The Influence of Mesolimbic-hippocampal Interactions on Episodic Memory During Active Information Seeking
Phase: NA
Conditions: Motivation
Sponsor: Temple University

 
Study Title: InformationSeekingMesolimbicEngagementStudy1 
NCT Number: NCT06257446 
Included Documents: Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, Results, and Informed Consent 
Document Date: February 11th, 2026  
Sponsor: Temple University/ Vishnu Murty (murty@uoregon.edu) 
 
 

Protocol 
Background/Objectives 
Engagement of the mesolimbic dopamine system—a neuromodulatory system underlying 
motivation—strengthens hippocampal-dependent encoding and consolidation. In humans, 
mesolimbic contributions to learning have mainly been studied during reward contexts, focusing 
on event evoked striatal feedback responses akin to phasic signaling. However, previous work 
has shown that sustained mesolimbic engagement over entire task contexts is optimized for 
adaptive memory formation. The connections between VTA and hippocampus engage 
motivated behaviors for extended periods of time and increase plasticity for salient events 
encountered during prolonged motivational states. Open questions remain about how sustained 
and transient mesolimbic signaling prioritizes and stabilizes salient events in long-term memory. 
Animal models have shown that information seeking relies on sustained mesolimbic 
engagement and that information seeking is greatest at moderate forms of uncertainty. 
Information seeking can be broken into two forms: unguided exploration which occurs in the 
absence of prior information and hypothesis testing in which individuals use prior knowledge to 
resolve uncertainty in a directed manner. In hypothesis testing, information seeking during 
uncertainty increases sustained mesolimbic engagement via hippocampal afferents, which then 
initiate a series of events resulting in the disinhibition of VTA neurons thus elevating their 
baseline firing. Information seeking therefore represents a behavior in which mesolimbic 
engagement facilitates plasticity at multiple time scales, which span multiple components of 
uncertainty resolution. However, studies have yet to explore how sustained and transient 
mesolimbic engagement relate to hippocampal-dependent memory encoding and consolidation. 
Additionally, human research has not yet characterized the memory processes that occur during 
information seeking. In this study, we propose a model in which VTA engagement during 
information seeking will bolster immediate memory and consolidation for salient events via 
interactions with the hippocampus 
Design  
We used a novel Game Show task, in which the investigators manipulate participant's agency to 
control their learning environment to specify unguided exploration. In the encoding session, 
participants play the producer for a game show. On each trial, participants are shown a trial-
unique contestant (2s), and then they select one of 3 presented doors to reveal a hidden object 
(4 seconds). The selected door is then highlighted (2-4s), which is then removed to show a trial-
unique object image, which is framed as a prize (2s). On exploration trials, participants actively 
select which door to open. On control trials, the participant is forced to select a highlighted door, 
fostering passive rather than active information seeking. Unbeknownst to participants, there is 
no relationship between selected doors and revealed objects, as objects are pre-selected for 
each trial. Thus, timing, motor demands, and visual information are fixed across conditions. 
Participants will complete 3 runs of both the exploration and control condition, with each run 
containing 20 trials. Temporal jitters are placed between cues and outcomes and between trials, 
as determined by design optimization software. Run will be pseudo-randomized across 
participants so no more than 2 runs of the same condition will appear in a row. Following 

