Title: Intimate partner violence against women among contraceptive users at a primary health
care setting in Southern Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study
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Women’s experience of intimate partner violence: Facility-based cross-sectional study among
contraceptive users at primary health care setting in Southern Ethiopia
Biniam Petros1, Agumasie Semahegn2,3*, Simon Birhanu2, Abdulmalik Abdela Bushura4
Merhawi Gebremedhin5
Affiliation
1Adilo Zuria District Health Office, Kambata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia
2School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya
University, Harar, Ethiopia
3Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health,
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
4East Hararghe Zonal Health Department, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
5School of Public Health College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar,
Ethiopia
Email
BP: arega143ho@gmail.com
AS: agumas04@gmail.com | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6625-8184
SM: abiubirhanu1221@gmail.com
AAB: abdum1009@gmail.com
MG: meriget12@gmail.com
Correspondence*: Agumasie Semahegn (agumas04@gmail.com): School of Nursing and
Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia, and
Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University
of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Abstract
Background: One-in-three women experienced intimate partner violence worldwide, and has
remained as a major public health challenges worldwide. Intimate partner violence has serious
impact on reproductive health service utilizations. There is a paucity of research evidence on the
magnitude of intimate partner violence among contraceptive users. Hence, the main aim of this
study was to assess the magnitude of intimate partner violence and its associated factors among
women who were contraceptive users in primary healthcare facilities in southern Ethiopia.
Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among systematically recruited
405 contraceptive-users at primary healthcare setting in the southern Ethiopia. Data were
collected through face-to-face interview using the World Health Organization intimate partner
violence assessment questionnaire. Collected data were entered in EpiData 4.6 and exported to
SPSS version 26 for cleaning and analysis. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were
performed to determine the level, and identify factors associated with intimate partner violence.
An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) from multiple logistic regression at 95% confidence interval (CI)
was used to declare significant association.
Results: The prevalence of current intimate partner violence against women among
contraceptive user was 72.6% (95% CI; 68.1-76.8%). Current psychological violence was
the commonest form (39.3%), followed by physical (38.5%) and sexual (31.9%) violence. In
multivariable analysis, women’s being rural resident (AOR: 3.19, 95%CI: 1.69-6.02), women’s
formal education (AOR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.19-0.70), partners alcohol consumption (AOR: 3.32,
95%CI: 1.89-5.84), partners Khat chewing (AOR: 7.22, 95%CI: 4.12-12.65), and poor social
support (AOR: 2.47, 95%CI: 1.43-4.27) were significantly associated with current intimate
partner violence.
Conclusion: Intimate partner violence on contraceptive-user was found to be unacceptably high.
Women’s being rural resident, having poor social support and partner who drunk alcohol and
Khat chewing, all predict women’s experience of intimate partner violence. Thus, interventions
in improving women’s educational status, strengthen social support system, and the behavior of
partners regarding substance use are highly relevant to tackle intimate partner violence.
Keywords: Intimate partner violence, associated factors, contraceptive users, Southern Ethiopia
Background
Gender-based violence is one of the most serious human rights and gender equality violations
that transcending social, economic, religious and cultural groups worldwide (1, 2). According
to the United Nation (UN) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, gender-
based violence is defined as ‘any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result
in but not limited to physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, whether
occurring in public or in private life’ (3). Globally, one-in-three (35%) of women experienced
either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) or non-partner sexual violence and
38% of all women murders were perpetrated by an intimate partner (4-6). Any behavior within
an intimate relationship causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to the women (5, 7-10).
In sub-Saharan Africa, nearly four in ten ever married  women experience IPV (9).
Approximately 33% of women in sub-Saharan Africa experienced IPV (5). Intimate partner
violence is highly prevalent in Ethiopia that ranging from 20% to 78% (8, 11, 12). Experience
of IPV causes grave short, medium and long term consequences on the women’s health (4,
5, 13) that costs for women, households and health care service provision of the society (14).
The common consequences are unsafe abortion, depression, acquire sexual transmitted infection
including HIV (4, 5, 13, 15, 16), homicide, suicide, maternal mortality, injuries, unwanted
and/or unintended pregnancy (13, 16), anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, and substance
abuse (16). In addition, IPV has also caused an enormous social and economic costs and has
negative impacts on society such as  women may suffer inability to work, loss of income, lack
of participation on routine daily activities and limited ability to care for themselves and their
children (16).
