Rehabilitation Exercise Intervention for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Exercise Prescription System
Phase: NA
Conditions: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Sponsor: Peking University Third Hospital

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
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1 
 
 
 
 
Rehabilitation exercise 
intervention for 
rheumatoid arthritis 
patients based on 
artificial intelligence 
exercise prescription 
system 
 
 
 
Project leader of this unit: Li Tao 
Department: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine 
Version number: 14 
Version date: 20250716 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
system                                                                              1.4; 20250716 
 
 
2 
Contact: Li Yansong 
Contact number: 17835413541 
Signature of the person in charge of the project of the 
unit:
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
List of researchers 
name 
Unit/Departmen
t 
Position/Titl
e 
Division 
Li Tao 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Section 
Director/ 
Deputy 
Chief 
Physician 
Program 
design and 
guidance 
Zhang 
Yanghon
g 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Attending 
Project 
implementatio
n 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
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3 
Ren 
Muchen 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Technician in 
charge 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Shi Peng 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Technician in 
charge 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Zhao 
Chang 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
engineer 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Wang 
Shuo 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
engineer 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Li 
Yansong 
Department of 
Rehabilitation 
Medicine, 
engineer 
Project 
implementatio
n 

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Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Li Chun 
Department of 
Rheumatology 
and 
Immunology, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Chief 
physician 
Project 
guidance 
superb 
Department of 
Rheumatology 
and 
Immunology, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Nurse in 
charge 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Sun 
Wenqing 
Department of 
Rheumatology 
and 
Immunology, 
Peking 
University 
People's 
Hospital 
Nurse 
Project 
implementatio
n 
Guo Wei 
To exercise 
health 
managing 
director 
Technology 
development 
 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
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1. Research abstract 
1. Purpose of the study 
This study aims to verify the rehabilitation effect of a rehabilitation 
exercise program based on an artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
system on patients with rheumatoid arthritis through a randomized controlled 
trial, and to explore its effectiveness and safety in improving joint 
function, exercise ability, pain level and quality of life. 
2. Study design 
This study uses a randomized controlled trial. Based on the estimate 
(see below) to obtain the minimum sample size required for this study, 147 
patients with rheumatoid arthritis who met the inclusion exclusion criteria 
were selected and randomly divided into three groups. In this study, 
patients were followed up on the day of enrollment, the end of the 
intervention, 3 months after the intervention, and half a year after the 
intervention, and the efficacy evaluation indicators completed by the 
patients were collected. 
 
2. Research background and basis for project establishment 
1.Research significance 
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint 
inflammation, pain, swelling, and dysfunction, which seriously affects the quality of life of 
patients[1]。 With the advancement of medicine, the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has 
expanded from medication alone to a comprehensive treatment model that includes 
rehabilitation exercises[2] 。 Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can not only reduce 
symptoms through reasonable rehabilitation exercise prescription, but also improve joint 
function and improve quality of life[3] 。 Traditional rehabilitation exercise programs 
generally have the problem of lack of personalization and accuracy, and it is difficult to 
provide customized guidance for individual differences in patients, resulting in significant 
individual differences in rehabilitation effects. At present, under the dual pressure of 

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accelerating population aging and the continuous rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases, 
the demand for rehabilitation medicine services in society is increasing exponentially. 
However, the total amount of rehabilitation medical resources in our country is insufficient 
and unevenly distributed[4], forming a sharp contradiction with the rapidly expanding patient 
population. In this context, the development of a rehabilitation exercise prescription system 
based on artificial intelligence technology has dual value: it can not only improve the quality 
and efficiency of rehabilitation through personalized programs, but also alleviate the 
pressure of medical resource supply with the help of technology empowerment. 
This study aims to explore the rehabilitation exercise protocol for rheumatoid arthritis 
patients based on the artificial intelligence exercise prescription system, verify the 
effectiveness, safety and feasibility of this program through a randomized controlled study, 
and provide new ideas and methods for the rehabilitation treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 
patients. 
2. Research status at home and abroad 
In recent years, domestic scholars have conducted a lot of research on the rehabilitation 
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and achieved a series of important results.Xie Benxiang 
and Wu Yijin's research showed that resistance exercise training can significantly improve 
hand function rehabilitation and self-care ability in rheumatoid arthritis patients[3]。 Li 
Wufen's research verified the significant effect of exercise prescription intervention on pain 
relief and physical function recovery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[5]。 The "2024 
Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis" also mentions 
that appropriate exercise and physical therapy (such as aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, 
and functional exercise) can enhance joint flexibility and stability, and improve patients' 
symptoms, physical function, and quality of life[6]。 However, traditional rehabilitation 
exercise programs are mostly based on experience and lack personalization and precision. 
In addition, rehabilitation outcomes are often difficult to predict and assess due to large 
patient variations. Therefore, domestic scholars have begun to explore the application of 
artificial intelligence technology to the formulation and implementation of rehabilitation 
treatment programs, such as Kong Lingkai and Wang Sen have used artificial intelligence 
technology to study posture recognition and exercise prescription systems, aiming to 
improve the effect and quality of adolescent physical exercise[7]。 However, the relevant 

