.  Missing 
data and loss to follow-up will be handled as described above in aim 1. Power 
calculations were performed using the preliminary data in which protein synthesis was 
measured using the same exercise protocol proposed in this aim. We utilized a linear 
random intercept model with a baseline and 3 post intervention time point and assuming 
an exchangeable correlation matrix with pairwise correlation of 0.7 within an individual 
between time points. With σ = 0.025 %/hr, a sample size of 30 per inflammation group 
gives 80% power (α=0.05) to detect a 0.028 %/hr slope change between inflammation 
groups in muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise.  We believe that this 
minimal detectable difference is meaningful, realistic, and conservative. 

 
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Human Subjects  
  
1. Risks to the subjects 
 
Human Subjects Involvement and Characteristics:  All protocols and all techniques 
to be used will be approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board prior to 
initiation of any studies. Subject characteristics and exclusion criteria have been clearly 
specified above. All women of child bearing potential will have a negative pregnancy 
test within 24 hours of the study and will be advised to refrain from conception for at 
least two months after the study.  No children will be studied. All subjects will be weight 
stable before enrolling in the study. Our plan is to complete the study on 135 
participants.  
    
Sources of Materials: Samples of blood, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue obtained 
during the study will be used exclusively for research purposes. Data on body 
composition will be used only for research. No use will be made of pre-existing 
specimens. 
 
Muscle tissue: Two or three muscle biopsies (~300mg each) will be obtained during 
each inpatient study visit.  
Blood: 1 blood draw will occur during the screening visit (approximately 15ml).  Each 
inpatient study will require 48 blood draws (approx 407mL blood). All specimens will be 
processed internally and stored in the study team laboratory.  
Adipose tissue:  One subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsy (2-3g) will be obtained during 
each inpatient visit. 
 
Potential Risks:  The following are the potential risks for this study: 
 
a) Blood will be withdrawn. The total blood withdrawn will not exceed 550mL in a 12-
week period. Hemoglobin measured before starting the study will be within safe limits as 
decided by the investigators. All subjects will refrain from giving blood twelve weeks 
prior to the study and until twelve weeks after the completion of the study. 
 
b) DEXA will be completed on all subjects for all specific aims. The radiation exposure 
from this technique is within the safe limits as determined by the Radiation Safety 
Committee of our institution. Scans are done on the Lunar iDXA, software version 11.4 
(General Electric Company, GE Healthcare Technologies, Madison, WI). This can be 
done with sufficiently low radiation exposure that pregnancy testing is not required. 
 
c)  Vascular catheters will be placed.  Catheter insertion, intravenous infusion and blood 
withdrawal are associated with a small risk of phlebitis.  This will be minimized by 
careful attention to sterile technique.  If phlebitis occurs, it will be treated conservatively 
with heat and when appropriate, with antibiotics. In all experiments, “arterialized – 
venous” blood will be obtained by placing a hand in which a catheter has been inserted 
in a heated box during the study.  The temperature inside the box is maintained at 
~55C.  With prolonged exposure to continuous heat, there is a potential risk of local 
skin irritation or a minor burn.  If this occurs, it will be treated appropriately. However we 
have used this technique for the past 18 years and have had no instances of hot box-
related burns or injuries. The potential risks of catheters and hot box use will be 
discussed with the volunteers prior to obtaining consent for the study. 

 
9
 
d) Muscle biopsies will be performed with a percutaneous biopsy needle by the PI or an 
appropriately-trained member of his study team in accordance with approval from the 
Research Resources Executive Committee.  Local subcutaneous injection of 2% 
lidocaine buffered with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate will be used for analgesia.  A small 
incision will be made through the skin and fascia.  After the biopsy, pressure will be held 
over the incision until hemostasis is achieved.  The incision is closed with sterile strips, 
gauze and Ace wrap.  Risks of this procedure include hematoma, infection, and pain.  
Hematoma likelihood is minimized by holding pressure after the biopsy to ensure 
hemostasis, followed by a pressure dressing.  Risk of infection is minimized by using 
sterile surgical techniques.  Pain is managed by local analgesia during the procedure 
and Tylenol following the procedure. 
 
e)  Whole-body cardiorespiratory fitness will be evaluated by a graded exercise test on 
a treadmill.  Risks include chest pain, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and 
hyperventilation syndrome.  We will monitor these risks by having only trained 
personnel with CPR training performing the testing.  Continuous ECG and blood 
pressure monitoring will be performed a minimum of every 2 minutes during the test and 
5 minutes following the test.  Pretest history and physical examination will be performed 
with emphasis on signs and symptoms of cardiac, vascular or pulmonary disease.  
Levels of perceived exertion with be asked every 2 minutes.  Emergency resuscitation 
equipment and drugs and telephone to activate code team are in testing room. Attention 
to exercise test end points will be made.   
 
f)  Fat biopsies will be taken from the abdomen.  The risks of these procedures include 
pain, hematomas, bruising, infection, and scaring of the biopsy site.  The risk of pain 
and bruising from adipose tissue biopsies is high, and the volunteers are given this 
information. We reduce the risk of infection by performing all biopsies under sterile 
conditions. Nonetheless, each volunteer is told of the signs symptoms of infection and is 
told to call the study coordinator immediately should any of they occur. A record is kept 
of all adverse reactions to biopsies. If an increase in the number of adverse reactions 
relative to historical controls is observed during the course of a particular study a careful 
assessment of technique and approaches is made. The protocol might then be modified 
or additional instruction or supervision of the individual performing the biopsies could be 
undertaken. The subsequent results are then audited to determine how effective the 
intervention has been. 
 
