The DECS Trial: DExamethasone Versus Burr Hole Craniostomy for Symptomatic Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Phase: PHASE2
Conditions: Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Sponsor: University of Virginia

IRB-HSR# 17294 The DECS Trial: DExamethasone versus burr hole Craniostomy for symptomatic 
chronic Subdural hematoma 
 
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IRB-HSR PROTOCOL 
Investigator	  Agreement	  
 
BY SIGNING THIS DOCUMENT, THE INVESTIGATOR CONFIRMS: 
1. I am not currently debarred by the US FDA from involvement in clinical research studies. 
2. I am not involved in any regulatory or misconduct litigation or investigation by the FDA. 
3. That if this study involves any funding or resources from an outside source, or if you will be sharing data 
outside of UVA prior to publication that you will contact the Dean’s office regarding the need for a contract 
and letter of indemnification.  If it is determined that either a contract or letter of indemnification is needed, 
subjects cannot be enrolled until these documents are complete. 
4. The proposed research project will be conducted by me or under my close supervision.  It will be conducted 
in accordance with the protocol submitted to and approved by the IRB including any modifications, 
amendments or addendums submitted and approved by the IRB throughout the life of the protocol.  
5. That no personnel will be allowed to work on this protocol until they have completed the IRB-HSR On-line 
training and the IRB-HSR has been notified. 
6. That all personnel working on this protocol will follow all IRB-HSR Policies and Procedures as stated on 
the IRB-HSR Website http://www.virginia.edu/vprgs/irb/ and on the School of Medicine Clinical Trials 
Office Website:  http://knowledgelink.healthsystem.virginia.edu/intranet/hes/cto/sops/sop_index.cfm 
7. I will ensure that all those delegated tasks relating to this study, whether explicitly or implicitly, are capable 
through expertise, training , experience or credentialing to undertake those tasks.   
8. I confirm that the implications of the study have been discussed with all Departments that might be affected 
by it and have obtained their agreement for the study to take place.  
9. That no subjects will be recruited or entered under the protocol until the Investigator has received the signed 
IRB-HSR Approval form stating the protocol is open to enrollment 
10. That any materials used to recruit subjects will be approved by the IRB-HSR prior to use.  
11. That all subjects will sign a copy of the most current consent form that has a non-expired IRB-HSR 
approval stamp. 
12. That any modifications of the protocol or consent form will not be initiated without prior written approval 
from the IRB-HSR, except when necessary to eliminate immediate hazards to the subjects. 
13. Any significant findings that become known in the course of the research that might affect the willingness 
of subjects to enroll or to continue to take part, will be promptly reported to the IRB.   
14. I will report immediately to the IRB any unanticipated problems involving risk to subjects or to others 
including adverse reactions to biologics, drugs or medical devices.   
15. That any serious deviation from the protocol will be reported promptly to the Board in writing. 
16. That any data breach will be reported to the  IRB, the UVa Corporate Compliance and Privacy Office , UVa 
Police as applicable.  
17. That the continuation status report for this protocol will be completed and returned within the time limit 
stated on the form. 
18. That the IRB-HSR office will be notified within 30 days of a change in the Principal Investigator or of the 
closure of this study. 
19. That a new PI will be assigned if the current PI will not be at UVA for an extended period of time.  If the 
current PI is leaving UVa permanently, a new PI will be assigned PRIOR to the departure of the current PI.  
20. All study team members will have access to the current protocol and other applicable documents such as the 
IRB-HSR Application, consent forms and Investigator Brochures. 

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21. Signed consent forms and other research records will be retained in a confidential manner.  Records will be 
kept at least 6 years after completion of the study.  
22. No data/specimens may be taken from UVa without a signed Material Transfer Agreement between 
OSP/SOM Grants and Contracts Office and the new institution.  Original study files are considered 
institutional records and may not be transferred to another institution. I will notify my department 
administration regarding where the originals will be kept at UVa.  The material transfer agreement will 
delineate what copies of data, health information and/or specimens may be taken outside of UVa.  It will 
also approve which HIPAA identifiers may be taken outside of UVa with the health information or 
specimens. 
23. If any member of study team leaves UVa, they are STRONGLY ENCOURAGED to use Exit Checklist 
found on IRB-HSR website at http://www.virginia.edu/provost/facultyexit.pdf. 
 
 The IRB reserves the right to terminate this study at any time if, in its opinion, (1) the risks of further 
experimentation are prohibitive, or (2) the above agreement is breached. 
 
Investigators’ Experience 
 
Professor Edward H Oldfield: the principal investigator is Professor of Neurosurgery and Internal Medicine and 
Director of the Neuro-endocrine service at UVA. He has published original scientific research in a wide variety 
of areas within neurosurgery and medicine and has experience as principal investigator of multiple randomized 
clinical trials.  
 
Associate Professor Max Wintermark: The co-investigator is Associate Professor of Radiology, Neurology, 
Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering and Chief of Neuroradiology at UVA. He has expertise in imaging 
in cerebrovascular diseases as well as trauma and has participated in many clinical trials.  
 
Daniel M S Raper: the primary sub-investigator is a neurosurgery resident who has published in a number of 
areas within neurosurgery and will be the resident lead for the project. 
 
Robert M Starke: The co-investigator is a neurosurgery resident who has extensive experience in research in a 
variety of areas within neurosurgery, and has expertise in statistical analysis and will contribute to this aspect of 
the project. 
 
The following neurosurgery residents are listed on the protocol as sub-investigators and will be involved in the 
clinical enrollment and initial assessment of patients in this study: Dale Ding; Robert Dallpiazza; Paul Schmitt; 
Aaron Bond; Sze Chun Winson Ho; James Nguyen; Alex Ksendzovsky; Peter Christiansen. 
 
Rebecca Hand is a nurse practitioner in the neurosurgery department who has extensive clinical experience in 
both the inpatient and outpatient management of patients with neurosurgical disorders, and will contribute 
blinded telephone evaluation of patients’ clinical outcomes in this project. 
 
 

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Signatures	  
 
Principal Investigator 
 
____________________________ ___Edward H Oldfield________ 
_______ 
Principal Investigator 
Principal Investigator 
Date 
Signature 
Name Printed 
 
Department Chair 
BY SIGNING THIS DOCUMENT THE DEPARTMENT CHAIR AGREES: 
1. To work with the investigator and with the board as needed, to maintain compliance with this 
agreement. 
2. That the Principal Investigator is qualified to perform this study. 
3. That the protocol is scientifically relevant and sound. 
 
___________________________ 
___Mark E Shaffrey_____ 
 
_________ 
Department Chair or Designee  
Department Chair or Designee 
Date 
Signature 
Name Printed 
 
 
 
 
 

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Brief	  Summary/Abstract	  
 
Title of Study 
The DECS Trial: DExamethasone versus burr hole Craniostomy for symptomatic chronic 
Subdural hematoma 
Protocol Number 
 
Investigational Drug 
Dexamethasone 
Objectives 
The objectives are: 
• 
To determine the effect of a 2 week course of dexamethasone on clinical outcomes 
and extent of chronic subdural hematoma at 6 months 
• 
To compare secondary outcomes between dexamethasone and burr hole drainage; 
namely, rate of treatment failure, GCS, mRS and MGS at hospital discharge, 1-2 
weeks and 4-6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months 
• 
To compare rates of treatment failure (re-drainage in the burr hole group or drainage 
in the dexamethasone group) 
Study Design 
This is a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that is non-blinded to treatment but 
blinded to assessment of clinical outcome, with a concurrent prospective cohort study. 
Patients with chronic SDH admitted to the University of Virginia Hospital and who meet 
entry criteria will be offered enrollment into the study.  The patients will be enrolled 
within 12 hours of diagnosis.  Subjects will be treated with either a two week course of 
dexamethasone or burr hole drainage. 
 
Number of Subjects 
The study population will include 300 subjects of both genders, ages >18, who are 
diagnosed with chronic SDH and fulfill enrollment criteria. 
Treatment and 
Duration 
Subjects will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a two week course of 
dexamethasone or burr hole surgical drainage. One hundred and fifty patients will be 
enrolled per cohort. Randomization will be performed within 12 hours of diagnosis, 
allowing time to begin the study drug within 24 hours of diagnosis. The drug treatment 
will be for two weeks unless side effects of the drug dictate stopping the treatment (see 
toxicity criteria in Section 5.6). The clinical follow-up interval will be for at least 3 
months after discharge from the hospital. 
Safety Evaluation 
Safety assessments will be performed at screening and on a daily basis following 
initiation of the study drug, until hospital discharge.  Safety assessments will include: 
physical examinations; vital signs (blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, and oral 
body temperature); standard of care clinical laboratory tests (hematology, serum 
chemistry, blood glucose levels); and monitoring for clinical signs and symptoms of VTE 
and infection. 
Statistical Methods  
This is an equivalence study. The treatment arms will be compared on an intention-to-
treat basis. The primary outcome analysis will be a categorical frequency comparison 
using the Chi-square test. Secondary outcome measures will be analyzed using various 
tests based on the type of data. Values for continuous variables will be expressed as mean 
± SD or median (25th-75th quartile), when appropriate. To compare continuous variables 
exhibiting a normal distribution, the Student’s two-tailed t-test will be used. 
Nonparametric continuous variables will be compared using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum 
(Mann Whitney U) test. Logistic regression analysis will be used to assess for interaction 
and confounding as well as to determine predictors of outcome as well as the optimal 
treatment algorithm. 
 
 
 
 

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Background	  
 
1.  Provide the scientific background, rationale and relevance of this project.   
 
Subacute and chronic subdural hematoma occurs in 1-2 per 100,000 population (1), but is much more 
common in elderly patients with a reported incidence up to 58 per 100,000 people >70 years (2). This incidence 
is expected to increase (21).  Subacute and chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH) form, often after minor or 
unrecognized trauma, and slowly accumulate until they cause symptoms from compression, local mass effect, 
cortical irritation, or herniation. The pathophysiology of cSDH is thought to be secondary to slow and repeated 
venous bleeding from rupture of cortical draining veins, followed by fibrinolysis and membrane formation (2, 
3).  
 
The optimal treatment of cSDH is currently unclear.  Surgery, observation, and steroid treatment are the 
most common options, but there is no clear consensus on the optimal management therapy. The most common 
treatments for cSDH include burr hole or twist drill craniostomy and drainage, or craniotomy and drainage. 
Neurological outcomes after surgical drainage have been reported to be improved in 85-90% in large 
retrospective series (4). In an analysis of 14,000 patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Database, treatment with 
surgical evacuation was a predictive factor of lower in-hospital mortality (28). However, surgical mortality is 1-
5% in the literature but may be as high as 8-10% in patients >80 years (2). Furthermore, there is an 8-22% 
incidence of re-accumulation of cSDH, with need for additional procedures or further hospitalization (3-5, 16, 
18-20). 
 
Conservative management of cSDH has been shown to be associated with poorer options than surgical 
drainage and is not considered to be a safe option for symptomatic cSDH. Spontaneous resolution of cSDH has 
been reported, but is not common (1, 17, 27). Non-operative or medical management of cSDH has been 
reported in certain cases of primarily small cSDH with substantial decrease in SDH volume (26). However, 
non-interventional management may also result in clinical decline and risk of herniation from enlarging 
subdural hematoma. Surgical drainage is associated with early and delayed complications including wound 
infection, epidural hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, tension pneumocephalus, and death (2, 4).  
 
Corticosteroid treatment for cSDH has been proposed based on the anti-angiogenic properties of steroid 
treatment and its anti-inflammatory properties. This treatment strategy has been reported in retrospective case 
series and case reports in the literature (2,10-16).  In the largest of these series, favorable results were seen in 
71/73 patients (97.2%) exclusively managed with dexamethasone, and surgical drainage was required in 21.8% 
of patients initially treated with dexamethasone (2). In another series, pre-operative dexamethasone was 
associated with improved outcome in multivariate analysis, without increased incidence of complications (21).  
 
