JayJayThrowThrow/commonwealth-wiki-mix huggingface dataset:
Dwayne Johnson

U-Dwayne Douglas Johnson (owazalwa ngoNhlaba 2, 1972), owaziwa nangendandatho yakhe iRock, ungumlingisi waseMelika-waseCanada, umkhiqizi, usomabhizinisi, umlingisi osethathe umhlalaphansi, nowayengumdlali webhola laseMelika kanye nomdlali webhola waseCanada. Ebhekwa kabanzi njengomunye wabadlali abaphambili kunabo bonke, walwela iWorld Wrestling Federation (WWF, kamuva iWWE) iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokulandela umsebenzi wokulingisa. Amafilimu akhe enze imali engaphezu kwama-$3.5 billion eNyakatho Melika nase-$10.5 billion emhlabeni jikelele, okumenza abe ngomunye wabalingisi abahola kakhulu emhlabeni.


U-Johnson wayengumdlali webhola lasekolishi e-University of Miami, awina naye isicoco sikazwelonke ngo-1991. Wayefisa ukuba ngumpetha ebholeni futhi wangena kwiNFL Draft yango-1995, kodwa wahamba engalungiswanga. Usayine neCalgary Stampers yeCanada Football League (CFL), kepha wasikwa eqenjini ngesizini yakhe yokuqala. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukuqeqeshwa njengomqeqeshi we-wrestler.

Ngo-1996, uJohnson wathola inkontileka neWWF futhi wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumlwi wesizukulwane sesithathu sokuqala emlandweni weWWF, njengoba eyindodana kaRocky Johnson nomzukulu kaPeter Maivia. Waphakama wagqama ngemuva kokuthuthukisa umuntu onomusa, oqhoshayo, okhuluma udoti. Unqobe umqhudelwano wakhe wokuqala we-WWF ngo-1998 futhi wasiza ekungeniseni i-Attitude Era, okuyisikhathi se-industry boom ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000. Ngo-2004, washiya i-WWE wayokwenza umsebenzi wokulingisa. Ubuye ngo-2011 njengomuntu obambe amatoho kwaze kwaba u-2013, wabonakala ngezikhathi ezithile waze wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-2019.

Ebhekwa njengomunye wabadlali abaphambili kunabo bonke nabadonsa kakhulu kunabo bonke, uJohnson uhlonze umcimbi othengwa kakhulu we-wrestling pay-per-view umcimbi owake waba khona (iWrestleMania XXVIII) futhi waboniswa phakathi kweziqephu ezibukwa kakhulu zezinhlelo zombili zethelevishini zeWWE (Raw kanye neSmackDown). Ungumpetha we-Intercontinental Champion amahlandla amabili, umpetha weqembu lamathegi amahlandla ayisihlanu, umpetha womhlaba wezikhathi eziyishumi, ophumelele umdlalo weRoyal Rumble, nompetha weWWE wesithupha weTriple Crown.

Uhlu lwe-Movie kaDwayne Johnson:

* I-Beyond The Mat (1999)
* Umama Uyabuya (2001)
* I-Longshot (2001)
* IScorpion King (2002)
* I-Rundown (2003)
* Ukuhamba Okude (2004)
* Yiba Pholile (2005)
* Inhlekelele (2005)
* Iplanethi 51 (2009)
* I-Fast and Furious 6 (2013)
* Ukufutheka 7 (2015)
* I-Fate of The Furious (2017)
* I-Baywatch (2017)
* Jumanji: Siyakwamukela ku-The Jungle (2017)
* Ngiyabonga (2018)
* I-Skyscraper (2018)
* IJumanji: Izinga Elilandelayo (2019)
* I-Jungle Cruise
Imithombo
Izifundazwe zase Ningizimu Sudan

INingizimu Sudan inezingxenye ezintathu kanye nezifundazwe eziyi-13.
Izingxenye

# Bahr el Ghazal
# Equatoria
# Greater Upper Nile
Izifundazwe

#Northern Bahr el Ghazal
#Western Bahr el Ghazal
#Lakes
#Warrap
#Western Equatoria
#Central Equatoria
#Eastern Equatoria
#Jonglei
#Unity
#Upper Nile
#Abyei (isifundazwe esikhethekile)
#Pibor (isifundazwe esikhethekile)
#Ruweng (isifundazwe esikhethekile)
Okuhlobene

* Izifunda zase Ningizimu Sudan
Imithombo
Izifunda zase Ningizimu Sudan

INingizimu Sudan inezifunda ezingama-79. Ngezansi uhlu lwalezozifunda ngaphansi kwezifundazwe ezitholakala kuzona.
Northern Bahr el Ghazal

#Aweil Center
#Aweil East
#Aweil North
#Aweil South
#Aweil West
Western Bahr el Ghazal