encoding, participants will complete immediate and delayed item-associative memory test. On 
each trial of the memory test, participants will view the characters presented during exploration 
and control trials as well as new foil characters. If a participant indicates that they have 
previously seen a character before, the participants will be shown three object images 
encountered during encoding, and decide which item served as a prize for that specific 
character. In this way, the investigators can resolve memory for contestants (i.e., cues), and 
associative binding across contestants and prizes (i.e., cue-outcome). Participants memory will 
be tested for half the stimuli immediately and at a 24-hour delay. 
Recruitment Methods 
Subjects will be recruited using flyers posted around Temple campus and the Greater 
Philadelphia area. These flyers will contain QR codes that can be scanned with a smartphone. 
Scanning this code will bring up a form where interested people can provide contact information 
for recruitment. The flyer will also include an email address where interested participants can 
inquire about recruitment. The flyer will include contact information, and exclusion criteria: 
Advertisements may also be distributed through listservs, newsletters, and on public 
transportation. Recruitment materials will only be posted in private spaces (both online and in-
person) and only after obtaining the appropriate permissions. Temple students will be recruited 
through the SONA paid-participation website. All subjects will be verbally instructed about the 
nature of the research and asked to sign informed consent documents approved by the IRB of 
Temple University. Prior to participation, each subject will have the study explained to him/her 
privately, be given the opportunity to read the consent document, and encouraged to ask 
questions to determine if he/she would like to participate. Only the PI and research assistants 
certified in human subjects research will obtain informed consent. We will document consent for 
each subject by having the PI (or research assistant) and subject sign an informed consent form 
approved by Temple University IRB. All subjects will be informed that they may withdraw their 
participation in the study at any time without penalty. Compensation for the study will include 
$15/hr for both in person and online behavioral sessions, and $30/hr for the fMRI sessions. 
Compensation will be determined by rounding up to the nearest half hour. Participant 
compensation will range between $30 to $90, depending on the experience and the length of 
their second session. There are chances for increased earnings for good performance, 
calculated by rounding to the nearest half hour, using half the hourly rate. In these studies, the 
bonus will range anywhere between $0.00 to $30.00, in addition to the hourly compensation for 
participation. Our previous work has suggested that financial bonuses in studies must be higher 
than the hourly base compensation to successfully manipulate motivation. Bonuses are 
calculated   Subjects will receive their payments in the form of a gift card. Subjects who 
withdraw before they complete their participation will receive the prorated expense rate.  
 
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 
Inclusion Criteria: Age 18-45; No history of any neurological or Axis 1 psychiatric diseases; we 
will not exclude for general Mental Health history in the online study to increase variability in our 
personality assessments but will exclude individuals with a self-reported diagnosis with a 

substance use disorder. Also required are capability of performing the experimental tasks (e.g., 
can read, can understand instructions, able to cooperate with behavioral and MRI data 
collection); and informed consent. 
 
Exclusion Criteria: Eligibility requirements will be used for both MRI studies and in-person 
behavioral studies to keep the study characteristics equivalent and thus making the data more 
comparable. All participants will be in good medical health and will have no known history of 
head injury or illness with CNS implications. All participants are required to be free of 
medications that affect blood flow response or alertness. Smoking and coffee consumption are 
prohibited within 30 minutes prior to laboratory testing because of established effects on 
neurophysiology as measured by fMRI. Participants will have at least 20/40 far acuity (either 
uncorrected or corrected). For the fMRI studies, participants will fulfill these additional criteria: 
no cardiac pacemaker, aneurysm clip, cochlear implants, pregnancy, IUD, shrapnel, history of 
metal fragments in eyes, neurostimulators, weight > 250 lbs, or claustrophobia.Inclusion an 
exclusion criteria will be determined before study participation by using a self-report 
demographics form. For fMRI studies, a TUBRIC screener form will be used to determine 
eligibility.  
Local Number of Subjects: Total enrollment for the study will be 80 participants. 
 
 

Statistical Analysis Plan 
Power Analyses: To determine the appropriate samples for our studiu we conducted a power 
analysis estimating a power =.8 and an alpha=.05.  Our pilot behavioral data show that to 
capture a main effect of motivation on episodic memory we will need an n=30 (d=.74). To relate 
mesolimbic-hippocampal interactions with encoding we will need an n=68 (r2=0.21). To make 
sure we have enough data when accounting for bad data quality and drop out, we propose to 
recruit 80 participants/study.  
Behavior: Item memory will be calculated for characters appearing in high versus low motivation 
trials at the 24-hour memory test using d’ metrics, which account for false alarm rates.  
Neuroimaging: Data will be analyzed using FSL 5 to estimate task-related activity following 
standard 1st-level modelling, we will estimate state-based activation using a single prolonged 
“event” in a univariate model. For the Representational Similarity Analyses to characterize 
hippocampal-mesolimbic interactions, we will characterize representational similarity within 
regions of interest by running single-trial analyses and comparing the pattern of activity across 
trials that are either both from the high motivation condition or both from the low motivation 
condition. Regions of interest will include a collection of ROIs encompassing the hippocampus 
as well as Anterior-Temporal largescale networks.  Statistical analyses will be implemented on 
R-software using the lmer function. Neuroimaging analyses will be performed on parameter 
estimates extracted from relevant ROIs, which avoids problems with multiple comparisons 
associated with whole-brain analyses.  
  