 
Despite these various treatment options, there is no clear consensus treatment for cSDH of differing 
sizes, symptomatology and acuity. Burr hole craniostomy with or without continued subdural drainage has been 
the mainstay of treatment but is not suitable for all patients. A number of surveys of neurosurgeons in the 
United Kingdom, Canada and France reveal a wide range of practice regarding the prescription of 
corticosteroids, with a minority prescribing corticosteroids, and most often as a single treatment (22-24). A 
review article on the topic concluded that current evidence can neither refute nor deny the use of corticosteroids 
in this population, but that a randomized trial would be justified based on potential clinical equipoise (25).  
 
 

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Hypothesis	  to	  be	  Tested	  
 
The objectives of this study are: 
 
• To determine the effect of a 2 week course of dexamethasone on chronic subdural hematoma  
 
• To compare primary outcome of modified Rankin Score (mRS) 0-2 score at 6 months after diagnosis 
between dexamethasone and burr hole drainage for chronic subdural hematoma  
 
• To compare rates of radiographic resolution of chronic subdural hematoma between the treatment groups 
 
• To compare secondary outcomes between dexamethasone and burr hole drainage; namely, rate of treatment 
failure, clinical outcomes (GCS, mRS and MGS) at hospital discharge, 2 weeks, and 4-6 weeks, and 3 
months. 
 
• To compare the rates of treatment failure (re-drainage in the burr hole group or drainage in the 
dexamethasone group, a secondary outcome) 
 
• For patients not consenting to randomization, enrollment in a parallel, prospective cohort study, with the 
same primary and secondary outcomes 
 
• For patients electing for observation only, a prospective cohort observational study will be offered with 
collection of the same data for primary and secondary outcomes 
 
 
The hypothesis to be tested is that:  
 
For patients with unilateral, symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma, there is no difference in clinical 
outcomes, as measured by achievement of modified Rankin Score of 0-2 at 6 months, between those 
treated with a 2 week course of oral dexamethasone, compared with those treated with burr hole 
surgical drainage.  
 
 
Study	  Design:	  Biomedical	  
1.  Will controls be used? 
 
Controls will not be used in this study.  
 
However, the study design incorporates a parallel observational group, comprised of patients who elect not to 
undergo randomization between treatments but elect for one treatment or the other, or who elect for no active 
treatment. These patients will be offered enrolment in a prospective cohort study with the same primary and 
secondary outcomes as the randomized trial. The results of this study will be used as an internal control for the 
results from the randomized arms.  
 
 

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2. What is the study design?  
 
Our study will be a prospective, randomized controlled trial, non-blinded to treatment but blinded to clinical 
primary outcome, with a concurrent preference study for patients not electing to undergo randomization, and 
with concurrent collection of prospective data on patients electing to undergo observation only (Figure 1).   
 
Figure 1. Patient Flow Schema 
 
 
 
3. Does the study involve a placebo? 
 
The study does not involve a placebo. 
 
Human	  Participants	  
Ages >18 years old  
Sex 
Male or female 
Race Any 
 
1.  Provide target # of subjects (at all sites) needed to complete protocol. 

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A total of 300 subjects are needed to complete the protocol. 
 
2.  Describe expected rate of screen failure/ dropouts/withdrawals from all sites.   
 
The expected rate of screen failure is 10% 
 
The expected rate of dropouts/withdrawals from the randomized study is 25% 
 
Of those declining participation, 80% are expected to participate in the observational study. 
 
3.  How many subjects will be enrolled at all sites?    
 
A total of 450 subjects are expected to be enrolled. 
 
4.  How many subjects will sign a consent form under this UVa protocol?     
 
450 subjects are expected to sign a consent form under this UVa protocol 
 
5. Provide an estimated time line for the study. 
 
Enrollment:  
33% enrolled in 12 months 
Interim statistical analysis (at 33% enrolment): 12 months 
66% enrolled in 24 months 
 
Interim statistical analysis (at 66% enrolment): 12 months 
100% enrolled in 36 months 
 
Completion of follow-up:  
Follow-up complete by 40 months 
 
Completion of data analysis:  
Data analysis complete by 48 months 
 
Inclusion/Exclusion	  Criteria	  
 
1.  List the criteria for inclusion  
 
Subjects meeting all of the following criteria will be considered for admission to the study:  
 
• Male or female subject aged 18 years of age or older; 
• Informed consent obtained from a patient or a legal representative before enrollment; 
• Enrollment into the study within 12 hours of detection of chronic subdural hematoma on cranial 
imaging; 
 

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• Presence of symptoms referable to chronic subdural hematoma, including one or more of the following: 
o Headache 
o Altered mental status 
o Limb weakness 
o Dysphasia 
o Focal neurological deficit; 
 
• Demonstration of chronic subdural hematoma on cranial imaging, including the following features: 
o On computed tomography imaging, iso- or hypo-intensity extra-axial collection with or without 
presence of acute component  
o Radiologic interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging consistent with subacute or chronic 
SDH 
o With or without evidence of acute hemorrhagic component; 
 
• Maximum depth of subdural hematoma of less than 20mm, with less than 10mm of midline shift, as 
measured on axial CT or MR imaging; 
• Absence of skull fracture over the subdural hematoma; 
• Able to receive the drug treatment. 
 
2.  List the criteria for exclusion 
 
Subjects presenting with any of the following will not be included in the study: 
 
• Presence of skull fracture over the subdural hematoma, or other specific etiology for cSDH not suitable 
for drainage by burr hole craniostomy, such as presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt; 
 
• Extent of subdural hematoma > 20mm in maximal depth, or > 10mm of midline shift, as measured on 
axial CT or MR imaging; 
 
• GCS <8 or cSDH of an extent or size for which craniotomy, rather than burr hole drainage alone, is 
judged necessary by the neurosurgery attending on call 
 
• Prior diagnosis of dementia; 
 
• Presence of symptomatic peptic ulcer, psychosis, active or suspected TB, acute infection, or documented 
hypersensitivity or allergy to dexamethasone; 
 
• Pregnancy (confirmed by a serum human chorionic gonadotropin pregnancy test) or breast feeding 
 
3.  List any restrictions on use of other drugs or treatments.    
 
All patients on anticoagulation will receive consultation with the hematology team to determine safe period of 
discontinuation of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. For patients taking regular anticoagulant or 
antiplatelet medications, the aim will be to discontinue these for the duration of the study protocol unless 
cardiologist advice is to resume anticoagulation/antiplatelet medication earlier.  

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For patients who experience seizure associated with cSDH, treatment is initiated with levetiracetam at a dose of 
1000mg BID after a short dose escalation from 500mg BID, unless a contraindication exists. Acute seizures are 
treated with benzodiazepine and fosphenytoin if needed. Prophylactic AEDs are not routinely prescribed for 
patients with cSDH. For patients with questionable sub-clinical seizure or non-typical symptoms, EEG is 
performed and guides antiepileptic treatment. Cessation of AEDs is at the discretion of the treating physician 
but typically occurs after 3-6 months free of seizure. 
Statistical	  Considerations	  
1. 
Is stratification/randomization involved?Yes 
 
►IF YES, describe the stratification/ randomization scheme. 
 
Randomization Procedure 
 
Randomization will be performed in a 1:1 ratio between the investigational and control arms. Block 
randomization will be used, with block size of 8 in an allocation ratio of 1:1. Randomization will be done by a 
member of the UVA Neurosurgery Clinical Trials Office who is blinded to the clinical treatments and clinical 
decision making process. The randomization sequence will be determined prior to enrollment of the first 
patient, using a web-based randomization software – Random Allocation Software version 1.0 (29). This 
sequence will be determined and accessed only by this non-clinical member of the Clinical Trials Office team. 
Sealed and opaque Randomization Envelopes will be prepared with cards indicating stops for interim analysis 
points. The Randomization Envelopes will be stored in a secure location in the neurosurgical ICU. A document 
matching Randomization Code with treatment group will be stored on the UVA secure server with other study 
materials and a copy will be kept with the Randomization Envelopes. 
 
Randomization occurs at the Enrollment. If a subject is consented, screened and for any reason is not 
randomized, the subject will not be considered enrolled. Once screening has been completed, no additional 
stratification factors will be included in allocating a treatment allocation according to the randomization 
procedure. 
 
First, the enrolling physician will open the Randomization Envelope with the lowest available sequential 
number. The enrolling physician will then match the unique Randomization Code inside the Randomization 
Envelope with the Treatment Group assignment and the randomization code will be recorded in the patient’s 
case report form. 
 
 
►IF YES, who will generate the randomization scheme?  
___X__Other – non-clinical member of UVA Neurosurgery Clinical Trials Office, to be 
determined prior to enrollment of the first patient 
 
2.  What are the statistical considerations for the protocol?  
 
Study Design/Endpoints 
 
Primary outcome: 

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The primary outcome of this equivalence trial is that there is no difference (non-inferior and non-superior) in 6 
month favorable functional outcome defined as modified Rankin scale 0-3 between patients treated with a two 
week course of oral dexamethasone, compared with surgical drainage via burr hole craniostomy with placement 
of a short-term subdural drain. 
 
The null hypothesis for this equivalence trial is that there is a significant difference in 6 month favorable 
functional outcome defined as modified Rankin scale 0-2 between patients treated with a two week course of 
oral dexamethasone, compared with surgical drainage via burr hole craniostomy with placement of a short-term 
subdural drain. 
 
Secondary outcomes: 
Secondary outcomes will include treatment failure; the need for repeat surgery (in the burr hole group) or 
surgery (in the dexamethasone group) 
 
Radiographic resolution of SDH as measured by difference in maximum depth of cSDH between diagnosis and 
6 month follow-up scan 
 
Functional outcomes as measured by MGS, GCS and MRS at hospital discharge and 6 month follow up.  
 
Other endpoints to be measured include: resolution of limb weakness, resolution of dysphasia, adverse events 
(infection, seizure, medication intolerance, DVT and PE). 
 
End of Study Procedures  
 
All subjects are to undergo repeat evaluations after hospital discharge. This will include neurosurgery clinic 
visits at 1-2 weeks, at 4-6 weeks, at 3 months, and at 6 months after hospital discharge. Cranial imaging with 
CT Head will be performed at each visit. Clinic records will be reviewed and clinical assessment as well as 
adverse events, concomitant medications, and clinical laboratory measurements will be recorded in a 
prospective manner. The final clinical assessment of outcome using the modified Rankin score will be 
performed by a clinical investigator who is not directly involved in the care of the patients and has been blinded 
to treatment received. If a subject withdraws before 3 months, the final clinical assessment and evaluations are 
to be made at the time of withdrawal.  
 
Subjects who die while on the study are to have this noted in their CRFs; death is an expected event.  The date 
of death is to be noted, as well as the cause of death.  If an autopsy is undertaken, a copy of the autopsy report is 
to be attached to the CRF once it becomes available. 
 
Withdrawal of Subjects  
  
Analysis will be carried out as an intention to treat analysis. 
 
Subjects may be withdrawn from study assessment for the following reasons: 
 
• At their own request or at the request of their legally authorized representative 

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• If the patient’s symptoms symptoms worsen to the extent that urgent or emergent surgical intervention is 
required either for craniotomy and evacuation, or burr hole evacuation of subdural hematoma. These 
symptoms may include (but are not limited to): 
o Worsening hemiparesis 
o Decreased level of consciousness 
o Worsening CT findings 
o Worsening nausea and/or headache 
o Worsening aphasia 
o Worsening or development of focal neurologic deficit 
 
In all cases, the reason for withdrawal must be recorded in the case report form and in the subject’s medical 
records.  The subject must be followed up to establish whether the reason was an adverse event, and, if so, this 
must be reported in accordance with the procedures in Section 9. 
 