Women’s experience of IPV is an underlying cause of low of modern contraceptive methods,
and affected women’s decision-making and negotiation power (17, 18). Women’s ability to
control her own contraceptive choices is a critical aspect of her reproductive autonomy and key to
increase contraceptive uptake to reduce preventable maternal death due to unintended pregnancy
(19). Several individual-, relationships-, community- and societal-level factors contribute to IPV
(20, 21). Of which, unequal gender power (8), women’s accepting attitude towards justified
wife-beating (22-24), and tolerant community attitude towards inequitable gender-norms (24)
were the common risk factors associated with women’s experience of IPV.
Despite the international declaration of women’s rights and national [Ethiopia] policy
frameworks and system response, Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(25) provides fundamental liberties, safeguard gender equality and women’s human rights. The
Criminal Code of Ethiopia under Proclamation No. 414/2004 guarantees equality before the law
(Art. 4) and criminalizes any injury and suffering caused to women (Art. 561)(26), the Revised
Family Code of Ethiopia specifies among other things conditions of marriage including equal
rights of access to- and control-over resources (Art. 42), respect and support between partners
(Art. 49) and equal rights in the management of the family (Art. 50)(27), the government of
Ethiopia launched a gender mainstreaming program in different sectors with implementation
manual to enforce existing policies (28). The Ministry of Health of Ethiopia has developed the
standard operating procedures to respond to and prevent sexual violence against women and
girls (29), and other gender friendly legislations and recommendations (30-32). Nonetheless,
IPV remains a serious public health challenge and pervasive human rights violation in Ethiopia.
Considerable number of studies on IPV were conducted in Ethiopia among pregnant women or
antenatal care users, but there is a paucity of evidence on the extent of IPV among contraceptive
users. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of IPV and its associated
factors among contraceptive users in Adilo Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia.
Methods
Study setting
The study was conducted in public health facilities in Adilo Zuria District, which is found in
Kambata Tambaro Zone, Southern Nation Nationality Peoples Regions, Southern Ethiopia. It is
located 267 km South-East of the capital city, Addis Ababa. Adilo Zuria district is one of the
newly established districts in 2019, comprising seven kebeles (the smallest administrative unit
in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). It has a total population of 41,047, of which
males and females account for 49% and 51%, respectively  (33). According to the district health
office report, 794 women visit the district's family planning clinic on a monthly basis.
Study design and participants
A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 18, 2022 to August 17, 2022.
All women attending primary health facilities for contraceptive service at Adilo Zuria district
during the data collection period were the study population and women who were unable to
respond as a result of any derangement were excluded from the study.
Sample procedure
Sample size was determined based on single population proportion formula, by assuming 95%
confidence level, 50% proportion to get optimum sample size and a margin of error 5%.
By adding 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 422. Then systematic sampling
technique was used to recruit the four hundred and twenty-two contraceptive-user women who
were included in the study. Contraceptive service performance for the previous three months
was reviewed from the family planning service register of all health facilities providing the
services. The sampling interval was determined by dividing the average study population who
had visited family planning clinics in the previous three months (794) by the total sample size
(422). Therefore, the sampling interval (Kth) is 794/422# 2. The first study participant was
selected using lottery method, and the next study participants were chosen every 2nd woman
attending family planning clinic. The calculated sample size was proportionally allocated to each
health facilities (Fig. 1).
Data collection procedures
The questionnaire contains socio-demographic characteristics, family related characteristics,
community and societal  related characteristics. Data were collected using the WHO multi-
country IPV survey tool (3, 48).  The questionnaire comprised of total of 22-item, for instance
5 items for physical, 3 items for sexual and 14 items for the psychological IPV assessment.
Training was given to the data collectors and supervisors on the objectives of the study, data
collection tool and sampling techniques by the principal investigator. The questionnaire was pre-
tested by taking 5% of the calculated sample size in one health center in Kedida Gamela District.
The IPV assessment tool was recoded into a dichotomous variable to quantify presence and
absence of women’s IPV experience during the past 12-month. Data were collected by trained
female midwives and nurses through face-to-face interview using a local language. Regular
supportive supervision  was given during the data collection period by trained supervisors to
ensure the quality of the data.