Permission to Take Part in a Human Research Study  
Page 1 of 7 
 
 
Document Revision Date: March 8, 2022 
 
Protocol 29365 
Funding: National Institute on Drug Abuse/NIH/DHHS 
 
 
Title of research: The influence of mesolimbic-hippocampal interactions on episodic memory 
during active information seeking 
 
Investigator and Department: Dr. Vishnu P. Murty, Department of Psychology 
 
Who can I talk to about this research? 
If you have questions, concerns, or complaints, or think the research has hurt you, contact the 
research team at:  
 
vishnu.murty@temple.edu  
(215) 204-4662  
865 Weiss Hall  
1701 North 13th Street  
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 
 
This research has been reviewed and approved by an Institutional Review Board. You may talk to 
them at (215) 707-3390 or e-mail them at irb@temple.edu for any of the following: 
• 
Your questions, concerns, or complaints are not being answered by the research team. 
• 
You cannot reach the research team. 
• 
You want to talk to someone besides the research team. 
• 
You have questions about your rights as a research subject. 
• 
You want to get information or provide input about this research. 
 
 
Temple IRB Approved 
01/02/2024 

Permission to Take Part in a Human Research Study  
Page 2 of 7 
 
 
Document Revision Date: March 8, 2022 
 
Research Consent Summary 
 
You are being asked for your consent to take part in a research study. This document provides a 
concise summary of this research. It describes the key information that we believe most people need 
to decide whether to take part in this research. Later sections of this document will provide all relevant 
details. 
 
What should I know about this research? 
• 
Someone will explain this research to you. 
• 
Whether or not you take part is up to you. 
• 
You can choose not to take part. 
• 
You can agree to take part and later change your mind. 
• 
Your decision will not be held against you. 
• 
You can ask all the questions you want before you decide. 
 
Why am I being invited to take part in this research? 
We invite you to take part in a research study because you are a healthy adult enrolled in our subject 
pool. 
 
Why is this research being done? 
The purpose of this study is to understand how exploring and seeking information influences how 
individuals recall their memories of the past, and what neural systems underlie these processes. 
 
How long will I be in this research? 
Your participation in this research study will take place at up to two time points. This includes the first 
session and a possible follow-up occurring 24-48 hours afterwards. Each session will last from 1-3 
hours. 
 
What happens if I agree to be in this research? 
If you decide to take part in this research study, the general procedures include behavioral tasks on a 
computer, surveys/questionnaires about your everyday life, and having your brain scanned while 
completing tasks in an MRI scanner. 
 
Is there any way being in this research could be bad for me? 
There is minimal risk involved with this research. The most important risks or discomforts that you 
may expect from taking part in this research include metal projectile risks, burn risks and/or discomfort 
in the scanner due to noise or claustrophobia. Extensive screening and safety precautions are taken 
to minimize these risks. Additionally, you may feel discomfort answering questions on the surveys 
which pertain to your personal life. There is also a risk of breaching confidentiality during the study; 
however, data de-identification will be performed to decrease this risk. 
 
Will being in this research benefit me? 
It is not expected you will personally benefit from this research. You will however be paid at a rate of 
$15 an hour for behavioral sessions and $30 an hour for scanning sessions. 
 
 
 

Permission to Take Part in a Human Research Study  
Page 3 of 7 
 
 
Document Revision Date: March 8, 2022 
 
 
Detailed Research Consent 
 
You are being invited to take part in a research study.  A person who takes part in a research study is 
called a research subject, or research participant. In this consent form “you” generally refers to the 
research subject. If you are being asked as the legally authorized representative, parent, or guardian 
to permit the subject to take part in the research, “you” in the rest of this form generally means the 
research subject. 
 
Why is this research being done? 
The purpose of this study is to understand how exploring and seeking information influences how 
individuals recall their memories of the past, and what neural systems underlie these processes. 
 
How long will I be in this research? 
Your participation in this research study will take place at up to two time points. This includes the first 
session and a possible follow-up occurring 24-48 hours afterwards. The aim of the follow-up session 
is to assess judgments about experiences from the earlier session. Each session will last from 1-3 
hours. 
 