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research is still in its infancy, and there is a lack of large-scale clinical trial validation and 
systematic theoretical system support. 
Foreign research in the field of rehabilitation medicine started early, especially in the 
combination of artificial intelligence and rehabilitation exercise. Several studies have shown 
that AI-assisted gait training and rehabilitation robots can effectively improve independent 
walking ability and lower limb motor function in stroke patients[8,9]。 Thus, repeated walking 
stimulation of standardized physiological gait is realized, and normal walking movement 
patterns are re-established[10]。 These applications of artificial intelligence can not only 
provide patients with objective and accurate functional assessments and promote the 
adjustment of clinical treatment, but also optimize human-computer interaction in terms of 
vision, hearing and touch during rehabilitation treatment, so as to maximize the 
rehabilitation experience and improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation diagnosis and 
treatment. Some developed countries have developed rehabilitation exercise prescription 
systems based on artificial intelligence technology and have achieved good results[11,12]。 
These systems enable personalized exercise prescriptions based on patient specifics and 
ensure that patients exercise according to prescribed requirements through real-time 
supervision and feedback mechanisms. However, due to differences in medical systems, 
cultural backgrounds, and patient needs in different countries and regions, these systems 
still need to be localized and optimized in practical applications. 
3. Combine the development trend of scientific research and the needs of national 
economic and social development 
At present, artificial intelligence has become one of the important tools and methods of 
scientific research. With the rapid development of big data, cloud computing and other 
technologies, artificial intelligence is becoming more and more widely used in various fields. 
In the field of rehabilitation medicine, the application of artificial intelligence technology will 
promote the development of rehabilitation treatment in a more personalized and precise 
direction. By deeply mining and analyzing multiple information such as clinical data and 
exercise data of patients, artificial intelligence can formulate rehabilitation exercise 
prescriptions that are more in line with the needs of patients, and supervise and adjust the 
patient's exercise status in real time to ensure the maximum rehabilitation effect. 
With the increasing aging population and the increasing number of patients with 

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chronic diseases, the demand for rehabilitation medicine is growing. However, at present, 
our country's rehabilitation medical resources are relatively scarce and cannot meet the 
needs of the majority of patients. Therefore, exploring a rehabilitation exercise prescription 
system based on artificial intelligence technology can not only improve the efficiency and 
quality of rehabilitation, but also effectively alleviate the shortage of rehabilitation medical 
resources. In addition, the system can also provide reference for the rehabilitation treatment 
of patients with other chronic diseases, promote innovation and development in the field of 
rehabilitation medicine, and make greater contributions to our country's medical and health 
cause. 
In summary, the rehabilitation exercise program for rheumatoid arthritis patients based 
on the artificial intelligence exercise prescription system proposed in this study has 
important scientific significance and application prospects. Through in-depth research and 
analysis of the effectiveness, safety and feasibility of this regimen, it can provide new ideas 
and methods for the rehabilitation treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and inject 
new vitality into the innovation and development of the field of rehabilitation medicine. 
3. Research purpose 
This study aims to verify the rehabilitation effect of a rehabilitation exercise program 
based on an artificial intelligence exercise prescription system on patients with rheumatoid 
arthritis through a randomized controlled trial, and to explore its effectiveness and safety in 
improving joint function, exercise ability, pain level and quality of life. 
 
4. Research methods and design 
1. Research design type   
This study adopts a single-center, randomized, parallel controlled trial design. Patients 
with moderate and low mobility with rheumatoid arthritis who met the inclusion and 
exclusion criteria were assigned to the following three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio by random 
number table method: 
⚫  AI exercise prescription group: Receive a personalized rehabilitation exercise 
regimen based on an AI system.  
⚫  Paper exercise prescription group: Receive the paper version of the exercise 

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prescription and exercise on your own.  
⚫  Routine care control group: Received standardized health education and basic 
exercise guidance from the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology.  
The effectiveness and safety of the artificial intelligence exercise prescription system 
were verified by comparing the differences in joint function, exercise ability, pain level and 
quality of life among the three groups. No intervention was given to existing rheumatology 
treatment interventions.  
2. Research objects and selection criteria 
 Research objects: Outpatients of the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology 
of Peking University People's Hospital clearly diagnosed patients with moderate and low 
activity levels according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification diagnostic criteria for 
rheumatoid arthritis. The study plans to recruit from August 2025 to December 2025 at 
the outpatient clinic of the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking 
University People's Hospital.  
3. Selection criteria for research objects: 
 Selection Criteria: 
a. Gender is not limited; Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were clearly diagnosed by 
rheumatoid immunologists in tertiary A hospitals according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR 
classification diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis 
b. After standardized drug treatment, the doctor judged that the patient belongs to 
the rheumatoid arthritis with moderate and low activity;  
c. Age≥ 18 years old;  
d. 膝关节受累; 
e. Signed informed consent. 
Exclusion Criteria: 
a.; Pre-existing joint ankylosis (fibrous or bony);  
b.; Extra-articular soft tissue lesions or acute onset during study participation;  
c.; Combined with other rheumatic immune diseases (such as systemic lupus 
erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, etc.), combined with severe liver and kidney function 
damage, mental disorders;  

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d.； Knee VAS pain score greater than 4 points (0 points for no pain and 10 points for 
worst pain).  
 
4. Setting of intervention group and control group 
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis who met the inclusion criteria were randomly 
divided into the usual care control group, paper exercise prescription group and artificial 
intelligence exercise prescription group in a 1:1:1 ratio using the Redcap system for six 
weeks of intervention, with an exercise frequency of once a day, and the treatment 
regimen of the three groups was as follows: 
① Nursing routine control group 
The routine nursing control group received standardized health education and exercise 
guidance led by rheumatology and immunology nurses, including the key points of 
rheumatoid arthritis disease management, knee joint protection principles, and explanation 
of basic joint activity training movements. The details are as follows: 
(1) Wrist joint function exercise: 
a) Massage: After rubbing the hands into the palms of the hands, massage 
the diseased hand joints and surrounding tissues, including the 
front and sides of the joints, for 1-3 minutes in each joint.  
b) Stretching exercise: Make a fist with maximum strength until it is 
no tighter, then stretch as far as you can and repeat for  5 minutes.  
c) Hand joint exercise: ensure that each joint moves according to its 
physiological and functional state, mainly flexing and extending the 
finger joints as much as possible, and repeat for 5 minutes.  
d) Wrist joint activity: 5  rotations each of forward and reverse slow 
rotation of the wrist joint.  
(2) Hand muscle strength training: You can prepare a square towel, lay 
it flat on the table, put your hands and elbows flat on the table 
at the same time, put your wrists on the square scarf, spread your 
fingers apart, hold the towel with your fingers, lift it up, and 
maintain it as much as possible, and repeat for 3-5 minutes. To 
delay muscle atrophy and enhance hand muscle strength.  
(3) Shoulder joint exercise: Balance and fix both hands on both shoulders, 

