Title: GENERATING WIKIPEDIA BY SUMMARIZING LONG SEQUENCES

Abstract: We show that generating English Wikipedia articles can be approached as a multidocument summarization of source documents. We use extractive summarization to coarsely identify salient information and a neural abstractive model to generate the article. For the abstractive model, we introduce a decoder-only architecture that can scalably attend to very long sequences, much longer than typical encoderdecoder architectures used in sequence transduction. We show that this model can generate fluent, coherent multi-sentence paragraphs and even whole Wikipedia articles. When given reference documents, we show it can extract relevant factual information as reflected in perplexity, ROUGE scores and human evaluations. * Joint first-authors. Ordered randomly.

1. INTRODUCTION:

The sequence-to-sequence framework has demonstrated success in natural-language sequence transduction tasks such as machine translation. More recently, neural techniques have been applied to do single-document, abstractive (paraphrasing) text summarization of news articles (Rush et al. (2015) , Nallapati et al. (2016) ). In this prior work, the input to supervised models ranged from the first sentence to the entire text of an article, and they are trained end-to-end to predict reference summaries. Doing this end-to-end requires a significant number of parallel article-summary pairs since language understanding is a pre-requisite to generate fluent summaries.

In contrast, we consider the task of multi-document summarization, where the input is a collection of related documents from which a summary is distilled. Prior work has focused on extractive summarization, which select sentences or phrases from the input to form the summaries, rather than generating new text. There has been limited application of abstractive neural methods and one possible reason is the paucity of large, labeled datasets.

In this work, we consider English Wikipedia as a supervised machine learning task for multidocument summarization where the input is comprised of a Wikipedia topic (title of article) and a collection of non-Wikipedia reference documents, and the target is the Wikipedia article text. We describe the first attempt to abstractively generate the first section, or lead, of Wikipedia articles conditioned on reference text. In addition to running strong baseline models on the task, we modify the Transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., 2017) to only consist of a decoder, which performs better in the case of longer input sequences compared to recurrent neural network (RNN) and Transformer encoder-decoder models. Finally we show our modeling improvements allow us to generate entire Wikipedia articles.

2. RELATED WORK:



2.1. OTHER DATASETS USED IN NEURAL ABSTRACTIVE SUMMARIZATION:

Neural abstractive summarization was pioneered in Rush et al. (2015) , where they train headline generation models using the English Gigaword corpus (Graff & Cieri, 2003) , consisting of news articles from number of publishers. However, the task is more akin to sentence paraphrasing than summarization as only the first sentence of an article is used to predict the headline, another sentence. RNN-based encoder-decoder models with attention (seq2seq) perform very well on this task in both ROUGE (Lin, 2004) , an automatic metric often used in summarization, and human evaluation (Chopra et al., 2016) .

In Nallapati et al. (2016) , an abstractive summarization dataset is proposed by modifying a questionanswering dataset of news articles paired with story highlights from Daily Mail and CNN. This task is more difficult than headline-generation because the information used in the highlights may come from many parts of the article and not only the first sentence. One downside of the dataset is that it has an order-of-magnitude fewer parallel examples (310k vs. 3.8M) to learn from. Standard seq2seq models with attention do less well, and a number of techniques are used to augment performance. Another downside is that it is unclear what the guidelines are for creating story highlights and it is obvious that there are significant stylistic differences between the two news publishers.

In our work we also train neural abstractive models, but in the multi-document regime with Wikipedia. As can be seen in Table 1 , the input and output text are generally much larger, with significant variance depending on the article. The summaries (Wikipedia lead) are multiple sentences and sometimes multiple paragraphs, written in a fairly uniform style as encouraged by the Wikipedia Manual of Style1 . However, the input documents may consist of documents of arbitrary style originating from arbitrary sources.

We also show in Table 1 the ROUGE-1 recall scores of the output given the input, which is the proportion of unigrams/words in the output co-occuring in the input. A higher score corresponds to a dataset more amenable to extractive summarization. In particular, if the output is completely embedded somewhere in the input (e.g. a wiki-clone), the score would be 100. Given a score of only 59.2 compared to 76.1 and 78.7 for other summarization datasets shows that ours is the least amenable to purely extractive methods.