What happens if I agree to be in this research? 
After you consent to participate, we will first generate a unique study ID for you. Data collected in this 
study will only be linked to your study ID. We will ask that you complete the following: 
1. Behavioral Tasks:  You will use a computer to view a series of abstract shapes/images, 
photographs, videos, auditory stimuli, or self-generated list of words and have to make 
judgements on these stimuli using keyboard responses. The judgements will mainly consist of 
deciding between items which you believe will provide the best outcome in the task, subjective 
judgements, or general descriptions. During these tasks, you may or may not be in control of 
which responses you choose. 
2. Surveys: You may be asked to fill out surveys or questionnaires asking about everyday life and 
your personality.  
3. fMRI: You may be asked to complete fMRI tasks. This involves recording your brain activity while 
you are lying down. You must keep very still while you are in the scanner. It is noisy but 
completely painless. For these tasks, you may be asked to watch videos or make decisions about 
images we show on a computer screen.  
 
Is there any way being in this research could be bad for me? 
There is minimal risk in your participation in this research. You will be told if any new information is 
learned which may affect your condition, or influence your willingness to continue participation in this 
study. 
 
There is a chance you may experience some minor discomfort during your participation. Below is a 
description of potential discomforts for all the activities you may participate in, and the methods used 
to decrease the likelihood of potential discomfort: 
1. Behavioral Tasks: Performing this task poses low to no risk. 
2. Surveys: Questions will relate to your personal experiences. 
3. fMRI: During an fMRI, you may feel a little scared about the tight space in the scanner. To 
decrease this potential discomfort, you may complete a practice fMRI scan prior to your real scan. 
During the real fMRI, you will have a device in your hand that will allow you to tell us if you need 

Permission to Take Part in a Human Research Study  
Page 4 of 7 
 
 
Document Revision Date: March 8, 2022 
 
attention immediately. You will be able to communicate with us and may stop the scan anytime 
you want by squeezing the device. The MRI itself produces loud noises that some people find 
uncomfortable or annoying. We will give you earplugs and/or earphones to wear, which will help 
block out some of the noise.  
There are several short-term risks. These can be easily managed and minimized: 
a) External Projectile Risks: The size and strength of MRI magnets is such that 
they can attract very large, very heavy iron containing objects, such as oxygen 
tanks, and ‘suck’ them to the MRI. This can cause serious injury and even 
death. Even smaller objects, bobby pins and nail clippers, can cause serious 
injury to patients in the scanner. Death due to such incidents is very rare. To 
protect against external projectile accidents, patients are required to remove all 
metal objects, including underwire bras, sometimes changing into scrubs. Other 
personnel are restricted from the areas near the magnet to help assure that no 
iron-containing materials are inadvertently brought into the MRI. Last, the 
scanner is operated by trained MRI technicians who are well versed in MRI 
safety issues. 
b) Internal Projectile Risk: Metal that is embedded in bodily tissue, such as a metal 
plate or implanted medical device, can move or rotate, or even worse, be 
rapidly extruded from the body if proximal to a strong magnetic field. Swelling 
and irritation of skin due to motion of iron oxides in tattoo pigments is also 
possible. Subjects with embedded metal or tattoos on the neck and/or face will 
be excluded from participation. 
c) Burn Risk: There is a risk of burns from medicinal patches during MRI. All 
subjects will be asked to remove any patches prior to the scan session. Burn 
risks are also associated with ECG leads, presence of piercings, or any metal 
cabling. Subjects will be required to remove all metal objects prior to scanning. 
d) Acoustic Risk: The sound level of a typical scanner during echoplanar imaging 
is around 95 dB. Earplugs reduce this value by 18-29 dB. This is within the 
OSHA guidelines for daily exposure. 
e) Gradient Field Change: This causes peripheral nerve stimulation effects that 
range from distracting to painful. Risk will be minimized by making sure 
subjects do not cross arms or legs. 
f) Onset of Claustrophobia: It will be ameliorated by talking to subjects throughout 
the scan session and by having a panic button in the scanner. 
g) Pregnancy: Although there 
 is no known risk of MRI to pregnant women or 
fetuses, there is a possibility that there is some unknown risk. Therefore, 
women who think they may be pregnant or plan to become pregnant during the 
course of the study are not eligible to participate in the MRI portion of this study.  
 
Some other potential risks include getting tired or uncomfortable from completing any of the activities. 
You will be encouraged to take short breaks between sessions, express any concerns and ask 
questions throughout the session to decrease this risk. There is also a risk of breaching confidentiality 
during the study; however, data de-identification will be performed to decrease this risk. If you have 
any questions, concerns or discomforts arising from these procedures, you are encouraged to contact 
Dr. Murty at (215) 204-4662. 
 

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