As far as possible, all examinations scheduled for the end of study evaluations must be performed on all 
subjects who participate but do not complete the study according to protocol (see Section 6.2.2).  A patient that 
withdraws from the study for reasons other than due to the occurrence of an adverse event may be replaced at 
the request of the sponsor. 
 
The investigator must make every effort to contact subjects lost to follow-up. 
 
 
3.  Provide a justification for the sample size used in this protocol.   
 
 
We plan an interim analysis at 33% and 66% of anticipated study enrollment. This will be performed by the 
study statistician, and reviewed by the Data Safety Monitoring Board. Predetermined criteria for stopping the 
trial will be a significant difference in recurrence rates or incidence of adverse effects between groups. In 
accordance with O’Brien-Flemming analysis we will use a p-value for significance of 0.0052 at the interim 
analysis and 0.048 at the final analysis. As such, the sample size has been increased by 1.4%. 
 
Based on results of recent randomized clinical trials, it is expected that 85% of patients treated with burr hole 
drainage with subdural drain placement or steroids will have a favorable outcome at 6 months (mRS 0-2).  A 
delta of 15% difference in outcome was based on the literature and pooled agreement by 7 attending 
neurosurgeons each with greater than 10 years experience in treating patients with cSDH.   
 
Based on a 80% power calculation to show equivalence between the two treatments and a total, two-sided alpha 
= 0.05, conservative estimates demonstrate that 125 patients will be necessary in each cohort of the randomized 
clinical trial. 
 
4.  What is your plan for primary variable analysis? 
 
The primary analysis will be a test of proportions between patients receiving treatment with steroids versus 
surgical drainage via burr hole craniostomy with placement of a short-term subdural drain for the dichotomized 
modified Rankin scale 0-2 and 3-6 as compared between cohorts.  In accordance with O’Brien-Flemming 

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analysis we will use a p-value for significance of 0.0052 at the interim analysis and 0.048 at the final analysis.  
This will be carried out using intention to treat analysis as specified above. 
 
 
5.  What is your plan for secondary variable analysis?  
 
Secondary analysis will be carried out both with tests of proportions or mean differences between cohorts as 
defined in the secondary outcome measures section above.  For the assessment of means, analysis will be 
carried out using parametric analysis with or without equal variance or non-parametric analysis as indicated 
based on graphical and statistical assessment of normality. 
 
Multivariate logistic regression analysis will be carried out to determine predictors of favorable outcome (mRS 
0-2) when controlling for other patient and disease specific variables (age, baseline neurological motor deficit, 
size of SDH, etc).  Stratification and expansion co-efficient will be constructed as necessary to assess for 
relevant interaction and/or confounding. 
 
Additional, multivariate models will be constructed to assess for multivariate predictors of secondary analysis.  
This will include multivariate assessment of further surgery (either repeat surgery in the burr hole group or 
surgery in the cohort assigned to steroid treatment).  Multivariate analysis will be carried out to determine 
predictors of radiographic resolution of SDH.   
 
 
6. Have you been working with a statistician in designing this protocol? 
No outside physician has been consulted on the design of the study 
 
IF YES, what is their name?   
 
Biomedical	  Research	  
 
1.  What will be done in this protocol?    
 
Upon enrollment of a patient into the trial, the following clinical data will be collected: detailed neurologic 
examination, MGS, GCS, mRS, clinical history including details of presenting symptoms, whether the patient 
had a fall, baseline mobility, amount of assistance needed in activities of daily living, medical history, presence 
of limb weakness, presence of dysphasia, and seizure. Laboratory findings and imaging performed in the usual 
course of clinical care will be reviewed. 
 
Subjects will be enrolled, after presenting to the hospital with symptoms which prompted imaging that reveal 
subacute or chronic subdural hematoma. The enrollment period is 36 months. The study duration is 
approximately 42 months, with 6 month follow up in all enrolled patients. There will be 1 investigational site.  
 
The goal of the study will be to compare dexamethasone treatment with burr hole drainage in comparable 
patients. Those judged by the neurosurgery attending on call to require craniotomy for drainage of their 
subdural hematoma will be excluded, as will patients with acute subdural hematoma. Those in whom the 
treating surgeon deems non-interventional treatment would be unsafe will be excluded from the trial.  

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The nature of the interventions being tested will not allow for blinding of treatments. However, data will be 
anonymized and clinicians will be blinded during evaluation of outcome where possible. Although it is not 
possible to blind outcome measurement of radiographic resolution due to visible post-surgical changes, 
functional outcome measures will be blinded to treatment received and will be assessed by telephone interview.  
 
Patients declining to be randomized but who undergo treatment with surgery or dexamethasone will be offered 
enrollment in a parallel arm of the study which is a prospective, controlled observational cohort arm (Figure 1). 
In this arm, patients will receive treatment according to their preference (either dexamethasone, surgery or no 
active treatment) and the same outcome measures will be recorded.  These cohorts essentially represent clinical 
care as it is provided today.  
 
For patients electing observation only, prospective data on outcomes will be collected and used for comparison 
of the natural history of chronic subdural hematoma.No interventions will be done solely for research purposes, 
apart from telephone surveys. 
 
Justification of Proposed Drug Treatment Arm 
 
Corticosteroid treatment for cSDH has been proposed based on the anti-angiogenic properties of steroid 
treatment and its anti-inflammatory properties. This treatment strategy has been reported in retrospective case 
series and case reports in the literature (2,10-16).  In the largest of these series, favorable results were seen in 
71/73 patients (97.2%) exclusively managed with dexamethasone, and surgical drainage was required in 21.8% 
of patients initially treated with dexamethasone (2). In another series, pre-operative dexamethasone was 
associated with improved outcome in multivariate analysis, without increased incidence of complications (21). 
A review article on the topic concluded that current evidence can neither refute nor deny the use of 
corticosteroids in this population, but that a randomized trial would be justified based on potential clinical 
equipoise (25). 
Treatments to be Administered 
 
Dexamethasone will be administered as PO tablet where possible. Each tablet contains 4 mg of 
dexamethasone as the initial dose.  The drug will be obtained from the University of Virginia inpatient 
pharmacy. For patients completing the course of medication as an outpatient, the dexamethasone taper will be 
provided upon discharge.  All patients receiving dexamethasone will also receive peptic ulcer prophylaxis with 
pantoprazole or famotidine.  
 
Dosing Schedule 
Dosing schedule for dexamethasone treatment is modified from the protocol of Delgado-Lopez and 
colleagues (2). The initial dosing is 4mg dexamethasone every 8 hours, either oral or intravenous; oral diet if 
possible (or via nasogastric tube); pantoprazole (40mg per day); and DVT prophylaxis with either subcutaneous 
heparin (SQH) 5000 units TID s/ and/or lower extremity pneumatic compression device. After 3 days of 
treatment, the dexamethasone is slowly tapered over 2 weeks according to the following dosing schedule: 
 
 
 
 

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Table 2. Proposed Dexamethasone Dosing Schedule 
 
Dose 
Duration 
Total Doses 
4mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
4mg morning / 2mg 
noon / 2mg night 
3 days 
9 
2mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
2mg q12h 
3 days 
6 
2mg daily 
3 days 
3 
 
 
Surgical Protocol 
The surgical protocol for burr hole drainage of subdural hematoma is as follows. The procedure is done 
in the operating room, with general anesthesia. The patient is positioned supine with the head in neutral if 
bilateral burr holes are planned, or with the head turned to the contralateral side and resting on a Mayfield 
horseshoe head holder. Burr holes are planned according to the distribution of subdural blood, but are 
commonly placed over the frontal region and parietal region. Burr holes are placed over the affected 
hemisphere, using the perforator attachment to the Midas Rex drill. The dura is opened in cruciate manner and 
the subdural clot is washed out with warm water. Perioperative antibiotics are administered, and continued for 2 
doses postoperatively (Cefazolin 1-2g q8h depending on patient weight). The patient is kept supine overnight, 
and a postoperative CT head is performed to assess resolution of the cSDH. A subdural drain is placed, and is 
removed within 72 hours.  
 
Length of Hospital Stay 
 
The length of hospital stay is not expected to be significantly different between groups included in this 
study. Hospital stay for patients presenting with symptomatic subdural hematoma can vary widely based on 
patient symptoms, co-morbidities and progress. Patients in the surgical group would typically undergo  a burr 
hole craniostomy within the first 24 hours of hospital stay, and be observed for a number of days (typically 3-7 
days) post-operatively to monitor for symptom improvement and evaluate the need for any further intervention. 
Patients treated with dexamethasone would be observed for a number of days (typically 2-3 days) for symptom 
improvement, monitor potential side effects of medication and to evaluate the need for any intervention.  
 
Treatment of Seizure 
 
For patients who experience seizure associated with cSDH, treatment is initiated with levetiracetam at a 
dose of 1000mg BID after a short dose escalation from 500mg BID, unless a contraindication exists. Acute 
seizures are treated with benzodiazepine and fosphenytoin if needed. Prophylactic AEDs are not routinely 
prescribed for patients with cSDH. For patients with questionable sub-clinical seizure or non-typical symptoms, 
EEG is performed and guides antiepileptic treatment. Cessation of AEDs is at the discretion of the treating 
physician but typically occurs after 3-6 months free of seizure. 
 
 
End of Study Procedures 
All subjects are to undergo repeat evaluations after hospital discharge. This will include neurosurgery 
clinic visits at 1-2 weeks, at 4-6 weeks, at 3 months, and at 6 months after hospital discharge. Cranial imaging 

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with CT Head will be performed at each visit. Clinic records will be reviewed and clinical assessment as well as 
adverse events, concomitant medications, and clinical laboratory measurements will be recorded in a 
prospective manner. The final clinical assessment of outcome using the modified Rankin score will be 
performed by a clinical investigator who is not directly involved in the care of the patients and has been blinded 
to treatment received. If a subject withdraws before 6 months, the final clinical assessment and evaluations are 
to be made at the time of withdrawal.  
 
Subjects who die while on the study are to have this noted in their CRFs; death is an expected event.  
The date of death is to be noted, as well as the cause of death.  If an autopsy is undertaken, a copy of the 
autopsy report is to be attached to the CRF once it becomes available.   
 