2.2. TASKS INVOLVING WIKIPEDIA:

There is a rich body of work incorporating Wikipedia for machine learning tasks, including questionanswering (Hewlett et al. (2016) , Rajpurkar et al. (2016) ) and information extraction (Lehmann et al., 2015) , and text generation from structured data (Lebret et al., 2016) .

The closest work to ours involving generating Wikipedia is Sauper & Barzilay (2009) , where articles are generated extractively (instead of abstractively in our case) from reference documents using learned templates. The Wikipedia articles are restricted to two categories, whereas we use all article types. The reference documents are obtained from a search engine, with the Wikipedia topic used as query similar to our search engine references. However we also show results with documents only found in the References section of the Wikipedia articles.

2.3. TRANSFORMER MODELS:

Previous work on neural abstractive summarization relies on RNNs as fundamental modules, mirroring techniques successful in machine translation (MT). Recently, state-of-the-art MT results were obtained using a non-recurrent architecture, called the Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) . The lack of recurrence enables greater within-training-example parallelization, at the cost of quadratic complexity in the input sequence length. We find the Transformer transfers well to medium length, input sequence summarization and describe modifications to better handle longer sequences. ,1691 33,989 49,222 68,681 135,533 5,355,671 3 ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA AS A MULTI-DOCUMENT SUMMARIZATION DATASET Wikipedia, being an encyclopedia, can be viewed as a collection of summaries on various topics given by their title, e.g. "Canada" or "Machine Learning". The source material to be summarized can be viewed as all reputable documents on the Web or books; however, to make the problem more tractable we consider the following subsets of all documents, D:

1. Cited sources: A Wikipedia article that conforms to the style guidelines should be wellsupported by citations found in the References section of Wikipedia articles. For each article, a i , we extract all text without markup from crawlable citation documents, C i ⊂ D, to use as input to our method. 2. Web Search results: To expand the collection of reference documents, we crawl the search results from the Google search engine, using the article section titles as queries. For each query, we collect 10 result pages. From this collection we remove the Wikipedia article itself, which is often among the top results. We also remove "clones", which are detected when there is a high-level of unigram overlap with the article (details provided in A.2.1).

We denote these refined search results for an article, a i , as S i ⊂ D. Similar to C i , we extract only the text to use as input.

Table 2 describes overall properties of our WikiSum dataset. Many articles have few citations, motivating our supplementation of the source documents with web search results. On the other hand, citations when available, tend to be of higher-quality. When counting the total words in the entire dataset, it is orders-of-magnitude larger than previous summarization datasets.

To have consistent train/development/test data across corpus-comparison experiments, we restrict the articles to those with at least one crawlable citation. We divide the articles roughly into 80/10/10 for train/development/test subsets, resulting in 1865750, 233252, and 232998 examples respectively.

4. METHODS AND MODELS:

Because the amount of text in input reference documents (C i , S i ) can be very large (see Table 2 ) it is infeasible to train an end-to-end abstractive model given the memory constraints of current hardware. Hence, we first coarsely select a subset of the input using extractive summarization. The second stage involves training an abstractive model that generates the Wikipedia text while conditioning on this extraction. This two-stage process is inspired by by how humans might summarize multiple long documents: First highlight pertinent information, then conditionally generate the summary based on the highlights.

4.1. EXTRACTIVE STAGE:

We investigate three extractive methods from the summarization literature, along with a trivial and cheating method, to assess the importance of this stage. For each article, a i we create a ranked list of paragraphs, {p i Ri(j) }, occurring in (C i , S i ) where R i (j) is the rank of the jth paragraph p i j of (C i , S i ). From this we select the first L tokens as input to the second abstractive stage.

1. Identity: As a trivial baseline extractor, we simply use the first L tokens of the input.

2. tf-idf : A non-trivial ranking is to consider ranking paragraphs as documents in a queryretrieval problem, where the query is the title of the article, T (a i ). We compute tf-idf (Ramos et al., 2003) for the query, with respect to the documents, {p i j }. That is, we summate for each word in the query

N w • log( N d N dw )

where N w , N d , and N dw are the count of the word in the document, total number of documents, and total number of documents containing the word, respectively.