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and perform shoulder joint forward and backward "circle" movements, 
repeating 10-20 times respectively. 
(4) Elbow arthritis exercise: flexion and straightening of both elbow 
joints as much as possible, repeat 10-20 times. 
(5) Knee joint exercise: Take a sitting position or lying down, flex 
and straighten the knee joint as much as possible, and do the 
repetitive action of "hooking the toes and stretching the instep" 
when straightening to exercise muscle strength. It can be done 2-3 
times a day for 5-10 minutes per repetition. 
(6) Aerobic exercise: In order to improve cardiopulmonary function and overall 
health, such as swimming, slow walking, brisk walking, cycling, yoga, tai chi, etc.  
Precautions: The amount of exercise should not be excessive, it is appropriate to feel 
mild fatigue the next day, the pain cannot be relieved/aggravated 2 hours after exercise, 
considering that the amount of exercise is too large, the frequency or time of activity can 
be appropriately reduced. Exercise should be gradual and adhere to long-term rules. 
② Paper exercise prescription group 
Based on the assessment results, a paper exercise prescription was developed, 
covering aerobic training, progressive resistance training, joint mobility training and 
exercise precautions. After the initial evaluation, the therapist of the Department of 
Rehabilitation Medicine will explain and guide the exercise prescription in detail, and then 
instruct the patient to practice at home. The details are as follows: 
Warm-up: 1. 
Standing in place (1 set, 50s/set)2. Seated knee 
extension and ankle pump (1 set, 30 reps/set)3. Knee Mobilization (1 
set, 20 reps/set) 
Formal training: 1. Gluteal bridge (1 set, 12 reps/set)2. Retreat 
Bird Dog Pose (2 sets, 6 reps/set) Shallow squat in place (2 sets, 20 
reps/set) Alternate leg raises in place (2 sets, 16 reps/set) 3Standing 
calf raises (2 sets, 16 reps/set) 
Cooling (1 set per action, 30s/set): 1. Prone quadriceps stretch 2. Cross-
legged leg press 3. Foot calf stretch 4. Static back thigh stretch 

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③ Artificial Intelligence Exercise Prescription Group 
The AI exercise prescription group uses the "Movement Health AI Exercise 
Prescription System" to implement exercise intervention. After the doctor or therapist 
formulates an exercise prescription for the patient, the system pushes the exercise 
prescription to the subject through the WeChat mini program, and collects patient 
feedback (which can include VAS score, RPE, joint swelling, mobility, etc.) through an online 
questionnaire after executing the exercise prescription. The system is equipped with an 
artificial intelligence question and answer module, which can analyze the problems of joint 
swelling and limited movement described by the patient's natural language, and 
automatically generate a safe response strategy that meets the authoritative guidelines. 
The specific exercise prescriptions that can be selected are as follows: 
Exercise Prescription A|Basic Activation (Main Goal: Activate 
Muscles, Relieve Stiffness) 
 Warm-up (10 reps or 30 seconds per movement) 
1. Supine ankle pump exercise 
 
2. Lie on your back and alternately bend and extend your knees 
3. Pillow and knee extension 
 

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▶ Formal training (static + auxiliary active, 10 reps each, hold for 5–
10 seconds each time). 
1. Dead insect retreat 
 
2. Clam style 
 
3. Sitting positions alternately extend your knees 
 
4. No support - squat hold with both legs 
 

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▶ Cool down (hold for 15–30 seconds per action). 
1. Prone quadriceps stretch 
 
2. Cross-legged pressing legs 
 
3. Supine hamstring stretching 
  
Exercise Prescription B Strength stabilization (main goal: improve 
lower limb stability + knee control). 
▶ 热身 
1. Stand in place (1 set, 50s/set). 

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2. Postural knee extension ankle pump (1 set, 30 reps/set). 
 
3. Knee mobilization (1 set, 20 reps/set). 
 
▶ formal training 
1. Gluteal bridge (1 set, 12 reps/set). 
 
2. Retreat Bird Dog Pose (2 sets, 6 reps/set). 

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3. Shallow squats in place (2 sets, 20 reps/set). 
 
4. Alternate leg raises in situ (2 sets, 16 reps/set). 
 
5. Standing calf raises (2 sets, 16 reps/set). 
▶ Cooling (1 set per action, 30s/set). 
1. Prone quadriceps stretch 
 

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2. Cross-legged pressing legs 
 
3. Calf stretching 
 
4. Static stretch on the back of the thigh 
 
Exercise Prescription C Functional maintenance (primary objective: 
prevention of withdrawal and use, maintenance of joint mobility) 
warm up 
1. Alternate knee extension in a sitting position (1 set, 15 reps/set). 
 

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2. Seated strength push (1 set, 10 reps/set). 
 
3. Knee mobilization (1 set, 20 reps/set). 
 
formal training 
1. Squat pickup on both legs (2 sets, 10 reps/set). 
 
2. Difficult standing in place (holding dumbbells) (2 sets, 12 reps/set). 
 
3. Shallow squats in place (2 sets, 12 reps/set). 

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4. Side up and down steps (left) (right) (2 sets, 12 reps/set). 
 