Clinical Data Collection 
 
Screening/Enrollment 
Screen Subject 
1. Obtain signed ICD and Health Information Release form (if applicable), place in subject file & provide 
copy to subject 
2. Assign MGS score, GCS, MRS, and clinical evaluation including presence of limb weakness or 
dysphasia 
3. Verify patient meets all inclusion/exclusion criteria  
 
Enroll Subject 
1. Perform randomization procedure 
2. Assign admission scores (MGS, GCS, MRS) 
3. Obtain information to complete remaining data points: past medical history, medication history, 
concomitant medications 
4. Ensure subject will receive medication (if randomized to mediation) for the full prescribed course 
5. Verify data and complete required documentation; enter into electronic trial registry promptly 
 
If Surgery occurs: 
1. Obtain and record: 
a. Operative data 
b. Intraoperative complications and immediate postoperative AE/SAE 
c. Concomitant medications 
2. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
If randomized to medication: 
1. Obtain and record: 
a. Baseline laboratory values including blood glucose levels 
b. Immediate post-medication AE/SAE 
c. Concomitant medications 
2. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
For both groups: 
24hr +/- 12hr  
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 

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2. Order the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Obtain and record: 
a. Vital signs 
b. AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Obtain CT Head 48-72hr post-injury (at the discretion of the investigator and if standard of care) 
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
At Discharge from Acute Care 
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 
2. Review the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Review all AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Review any further brain imaging (at the discretion of the investigator and if standard of care) 
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
1-2 Weeks after Discharge from Acute Care 
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 
2. Review the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Obtain and record: 
a. Vital signs 
b. AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Obtain CT Head 1-2 weeks post-injury  
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
4-6 Weeks after Discharge from Acute Care 
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 
2. Review the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Obtain and record: 
a. Vital signs 
b. AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Obtain CT Head 4-6 weeks post-injury  
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
3 Months after Discharge from Acute Care 
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 
2. Review the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Obtain and record: 
a. Vital signs 
b. AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Obtain CT Head 4-6 weeks post-injury  
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
 
6 Months after Discharge from Acute Care 
1. Perform and record neurological examination, MRS, GCS and MGS scores 
2. Review the clinical laboratory tests 
3. Obtain and record: 
a. Vital signs 

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b. AE/SAE and concomitant medications 
4. Obtain CT Head 3 months post-injury  
5. Check documentation for completeness, verify data and enter into electronic registry promptly 
6. Completion of protocol 
 
 
2. Will you be using data/specimens in this study that were collected previously, with the use of a research 
consent form, from another research study?No 
 
3. List the procedures, in bullet form, that will be done for research as stipulated in this protocol.  
• Enrollment form and Health Information Release Form 
• Randomization to dexamethasone or surgical treatment 
• Telephone survey at 1-2 weeks after discharge to determine clinical scores (mRS, MGS, GCS) 
• Telephone survey at 4-6 weeks after discharge to determine clinical scores (mRS, MGS, GCS) 
• Telephone survey at 3 months after discharge to determine clinical scores (mRS, MGS, GCS) 
• Telephone survey at 6 months after discharge to determine clinical scores (mRS, MGS, GCS) 
 
 
4.  Will any of the procedures listed in item # 2 have the potential to identify an incidental finding?  No 
 
5.  Do any of the procedures listed above, under question # 2, utilize any imaging procedures ( e.g. 
ultrasound, CT scans/ x-rays etc.)? If yes, LIST PROCEDURES: No 
 
6. Will you be using viable embryos?No 
 
7. Will you be using embryonic stem cells?No 
 
8.  Are any aspects of the study kept secret from the participants?  No 
 
9.  Is any deception used in the study?    No 
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan 
1.  Definition: 
1.1 How will you define adverse events (AE)) for this study?  
__X___An adverse event will be considered any undesirable sign, symptom or medical or 
psychological condition even if the event is not considered to be related to the investigational 
drug/device/intervention. Medical condition/diseases present before starting the investigational 
drug/intervention will be considered adverse events only if they worsen after starting study 
treatment/intervention.  An adverse event is also any undesirable and unintended effect of research 
occurring in human subjects as a result of the collection of identifiable private information under the 
research.  Adverse events also include any problems associated with the use of an investigational 
device that adversely affects the rights, safety or welfare of subject s. 
1.2 How will you define serious adverse events? 

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__X___A serious adverse event will be considered any undesirable sign, symptom, or medical 
condition which is fatal, is life-threatening, requires or prolongs inpatient hospitalization, results 
in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, constitutes a congenital anomaly or birth defect, 
is medically significant and which the investigator regards as serious based on appropriate 
medical judgment. An important medical event is any AE that may not result in death, be life-
threatening, or require hospitalization but may be considered an SAE when, based upon 
appropriate medical judgment, it may jeopardize the patient and may require medical or surgical 
intervention to prevent one of the outcomes listed in the definitions of SAEs.  
1.3 What is the definition of an unanticipated problem?  
An unanticipated problem is any event, experience that meets ALL 3 criteria below: 
 Is unexpected in terms of nature, severity or frequency given the research procedures that are 
described in the protocol-related documents AND in the characteristics of the subject 
population being studies 
 Related or possibly related to participation in research.  This means that there is a reasonable 
possibility that the incident may have been caused by the procedures involved in the research 
study. 
 The incident suggests that the research placed the subject or others at greater risk of harm 
than was previously known or recognized OR results in actual harm to the subject or others 
 
1.4 What is the definition of a protocol violation?  
A protocol violation is defined as any change, deviation, or departure from the study design or 
procedures of a research project that is NOT approved by the IRB-HSR prior to its initiation or 
implementation, OR deviation from  standard operating procedures, Good Clinical Practices 
(GCPs), federal, state or local regulations. Protocol violations may or may not be under the control 
of the study team or UVa staff. These protocol violations may be major or minor violations. 
 
Additional Information: see the IRB-HSR website at  
http://www.virginia.edu/vpr/irb/HSR_docs/Forms/Protocol_Violations_%20Enrollment_Exceptions
_Instructions.doc 
 
1.5 If pregnancy occurs how will this information be managed? 
 
___X__ Other 
Pregnancy is not anticipated to be related to treatments administered in this trial. If pregnancy 
occurs, the subject will be withdrawn from the study and all information collected prior to the onset 
of pregnancy will be included in the analysis. 
 
1.6 What is the definition of a Protocol Enrollment Exception?   
___X__NA- No outside sponsor 
 
1.7 What is the definition of a data breach? 
A data breach is defined in the HITECH Act (43 USC 17932) as an unauthorized acquisition, 
access, or use of protected health information (PHI) that compromises the security or privacy of 
such information. 
 

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Additional Information may be found on the IRB-HSR Website: Data Breach 
2.  Identified risks and plans to minimize risk 
 
 
2.1 What risks are expected due to the intervention in this protocol? 
	  
Risks	  associated	  with	  Surgical	  Treatment	  
Expected Risks related to study 
participation. 
  
Frequency 
 
Temporary drop in blood sodium levels 
requiring treatment with fluid restriction 
or salt tablets 
__X__Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Temporary perioperative confusion 
__X__Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Need for additional surgical drainage 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Need for a larger surgical procedure 
with removal of bone and direct 
washout of subdural hematoma 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Deep infection around the brain 
requiring surgery  
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Wound infection requiring antibiotics or 
surgery 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Clot development in the legs or lungs, 
potentially requiring medication or 
insertion of a venous filter 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Fatal PE 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Perioperative mortality 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 

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____Frequency unknown 
Reproductive Risks 
 
Minimized due to the requirements of this 
protocol.   
Violation of subject’s privacy and 
confidentiality 
Minimized due to the requirements of the 
privacy plan in this protocol 
	  
	  
Risks	  associated	  with	  Dexamethasone	  Treatment	  
Expected Risks related to study 
participation. 
  
Frequency 
 
Temporary increase in blood sugar 
levels 
__X__Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Difficulty sleeping 
__X__Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Mild increase in appetite and/or body 
weight 
__X__Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Temporary confusion 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Need for surgical drainage 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Need for a larger surgical procedure 
with removal of bone and direct 
washout of subdural hematoma 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Temporary increase in reflux symptoms 
requiring higher dose of anti-reflux 
medication 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Hypersensitivity to dexamethasone 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Development of severe systemic 
infection 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 

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__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Occurrence of symptomatic venous 
thromboembolism 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Derangement of liver function tests >2x 
the upper limit of normal 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Death 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Reproductive Risks 
 
Minimized due to the requirements of this 
protocol.   
Violation of subject’s privacy and 
confidentiality 
Minimized due to the requirements of the 
privacy plan in this protocol 
	  
	  
Risks	  associated	  with	  reflux	  medication	  
Expected Risks related to study 
participation. 
  
Frequency 
 
Interaction with other drugs to 
decrease the effectiveness or increase 
toxicity of some drugs 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash or 
headaches 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Osteoporosis-related fracture 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Reproductive Risks 
 
Minimized due to the requirements of this 
protocol.   
Violation of subject’s privacy and 
confidentiality 
Minimized due to the requirements of the 
privacy plan in this protocol 
	  
Risks	  associated	  with	  DVT	  prophylaxis	  (subcutaneous	  heparin	  and/or	  lower	  extremity	  pneumatic	  compression)	  
Expected Risks related to study 
participation. 
Frequency 
 

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Abdominal bruising around injection 
site 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Allergy to heparin or other 
components of injectable 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Failure to prevent leg or lung clots 
from forming 
____Occurs frequently 
__X__Occurs infrequently 
____Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Development of  heparin-induced 
thrombocytopenia syndrome 
____Occurs frequently 
____Occurs infrequently 
__X__Occurs rarely 
____Frequency unknown 
Reproductive Risks 
 
Minimized due to the requirements of this 
protocol.   
Violation of subject’s privacy and 
confidentiality 
Minimized due to the requirements of the 
privacy plan in this protocol 
	  
	  
 
2.2   List by bullet format a summary of safety tests/procedures/observations to be performed that will 
minimize risks to participants:   
To minimize the risks associated with dexamethasone treatment: 
All patients receiving dexamethasone will also receive daily proton pump inhibitor for prevention of 
corticosteroid-induced gastritis, unless there is a contraindication or the patient is already taking a regular H2-
receptor antagonist. The patient will also be monitored daily for the presence of signs or symptoms of VTE, 
including calf pain, shortness of breath, desaturation or tachycardia. Any symptoms will be further investigated 
with lower extremity venous Doppler ultrasound, arterial blood gas, and/or pulmonary vascular imaging. 
Elevated blood glucose levels will be controlled during hospitalization using a standardized protocol used for all 
hospitalized patients of intermittent short-acting insulin. After hospital discharge, blood glucose will be 
monitored twice weekly during the drug treatment period and treatment with anti-hyperglycemics prescribed as 
necessary. 
 
The following variables will be collected at various times to assess safety. 
 
Complete physical examinations will be conducted.  Medical history (including blood glucose control) and 
demographics including age, gender, race, height, and weight will be collected at baseline or the time of 
hospital admission, as available. Concomitant medications will be recorded at baseline. 
 
Vital signs monitored will include blood pressure and pulse rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. 
 

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The following laboratory evaluations will be made: 
 
Hematology (at baseline, and daily while hospitalized):  hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count 
with indices (mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH], and mean 
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC]), reticulocytes, white blood cell count, and platelets 
(platelet count, PT and APTT); 
 
Serum Chemistry (at baseline, then daily while hospitalized):  albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 
calcium, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol (including HDL and LDL cholesterol), phosphate, potassium, 
sodium, chloride 
 
Liver function tests (at baseline, then twice weekly while hospitalized):  total bilirubin, AST, ALT, 
albumin, GGT, total protein 
 
Urinalysis (at baseline):  macroscopic (pH, specific gravity, glucose, protein, ketones, blood) and 
microscopic (RBCs/hpf, WBCs/hpf, bacteria) 
 
To minimize the risk of having >500 ml of blood drawn within 48 hours: 
Pregnancy screening will be performed with serum beta-HCG testing in all female patients of childbearing age 
prior to enrollment in the study. Those with positive beta-HCG will be excluded from enrollment in the trial. 
 
To minimize the risk of having >500 ml of blood drawn within 48 hours: 
The blood will not be drawn if the levels do not meet the criteria below: 
• African American subjects: hemoglobin  > 11.g/dL 
• Non- African American subjects:  hemoglobin > 11.5g/dL   
 
 
2.3 Under what criteria would an INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT’S study treatment or study participation be 
stopped or modified 
_____At subject, PI or sponsor’s request 
 
___X__Treatment would be stopped if the subject had a serious adverse event deemed related to 
study  
This includes hypersensitivity reaction requiring cessation of drug treatment, development of serious 
life-threatening pulmonary embolus, development of severe systemic infection requiring 
hospitalization, or development of hyperglycemia not controllable on insulin therapy. 
 
Subjects withdrawn from receiving additional study drug due to an adverse experience will be 
followed by the investigator until the outcome is determined. Additional reports will be provided to 
the regulatory authorities when requested.  Every effort will be made to follow the subject for the 
full study period as per the schedule of study visits. 
 