3. TextRank (Mihalcea & Tarau, 2004 ): A weighted graph is defined where text units are nodes and edges are defined by a similarity measure based on word overlap. An algorithm similar to PageRank (Page et al., 1999) is then used to compute the ranking of text units. We used paragraphs for the text units.

4. SumBasic (Nenkova & Vanderwende, 2005) : Word frequencies in the input text are used to assign scores to words, which are in turn used to score sentences. After selecting the best scoring sentence, words in it have their scores reduced, and the process is repeated until the desired summary length is reached.

5.. Cheating:

To further demonstrate the quality of extraction on the final performance, we implement a cheating extractor that ranks {p i j } using recall of bigrams in the ground truth text:

d(p i j , a i ) = bigrams(p i j ) ∩ bigrams(a i ) bigrams(a i ) (1) 4.2 ABSTRACTIVE STAGE 4.2.1 DATA REPRESENTATION

Given the ordered paragraphs {p i Ri(j) }, we derive the raw text input simply as the concatenation of the paragraphs in order, the most relevant at the beginning, and prefixed with the title.

We then encode the text using sub-word tokenization similar to Wu et al. (2016) with a vocabulary size of 32,000 yielding tokenized input, x i :

text i = T (a i ) {p i Ri(j) } tokenize(text i ) = x i = (x 1 i , x 2 i , ..., x ni i )

For various values of L in experiments, we truncate the tokens to form the input sequence:

m L i = (x 1 i , ...x min(L,ni) i )

For the output, we use the same vocabulary and tokenization for the Wikipedia lead text but do not do any truncation across experiments.

Next we describe the abstractive models, W , that learn to write articles, a i = W (m L i ), which we treat as a sequence transduction problem from very long input sequences (up to L = 11000) to medium output sequences (typically less than 500).

4.2.2. BASELINE MODELS:

As a baseline we apply the standard LSTM encoder-decoder with attention (seq2seq-att) as in Bahdanau et al. (2014) to this task. As is typical we train to optimize the maximum-likelihood objective:

y i = tokenize(a i ) N i=1 p(y i |m L i )

A stronger, more recent baseline that we use is the non-recurrent Transformer model described in 2.3, which also has symmetric encoder and decoder modules (T-ED).

4.2.3. TRANSFORMER DECODER (T-D):

We introduce a simple but effective modification to T-ED for long sequences that drops the encoder module (almost reducing model parameters by half for a given hyper-parameter set), combines the input and output sequences into a single "sentence" and is trained as a standard language model.

That is, we convert a sequence-transduction example (m 1 , ..., m n ) → (y 1 , ..., y η ) into the sentence (w 1 , ..., w n+η+1 ) = (m 1 , ..., m n , δ, y 1 , ..., y η ), where δ is a special separator token and train a model to predict the next word given the previous ones:

p(w 1 , ..., w n+η ) = n+η j=1 p(w i |w 1 , ..., w j-1 )

Since the model is forced to predict the next token in the input, m, as well as y, error signals are propagated from both input and output time-steps during training. We also suspect that for monolingual text-to-text tasks redundant information is re-learned about language in the encoder and decoder. We believe this allows for easier optimization and empirically observe this with longer sequences (see Section 5.3). Note that because of the self-attention of the Transformer, when generating the next token, attention from both m and y are considered. At inference we provide the input sequence, m i , initially, and auto-regressively generate the output, y i , as normal.

4.2.4. TRANSFORMER DECODER WITH MEMORY-COMPRESSED ATTENTION (T-DMCA):

To re-use the terminology used to describe the Transformer, the attention is a function of a query (Q) and set of key (K) and value (V ) pairs. To handle longer sequences, we modify the multi-head self-attention of the Transformer to reduce memory usage by limiting the dot products between Q and K in:

Attention(Q, K, V ) = sof tmax( QK T √ d k )V

Local attention: Sequence tokens are divided into blocks of similar length and attention is performed in each block independently. As the attention memory cost per block becomes constant, this modification allow us to keep the number of activations linear with respect to the sequence length.