5. Stand on one leg in place (2 sets, 30s/set). 
 
6. Clamped occipital gluteal bridge (2 sets, 12 reps/set). 
 
▶ Cooling (1 set per action, 30s/set). 
1. Calf stretching (left, right). 

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2. Gluteus maximus stretching (left and right). 
 
3. Pray for stretching 
 
 
5. Randomization design 
After the study subjects signed the informed consent form and screened by the 
researchers, the subjects who met the exclusion criteria for the study were automatically 
randomly divided into 3 groups according to a ratio of 1:1:1: the nursing routine control 
group, the paper exercise prescription group and the artificial intelligence exercise 
prescription group.  

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6. Selection and confirmation of main measurement indicators or outcome indicators 
(1) Effectiveness evaluation indicators 
General information: On the day of enrollment, a self-designed general information 
questionnaire was used, mainly including the age, gender, occupation, education level, 
marital status, years of illness, and medication status of the subjects. 
Main evaluation indicators: 
Range of motion (ROM) refers to the maximum flexion and extension angle that can 
be achieved in active or passive movement of the knee joint, reflecting the motor function 
of the joint and the elastic state of soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, joint capsules), and its 
measurement requires a standard protractor (accuracy ± 1°). The flexion angle is measured 
by aligning the lower axis of the femoral condyle in the supine position and pointing the 
arm to the lateral malleolus, and the normal reference value is 0-140°. Patients were 
evaluated on the day of enrollment, at the end of the intervention, 3 months after the 
intervention, and half a year after the intervention. Knee flexion ROM at six months after 
surgery was used as the primary outcome measure.  
Secondary evaluation indicators: 
The following evaluations were performed on the day of enrollment, at the end of the 
intervention, 3 months after the intervention, and half a year after the intervention: 
1）Hospital Special Surgery (HSS) in New York, USA 
HSS is a scale used to evaluate changes in joint function and motor function, including 
a total of 100 points in 6 dimensions, namely: pain (30 points), function (22 points), joint 
mobility (18 points), muscle strength (10 points), knee flexion deformity (10 points), joint 
stability (10 points), and deduction items such as whether a walker is needed, varus 
deformity and dystonism, and the final score is > 85 points. 70-80 points are good; 60-69 
points are acceptable; < 60 points difference. HSS has good reliability and validity, with ICC 
of 0.98-0.99 and Cronbach'S α of 0.87.  
2）西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数（the western ontario and mcmaster 
university osteoarthritis index, WOMAC） 
The scale contains three dimensions: pain, stiffness and function, with a total of 24 
items, including 5 items of pain, 2 items of stiffness, and 17 items of function, scored using 

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the Likert-5 scoring system, with a total score of 0-240 points, and the higher the score, 
the more severe the symptoms, and the worse the joint function. The study showed that 
the Cronbach'S α coefficients of the pain, stiffness, and functional dimensions were 
0.84, 0.86, and 0.96, respectively, with strong internal consistency, and the ICC of the pain, 
stiffness, and functional dimension subscales were 0.81, 0.76, and 0.85, respectively, 
which had good test-retest reliability.  
3）Time up and go (TUG) 
TUG was used to evaluate the walking ability of the patients. During the test, the 
patient sat in a standard armchair (seat height approx. 46 cm, armrest height approx. 21 
cm), leaned against the back of the chair, and determined a 3-meter long route on the 
floor. After starting the command timer, walk to the 3-meter line, turn around and return 
to the seat after crossing the 3-meter line with both feet, sit down, and lean on the back of 
the chair. 
4）Berg 平衡量表（berg balance scale,BBS） 
The scale contains 14 basic items, and each item is scored on a scale of 0-4 points, 
with a total score of 56 points. Those who cannot complete each item independently will 
be scored 0 points, those who can partially complete it will be counted as 1-3 points 
according to the degree of help required, and those who can complete it independently 
without help will be scored 4 points. 
5）Muscle strength: Muscle endurance and absolute strength are measured using an 
isokinetic dynamometer  
Absolute strength: Absolute strength refers to the maximum force a muscle can 
produce under certain conditions. In isokinetic strength testing, absolute muscle strength 
is usually measured by the peak torque, which indicates the maximum moment a muscle 
exerts during contraction. The angular velocity was set to 60°/s on an isokinetic 
dynamometer, and the subjects performed five flexion and extension movements. The 
peak moment value is the maximum moment value during each muscle contraction 
automatically recorded by the instrument. The maximum value of the five tests is usually 
taken as the subject's absolute strength index. Operated and evaluated by a rehabilitation 
therapist with experience in isokinetic strength testing. 

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Muscular Endurance: Muscular endurance refers to the ability of muscles to maintain 
strength during continuous or repetitive contractions. In isokinetic strength tests, muscle 
endurance is usually measured by total work, which reflects the total amount of work 
done by the muscle during repeated contractions. The angular velocity was set to 180°/s 
on the isokinetic dynamometer, and the subjects performed 20 flexion and extension 
exercises. The total work is calculated by adding the area under the moment curve 
generated by each muscle contraction to obtain the total amount of work done during the 
entire test process. Operated and evaluated by a rehabilitation therapist with experience 
in isokinetic strength testing. 
6）Gait and plantar pressure measurement system 
Gait analysis spatiotemporal parameters:   
⚫ Time parameters: including step time, stride time, single support phase time, 
double support phase time, standing phase time, swing phase time, single support phase 
percentage, double support phase percentage, pace and cadence frequency, a total of 10 
items. 
⚫ Spatial parameters: including stride length, step width and step angle, a total of 3 
items.  
Peak plantar pressure: Peak plantar pressure is one of the most commonly used 
variables to indicate plantar load, and its calculation formula is as follows: 
where n=1,2......N is the length of plantar pressure signal; r= 1,2......8, representing 8 
regions of the plantar foot, respectively; Pr(n) is the plantar pressure value in a certain 
area of the foot. L/R stands for left/right foot. A rehabilitation therapist or professional 
technician is responsible for the operation of the equipment and data collection.  
7）Pain measurement 
The pain visual analogue scale (VAS), which is a straight line divided into 10 equal 
parts, is marked with numbers, and the subjects are asked to judge the number according 
to their own pain sensation, and then the researchers determine the degree of pain and 
score it. The leftmost edge of the line represents "no pain" (0), and the rightmost part of 
the line represents "the most severe pain" (10). The criteria were mild pain (1-3), 
moderate pain (4-6), and severe pain (7-10).  