 
2.4 Under what criteria would THE ENTIRE STUDY need to be stopped.   
___X__Per IRB, PI, DSMB, or sponsor discretion 
 
2.5 What are the criteria for breaking the blind/mask? 

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___X__NA – Not blinded/masked 
 
2.6 
How will subject withdrawals/dropouts be reported to the IRB prior to study completion? 
___X__IRB-HSR continuation status form  
 
3.  Adverse Event / Unanticipated Problem Recording and Reporting 
 
3.1 Will all adverse events, as defined in section 1.1, be collected/recorded? 
Yes 
►IF NO, what criteria will be used?  
 
_____Only adverse events deemed related/possibly related to study  
 
_____Only adverse events that are deemed serious  
 
_____Only adverse events that are deemed related AND serious  
 
3.2 How will adverse event data be collected/recorded?  
___X__Paper AE forms/source documents  
___X__Spreadsheet (electronic) 
 
3.3. How will AEs be classified/graded?  
__X__Serious/Not serious  
 
 
3.4 What scale will the PI use when evaluating the relatedness of adverse events to the study 
participation?   
 
__X___The PI will determine the relationship of adverse events to the study 
 using the following scale: 
 
Related:      
 
AE is clearly related to the intervention 
Possibly related: 
AE may be related to the intervention 
Unrelated:  
 
AE is clearly not related to intervention 
 
 
3.5 When will recording/reporting of adverse events/unanticipated problems begin? 
 
___X__After subject signs consent 
 
3.6 When will the recording/reporting of adverse events/unanticipated problems end? 
_____End of study drug/device/intervention/participation  
_____30 days post study drug/device/intervention 
___X__Subject completes intervention and follow up period of protocol 

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3.7 How will Adverse Events, Unanticipated Problems, Protocol Violations and Data Breaches be 
reported?  Complete the table below to answer this question 
 
Type of Event 
To whom will it 
be reported: 
Time Frame for 
Reporting 
How reported? 
Any internal event resulting 
in death that is deemed 
DEFINITELY related to 
(caused by) study 
participation 
An internal event is one that 
occurs in a subject enrolled 
in a UVa protocol 
IRB-HSR 
Within 24 hours 
IRB Online and phone call 
 
www.irb.virginia.edu/ 
 
Internal, Serious, Unexpected
adverse event  
  
 
IRB-HSR 
Within 7 calendar 
days from the time 
the study team 
received knowledge 
of the event. 
 
IRB Online 
 
www.irb.virginia.edu/ 
 
Unanticipated Problems that 
are not adverse events or 
protocol violations  
This would include a Data 
Breach.   
IRB-HSR 
 
 
Within 7 calendar 
days from the time 
the study team 
received knowledge 
of the event.  
Unanticipated Problem report 
form.  
 
http://www.virginia.edu/vp
rgs/irb/HSR_docs/Forms/R
eporting_Requirements-
Unanticipated_Problems.d
oc ) 
 
  
Protocol Violations 
  
IRB-HSR 
 
 
Within 7 calendar 
days from the time 
the study team 
received knowledge 
of the event.  
 
Protocol Violation and 
Enrollment Exception Reporting 
Form 
 
 
http://www.virginia.edu/vp
rgs/irb/hsr_forms.html 
 
Go to 3rd bullet from the 
bottom. 
  
Data Breach  
The UVa 
Corporate 
Compliance and 
Privacy Office, a 
 
 
ITC:  if breach 
involves  
electronic data-  
 
 
As soon as possible 
and no later than 24 
hours from the time 
the incident is 
identified. 
 
As soon as possible 
and no later than 24 
hours from the time 
the incident is 
identified. 
UVa Corporate Compliance and 
Privacy Office- Phone 924-9741 
 
 
 
 
ITC:  Information Security 
Incident Reporting procedure,  
http://www.itc.virginia.edu/secur
ity/reporting.html 
 

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UVa Police if 
breach includes 
such things as 
stolen 
computers.  
IMMEDIATELY.  
 
 
 
Phone- (434) 924-7166 
  
4.    How will the endpoint data be collected/recorded. Check all that apply 
___X__Protocol specific case report forms  
5. Data and Safety Oversight Responsibility 
 
5.1. Who is responsible for overseeing safety data for this study?  
 
_____No additional oversight body other than PI at UVa (skip question 5.2) 
_____The UVa Cancer Center Data and Safety Monitoring Committee If your study involves cancer 
patients, see Question # 6 to help you decide if you should check this option 
_____Medical Monitor  This could include such things as the overall PI of a multisite trial 
___X__DSMB/ DSMC-  If your study is NIH funded, check with the center to determine if they 
require a DSMB for this study. 
The Data Safety Monitoring Board for this study will consist of the following study personnel: Dr 
Edward Oldfield, the study PI; Dr Daniel Raper & Dr Robert Starke, the two primary sub-
investigators; and Johanna Loomba, the Director of the Department of Neurosurgery Clinical 
Trials Office.  
 
This Board will convene monthly during the study period to review safety data and reportable 
events. At 33% and 66% of projected enrolment, the DMSB will review interim statistical 
analysis to determine the necessity for alteration of the study protocol or early closure of the 
trial.  
 
_____Research Monitor:   Insert Name  ____________________________ 
 Required for protocols funded by the Department of Defense 
_____Other: specify ________________ 
 
5.2. What is the composition of the reviewing body and how is it affiliated with the sponsor?   
 
_____Information may be found in the UVa Cancer Center Institutional DSMP 
 
___X__Other- specify ____________ 

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The Data Safety Monitoring Board for this study will consist of the following study personnel: Dr 
Edward Oldfield, the study PI; Dr Daniel Raper & Dr Robert Starke, the two primary sub-
investigators; and Johanna Loomba, the Director of the Department of Neurosurgery Clinical 
Trials Office.  
 
This Board will convene monthly during the study period to review safety data and reportable 
events. At 33% and 66% of projected enrolment, the DMSB will review interim statistical 
analysis to determine the necessity for alteration of the study protocol or early closure of the 
trial.  
 
Relationship to study sponsor: N/A, since there is no study sponsor for this trial.  
 
 
5.3. What items will be included in the aggregate review conducted by the PI?  
 
_____NA- PI is not the overall person overseeing the safety data for this study.     
__X___All adverse events 
__X___Unanticipated Problems 
__X___Protocol violations 
___X__Audit results 
_____Application of dose finding escalation/de-escalation rules These should be outlined under 2.4. 
__X__Application of study designed stopping/decision rules 
__X__Early withdrawals 
__X___Whether the study accrual pattern warrants continuation/action 
__X___Endpoint data 
_____Other: (specify) ______ 
 
5.4 How often will aggregate review occur? 
For additional information on aggregate review see: 
www.virginia.edu/vpr/irb/hsr/continuations.html#aggreview 
 
___X__NA- PI is not the overall person overseeing the safety data for this study.     
_____Annually 
_____Monthly 
_____Other: specify  
 
5.5. How often will a report, regarding the outcome of the review by the DSMB/DSMC, be sent to 
the UVa PI? 

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__X___ NA- there is no DSMB/ DSMC overseeing this study 
_____Every six months 
_____Once a year 
_____Other: specify 
 
5.6. How will a report of the information discussed in question 5.4 OR 5.5 be submitted to the 
IRB?   
 
___X__Part of IRB-HSR continuation status form 
_____Separate report from DSMB/DSMC or UVa PI 
_____Other: specify  
Risk/	  Benefit	  Analysis	  
 
1.  What are the potential benefits for the participant as well as benefits which may accrue to society in 
general, as a result of this study? 
 
Potential benefits for participants in the study assigned to the dexamethasone group include avoidance of 
surgery with associated risk, including risk of infection, bleeding, as well as anesthetic risks and medical 
consequences of stress of surgery.  
 
These potential benefits would also be applicable to future patients with this condition. Thus, society 
may benefit from delineation of evidence in favor of non-surgical treatment as a primary measure for patients 
with symptomatic chronic subdural hematomas, thus aiding clinical decision making in the future.  
 
 
2.  Do the anticipated benefits justify asking subjects to undertake the risks?   
 
This study provides a potential benefit to individual patients randomized to the dexamethasone group, as 
outlined above. For the patients randomized to the surgery group, they receive the standard of care treatment. 
Risks associated with dexamethasone treatment are not anticipated to be less than risks associated with surgery, 
although they are different and require monitoring. Namely, the most common and clinically relevant risks 
include: hyperglycemia, VTE, infection and gastritis. These risks will be minimized by the institution of a 
conservative dexamethasone dosing schedule compared with the literature; by addition of pantoprazole and 
glucose monitoring for all patients receiving drug treatment; and by close monitoring of drug-associated adverse 
events. The study poses minimal risk of breach of Protected Health Information that will be minimized by 
following institutional and federal confidentiality regulations.  Overall, the risk-benefit ratio is acceptable. 
Bibliography	  
1. Santarius T, Hutchinson PJ. Chronic subdural haematoma: time to rationalize treatment? Br J Neurosurg 
2004;18:328-332. 

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2. Delgado-Lopez PD, Martin-Velasco V, Castilla-Diez JM, Rodriguez-Salazar A, Galacho-Harriero AM, 
Fernandez-Arconada O. Dexamethasone treatment in chronic subdural hematoma. Neurochirugia 
2009;20:346-359. 
3. Drapkin AJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: pathophysiological basis for treatment. Br J Neurosurg 
1991;5:467-473. 
4. Mori K, Maeda M. Surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in 500 consecutive cases: clinical 
characteristics, surgical outcome, complications and recurrence rate. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 
2001;41:371-381 
5. Oishi M, Toyama M, Tamatani S, Kitazawa T, Saito M. Clinical factors of recurrent chronic subdural 
hematoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001;41:382-386 
6. Markwalder TM, Steinsiepe KF, Rohner M, Reichenbach W, Markwalder H. The course of chronic 
subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniotsomy and closed-system drainage. J Neurosurg 1981;55:390-
396 
7. Ito H, Komai T, Yamamoto S. Fibrinolytic enzyme in the lining walls of chronic subdural hematoma. J 
Neurosurg 1978;48:197-200 
8. Labadie EL, Glover D. Physiopathogenesisof subdural hematomas: Part II: inhibition of growth of 
experimental hematomas with dexamethasone. J Neurosurg 1976;45:393-397 
9. Vaquero J, Zurita M, Cincu R. Vascular endothelial growth-permeability factor in granulation tissue of 
chronic subdural hematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002;144:343-346 
10. Ambrosetto C. Post-traumatic subdural hematoma. Further observations on nonsurgical treatments. Arch 
Neurol 1962;6:47-52 
11. Bender MD, Christoff N. Nonsurgical treatment of subdural hematomas. Arch Neurol 1974;31:73-79 
12. Victoratos GC, Bligh AS. A more systematic management of subdural hematoma with the aid of CT 
scan. Surg Neurol 1981;15:158-160 
13. Inzelberg R, Neufeld MY, Reider I, Gari P. Non-surgical treatment of subdural hematoma in 
hemodialysis patient. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1989;91:85-89  
14. Rudiger A, Ronsdorf A, Merlo A, Zimmerli W. Dexamethasone treatment of a patient with large 
bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. Swiss Med Wkly 2001;131:387 
15. Decaux O, Cador B, Dufour T, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma with steroids: 
two case reports. Rev Med Intern 2002;23:788-791 
16. Sun TFD, Boet R, Poon WS. Non-surgical primary treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: 
preliminary results using dexamethasone. Br J Neurosurg 2005;19:327-333 
17. Voelker JL. Nonoperative treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2000;11:507-
513 
18. Ernestus RI, Beldzinske P, Lanfermann H, Klug N. Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical treatment and 
outcome in 104 patients. Surg Neurol 1997;48:220-225 
19. Matsumoto K, Akagi K, Abekura M, et al. Recurrence factors for chronic subdural hematomas after 
burr-hole craniostomy and closed system drainage. Neurol Res 1999;21:277-280. 
20. Nakaguchi H, Tanishima T, Yoshimaru N. Factors in the natural history of chronic subdural hematomas 
that influence their postoperative recurrence. J Neurosurg 2001;95:256-262 
21.  Berghauser Pont LME, Dammers R, Schouten JW, Lingsma HF, Dirven CMF. Clinical factors 
associated with outcome in chronic subdural hematoma: a retrospective study of patients on pre-
operative corticosteroid therapy. Neurosurgery 2013;epub ahead of print. DOI: 
10.1227/NEU.0b013e31823672ad 