Measurement of intimate partner violence
The women’s experience of current physical IPV were assessed using 5-item tool such as slapped
or something thrown at them that could hurt them, pushed or shoved, hit with a fist or something
else that could hurt, kicked, dragged or beaten up, choked or burnt on purpose, and/or being
threatened with, or actually, having a gun, knife or other weapon in the last 12 months. Of these,
if a woman had at least one experience ‘yes’ out of the five items, was qualified as being faced
with any form of physical violence in the last 12 months. Fourteen items were used to assess
the experience of psychological IPV in the last 12 months. Of these, if a woman had at least one
response ‘yes’ that woman was qualified as experienced psychological violence in the last 12
months. Sexual IPV was assessed using 3-item tool, if a woman gave at least one response ‘yes’
in the last 12 months. Eventually overall IPV was determined if a woman respond “yes” to at
least one of the current physical, sexual or psychological IPV.
Data analysis
The collected data were entered in to Epi-Data 4.6 software and exported to SPSS version 26
for analysis. Description statistics (frequencies, proportions, means, and standard deviations)
were used to present the socio-demographic characteristics and the prevalence of IPV. Both
binary and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to determine the association of each
independent variable with the dependent variable. Independent variables with p-<0.25 in the
binary logistic regression analysis were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis. The
Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test was used to check the model’s fitness. A p-value of less
than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95%
CI was calculated to determine the association.
Results
Study participant’s socio-demographic characteristics
A total of 422 women participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96% (405/422). The
mean age of the participants was 30.1 (±5.49) years. Nearly half (47.7%) of study participants
were protestant in their religion. Almost half of the participants (49.1%) were housewives by
their occupation, and three-forth (75.1%) of the participants were rural dwellers. The majority
(94.6%) of the participants were married  (Table 1).
Partner’s socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics
The mean age of the partners was 37.7 (±5.47) years. Forty-three percent of the partners (n
=176) were farmers in their occupation. One hundred fourteen (28.1%) of the partners had above
secondary education, and 20.7% had no formal education. Approximately two-third (63.5%) of
them had a monthly income of less than two thousand five hundred Ethiopian Birr. More than
half (56%) of the partners drink alcoholic beverages at least 1 or 2 times per week, and one
hundred seventy-eight (44%) of the partners chew Khat at least 1 or 2 times per week (Table 2).
Social support
Among the study participants, two-third (66.4%, n=269) of them had good social support. One
hundred nighty three (47.7%) of women said that they can count more than five people on
them if they have great personal problems. But 162 (40%) were uncertain about the interests
and concerns people did show in what they do. More than one third (34.3%) of the study
participants reported difficulty to get practical help from neighbors if they need help. Almost
seven-in ten (70.4%, n=285) of women lived in husbands headed households. Two-thirds
(66.7%, n=270) of the women made decisions about contraceptive use without influence from
male partners. Almost half (49.4%, n=200) of women on contraceptive use made decisions about
other healthcare services, but more than half (55.8%, n=226) of them had husbands who made
decision-makers for women to attend workshops.
Women’s attitudes towards justified wife-beating
Out of the total participants, more than one-third (35.1%, n=142) of contraceptive user women
had supportive attitudes towards justified wife-beating (Fig 2).
Community’s attitudes towards old-fashioned gender-norms
Two hundred fifty-four (62.7%) of the respondents said that the wife should respect her partner
more than her partner should respect her; 53.1% of the participants responded that a partner or
husband can beat his spouse or wife if he believes that his wife or spouse is having sex with
another man (Fig. 3).
Prevalence of intimate partner violence among contraceptive users
Among the total contraceptive user women included in the study, nearly three-fourth (72.6%,
n=294) of them reported that they had experienced at least one form of intimate partner violence
in the last 12 months preceding the survey. Regarding the forms of current IPV among the
victims, current physical IPV among contraceptive user women was 38.5% (n=156). Among
these women, 28.6% reported being slapped, kicked, dragged, or beaten by their partner.
Women’s experience of current psychological IPV was 39.3% (n=159). Among this, frightening
their partner by looking angrily at them (15.6%, n= 63), and insisted by their partner on knowing
where they were at all time (15.1%, n= 61). In addition, women’s experience of current sexual
IPV was 31.9% (n=129). Among this, 31.1% (n=126) were physically forced to have sex with
their husband against their interest, and 10.1% (n=41) of them had physically forced by their
husband to have sex because they are frightened by what the partner may do if they refuse (Table
3).