2.  Adequacy of Protection against Risks 
Feasibility, Recruitment and Informed Consent: Volunteers will be initially recruited 
from individuals who have previously indicated a desire to participate in research. 
Volunteers will be recruited from advertisements placed on the Mayo Clinic and 
appropriate Mayo Health System (MHS) bulletin boards, electronic bulletin boards, in 
local newspapers and the Mayo Health System Newsletter.   Each willing participant will 
meet one of the investigators who will explain the scientific rationale of the study, the 
procedures and potential risks involved in the study.  The consent form will be approved 
by Mayo IRB prior to use.  Informed written consent from the participant will be obtained 
by one of the investigators prior to participation.  An electronic note will be entered in 
each participant’s medical record regarding the consent and a copy of the consent will 
be electronically kept with the participant’s medical record.  A copy of the consent will 
be given to the subject and the original kept with the investigators records. 

 
10 
 
Protection against Risk: All protocols and all techniques to be used will be approved 
by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board prior to initiation of any studies.  All 
participants will have the Mayo Clinic paging operator available to them 24 hours a day 
to contact the investigators for any problems.  The Clinical Research Unit also has an 
on-call physician available 24 hours a day to contact for problems or concerns.  The 
following protection will be taken for the risks identified above: 
 
1. Intravenous risks will be minimized by having experienced CRTU staff place the 
lines and infusing 0.9% normal saline throughout the study to decrease the risk of 
phlebitis or occlusion.   
2. All infusions will be prepared in the pharmacy or by a trained nurse or doctor to 
ensure accuracy of all infusion concentrations and rates. 
3. The amount of blood drawn is within the amounts acceptable by the institution.  
There is an institutional electronic tracking system to ensure that a patient is not in 
more than one study at a time.   
4. The Radiation Safety Committee will approve the study for radiation safety of the 
Lunar iDXA scan. 
5. A DSMP will be utilized for patient safety.  A DSMB is not necessary for the study. 
Investigators and the CRTU have had extensive experience in all procedures and 
aspects of the study.  The investigative team will review any participant safety issues 
as delineated in the DSMP.   
6. Subject protection is as listed in the above section.  Confidentiality of all medical 
records is strictly maintained by established procedures.  The original study data are 
kept in the principal investigators’ laboratory/office and are entered into a secure 
computer database password protected under a secure server space behind the 
Mayo firewall allocated for use by only the study team.  All data are reviewed by the 
principal investigator.  All investigators carry pagers.  Volunteers have access to the 
Mayo Clinic paging operator 24 hours a day.  
7. Risk for infection from muscle and fat biopsies is minimized by using sterile surgical 
technique.  Participants will be educated on proper post biopsy care to further 
minimize infection risk. 
8. The risks to the subjects are small being primarily those of blood withdrawal, 
catheter insertions and muscle biopsies. 
  
3.  Potential Benefits of the Proposed Research to the Subjects and Others 
Muscle health has a tremendous impact on physical function and metabolic health.  
Although exercise is an effective strategy to enhance muscle and metabolic health, 
there is emerging evidence that some people exhibit blunted responsiveness to 
exercise.  Chronic systemic inflammation may be a factor that contributes to this so-
called exercise resistance.  The proposed studies will determine the relationship 
between systemic inflammation and salient parameters of skeletal muscle function. 
Such information will help identify effective strategies to manage sarcopenia, diabetes, 
and other chronic diseases that influence muscle physiology.  The risks to the patients 
are minimal compared to the knowledge gained from the study.   
 
5. Protection of Human Research Participants  
The personnel identified in this application have completed the required education on 
the protection of human research participants. The institution has established a formal 
program entitled the Mayo Investigator Training Program or MITP. The MITP is a web 

 
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based educational course designed to provide all personnel involved in human subject 
research with training about human subject protection. All Mayo personnel engaged in 
human subject research are required to complete the course and recertify themselves 
every two years.  The primary objectives of the course are to provide the historical 
framework for current human subject protection regulations and to explore the evolving 
issues related to human subject research.   The course is divided into four sections:  
1. Course introduction and general overview  
2. History section which explores examples of unethical behavior in human subject 
research  
3. Review of major human subject protection issues  
4. Discussion of the various roles and responsibilities of individuals involved in 
human subject research.  
At the conclusion of the instruction, individuals are required to complete a thirty-question 
assessment.