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22. Santarius T, Lawton R, Kirkpatrick PJ, Hutchinson PJ. The management of primary chronic subdural 
haematoma: a questionnaire survey of practice in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Br J 
Neurosurg 2008;22:529-534 
23. Cenic A, Bhandari M, Reddy K. Management of chronic subdural hematoma: a national survey and 
literature review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2005;32:501-506 
24. Guenot M. [Chronic subdural hematoma. Introduction and results of a survey by the French Society of 
Neurosurgery]. Neurochirurgie 2001;47:459-460 
25. Zarkou S, Aguilar MI, Patel NP, Wellik KE, Wingerchuk DM, Demaerschalk BM. The role of 
corticosteroids in the management of chronic subdural hematomas: a critically appraised topic. 
Neurologist 2009;15:299-302. 
26. Kageyama H, Toyooka T, Tsuzuki N, Oka K. Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma with 
tranexamic acid. J Neurosurg 2013;119:332-337 
27. Horikoshi T, Naganuma H, Fukasawa I, Uchida M, Nukui H. Computed tomography characteristics 
suggestive of spontaneous resolution of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 
1998;38:527-533 
28. Busl KM, Prabhakaran S. Predictors of mortality in nontraumatic subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg 
2013, June 7; ePub ahead of print. DOI: 10.3171/2013.4.JNS122236 
29. Saghaei M. Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 
2004;4:26. 
30.  Muzii VF, Bistazzoni S, Zalaffi A, Carangelo B, Mariottini A, Palma L. Chronic subdural hematoma: 
comparison of two surgical techniques. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study. J 
Neurosurg Sci 2005;49:41-46. 
31. Farrell B, Goodwin J, Richards S, Warlow C, et al. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack 
(UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:1044-1054. 
32. Amirjamshidi A, Abouzari M, Eftekhar B, Rashidi A, Rezaii J, Esfandiari K, Shirani, Asadollahi M, 
Aleali H. Outcomes and recurrence rates in chronic subdural hematoma. Br J Neurosurg 2007;21:272-
275. 
 
 
 
APPENDIX:	  	  Legal/Regulatory	  
Recruitment 
The following procedures will be followed: 
• Finders fees will not be paid to an individual as they are not allowed by UVa Policy 
• All recruitment materials will be approved by the IRB-HSR prior to use.  They will be submitted to 
the IRB after the IRB-HSR has assigned an IRB-HSR # to the protocol. 
• Only those individuals listed as personnel on this protocol will recruit and or conduct the consenting 
process with potential subjects.  
 
Retention Incentives 
Any item used by the sponsor/ study team to provide incentive to a subject to remain in the study, other than 
compensation identified in the Payment section, will be submitted to the IRB for review prior to use.  The IRB-
HSR will provide the study team with a Receipt Acknowledgement for their records.  Retention incentive items 
are such things as water bottles, small tote bags, birthday cards etc.  Cash and gift cards are not allowed as 
retention incentives.  

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Clinical Privileges 
The following procedures will be followed:  
• 
Investigators who are members of the clinical staff at the University of Virginia Medical Center must 
have the appropriate credentials and been granted clinical privileges to perform specific clinical 
procedures whether those procedures are experimental or standard.  
• 
The IRB cannot grant clinical privileges.   
• 
Performing procedures which are outside the scope of the clinical privileges that have been granted 
may result in denial of insurance coverage should claims of negligence or malpractice arise. 
• 
Personnel on this protocol will have the appropriate credentials and clinical privileges in place 
before performing any procedures required by this protocol.  
• 
Contact the Clinical Staff Office- 924-9055 or 924-8778 for further information. 
 
Sharing of Data/Specimens 
Data and specimens collected under an IRB approved protocol are the property of the University of Virginia.  
You must have “permission” to share data/ specimens outside of UVa other than for a grant application and or 
publication.  This “permission” may come in the form of a contract with the sponsor or a material transfer 
agreement (MTA) with others.  A contract/ MTA is needed to share the data outside of UVa even if the data 
includes no HIPAA identifiers and no code that could link the data back to a HIPAA identifier.   
• No data will be shared outside of UVa, beyond using data for a grant application and or publication, 
without a signed contract/MTA approved by the SOM Grants and Contracts office/ OSP or written 
confirmation that one is not needed. 
• No specimens will be shared outside of UVa without a signed contract/MTA approved by the SOM 
Grants and Contracts office/ OSP or written confirmation that one is not needed. 
 
Prisoners 
If the original protocol/ IRB application stated that no prisoners would be enrolled in this study and 
subsequently a subject becomes a prisoner, the study team must notify the IRB immediately.  The study team 
and IRB will need to determine if the subject will remain in the study.  If the subject will remain in the study, 
the protocol will have to be re-reviewed with the input of a prisoner advocate.  The prisoner advocate will also 
have to be involved in the review of future continuations, modifications or any other reporting such as protocol 
violations or adverse events.   
 
Prisoner- Individuals are prisoners if they are in any kind of penal institution, such as a prison, jail, or juvenile 
offender facility, and their ability to leave the institution is restricted. Prisoners may be convicted felons, or may 
be untried persons who are detained pending judicial action, for example, arraignment or trial. 
For additional information see the OHRP website at  http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/populations/index.html 
 
APPENDIX:	  	  Recruitment	  
 
1. How do you plan to identify potential subjects? 
 

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a. ____ Chart Review/ Clinic Schedule Review/ Database Review from a database 
established for health care operations (departmental clinical database) or quality 
improvement. 
 
b. ____ Review of a database that was established to keep data to be used for future 
research such as the CDR, departmental research database or use of data from a separate 
current active research protocol.     
 
c. __X__ Patients UVa health care provider supplies the UVa study team with the patients 
contact information without patients knowledge.  
 
DHHS: Study team requests Waiver of Consent to identify potential subjects.  
 
HIPAA- Allowed under Preparatory to Research if PHI will be shared by the health care 
provider.  
IMPORTANT 
Keep in mind that PHI may only be given to individuals who work under the UVa 
HIPAA covered entity; which means they meet one of the following criteria: 
 a UVa student working in the UVa HIPAA Covered Entity*   
 a faculty  or staff member in a PAID appointment in  the UVA HIPAA 
Covered Entity* 
 
d. ____ Patient obtains information about the study from their health care provider.  The 
patient contacts the study team if interested in participating.  
 
e. ____ Potential subjects will not be directly identified. They will respond to an 
advertisement such as a flyer, brochure etc.   
 
f. _____  Potential subjects have previously  signed a consent to have their name in a 
registry/database to be contacted for future studies of this type.   
 
I confirm the following to be true: 
• The use or disclosure is sought solely to review protected health information as necessary 
to prepare the research protocol or other similar preparatory purposes. 
• No PHI will be removed from the UVa covered entity. 
• The PHI that the researcher seeks to use or access is necessary for the research purposes. 
 
2. How will potential subjects be contacted? 
 
a.____Direct contact of potential subjects by the study team via letter, phone, direct e-
mail. Members of study team ARE NOT health care providers of patients.  Information 
will not be collected from psychotherapy notes.  
 
 

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b.____Potential subjects will be approached while at UVa Hospital or Health Clinic by a 
person who is NOT a member of their health care team.  Information will not be collected 
from psychotherapy notes.  
 
 
c.__X__Direct contact of potential subjects by the study team by approaching in person 
at UVa or via letter, phone, direct e-mail. Members of study team contacting potential 
subjects ARE health care providers of patients.  
DHHS:  Study team requests a Waiver of Consent to contact potential subjects 
HIPAA:  Allowed under Health Care Operations.  
 
d.____ Indirect contact (flyer, brochure, TV, broadcast emails, patient provided info 
about the study from their health care provider and either the patient contacts study team 
or gives their healthcare provider permission for the study team to contact them.) 
 
e. ____  Potential subjects are not patients.  The study does not include obtaining 
subjects health information.   Subjects will be contacted directly via email, phone, 
letter or presentation in group setting with consent then obtained individually in a 
private setting.  
 
 
3. Will any additional information be obtained from a potential subject during 
"prescreening"?No 
 
4. Do you plan to ask the subjects to do anything, other than answering questions, for the study 
prior to signing a consent? No 
 
►IF YES, explain in detail what you will ask them to do.N/A 
 
 
5. How will the consenting process take place with either the prospective subject, the subject’s 
legally authorized representative or parent/legal guardian of a minor ( if applicable)?  
 
The consent will not given to the subject prior to the day of the start of study procedures because 
the study takes place in an emergency type situation which cannot be planned for in advance. 
 
The consent will be performed by a member of the study personnel upon admission of the patient 
to hospital or upon first evaluation in case of an inpatient consult. This will typically be a 
neurosurgery “on call” resident who has completed the required training to obtain study consents. 
Should the “on call” resident not have completed this training, a qualified study personnel will 
obtain consent. The setting will be Emergency Room or acute care hospital ward.  
 
Once a potential subject is identified, they will be interviewed in a quiet and private place and may 
have family or friends with them if they choose.  If there is concern that the potential subject may 
not be able to read the potential subject will be asked to read the first sentence of the consent form 
to determine if they are capable of reading. Depending on the response they will either be offered 

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the opportunity to read the consent form or have the consent form read to them.  Once the consent 
has been read the person obtaining consent will summarize the consent form verbally, asking open 
ended questions to determine if the potential subject understands what is being covered in the 
consent form.   Questions might include:   
• Would you summarize for me what you believe will be done to you if you are in this study?  
• Would you benefit from this study? 
• What do you feel are the risks of being in this study? 
 
Potential subjects will be given an opportunity to ask questions.  Their level of understanding will 
dictate how much time will be spent covering each item.  Once all of their questions have been 
answered, if they decide to participate, they will be asked to sign the consent form.  The person 
obtaining consent will sign the form and subjects will be given a copy of the signed consent form. 
Study procedures will then begin.  The informed consent process for each individual subject will be 
documented in the subject’s medical record. 
 
As part of the consent process, the potential subject will be first offered enrolment in the randomized 
portion of the trial. The absence of current clear clinical guidelines, the paucity of high quality 
evidence, and summary of current understanding of this condition will be presented to the patient. 
The potential for clinical equipoise between treatments will be explained to the patent. The option of 
randomization will be presented at the same time as the option for enrolment in the non-randomized, 
prospective cohort portion of the study. Equal weight will be given to both options. The patient 
and/or caregiver will be given assurance that no difference in the standard of care or attention to the 
patient’s condition will be given if the patient chooses to be randomized, to participate in the 
observational cohort, or not to participate in the study at all. Adequate time will be given to the 
patient to weigh the various options involved in participation in the study.  
 
 
The time between obtaining written consent and initiation of study procedures (i.e. treatment) will be 
less than 12 hours.  
 
 
6. Will subjects sign a consent form for any part of the study? Yes 
 
7.  Will the study procedures be started the same day the subject is recruited for the study? Yes 
 
►IF YES, explain in detail why the subject cannot be given more time to make a decision 
to consent.  
 
The treatment for this condition requires an urgent/emergent procedure or initiation of treatment 
and may not be delayed for more than 12 hours.  
 