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8）Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES-8) 
The scale consists of pain (2 items), other symptoms (4 items), and the patient's 
confidence in coping with the symptoms of the disease (2 items). Cronbach's α coefficient 
is 0.920, and the test-retest reliability is 0.986, which is stable and suitable for our country 
population, and each item is scored on a scale of 1~10, and the higher the score, the 
higher the self-efficacy.  
9）Borg Subjective Fatigue Scale 
Also known as self-perceived exertion grading (RPE), it is a semi-quantitative index 
that measures relative exercise level based on the degree of self-perceived exertion. The 
Borg rating scale divides self-fatigue perception on a scale of 6-20, with 6 equating to 
effortless and 20 referring to maximum effort. Reaching 12-14 points is a slight tiredness, 
indicating that the intensity of this exercise is appropriate, and the resistance can be 
gradually increased according to one's own situation after adapting to the intensity of this 
exercise.  
10）PHQ-9 健康问卷(Patient Health Questionnaire-9,PHQ-9) 
It is a simple and effective self-rating scale for depressive disorders based on the 9 
items of the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders developed by 
the American Psychiatric Association), which has good reliability and validity in the adjunct 
of depression diagnosis and symptom severity assessment, answer this questionnaire 
according to the situation in the past two weeks. The answers to each question from left 
to right are "almost never", "a few days", "more than half", and "almost every day". The 
scores of the corresponding options are: 0, 1, 2, 3, and each question is added together to 
get the final score. When any of the core items 1, 4, and 9 score > 1 (i.e., 2 and 3), 
attention is needed (items 1 and 4 represent the core symptoms of depression, and item 9 
represents self-harm thoughts).  
12）广泛性焦虑量表（generalized anxiety disorder，GAD-7） 
The scale was developed by Spitzer et al. for screening for generalized anxiety and for 
assessing symptom severity. GAD-7 consists of 7 items to understand how many times 
respondents have been troubled by 7 problems, including feeling nervous and worried, in 
the past 2 weeks. Each item is scored from 0-3, and the total score is summed up by the 7 

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items, with a total score of 0-21, 5-9 points of mild, 10-14 points of moderate, and 15-21 
points of severe.  
13）匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI） 
PSQI is a widely used tool for evaluating sleep quality, consisting of 23 items, which 
can be divided into 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep onset time, sleep 
efficiency, sleep disorders, application of sleeping drugs and daytime function, which is 
suitable for evaluating sleep quality in the past 1 month. The cumulative score is a total 
score of 21 points, with PSQI >7 as the reference cut-off for sleep quality problems, and 
the higher the score, the worse the sleep quality.  
14) Blood sampling to check laboratory indicators 
Latex agglutination method and scattering turbidimetry were used to detect 
rheumatoid factor (RF) and C-reactive protein (CRP). And perform routine blood tests. 
15）健康评估问卷（Health Assessment Questionnaire，HAQ） 
The HAQ is the most commonly used scale to assess the general status of patients 
with rheumatoid arthritis, including dressing, getting up, eating, walking, personal hygiene, 
reaching, gripping, and daily activities, and comprehensively assesses the patient's ability 
to perform activities of daily living and health. When the patient answered each question, 
he chose from 0~3 points according to the degree of daily living activity ability (0=no 
difficulty; 1=There are certain difficulties; 2=Very difficult; 3=Cannot be completed). The 
scoring range is 0~3, and the average of each score is taken.  
16) Improve the number of exercise prescriptions 
The doctor/therapist of the artificial intelligence group should review the exercise 
prescription formulated by the system, and if there is a need to adjust, the 
doctor/therapist will modify it, and the number of modifications will be recorded as the 
number of improved exercise prescriptions. 
(2) Safety evaluation indicators 
1) Patient-reported safety indicators  
Change in daily pain visual analogue score (VAS) (sudden increase≥ 2 
points need to be recorded as an AE) 
Exercise tolerance feedback (eg, fatigue, increased joint discomfort) 
2) Adverse events and serious adverse events are adverse medical events 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise prescription 
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27 
that occur after a patient or clinical trial subject receives a treatment, 
but it is not necessarily causally related to the treatment, it may be a 
new disease, worsening of symptoms or signs at the time of treatment, 
worsening of concomitant diseases, the effect of a comparator drug, or 
unrelated to participation in the trial. The evaluation of adverse reactions 
is based on five levels of evaluation, including positive related, likely 
related, possibly related, possibly irrelevant, and affirmatively 
irrelevant, and the first three are counted as the incidence of adverse 
reactions. Serious adverse events are events that require hospitalization, 
prolonged hospitalization, disability, affect work capacity, permanent 
damage to organ function, life-threatening or death, carcinogenesis, 
teratogenesis, birth defects, etc. during clinical trials. 
 