Concurrent intimate partner violence
Seven percent of women who used contraceptive experienced all forms of common IPV
(psychological, physical and sexual) by their intimate partner. The joint occurrence of the
physical and sexual IPV was the most common (9.6%, n=28) (Fig.4).
Factors associated with women’s experience of IPV
Multivariate logistic regression revealed that women in rural residences, women having a
formal education, partners alcohol drinking, partners Khat chewing, and poor social sport were
significantly associated with IPV among contraceptive-user women. Women who lived in rural
settings were 3.19 times more likely to experience IPV compared to women who lived in urban
settings (AOR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.69-6.02). Women whose partners used alcohol were 3.3 times
more likely to experience IPV than women whose partners never used alcohol (AOR = 3.32,
95% CI: 1.89-5.84). Women whose partners chew Khat were seven times as likely to experience
IPV compared to those whose husbands or partners never chew Khat (AOR: 7.22, 95% CI:
4.12-12.65). Women who had poor social support were 2.5 times more likely to experience IPV
as compared with those who had good social support (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.43-4.27) But
the odds of women experience of IPV were 63% less among women with formal education as
compared with women who had no formal education (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19-0.70) (Table 4).
Discussion
This study determined the prevalence of women’s experience of IPV and associated factors
among contraceptive users in primary health facilities of Adilo Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia.
Overall, current prevalence of IPV was 72.6% (95%CI: 68.1-76.8%). Women having low social
support, lived in rural setting and partner’s substance use behavior predict their experience of
IPV. The present finding on the level of IPV (72.6%) is in line with a study conducted in East
Wollega Zone, western Ethiopia which shows current prevalence of IPV was 72.5% (12) and
Tanzania (73.22%) (18).
In contrary to this, the finding was lower than those of study conducted in Guinea which was
done among family planning clients which shows prevalence of overall IPV was 92% (34).
The possible reason for the difference might be due to sociocultural variations in the study
settings. On the other hand, the finding of this study was higher than finding from previous
studies in Ethiopia which ranges from 20% to 58% (11, 20, 35-37), Nigeria (56%)(38), Malaysia
(35.9%) (39), Tanzania (46.1%) (40), Afghanistan (55.89%) (41) and WHO 2013 report of
global prevalence of IPV (30%) (4) and the estimated of global prevalence of IPV (27%) (5).
The discrepancy might be due to the studies reported an aggregated value of different settings.
In this study, women being a rural resident were 3.19 times more likely to experience IPV
compared to women who lives in urban setting. The finding is consistent with findings from
studies conducted in Ethiopia (36)(42)(43)(44, 45). The current study also found that women’s
educational status was significantly associated with IPV. The odds of women’s experience to
IPV reduced by 63% among women with formal education as compared with women who had
no formal education. The finding is consistent with those of studies conducted in different part
of Ethiopia (42)(46)(12), a study in Bangladesh (17), and findings from WHO multi-country
study (23).
Women whose partners used alcohol were 3.3 times more likely to experience IPV than women
whose partners never used alcohol. The finding is consistent with those of studies conducted in
Ethiopia (2, 11, 35, 46-50) and the nine countries of the WHO multi-country study, including
Ethiopia (8). The fact that alcohol consumption may disturb the consumers’ cognitive/thinking
and physical functions. This disturbances in thinking ability may lead the users to become
aggressive, to misunderstand verbal or non-verbal communication in the relationship, altered
mental judgment, increase the sense of power and control leading to exercise power and control
on intimate partners.
Moreover, women whose partners chew Khat were seven times more likely to experience
intimate partner violence compared to those women whose partners never chew Khat. This
finding is consistent with studies conducted in Ethiopia (20, 47, 51). This may be due to Khat
chewing  enhance sexual desire of men while women may not want to have, and Khat chewing
increased money spent and consume time that cause intra-marital conflict (52). Finally, the
contraceptive user women who had poor social support were 2.5 times more likely to experience
IPV as compared with those women who had good social support. This finding is consistent with
study conducted in Ethiopia (53), Tanzania (54), and a study in six European countries (55).
The main reason may be getting social support from neighbor, friends and family members is
associated with less victimization of women. Not having social support increases the probability
of IPV among contraceptive users.