#Jur River
#Raja
#Wau
Lakes

# Awerial
# Cueibet
# Rumbek Center
# Rumbek East
# Rumbek North
# Wulu
# Yirol East
# Yirol West
Warrap

# Gogrial East
# Gogrial West
# Tonj East
# Tonj North
# Tonj South
# Twic
Western Equatoria

# Ezo
# Ibba
# Maridi
# Mundri East
# Mundri West
# Mvolo
# Nagero
# Nzara
# Tambura
# Yambio
Central Equatoria

# Juba
# Kajo Keji
# Lainya
# Morobo
# Terekeka
# Yei
Eastern Equatoria

# Budi
# Ikotos
# Kapoeta East
# Kapoeta North
# Kapoeta South
# Lafon
# Magwi
# Torit
Jonglei

# Akobo
# Ayod
# Bor
# Duk
# Fangak
# Nyirol
# Pigi
# Twic East
# Uror
Unity

# Guit
# Koch
# Leer
# Mayiandit
# Mayom
# Panyijar
# Rubkona
Upper Nile

# Baliet
# Fashoda
# Longechuk
# Maban
# Maiwut
# Malakal
# Manyo
# Melut
# Nasir
# Panykang
# Renk
# Ulang
Ruweng

# Abiemnom
# Pariang
Pibor

# Pibor
# Pochalla
Okuhlobene

* Izifundazwe zase Ningizimu Sudan
Imithombo
Nika Melia

UNikanor Melia (owazalwa ngomhlaka 21 Disemba 1979) ungusopolitiki waseGeorgia ongusihlalo we-United National Movement futhi uyilungu lephalamende laseGeorgia. Ubeyilungu lephalamende laseGeorgia esuka ku-United National Movement kusuka ngo-2016 kuya ku-2019. Esikhundleni sakhe kungene uBadri Basishvili. Uneziqu ze-master in International Relations azithola e-Oxford Brookes University.


Nguyena kuphela ophakanyisiwe ophikisayo othathe indawo yokuqala kunoma yimiphi imizuliswano yokhetho lwango-2020. Ukhetho lomthetho lwaseGeorgia, kepha waduba futhi akazange abambe iqhaza emzuliswaneni wesibili.

NgoJuni 2019 wadedelwa ngebheyili ethweswe icala lokuhlela noma lokulawula udlame lwamaqembu noma ukubamba iqhaza kulo, ngesikhathi semibhikisho yangoJuni 20 kuJuni eGeorgia eTbilisi.
Imithombo
Izifundazwe zase Sudan

ISudan inezifundazwe eziyi-18. Ngezansi uhlu lwezifundazwe zase Sudan.
Izifundazwe

# Khartoum
# North Kordofan
# Northern
# Kassala
# Blue Nile
# North Darfur
# South Darfur
# South Kordofan
# Gezira
# White Nile
# River Nile
# Red Sea
# Al Qadarif
# Sennar
# West Darfur
# Central Darfur
# East Darfur
# West Kordofan
Isifundazwe esikhethekile

*Abyei
**Lesifundazwe sikumngcele ohlukanisa amazwi amabili okuyi Sudan kanye ne Ningizimu Sudan futhi silawulwa yilamazwe womabili ngokubambisana.
Okuhlobene

* Izifunda zase Sudan
Imithombo
Izifunda zase Sudan

ISudan inezifunda ezingama-85. Ngezansi uhlu lwalezozifunda ngaphansi kwezifundazwe ezitholakala kuzona.

ngonyaka wezi-2011]]
Gezira

# Al Kamlin
# Sharq al Gazera
# North al Gazera
# Al Managil
# South al Gazera
# Um Al Gura
# East al Gazera
Al Qadarif

# Al Faw
# Al Gadaref
# Al Rahd
# Al Galabat
Blue Nile

# Ad Damazin
# Al Roseires
# Geissan
# Baw
# Al Kurumik
Kassala

# Seteet
# Nahr Atbara
# Kassala
# Al Gash
# Hamashkorieb
# Al Fushqa
Khartoum

# Khartoum
# Um Badda
# Omdurman
# Karary
# Khartoum Bahri
# Sharg En Nile
# South Khartoum
North Darfur

# Mellit
# Kutum
# Kabkabiya
# Al Fasher
# Um Kadada
North Kordofan

# Sowdari
# Jebrat al Sheikh
# Sheikan
# Bara
# Um Rawaba
# En Nuhud
# Ghebeish
Northern

# Wadi Halfa
# Dongola
# Merawi
# Addabah
Red Sea

# Halayeb
# Port Sudan
# Sinkat
# Tokar
River Nile

# Abu Hamad
# Berber
# Ad Damer
# Atbara
# Shendi
# Al Matammah
Sennar

# Sennar
# Singa
# Ad Dinder
South Darfur

# Kas
# Edd al Fursan
# Nyala
# Shearia
# Al Deain
# Adayala
# Buram
# Tulus
# Rehed al Birdi
South Kordofan

# Dilling
# Rashad
# Abu Jubaiyah
# Talodi
# Kadugli
# Lagawa
# As Salam
# Abyei
West Darfur

# Kulbus
# Al Geneina
# Zallingi
# Jebel Marra
# Habillah
# Wadi Salih
# Mukjar
White Nile

# Ad Douiem
# Al Gutaina
# Kosti
# Al Jabalian
Okuhlobene

* Izifundazwe zase Sudan
Imithombo
Amee

UTrần Huyền My, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Amee (owazalwa ngoMashi 23, 2000) ungumculi nomlingisi waseVietnam. Uqale ukunaka izethameli ngo-2019 ngesikhathi ekhipha ingoma yakhe yokuqala ethi “Anh Nha O Dau The”.