7. Follow-up plan 
Follow-up evaluation items and schedule table 
Evaluate 
the project 
On the 
day of 
enrolm
ent 
End of 
intervent
ion 
3 months 
after the 
intervent
ion 
6 months 
after the 
intervent
ion 
Follow-up 
method  
Observe the 
key points 
Joint 
mobility 
measureme
nt (ROM) 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Field 
testing 
Knee 
joint 
mobility 
Western 
Ontario and 
McMaster 
University 
Osteoarthri
tis 
Index 
(WOMAC).  
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Questionna
ire survey 
Arthritis-
related 
pain, 
stiffness, and 
ability 
to 
perform daily 
activities 
New York 
Hospital for 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Face-to-
face visit + 
Knee 
functional 

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28 
Special 
Surgery 
Score 
(HSS), USA 
scale 
assessment 
recovery level 
(pain, 
mobility, 
stability) 
 Timed 
Standing 
Walk 
(TUG).  
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Field 
testing 
Lower 
extremity 
function and 
fall risk 
(completion 
time ≤12 
seconds is 
normal) 
Berg 
Balance 
Scale (BBS)  
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Face-to-
face 
interview + 
action 
observation 
Balance ability 
(56 points 
overall, < 40 
points suggest 
a high risk of 
falling) 
Blood tests 
(rheumatoi
d factor, 
blood 
routine, C-
reactive 
protein 
laboratory 
tests). 
✓ 
 
 
✓ 
Instrument 
testing 
Disease 
activity and 
inflammation 
Muscle 
strength 
(isokinetic 
dynamome
ter). 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Instrument 
testing 
Peak moment 
(absolute 
muscle 
strength), 
total work 
(muscle 
endurance) 
and affected 
side/healthy 
side ratio 
Gait and 
plantar 
pressure 
measureme
nt system 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Gait 
laboratory 
testing 
Symmetry of 
gait speed, 
stride length, 
plantar 
pressure 
distribution 
(abnormal gait 
and peak 
pressure area) 

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29 
 
Psychologic
al and 
quality of 
life 
assessment  
(PHQ-9, 
GAD-7, 
PSQI, HAQ, 
ASES-8). 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Comprehen
sive 
questionnai
re survey 
Depression/an
xiety level 
(PHQ-9≥10 
points, GAD-7
≥8 points 
requiring 
intervention), 
 sleep quality 
(PSQI ≥7 
points 
abnormal),  
and limitation 
of daily 
activities (HAQ
≥ 1.5 points 
indicate 
functional 
impairment). 
Borg 
Subjective 
Fatigue 
Scale  
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Face-to-
face visit + 
scale 
assessment 
Post-exercise 
fatigue (6-20 
points, ≥15 
points suggest 
excessive 
fatigue) 
Pain 
measureme
nt (VAS 
score).  
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
✓ 
Face-to-
face visit + 
scale 
assessment 
Pain intensity 
at rest/activity 
(0-10 points) 
Follow-up supplementary instructions 
Standardized follow-up will be conducted every 2 weeks via telephone or online 
platform, focusing on monitoring Borg's subjective fatigue. 
Time window requirements : Long-term follow-up (3 months, 6 months) allows ±7 days 
flexible window.  
8. The basis for calculating the sample size 
The purpose of this study was to verify whether there was a difference in improving 
joint mobility (ROM) between the AI-based exercise prescription system and paper exercise 
manual group in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and the control group was the usual care 
group. The study design was a three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) with the primary 
outcome measure being knee flexion ROM at 6 months postoperatively.  
Refer to previous literature[13]The mean and standard deviation of the three groups were 

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113.17±6.91; 117.31±6.88; 119.49±6.86. Set α=0.05 Test efficacy (1-b）:Set β=0.05。 The 
sample size of each group was obtained by using Gpower software according to the sample 
size calculation method of three parallel groups41 cases, taking into account 20%shedding 
rate, and finally 147 participants needed to be included. 
5. Research progress 
Phase 1: Patient enrollment and baseline assessment (August-December 
2025).  
Phase 2: Intervention implementation and dynamic monitoring (January-
March 2026).  
Phase 3: End-of-intervention evaluation and follow-up review (April-
June 2026).  
Phase 4: Long-term follow-up (July-September 2026).  
Phase 5: Data collation and analysis (October-December 2026).  
 
6. Foundation of preliminary research 
The research team members have rich clinical and scientific research experience in 
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which can ensure the smooth implementation of the 
project. Li Tao, the project leader, undertook and mainly participated in the research on 
related topics of knee osteoarthritis, including the Beijing Science and Technology Major 
Special Project "Research on the Rehabilitation Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis Based on 
ICF" and "Research on the Clinical Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave in the Treatment 
of Knee Osteoarthritis", etc., and found"Compared with the current conventional 
conservative treatment regimen, the KOA rehabilitation treatment regimen 
based on the ICF-OA core classification combination can better improve the 
overall function and quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis. 
There is no significant difference between the rehabilitation treatment 

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31 
based on the ICF condensed version and the rehabilitation treatment based 
on the full version, so relevant rehabilitation plans can be formulated 
according to the core classification combination of the ICF condensed 
version", "For KOA patients with KL grade 1-3, rehabilitation exercise combined with 
radiation shock wave therapy can achieve higher knee pain efficiency, better knee pain VAS 
improvement, and higher response rate of OMERACT-OARSI osteoarthritis treatment 
compared with the control group", The relevant content has been formed into a paper and 
published.  
7. Research site and data management 
(1) Research site: Rehabilitation Hall of Peking University People's Hospital (1st floor, 
Zhongyi Building) 
(2) Data management: The investigator will load the data into the case report form in 
a timely, complete, correct and clear manner according to the subject's original 
observation records. The questionnaire after being reviewed and signed by the supervisor 
shall be sent to the clinical research data manager in a timely manner.  
The corresponding database system is used for double and dual machine entry, and 
then the database is compared twice, and if any problems are found, the supervisor will be 
notified in time and the researcher will be required to answer. The exchange of various 
questions and answers between them should be in the form of a question sheet, and the 
question form should be kept for future reference. 
When all case report forms are entered in duplicate and checked, the data 
administrator writes a database check report, which includes study completion (including 
the list of dropped subjects), inclusion/exclusion criteria check, completeness check, 
logical consistency check, outlier data check, time window check, combined medication 
check, adverse event check, etc. 
At the review meeting, the principal investigator, representative of the sponsor, 
monitor, data administrator and statistician will make a resolution on the questions raised 