In our experiments, we choose to have blocks of 256 tokens.

Memory-compressed attention: After projecting the tokens into the query, key, and value embeddings, we reduce the number of keys and values by using a strided convolution. The number of queries remains unchanged. This modification allows us to divide the number of activations by a compression factor. In our experiments we use convolution kernels of size 3 with stride 3. In contrast to local attention layers, which only capture the local information within a block, the memorycompressed attention layers are able to exchange information globally on the entire sequence.

These modifications (see Figure 1 ) allow us in practice to process sequences 3x in length over the T-D model. For both local and memory-compressed attention, masking is added to prevent the queries from attending to future keys and values. Our final architecture is a 5-layer network (LMLML) alternating between local-attention (L) layers and memory-compressed attention (M) layers (in Vaswani et al. (2017) it is 6 identical layers). We also added in some experiments one mixture of experts (MoE) layer (Shazeer et al., 2017) to increase the network's capacity. 

5. EXPERIMENTS:



5.1. EVALUATION:

In experiments we evaluate based on perplexity (per-wordpiece), a common language modeling metric, and ROUGE-L F1 (version ROUGE-1.5.5), a common metric used in comparing candidate and reference summaries. Note the F1 flavor of ROUGE is more appropriate in this setting as we do not explicitly constrain the output length in abstractive models; it is the harmonic mean of ROUGE-Recall (which favors long summaries) and ROUGE-Precision (which favors short summaries).

Although optimizing ROUGE directly has been shown to not always yield the best summaries as evaluated by human judgment (Paulus et al., 2017) , we found that for our task optimizing for perplexity correlates with increased ROUGE and human judgment. We suspect that the relatively uniform style of Wikipedia articles makes ROUGE more appropriate here than in general abstractive summarization tasks.

5.2. MODEL TRAINING DETAILS AND DECODING:

For all abstractive model training, we use the open-source tensor2tensor2 library.

The seq2seq baseline had a hidden size of 128 with 2 layers (we use the hyper-parameter set defined in the library as lstm attention). Unless otherwise stated, during decoding we use a beam search of size 4 and length penalty α = 0.6 (Wu et al., 2016) and decode until an end-of-sequence token is reached. 

5.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

There are four main dimensions we vary in experiments in generating Wikipedia lead sections:

1. Extractive method: SumBasic, TextRank, tf-idf, identity, cheating extractor Extractive method: From Table 3 we observe that smart extraction is critical for final abstractive performance. There is a significant gap between doing nothing, identity, and extractive summarization, tf-idf. Further, there is a significant gap between tf-idf and the cheating extractor, suggesting future work in improving the extraction step could result in significant improvements. One possibility is to train a supervised model to predict relevance (Eq. 1), which we leave as future work. For subsequent experiments we fix the extractive method to tf-idf.

Input Corpus: From table 3 we also observe that, unsurprisingly, the combined dataset performs best, but the gaps between it and using only one of citations or search results are both significant and their contributions are complementary. In subsequent experiments, we report only the combined results. Abstractive model architecture and input length: As we see from Table 4 , seq2seq-attention as a baseline does quite poorly on this task compared to the Transformer architectures. As seen in Figure 3 , we observe that the Transformer encoder-decoder, T-ED, architecture consistently improves in performance until a best of around L = 500 -1000 and is unable to learn at L = 2000. This motivated the Transformer-Decoder, which we found could learn and improve up to L = 4000, before running out of memory on our machines equipped with 16GB of GPU RAM (NVIDIA P100). By using the T-DMCA modifications, we were able to train up to L = 11000 and continued to see improvements in performance. We also found the MoE-layer helped performance by adding model capacity at high L, for example dropping log-perplexity from 2.05 to 1.93 at L = 11000 with 128 experts. Our best model attempted uses 256 experts at L = 7500 (we were unable to use 256 experts with L = 11000 due to memory constraints) and achieves a perplexity of 1.90, Human Evaluation -Linguistic quality We conducted a DUC-style human evaluation of linguistic quality3 of samples from a baseline abstractive (seq2seq), the best extractive (tf-idf ), and our best T-DMCA models. Five different dimensions are assessed: grammaticality, non-redundancy, referential clarity, focus, and structure/coherence. As seen in Table 5 , the T-DMCA model does statistically significantly better on all dimensions, except on non-redundancy where tf-idf does about as well. Overall, we observed high fluency and coherence from our best abstractive model. Occasionally we observed some repetition of phrases which hurt the non-redundancy and structure, but it was much rarer compared with the other abstractive method, seq2seq. The biggest weakness of the extractive Human Evaluation -side-by-side preference We validated our chosen metrics correlate with human preference by conducting two side-by-side human evaluation experiments, comparing models with large gaps in perplexity/ROUGE. We observe in Table 6 that human judgment correlates with our automatic metrics, but it becomes more difficult to distinguish at the higher-end of model performance. Details of the human evaluation experimental designs can be found in Appendix A.3.