►IF YES, explain in detail what will be done to assure the potential subject has enough 
time to make an informed decision. 
 
In order to ensure that the potential subject has enough time to make an informed decision, either 
the consent form will be reviewed in full with the patient/surrogate as outlined above, with time 

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allowed for the patient to think of any questions about participation and with for these questions 
to be fully answered. The patient/surrogate will be offered extra time to review the documents 
and discuss with his/her family or care partners prior to discussion of enrollment or requesting 
signature of the consent form. 
 
8.  Is there the potential to recruit economically or educationally disadvantaged subjects, or other 
vulnerable subjects such as students or employees?Yes 
 
 If yes, what protections are in place to protect the rights and welfare of these subjects so 
that any possible coercion or undue influence is eliminated?   
 
All subjects will be given the opportunity to discuss with, or review the consent documentation 
and trial materials with family, care partners or surrogate decision maker prior to signing the 
consent form for participation in the study. Social work and Neurosurgery Clinical Trial Office 
will be involved to ensure the patient is able to attend scheduled follow up clinic visits and that 
the cost of medications, ongoing physician visits and follow-up scans, which are part of the 
standard of care, are not prohibitive. 
 
9. Do you need to perform a “dry run” of any procedure outlined in this protocol?   No 
APPENDIX:	  	  Safeguards	  for	  Cognitively	  Impaired	  
1.  What additional safeguards that will be employed to protect the cognitively impaired subjects?    
• Use of a Surrogate decision-maker when permitted by law, i.e. a legally authorized representative 
via use of power of attorney/advance directive for research. 
 
2.  The following steps will be taken to determine the capacity of a potential subject to give consent for 
themselves.  
A.  If there is concern that a potential subject/ subject may be cognitively impaired a determination of 
incompetence will be made after an evaluation by a person with the appropriate expertise to make such a 
determination as delegated by the PI.   If the subject is a patient in the UVa Medical Center, the Medical 
Center Policy No. 0024 will also be followed.  The determination of competency must be documented in 
writing.   
 
B.  The following methods below will be used to determine capacity for consent: 
__X__  Subject is also a patient in the UVa Medical Center and Medical Center Policy No. 0024 
will be followed.  
__X__  Will rely on individual observation of and interaction with the potential subject as well 
as the opinion of the medical provider or caregiver, when available. The prospective 
subject should demonstrate competence in relation to the proposed study in order to be 
judged capable of providing informed consent for that study. In general, an assessment an 
individual's capacity to consent will be based on her/his:  
• Ability to communicate a choice;  
• Ability to understand relevant information;  
• Ability to appreciate the nature of the situation and its likely consequences; and,  
• Ability to manipulate information rationally (1)  
 

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___X__The individual's abilities will be assessed by discussing the proposed study with her/him 
and then asking specific questions. Such questions may include:  
• Can you tell me what will happen if you agree to take part in this study?  
• How might this study help you?  
• How might this study not help you, or even hurt you?  
• Do you have to be in this study?  
• What would you do if you wanted to leave the study?  
• What will happen if you decide not to be in the study?  
 
 
C.  An individual will be considered unable to provide consent if he or she has:  
• An inability to express or communicate a preference or choice (cannot make up his/her 
mind, is comatose, or has severe psychotic thought disorders, etc.);  
• An inability to understand a situation and its potential consequences as well as the 
impact of study participation on those circumstances (does not understand that he/she 
may be hurt or may not be helped or cannot distinguish research from treatment); 
and/or,  
• An inability to provide a logical rationale for participation/no participation in a study 
(cannot address risk/benefit-related reasons for or against participation in a study.  
 
_____  Other- Explain   
 
3.  The following steps will be taken to document the determination of competency to consent. 
__X___  A note to file will be written and filed in the study files and/or medical records to describe the 
consenting process.  The note will include a description of methods used to determine capacity 
of the subject to consent.  The note should also include the name of the person determining 
competency of the subject.  May use the SOM CTO form Determination of Capacity to 
Consent. 
 
_____  Other Explain: 
 
4.  When will subjects capacity to consent be assessed? 
__X___ Prior to initial consenting process if there is a concern that the potential subject has a cognitive 
impairment.  Must be checked for all protocols.  
 
___X__   On a periodic basis throughout the study process if there is a concern that the potential subject 
has a cognitive impairment.  .  Explain: The patients in this study have the potential to become impaired 
due to their underlying medical condition worsening; due to the onset of seizure; due to other 
complications of medical or surgical treatment. Due to this potential, subjects will be evaluated each day 
by residents in the course of regular neurosurgical care, and any change in mental status will be 
recorded. If any further intervention is required for these patients, surrogate decision makers will be 
utilized as outlined above in accordance with Medical Center policy. 
 
 

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APPENDIX:	  	  Drug	  Information	  
 
1   What is the drug name, manufacturer and IND# if available?    
 
Drug name: dexamethasone 
Manufacturer: Roxanne Pharmaceuticals (current manufacturer, as used by UVA Health System, as of 11/2013) 
IND# - SOM CTO letter on file—IND exempt 
 
2.   If IND application has been submitted to the FDA, who is the Principal Investigator on the IND?   
N/A 
 
3.  What is the phase or stage of this study?    
 
This is a Phase IIb study. 
The study is not being used for changing the labeling or indication of the investigational drug, which will be 
used off-label in this study. The study is designed to test efficacy, but will not be used to provide physician 
labeling (i.e. Phase III study). 
 
APPENDIX:	  	  Pharmacy-­‐Investigational	  Drugs/Biologics	  	  
 
1.   What is the name of the investigational drug/biologic?    
Dexamethasone 
 
2. Where will the subjects be seen for the administration/dispensing of the drug?     
__X___  Inpatient Unit:  specify:__6 West; neurosurgical floor or Neurosurgical ICU___ 
 
3.  What dose will be utilized in this study?    
 
Table 2. Proposed Dexamethasone Dosing Schedule 
 
Dose 
Duration 
Total Doses 
4mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
4mg morning / 2mg 
midday / 2mg qHS 
3 days 
9 
2mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
2mg q12h 
3 days 
6 
2mg qD 
3 days 
3 
 
 
4. What will be the frequency of dosing in this study?    
 
Table 2. Proposed Dexamethasone Dosing Schedule 
 

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Dose 
Duration 
Total Doses 
4mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
4mg morning / 2mg 
midday / 2mg qHS 
3 days 
9 
2mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
2mg q12h 
3 days 
6 
2mg qD 
3 days 
3 
 
 
5.  What will be the duration of dosing in this study?    
Table 2. Proposed Dexamethasone Dosing Schedule 
 
Dose 
Duration 
Total Doses 
4mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
4mg morning / 2mg 
midday / 2mg qHS 
3 days 
9 
2mg q8h 
3 days 
9 
2mg q12h 
3 days 
6 
2mg qD 
3 days 
3 
 
Total days of treatment: 15 
 
6.  What route of administration will be utilized?    
 
All patients able to take PO medication will be given PO tablet form of the medication. For patients 
unable to  take PO medication due to mental status or other comorbidity, IV dexamethasone will be used 
until able to take PO medication or a feeding tube or PEG tube is placed, at which time PO medication 
will be dispensed per NG tube.  
 
7.  Will drug need to be prepared by the UVa Investigational Drug Service (IDS)?     
_____  YES 
___X__  NO- Drug will be prepared and/or administered per package insert 
 
 
7a.  Concentration 
___X__ Standard 
_____  Non- Standard-  specify   
 
7b.  Diluents 
___X__ Standard 
_____  Non- Standard-  specify   
 
7c.  Stability after prepared 
__X___ Standard 
_____  Non- Standard-  specify   

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7d. Special storage requirements 
___X__ Standard 
_____  Non- Standard-  specify   
 
 
8.  Are there any special handling instructions mandated by the study (e.g. weighing hazardous 
materials)?  No 
 
9.  Does the protocol provide provisions for dose titration, dose reductions, and or re-challenged (if drug 
is stopped), etc.?   No 
 
10.  How will missed doses be handled?     
Missed doses while inpatient will be recorded in the study database, but the dose schedule will not be 
adjusted to compensate for missed doses. 
 
Compliance with the drug regimen will be confirmed through examination of the medication 
administration record while patients are hospitalized, and through clinical interview with the patient and 
care partner at all subsequent clinic visits. This data will be recorded as part of the study protocol. 
 
 
11.  Will a comparator (active or placebo) be utilized in the protocol?   No 
 
12.  Does this study involve research on a drug, biologic, supplement or food additive?    Yes 
 
►IF YES, is this study investigator initiated?    
Yes 
 
13    Are you using a drug/supplement/ food additive in a manner not approved by the FDA?    Yes 
 
13a.  Describe pertinent animal data that is available regarding the toxicity/safety of this drug.    
 
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid with minimal mineralocorticoid effects, which is 6.7 times as 
potent as prednisone, and 26.7 times as potent as hydrocortisone. It is commonly used in oncology patients as 
an anti-edema agent in CNS tumors and as a chemotherapeutic agent in hematologic malignancies such as 
multiple myeloma. The agent is also used for a wide range of other clinical purposes including some patients 
with adrenal insufficiency, glucocorticoid resistance, altitude sickness, pulmonary edema, and in obstetrics for 
fetal lung maturation.  
 
The effect of dexamethasone on chronic subdural hematoma is thought to be through its effect on dissolution of 
clot membrane and decrease in neovascularization (7-9). Glucocorticoids block inflammatory mediators such as 
lymphokinins and prostaglandins, thus blocking neo-membrane and neo-capillary formation (2, 1, 8). These 
agents also induce secretion of plasminogen inhibitor, which reduces VEGF expression, a factor that has been 
found on external membranes of cSDH and is involved in angiogenesis and may extend the cycle of rebleeding 
and lysis that causes enlargement of cSDH (2, 1, 9).  In a rat model, corticosteroid treatment has been shown to 
decrease the size of chronic SDH.  

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13b. Describe pertinent human data that is available regarding the toxicity/safety of this drug.    
 
Corticosteroid treatment for cSDH has been proposed based on the anti-angiogenic properties of steroid 
treatment and its anti-inflammatory properties. This treatment strategy has been reported in retrospective case 
series and case reports in the literature (2,10-16).  In the largest of these series, favorable results were seen in 
71/73 patients (97.2%) exclusively managed with dexamethasone, and surgical drainage was required in 21.8% 
of patients initially treated with dexamethasone (2). In another series, pre-operative dexamethasone was 
associated with improved outcome in multivariate analysis, without increased incidence of complications (21).  
 
 
No optimal dosing schedule for corticosteroid treatment of cSDH has been outlined in the literature (Table 1). 
 
Table	  1.	  Dosing	  Schedule	  of	  Dexamethasone	  Treatment	  for	  cSDH	  in	  Prior	  Studies	  
	  
Study	  
Dexamethasone	  Dosing	  Schedule	  
Delgado-­‐Lopez	  (2)	  
4mg	  q8h	  x	  48-­‐72h,	  then	  clinical	  re-­‐
assessment	  and	  if	  no	  surgery,	  taper	  1mg	  per	  
day	  to	  off	  
Sun	  (16)	  
Primary	  dexamethasone	  group:	  4mg	  QID	  x	  
21	  days	  
Dex	  +	  Surgery	  group:	  4mg	  QID,	  drainage	  
within	  48h,	  then	  dexamethasone	  taper	  to	  off	  
over	  2	  weeks	  
Berghauser	  Pont	  (21)	  
4mg	  QID,	  followed	  by	  surgical	  drainage	  
within	  48h,	  then	  dexamethasone	  taper	  “in	  a	  
pace	  dependent	  on	  the	  duration	  of	  
preoperative	  use”	  
Rudiger	  (14)	  
4mg	  BID	  for	  6	  weeks	  
 
 
13c. Have there been any human deaths associated with this drug?    
 