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32 
in the subject's signed informed consent form and database inspection report, and write 
the audit report, and the database will be locked at the same time. 
After completing the data entry and verification as required, the case report form 
shall be archived and stored in the order of numbering, and filled in with the search 
catalog for future reference. Electronic data files include databases, inspection programs, 
analysis programs, analysis results, code books and instruction files, etc., which should be 
stored in categories and stored on different disks or recording media with multiple 
backups to prevent damage. All original files shall be kept for the period specified in the 
corresponding regulations. 
 
8. Statistical analysis methods 
(1) Comparison of statistical descriptions with general demographic characteristics 
Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on all randomized subjects, including 
general demographic characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, education, marital 
status, health insurance, length of illness, and treatment. Statistics such as mean, standard 
deviation, median, minimum, maximum, frequency and percentage are used. The 
comparison of the three groups of general conditions will be analyzed using appropriate 
methods according to the type of indicators, the analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis H 
test will be used for comparison between groups of quantitative data, the chi-square test or 
the exact probability method (if the chi-square test is not applicable) will be used for 
categorical data, and the Bonferroni method will be used for comparison between groups. 
Demographic analysis is based on the full analysis set (FAS). 
(2) Analysis of primary outcome measures 
The main outcome measures, Intention-to-Treat (ITT) and Per-Protocol Set (PP), were 
performed on ROM at six months postoperatively to assess the rehabilitation effect of all 
randomised participants throughout the trial. According to the distribution of data, analysis 
of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the changes in ROM at 6 months 
after surgery between the three groups.  
 
(3) Analysis of secondary outcome measures 

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33 
PP analysis was performed on secondary outcome measures (e.g., muscle strength, gait 
and plantar pressure parameters, pain measurements, psychological and quality of life 
assessments, etc.). Depending on the distribution of the data, ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis 
H test was used. 
(4) Analysis of safety indicators 
The patient's self-reported safety indicators (such as VAS score changes, exercise 
tolerance feedback), adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) were 
statistically described and analyzed. The incidence of adverse events will be calculated and 
their association with the study intervention will be assessed. 
(5) Statistical methods of repeated measurement data 
Given that this study involves measures of outcome measures at multiple time points, 
repeated measures data will be processed using methods such as ANOVA for repeated 
measures data or generalized estimation equations. 
(6) Statistical analysis software 
Data were processed using SPSS 16.0 or later software, and all statistical tests were two-
tailed tests, with a P-value of less than 0.05 being considered statistically significant (unless 
otherwise specified). 
9. Safety evaluation 
An adverse event is an untoward medical occurrence that occurs after a patient or 
clinical trial subject receives a treatment, but is not necessarily causally related to the 
treatment, and may be a new disease, worsening of symptoms or signs at the time of 
treatment, worsening of concomitant disease, effect of a comparator drug, or unrelated to 
participation in the trial. The evaluation of adverse reactions is based on five levels of 
evaluation, including positive related, likely related, possibly related, possibly irrelevant, and 
affirmatively irrelevant, and the first three are counted as the incidence of adverse reactions. 
Serious adverse events are events that require hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization, 
disability, affect work capacity, permanent damage to organ function, life-threatening or 
death, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, birth defects, etc. during clinical trials. 
In the event of any serious adverse event or significant adverse event, whether 
related to the study intervention or not, the sponsor must be notified by phone/fax within 
24 hours of occurrence/notification.  

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34 
 
10. Subject protection 
1. Acquisition of informed consent: 
The study began after the protocol of this study and the informed consent of the 
subjects were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Peking University People's 
Hospital. Before the start of the study, the investigator needs to explain the background, 
nature, significance, steps, benefits, risks, compensation, injury compensation, withdrawal, 
etc. to the subjects in writing and verbally, and obtain the informed consent signed by each 
subject or his legal representative. The informed consent form is dated and the informed 
consent form and its copy are kept by the investigator and the subject separately. 
⚫ Responsible signatories: 
The main researchers involved in the project 
⚫ Signing location: 
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital (5th floor, 
outpatient building) 
⚫ Signing Process: 
Explain to the subjects the purpose, content, duration, risks and benefits, 
confidentiality protocol, research costs, withdrawal from the study, etc 
↓ 
Subjects choose whether to participate in the trial 
↓ 
If they choose to participate, they sign the informed consent form 
↓ 
Conduct a trial (or not conduct a trial if not signed or signed as disagree). 
2. Examination and treatment, risk prediction and preventive measures for patients to be 
carried out in this study: 
Risk: There may be a risk of muscle injury due to exercise, which can be treated 
symptomatically by stopping exercise, applying ice, etc., and sending to the hospital in time if 
necessary.  
 
3. Benefit:: 
Direct benefit: Participants may not benefit from participating in this study and may 

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35 
gain a relatively comprehensive understanding of their rheumatoid arthritis (by clinical 
assessment). 
Indirect benefits: More patients with rheumatoid arthritis can receive rehabilitation 
treatment in the future, helping to improve their life functioning. 
 