To summarize the quantitative results, we believe the highest impact future work will be from improving the extractive stage and extending the decoder-only architectures to learn from larger L while maintaining sufficient model capacity.

Comparison with Sauper & Barzilay (2009) : A direct comparison with Sauper & Barzilay (2009) is difficult for three reasons: (a) they report results only for two small subsets of Wikipedia, Diseases and American Actors; (b) we report on lead generation instead of full-articles; (c) we were unable to obtain the exact articles they used as input and output (in particular they make no claim of Wikiclone detection). However, we make a best-effort comparison by finding the subset of articles of our test set that correspond to Diseases and American Actors, the two categories reported on by Sauper & Barzilay and reporting our ROUGE-1 scores (Table 7 ). We observe that we perform better on American Actors than Diseases, probably because of the prevalence of the former (and biographies) in Wikipedia compared to the latter in our training set for our single, global model, whereas Sauper & Barzilay likely benefit from the category-specific templates. On average our ROUGE-1 scores are higher but do worse on the less common and somewhat specific disease category.

5.4. QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION:

In Figure 4 , we show the predictions from three different models (using tf-idf extraction, and the combined corpus) along with the Wikipedia ground truth. As the perplexity decreases we see improvements in the model outputs, in terms of fluency, factual accuracy, and narrative complexity. In particular, the T-DMCA model offers a respectable alternative to the Wikipedia version and is more succinct, while mentioning key facts, such as where the law firm was located, when and how it was formed, and the rise and fall of the firm.

In manual inspection of model outputs, we noticed an unexpected side-effect: models learn to translate names from English into multiple languages, e.g. Rohit Viswanath into Hindi (see Figure 5 ). Although we did not do a systematic evaluation of the translations, we found they are often correct, and often they are not found in the Wikipedia article itself. We also verified that in general the translation is not merely copied from the source, such as example cases where the target language is the incorrect one (e.g. translation of an English name into Ukrainian).

5.5. GENERATING FULL-WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES:

Given that we have shown it is possible to learn sequence transduction models on combined inputoutput sequence lengths of approximately 12000 using the T-D architecture, we show that it is possible to train a model to generate entire Wikipedia articles. As a preliminary result, we trained two T-DMCA models: One is trained to use L = 6000 reference tokens to predict at most 2192 article tokens (longer examples are ignored) and another is conditioned only on the title and generates articles up to 4000 tokens long.

We show samples from both models in Appendix A.1. Although the generated articles are not as good as the real Wikipedia or our lead section samples, the models can be seen to organize the 

6. CONCLUSION:

We have shown that generating Wikipedia can be approached as a multi-document summarization problem with a large, parallel dataset, and demonstrated a two-stage extractive-abstractive framework for carrying it out. The coarse extraction method used in the first stage appears to have a significant effect on final performance, suggesting further research on improving it would be fruitful. We introduce a new, decoder-only sequence transduction model for the abstractive stage, capable of handling very long input-output examples. This model significantly outperforms traditional encoderdecoder architectures on long sequences, allowing us to condition on many reference documents and to generate coherent and informative Wikipedia articles.