Strength and limitation of the study
The strength of this study is that, the sample is adequate and from a well-defined catchment
area and it uses standard instruments of WHO multicounty study on violence against women.
However, as this study uses a cross-sectional study design, it will be prone to recall bias. Women
may hide the information as a result of the issue of being family secrecy and social desirability
bias. The study design also cannot test cause and effect relationship between outcome variables
and explanatory variables. Another limitation may be as this study is facility-based study, it may
miss women who don’t come for family planning services during data collection period.
Conclusion
Approximately three-fourth of women who were using contraceptives at district health facilities
in the study area experienced current IPV, which is unacceptable high. Women lived in rural
setting, lack of social support and lived with partner who have substance (alcohol and Khat)
use behavior are the common predictors of women’s experience of IPV. Women’s education is
remained as a protective factor that should be strengthened. We suggested that programs that
support women education, strengthen social support and transforming partners’ behaviors are
crucial to avert intimate partner violence in the southern Ethiopia.
Acronyms
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; IPV: Intimate partner violence; WHO:
World Health Organization
Declaration
Ethical Approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance to conduct the study was obtained from Haramaya University, College
of Health and Medical Sciences Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee
with reference number (IHRERC/2866/14). The study was conducted in accordance with
the declaration of Helsinki’s. Informed verbal and written consent were obtained from each
study participant in voluntary basis to be included in the study. Informed consent from
participant/legal guardian and assent from them were obtained from study participants whose
age younger than 18 years old, and also not attended formal education. Collected data had
kept confidential anonymously through de-identification of names and other personal identifiers
from record/sheet., parents/guardians in case of minor study participants and legally authorized
representatives in case of illiterate participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable
Availability of data and materials: All related data are presented fully within the paper, and
available up on reasonable request to the lead author and the corresponding author.
Competing interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding: Haramaya University provided the financial and administrative supports for this study.
Authors’ Contributions
BP, AS, and MG had involved since conception, study design, execution, and acquisition of data,
analysis and interpretation. AS, SM and BP drafted the manuscript. All authors revised the paper
critically for important intellectual contents. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the study participants, data collectors, supervisors, health facility
administrators, and staff for their willingness to give their time and information for this study.
Authors information
(BP)1 Adilo Zuria District Health Office, Kambata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia; (AS
&, SB)2School of Nursing and Midwifery, College, Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya
University, Harar, Ethiopia; (AS)3Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health,
School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; and (AAB) 4East Hararghe
Zonal Health Department, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, and (MG)5School of Public Health
College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Figures
Fig 1 Schematic presentation of sampling procedure
Fig 2 Women’s attitudes towards justified wife-beating in Southern Ethiopia, 2022 (n=405,
*multiple responses were possible)
Fig 3 Community attitude towards gender-norm in southern Ethiopia 2022 (n=405, *multiple
responses were possible)
•
Fig 4 Venn diagram illustrating concurrent experiences of IPV among contraceptive user women
in Adilo Zuria District Southern Ethiopia 2022
Tables
Table 1 Basic profile of women participated in the study in southern Ethiopia, 2022 (n=405)
Variables categories  n  %
Women’s Age 15-24 59 14.6
25-34 264 65.2