 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise 
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36 
4. Information confidentiality measures: 
If the subject decides to participate in this study, the test data and personal data 
recorded in the scales and samples throughout the study will only be used for scientific 
research and will not be used for any journalistic and commercial purposes, and the 
personal data of the subjects involved will be strictly confidential. Paper materials are 
scanned and stored in a lock-resistant cabinet. When the results of the study are 
published, we will display some of the data related to the subjects, but we will never 
disclose personal information such as names and contact information. After the 
publication of the research content, all research materials will be properly stored in 
Peking University People's Hospital for 5 years for the journal editorial department to 
review the original data, after which the data that can identify the subject's personal 
information will be destroyed. The state regulatory authorities, the scientific research 
management department of Peking University, and the ethics committee will consult 
the medical records of the subjects in order to verify the implementation of the study.  
 
11. Research management 
1、 Scheme modification: 
This may be due to the fact that the inspectors found persistent non-compliance 
with the selection criteria, or it may be due to the fact that the selection criteria are 
too strict and the recruitment is too low. 
2、Quality control: 
During the trial study, clinical monitors are assigned to conduct regular on-site 
supervision visits to the research unit to ensure that all contents of the research 
protocol are strictly followed and that the information filled in is correct. During the 
patient recruitment phase, the inclusion/exclusion criteria should be as consistent as 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise 
prescription system 14; 20250716 
 
37 
possible. 
The specific supervision content is: 
⚫ 
The researchers participating in this validation carefully implement the standard 
operating procedures for clinical validation before, during, and after the validation. 
⚫ 
During the verification process, the correctness and completeness of the data in 
the questionnaire are monitored by the supervisors of the clinical trial research 
unit and the implementer. 
⚫ 
Participating researchers must undergo unified training, unified recording 
methods and judgment standards. 
⚫ 
All observations and findings in clinical validation should be verified to ensure the 
reliability of the data, ensure that the conclusions in clinical validation come from 
the original data, and there are corresponding data management measures in 
clinical validation and data processing. 
3、Study discontinuation early: 
⚫ 
Serious safety issues were found in the trial 
⚫ 
During the trial, it was found that there were major errors in the clinical trial 
protocol, making it difficult to evaluate the treatment effect. or found serious 
deviations in implementation 
⚫ 
The applicant requests termination or the administration requests termination of 
the experiment 

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12. References 
[1] Advances in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and its therapeutic drugs[J]. 
China Pharmacy, 2021, 32(17): 2154-2159. 
[2] Wang Hui, Kong Li, Chen Xiaoxiang. Progress in the application of rehabilitation 
therapy technology in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory 
and Practice, 2018, 24(4): 405-409. 
[3] Xie Benxiang, Wu Yijin. Effects of resistance exercise on hand function 
rehabilitation and self-care ability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Anhui 
Medicine, 2023, 44(8): 918-922. 
[4] Ludidi. Analysis of the current situation and demand of employees in rehabilitation 
institutions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 2019, 25(7): 
859-864. 
[5] Li Wufen, Zhu Yan. Observation of the effect of exercise prescription on 
rehabilitation care of rheumatoid arthritis patients[J]. Journal of Nursing Research, 
2018, 32(7): 1108-1110. 
[6] National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases (Peking Union 
Medical College Hospital), Rheumatology and Immunology Specialist Branch of 
Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Rheumatology and Immunology Rehabilitation 
Professional Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, etc. 2024 
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in China[J/OL]. 
Chinese 
Journal 
of 
Internal 
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63(11): 
1059-1077. 
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20240531-00360. 
[7] Kong Lingkai, Wang Sen. Research on Artificial Intelligence-assisted Posture 
Recognition and Exercise Prescription[J/OL]. Modern Electronics Technology, 2024, 
47(4): 139-142. DOI:10.16652/j.issn.1004-373x.2024.04.025. 
[8] Rodríguez-Fernández A, Lobo-Prat J, Font-Llagunes J M. Systematic review on 
wearable 
lower-limb 
exoskeletons 
for 
gait 
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neuromuscular 
impairments[J/OL]. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2021, 18(1): 22. 
DOI:10.1186/s12984-021-00815-5. 
[9] Mehrholz J, Thomas S, Kugler J, 等. Electromechanical-assisted training for 
walking after stroke[J/OL]. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020, 
10(10): CD006185. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006185.pub5. 
[10] Chen Z, Hu Q, Xie Q, 等. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Motor and Cognitive 
Function Recovery of MCAO Mice Through the Caveolin-1/VEGF Signaling Pathway 
in Ischemic Penumbra[J/OL]. Neurochemical Research, 2019, 44(4): 930-946. 
DOI:10.1007/s11064-019-02728-1. 
[11] Hansen D, Marinus N, Cornelissen V, 等. Exercise prescription by 
physiotherapists to patients with cardiovascular disease is in greater agreement with 
European recommendations after using the EXPERT training tool[J/OL]. Medical 
Education Online, 2023, 28(1): 2182660. DOI:10.1080/10872981.2023.2182660. 
[12] Hansen D, Rovelo Ruiz G, Doherty P, 等. Do clinicians prescribe exercise 
similarly in patients with different cardiovascular diseases? Findings from the EAPC 
EXPERT working group survey[J/OL]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 

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2018, 25(7): 682-691. DOI:10.1177/2047487318760888. 
[13] Li Yuan. Comparison of three unsupervised home exercise programs after primary 
unilateral 
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DOI:10.27366/d.cnki.gtyku.2020.001341. 
 
 
 

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13. Annex 
 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise 
prescription system 14; 20250716 
 
41 
 
 

Rehabilitation exercise intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients based on artificial intelligence exercise 
prescription system 14; 20250716 
 
42