7. PUBLIC RELEASE OF DATASET AND CODE:

To encourage further research on large-scale summarization, we will release the URLs used in our experiments (the Wikipedia URL as well as the URLs of its references). We also provide code that that extracts content from the CommonCrawl dataset4 , which is freely available for download.

We use the open-source tensor2tensor5 library for training abstractive models and will be releasing our abstractive modeling code extensions. Further details are available at https:// goo.gl/wSuuS9. 

:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style

https://github.com/tensorflow/tensor2tensor

http://duc.nist.gov/duc2007/quality-questions.txt

http://commoncrawl.org

https://github.com/tensorflow/tensor2tensor

Figures and Tables:

Figure 1: The architecture of the self-attention layers used in the T-DMCA model. Every attention layer takes a sequence of tokens as input and produces a sequence of similar length as the output. Left: Original self-attention as used in the transformer-decoder. Middle: Memory-compressed attention which reduce the number of keys/values. Right: Local attention which splits the sequence into individual smaller sub-sequences. The sub-sequences are then merged together to get the final output sequence.

the Transformer encoder-decoder (T-ED), we use the hyper-parameter set transfomer base v1 and train for 1 million steps. Models exhibited very little overfitting and did not require early-stopping. The Transformer Decoder (T-D) was identical to the decoder part of T-ED. The T-DMCA model is similar to T-D, but with the enhancements described in section 4.2.4.

Figure 2: ROUGE-L F1 for various extractive methods. The abstractive model contribution is shown for the best combined tf-idf -T-DMCA model.

Figure 3: Shows perplexity versus L for tf-idf extraction on combined corpus for different model architectures. For T-DMCA, E denotes the size of the mixture-of-experts layer.

Figure 4: Shows predictions for the same example from different models. Example model input can be found in the Appendix A.4

Figure 5: Translation examples from the Transformer-ED, L = 500.

Figure 7: Three different samples a T-DMCA model trained to produce an entire Wikipedia article, conditioned only on the title. Samples 1 and 3 are truncated due to space constraints.

Order of magnitude input/output sizes and unigram recall for summarization datasets.

Table content: <table><tr><td>Dataset</td><td>Input</td><td colspan="3">Output # examples ROUGE-1 R</td></tr><tr><td>Gigaword (Graff &amp; Cieri, 2003)</td><td>10 1</td><td>10 1</td><td>10 6</td><td>78.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">CNN/DailyMail (Nallapati et al., 2016) 10 2 -10 3 10 1</td><td>10 5</td><td>76.1</td></tr><tr><td>WikiSum (ours)</td><td colspan="3">10 2 -10 6 10 1 -10 3 10 6</td><td>59.2</td></tr></table>

Percentiles for different aspects of WikiSum dataset. Size is in number of words.

Table content: <table><tr><td>Percentile</td><td>20</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>60</td><td>80</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Lead Size</td><td>37</td><td>62</td><td>78</td><td>98</td><td>166</td><td>10,034</td></tr><tr><td>Num Citations</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>1,029</td></tr><tr><td>Citations Size</td><td>562</td><td>1,467</td><td>2,296</td><td>3,592</td><td colspan="2">10,320 6,159,463</td></tr><tr><td>Num Search Results</td><td>10</td><td>20</td><td>26</td><td>31</td><td>46</td><td>2,095</td></tr><tr><td>Search Results Size 1</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>

Comparison of extractive method and corpus with L = 500, and the Transformer E-D

Table content: <table><tr><td>model</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Extractor Corpus</td><td colspan="2">Test log-perplexity ROUGE-L</td></tr><tr><td>cheating</td><td>combined</td><td>1.72975</td><td>59.3</td></tr><tr><td>tf-idf</td><td>combined</td><td>2.46645</td><td>34.2</td></tr><tr><td>tf-idf</td><td colspan="2">citations-only 3.04299</td><td>22.6</td></tr><tr><td>tf-idf</td><td>search-only</td><td>3.56593</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td>identity</td><td>combined</td><td>4.80215</td><td>4.0</td></tr></table>

Linguistic quality human evaluation scores (scale 1-5, higher is better). A score significantly different (according to the Welch Two Sample t-test, with p = 0.001) than the T-DMCA model is denoted by *.