None have been reported 
 
13d. In how many humans has this drug been used previously?    
 
This drug is used in an estimated 5,000 neurosurgical patients per year in the U.S. 
 
13e. If this protocol will be used in children describe any previous use of this drug with children of 
a similar age range.    
 
N/A 
 

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14.  Do the following criteria apply?  
 
_____  The investigation is intended to be reported to FDA as a well-controlled study in support of a 
new indication for use or intended to be used to support any other significant change in the labeling for 
the drug; 
 
_____  If the drug that is undergoing investigation is lawfully marketed as a prescription drug product, 
the investigation is intended to support a significant change in the advertising for the product; 
 
_____  The investigation does involve a route of administration or dosage level or use in a patient 
population or other factor that significantly increases the risks (or decreases the acceptability of the 
risks) associated with the use of the drug product. 
 
 The use of dexamethasone for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma is not anticipated 
to materially change the safety for the overall use of this product in neurosurgical patient population. 
 
___X_  The investigation will be conducted in compliance with the requirements for institutional review 
set part in part 21CFR56 and with the requirements for informed consent set forth in part 21CFR50 ; and    
 
___X_ The investigation will be conducted in compliance with the requirements of 21CFR312.7 
(Promotion and charging for investigational drugs) 
  
 
15.  Is this a post-marketing study?      No 
 
►IF YES  is the study required to be done by the FDA?  
 
APPENDIX:	  	  Privacy	  Plan	  for	  Studies	  With	  Consent	  
1.  Answer the questions below (1a-1e) to describe your/central registry’s plan to protect the 
identifiable data from improper use and disclosure.   
 
1a.  How will data be stored? 
__X___  Data, which may include health information, or other highly sensitive data will 
be stored with HIPAA identifiers.   
 
1b. Will specimens be stored by the UVa study team?No 
 
1c.  Will any of the data be stored electronically by the UVa study team?Yes 
 
►IF YES, will it include any HIPAA identifiers with health information or other 
highly sensitive data? 
Yes 
►IF YES, where will it be stored?  
__X___  a Health Systems Computing Services (HS/CS) managed server that is 
configured to store data regulated by HIPAA. 

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1d. Will any of the data be collected or stored in hard copy format by the UVa study team 
(e.g.- on paper) ?  Yes 
 
►IF YES, where will it be stored?  
 
__X___ case report forms will be stored in a secure area with limited access.  
 
__X__questionnaires/ surveys will be stored in a secure area with limited access.  
 
1e.  The following procedures will also be followed.  
• Only investigators for this study and clinicians caring for the patient will have access 
to the data.  They will each use a unique log-in ID and password that will keep 
confidential.  
• Each investigator will sign the University’s Electronic Access Agreement forward the 
signed agreement to the appropriate department as instructed on the form. 
If you currently have access to clinical data it is likely that you have already signed 
this form.  You are not required to sign it again.  
• UVa Institutional Data Protection Standards will be followed 
http://itc.virginia.edu/security/dataprotection.  Identifiable data is considered to be   
“Highly Sensitive”.  A Limited Data Set is usually considered to be “Moderately 
Sensitive” and de-identified data is usually considered to be “Not Sensitive”.   
• If identifiable data (data with health information and HIPAA identifiers) is transferred 
to any other location such as a desktop, laptop, memory stick, CD etc. the researcher 
must follow the University’s  “Electronic Storage of Highly Sensitive Data Policy”. 
Additional requirements may be found in the Universities Requirements for Securing 
Electronic Devices.  
• If identifiable health information is taken away from the UVa Health System, Medical 
Center Policy # 0218 will be followed.  
• The data will be securely removed from the server, additional computer(s), and 
electronic media according to the University's Electronic Data Removal Policy.  
• The data will be encrypted or removed if the electronic device is sent outside of UVa 
for repair according to the University's Electronic Data Removal Policy. 
• If PHI will be faxed, researchers will follow the Health System Policy # 0194.     
• If PHI will be emailed, researchers will follow the Health System Policy # 0193 and 
UVa Institutional Data Protection Standards . 
• The data may not be analyzed for any other study without additional IRB approval.  
• If you are using patient information you must follow Health System Policy  # 0021. 
 
 
Summary of Requirements to Comply with UVa Health System, Medical Center and 
University Policies and Guidance as noted above: 
 
 

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• LIMIT- Limit the HIPAA identifiers to the minimal amount needed- e.g. use initials 
instead of name, use a code instead of initials, limit amount/type of health information 
collected, and collect and share only those items you state you will in this protocol.  
• SECURE- Secure Highly Sensitive Data 
o Because single-use electronic devices and media, such as desktops, laptops, memory 
sticks, CDs, smartphones etc., can be easily lost or stolen, the University strictly 
limits the circumstances under which Highly Sensitive Data may be stored on them. 
In accordance with the University’s Electronic Storage of Highly Sensitive Data 
Policy, you must obtain written approval from your Department AND VP or Dean 
prior to moving data to single use devices or media by using the Highly Sensitive 
Data Storage Request Form. 
  You additionally are responsible for applying all security safeguards covered 
in that policy, including but not limited to password protecting and encrypting 
any document on a single access electronic device.  
 If you use your smartphone to send email and your phone is not managed was 
not purchased and/or set up for you by the Health System, you cannot send 
Highly Sensitive Data via email.   
 In addition, do not use Outlook Web to send your email if it contains 
sensitive data.   
 Also, you are not allowed to auto forward your email to outside email 
systems like Gmail or Yahoo.   
 Do not save any email attachment containing Highly Sensitive Data to 
a single use device.   
 You are allowed to access Highly Sensitive Data stored on the University or 
Health Systems network via a VPN, however you cannot download any of the 
information onto your desktop or laptop. 
 Store files containing Highly Sensitive Data on a network drive specifically 
designated for storing this type of data, e.g. high-level security servers 
managed by Information Technology Services or the “F” and “O” managed 
by Heath Systems Computing Services.  You may access it via a shortcut icon 
on your desktop, but you are not allowed to take it off line to a local drive.  
 If data will be collected and/or viewed via a website, it is critical that the 
website and associated data file are set up in a highly secured manner. Do not 
attempt without assistance from:  
University Side:    ITCmicrosystems@virginia.edu 
Health System:   Web Development Center:   (434-243-6702) 
o Encrypt any electronic file containing Highly Sensitive Data that is not on a network 
drive specifically designated for this purpose.  . See encryption solutions guidance.  
o Password protect any electronic device containing Highly Sensitive Data. 
o Lock up hard copies of Highly Sensitive Data. 
• PROTECT- Protect Highly Sensitive Data 
o Do not leave a hard copy file open on your desk when not using it and secure your 
computer when not attended. 
o Have discussions in private. 
o If you lose Highly Sensitive Data, you must report it in accordance with the 
Information Security Incident Reporting Policy. 

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o Do not share Highly Sensitive Data with those not on the study team or those who 
do not have a need to know. 
o Do not share with sponsor unless subject has already signed a consent form or 
IRB has approved waiver of consent.  
o If faxing Highly Sensitive Data within UVa 
 Verify fax numbers before faxing, and use fax cover sheets with a 
confidentiality statement.  
 If printing to a central printer, ensure that names and identifiers on the 
documents are given to the correct patient. 
o If faxing Highly Sensitive Data outside of UVa to the sponsor or CRO after the 
subject has signed consent:  
 the receiving fax machine is in a restricted-access location,  
 the intended recipient is clearly indicated,  
 the recipient has been alerted to the pending transmission and is available 
to pick it up immediately.  
 Verify fax numbers before faxing, and use fax cover sheets with a 
confidentiality statement.  
 If printing to a central printer, ensure that names and identifiers on the 
documents are given to the correct patient. 
o Highly Sensitive Data may not be stored in a Drop Box. 
o If you plan to store data in the Cloud, you must consult with UVa Information 
Technology Services (ITS) to verify all essential security measures are in place.  
If you have a contract to use the cloud, the contract must include required security 
measures as outlined by ITS.   
o DO NOT email health information with name, medical record number or Social 
Security number to or from an email address that does not have an *HS in the 
address.  May use subject initials if within the UVa HIPAA covered entity:  The 
"UVA HIPAA covered entity" includes the hospital, health system, School of 
Medicine School of Nursing and the VP for Research Office.   
o Be aware:  PHI collected without consent/ HIPAA authorization will NOT be 
allowed to leave UVa in an identifiable form unless the disclosure is tracked with 
Health Information Services.   
o Any Highly/Moderately Sensitive Data sent outside of UVa (e.g. to sponsor) that 
was obtained under a consent must be encrypted and password protected.   
o If your electronic device is sent outside of UVa for repair, all institutional data, 
whether Highly Sensitive or not, must be either encrypted or removed.  
o If transporting Highly/Moderately Sensitive Data in paper format from one UVa 
building to another, take the following steps to protect it: 
1. Put paper inside a closed container such as a briefcase, or sealed 
envelope to limit the chance of a losing a piece. 
2. Do not leave Highly Sensitive Data unattended in a public area if it is 
not locked up.  

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o When the study is complete, all electronic files containing Highly/Moderately 
Sensitive Data must be stored on a network drive specifically designated for that 
purpose.  They may not be stored on a single use device such as a CD. 
• STOP, THINK and BE CAREFUL- 
o If this was your Highly Sensitive Data how would you want it protected?  
o There are significant monetary fines to the individual and the institution for loss 
or misuse of sensitive data. 
o Your job may also be on the line. 
 
 
2.  Describe your/central registry’s plan to destroy the HIPAA identifiers at the earliest opportunity 
consistent with the conduct of the research and in accordance with any stipulations in the research 
sponsor contract and UVa records management guidelines. 
 
__X___The HIPAA identifiers (except full dates and or address information if needed) will be destroyed 
as soon as all publications are complete.  
This wording would allow the researcher to keep HIPAA identifiers until all queries/ request for 
additional information from publisher are addressed 
 
3.  Do you confirm that you will not reuse the identifiable data (HIPAA identifiers or health information) 
or disclose any of this information to any other person or entity except as outlined in this protocol, except 
as required by law, for authorized oversight of the research study, or use it for other research unless 
approved by the IRB-HSR?  Yes 
 
This means that after the study is closed at UVa: 
 
• You cannot contact the subject by any method (you cannot call them, send a letter, talk to them in 
person about the study, etc) without additional IRB approval 
• You cannot use the data for any research that is not already described in your IRB protocol 
without additional IRB approval (if you change your hypothesis you must modify your protocol)  
• You cannot share your research data with another researcher outside of your study team without 
additional IRB approval 
• Any health information with HIPAA identifiers will be shredded or discarded by using recycling 
bins for confidential material found in clinic settings.  For large item disposal of confidential 
material contact Environmental Services at 2-4976 or University Recycling at 2-5050.  
TABLE A:  HIPAA Identifiers (Limited Data Set)  
1.  Name 
2.  Postal address information, other than town or city, state, and zip code 
3.  Telephone numbers 
4  Fax numbers 
5.  Electronic mail addresses 
6.  Social Security number 
7.  Medical Record number 
8.  Health plan beneficiary numbers 
9.  Account numbers 
10.  Certificate/license numbers 
11.  Vehicle identifiers and serial numbers, including license plate numbers 
12.  Device identifiers and serial numbers 
13.  Web Universal Resource Locators (URLs) 
14.  Internet Protocol (IP) address numbers 
15.  Biometric identifiers, including finger and voice prints 

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16.  Full face photographic images and any comparable images  
17.  Any other unique identifying number, characteristic, code that is derived from or related to information 
about the individual (e.g. initials, last 4 digits of Social Security #, mother’s maiden name, first 3 letters of last 
name.)