35-49 82 20.2
Women’s Religion  Muslim  113 27.9
Orthodox  73 18
Protestant  193 47.7
Catholic  26 6.2
Women’s Ethnicity  Kambata  290 71.6
Halaba  62 15.3
Hadiya  42 10.4
Wolayita  11 2.7
Women’s Occupations  House wife  199 49.1
Farmer  80 19.8
Government employee  45 11.1
Merchant  71 17.5
Others  10 2.5
Women’s educational status  No formal education  163 40.2
Primary education  147 36.3
Secondary education  53 13.1
Higher education  42 10.4
Marital status  Married  383 94.6
Cohabiting   22 5.4
Women’s Residence  Urban  101 24.9
Rural  304 75.1
Women’s Income (ETB)  Do not know their income  187 46.2
<2500 131 32.3
>2500 87 21.5
Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of perpetrators in southern Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 405)
Variable                                              n %
Partners age 25-34 115 28.4
35-44 281 69.4
#45 9 2.2
Partners occupation Farmer  176 43.4
Government employee  70 17.3
Merchant 91 22.5
Daily laborer  68 16.8
Partners educational status No formal 84 20.7
Primary  106 26.2
Secondary  101 24.9
Tertiary and beyond   114 28.1
Partners income (ETB) Do not know  88 21.7
<2500 257 63.5
>2500 60 14.8
Alcohol drinking habit Yes  227 56
No  178 44
Khat chewing habit Yes  178 44
No  227 56
Table 3 Women’s experience of different types of IPV in Southern Ethiopia, 2022 (n=405,
*Multiple responses were possible)
Intimate Partner Violence item in the last 12 months  n  %
Physical IPV
# Push/shake/thrown something  71 17.5
# Slapped, kicked, dragged or beaten  116 28.6
# Punched, hit with fist, or twist arm  35 8.6
# Tried to intentionally choke or burn you  13 3.2
# Threatened /attacked with a knife, gun, or any other weapon 29 7.2
Overall physical IPV 156 38.5
Sexual IPV
# Physically force to have sex without will/interest 126 31.1
# Physically force with threats you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to 41 10.1
# Forced to do something sexual that was degrading or humiliating 25 6.2
Overall sexual IPV  129 31.9
Psychological/emotional IPV
# Partner feels jealous/angry if you (talk/talked) to other men 41 10.1
# Partner (insists/insisted) on knowing where you (are/were) 61 15.1
# Insulted by partner using abusive language that made feel bad  52 12.8
# Threatened by partner using stick, belt, knife, gun, or other type of weapon, etc. 19 4.7
# Created financial hardship/not trust by partner  49 12.1
# Frightened partner by looking angrily at you 63 15.6
# Expressed suspicion/accused for unfaithful  18 4.4
# Ignored or shown indifference by partner 20 4.9
# Deprived from privileges in the family partner 14 3.5
# Denied by partner on your basic personal needs 14 3.5
# Intentionally not involved on DM in the family 13 3.2
# Belittled or humiliated you in front of other people 16 4.0
# Done things purposively to scare or intimidate  7 1.7
# Restricted by partner from going to parent/friends  32 7.9
Overall psychological violence  160 39.3
Overall prevalence of IPV among contraceptive users 294 72.6
Table 4 Factors associated with IPV among contraceptive users in Southern Ethiopia 2022
(n=405)
Variables  IPV experience  COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) P value
Yes (%) No (%)
Women residence
Urban 95(23.5) 24(5.9) 1 1
Rural  199(49.1) 87(21.5) 1.73(1.04- 2.89) 3.19(1.69-6.02) * 0.001
Head of household
Husband 215(53) 70(17.2) 1 1
Wife  79(19.5) 41(10.1) 1.59(1.01-2.53) 1.44(0.81-2.54) 0.213
Marital status
Unmarried    21(5.2) 1(0.25) 1 1
Married   273(67.4) 110(27.1) 8.46(1.12-63.68) 5.84(0.66-51.5) 0.112
Women educational status
No Formal  168(41.5) 85(20.1) 1 1
Formal   126(31.1) 26(6.41) 0.41(0.25-0.67) 0.369(0.19-0.70) * 0.002
Partners educational status
No formal education 56(13.8) 28(6.9) 1.52(0.81-2.85) 1.58(0.73-3.45) 0.248
Primary education 74(18.3) 32(7.9) 1.71(0.92-3.17) 2.42(1.10-5.20) 0.023
Secondary education 73(18) 28(6.9) 1.98(1.04-3.77) 1.60(0.69-3.20) 0.268
Above secondary 91(22.5) 23(5.7) 1 1
Alcohol consumption
No  151(37.2) 27(6.7) 1 1
Yes  143(35.3) 84(20.7) 3.29(2.01-5.36) 3.32(1.89-5.84) * 0.001
Khat chewing
No  199(49.1) 28(6.9) 1 1
Yes  95(23.4) 83(20.5) 6.21(3.79-10.16) 7.22(4.12-12.65) * 0.001
Discuss family planning
No   139 69 1 1
Yes  155 42 0.55(0.35-0.85) 0.73(0.42-1.26) 0.001
Social support
Good  199 56 1 1
Poor  95 55 2.06(1.04-2.89) 2.47(1.43-4.27) * 0.001
*Significant at p value of < 0.05, COR: crude odds ratio, AOR: adjusted odds ratio