Table content: <table><tr><td>Model</td><td colspan="2">Focus Grammar</td><td>Non-redundancy</td><td>Referential clarity</td><td>Structure and Coherence</td></tr><tr><td>T-DMCA (best)</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.6</td><td>4.2</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>tf-idf -only</td><td>3.0*</td><td>3.6*</td><td>3.9</td><td>3.2*</td><td>2.7*</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">seq2seq-attention 3.0*</td><td>3.4*</td><td>2.1*</td><td>3.4*</td><td>2.3*</td></tr></table>

Side-by-side for two models pair with large automatic metric gaps

Table content: <table><tr><td>Model A</td><td>Model B</td><td colspan="2">ROUGE-L A ROUGE-L B</td><td># prefer B # prefer A</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">T-ED, L = 100 T-ED, L = 500</td><td>30.9</td><td>34.2</td><td>4.25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">T-ED, L = 500 T-DMCA-MoE-256, L = 7500 34.2</td><td>38.8</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">method compared with our best abstractive model was the lack of structure and coherence in the</td></tr><tr><td>summaries.</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>

Comparison of results withSauper & Barzilay (2009). Note our results are reported for lead section, whereas Sauper & Barzilay report for articles.

Table content: <table><tr><td/><td colspan="3">ROUGE-1 R ROUGE-1 P ROUGE-1 F1</td></tr><tr><td>All Wikipedia</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>T-DMCA (Ours)</td><td>46</td><td>53</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Diseases</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>T-DMCA (Ours), n = 161</td><td>25</td><td>48</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Sauper &amp; Barzilay</td><td>36</td><td>39</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>American Actors</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan="2">T-DMCA (Ours), n = 1322 52</td><td>72</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Sauper &amp; Barzilay</td><td>46</td><td>40</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

Peer review (iclr2018):
 The main significance of this paper is to propose the task of generating the lead section of Wikipedia articles by viewing it as a multi-document summarization problem. Linked articles as well as the results of an external web search query are used as input documents, from which the Wikipedia lead section must be generated. Further preprocessing of the input articles is required, using simple heuristics to extract the most relevant sections to feed to a neural abstractive summarizer. A number of variants of attention mechanisms are compared, including the transofer-decoder, and a variant with memory-compressed attention in order to handle longer sequences. The outputs are evaluated by ROUGE-L and test perplexity. There is also a A-B testing setup by human evaluators to show that ROUGE-L rankings correspond to human preferences of systems, at least for large ROUGE differences. This paper is quite original and clearly written. The main strength is in the task setup with the dataset and the proposed input sources for generating Wikipedia articles. The main weakness is that I would have liked to see more analysis and comparisons in the evaluation. Evaluation: Currently, only neural abstractive methods are compared. I would have liked to see the ROUGE performance of some current unsupervised multi-document extractive summarization methods, as well as some simple multi-document selection algorithms such as SumBasic. Do redundancy cues which work for multi-document news summarization still work for this task? Extractiveness analysis: I would also have liked to see more analysis of how extractive the Wikipedia articles actually are, as well as how extractive the system outputs are. Does higher extractiveness correspond to higher or lower system ROUGE scores? This would help us understand the difficulty of the problem, and how much abstractive methods could be expected to help. A further analysis which would be nice to do (though I have less clear ideas how to do it), would be to have some way to figure out which article types or which section types are amenable to this setup, and which are not. I have some concern that extraction could do very well if you happen to find a related article in another website which contains encyclopedia-like or definition-like entries (e.g., Baidu, Wiktionary) which is not caught by clone detection. In this case, the problem could become less interesting, as no real analysis is required to do well here. Overall, I quite like this line of work, but I think the paper would be a lot stronger and more convincing with some additional work. ---- After reading the authors* response and the updated submission, I am satisfied that my concerns above have been adequately addressed in the new version of the paper. This is a very nice contribution.