Futhi ngo-2019, uwine iGrammy Vietnam yakhe yokuqala ye- “The Best New Artist” kuma-Dedication Music Awards 2019. Lo mculi okhuphukayo uqeqeshwe iminyaka emi-4 futhi wavela ngaphansi kwe-ST.319 Entertainment.
Uhlu lưezingoma

* Nếu mai chia tay (2018) x MONSTAR
* EX'S HATE ME (2019) x B Ray x Masew
* Anh nhà ở đâu thế (2019) x B Ray
* Phố hàng nóng (2019) x Kay Trần
* Đen đá không đường (2019)
* Anh đánh rơi người yêu này (2019) ft Andiez Nam Trương
* Dấu yêu vô hình (2019) x OSAD
* Trời giấu trời mang đi (2019) x ViruSs
* Giận Muốn Chết Đến Tết Cũng Quên(2020) (OST 30 Chưa phải Tết) x Huỳnh James
* Do for love (2020) x B Ray x Masew
* 1000x (Ngàn lần) (2020) x Lou Hoàng x Rhymastic
* Sao anh chưa về nhà (2020) ft Ricky Star
* Yêu thì yêu không yêu thì yêu (2020)
* dreAMEE (album) (2020)
* Ex's hate me (Part 2) (2020)
* Mama boy (2020)
* Em bé (2020) x Karik
* Từ thích thích thành thương thương x Hoàng Dũng
* Tình bạn diệu kỳ (2021) x Ricky Star x Lăng LD
Izixhumanisi zangaphandle

*
*
* English online courses: English subtitles of Amee's song
Ukhahlamba

Ukhahlamba yizintaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika. Enkulu kunazo zonke itholakala oSotho, lapho ezaziwa khona ngokuthi Maloti. Ukhahlamba luphinde lwaziwe ngezimphophoma zalo eziningi, nemidwebo emigedeni eyadwetshwa ngama khoi khoi. UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, eyasungulwa ngonyaka ka 2000, iyi UNESCO World Heritage Site esingatha inxenye yalezi zintaba.
Imifanekiso

Drakensberg kwi Great Escarpment, uyibukela kwi God's Window, maduzane ne Graskop, ubheka ngaseNingizimu. I-erosion resistant layer ebukhuni le eyakha okuphezulu kwale escarpment, ine quartzite eshone phansi kakhulu, okungeye Black Reef Formation, ephinde ibe yinxenye yezintaba zase Magaliesberg maduzane ne Pitoli.]]

maduzane nomngcele wasoSotho]]
Imithombo
Amapiano

I-Amapiano ( isiXhosa esisho "the pianos " ) isitayela somculo we- house esavela eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2012. Kuyingxube ye- deep house, i-jazz kanye nomculo wokuphumula obonakala ngama-synths, ama-airy pad nama-bassline abanzi. Ihlukaniswa ngamaculo opiyano aphakeme kakhulu, olayini be- Kwaito basslines, izigqi ze-low tempo 90s zaseNingizimu Afrika nezingoma ezivela kolunye uhlobo lwasendaweni lwe-house eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Bacardi .
Umsuka

Nakuba lolu hlobo lomculo lwathola ukuduma eKatlehong, ilokishi elisempumalanga yeGoli, kuningi okungaqondakali kanye nenkulumompikiswano mayelana nemvelaphi yalo, kulandisa okuhlukahlukene kwezitayela zomculo emalokishini aseGoli - Soweto, Alexandra, Vosloorus nase Katlehong . Ngenxa yokufana kohlobo ne-Bacardi, abanye abantu bathi lolu hlobo lwaqala ePitoli . Ama-akhawunti ahlukahlukene okuthi ubani owakha uhlobo oludumile akwenza kube nzima ukukhomba ngokunembile umsuka walo.

Isici esibalulekile sohlobo ukusetshenziswa "kwesigubhu se-log", ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubangelwa umculi we-amapiano MDU a.k.a TRP. Iphayona le-Amapiano uKabza De Small uthe:Angazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Angazi ukuthi wacabanga kanjani isigubhu se-log. Umculo we-Amapiano uhlale ekhona, kodwa nguye owaqhamuka nomsindo wesigubhu se-log. Laba bafana njengokuzama. Bahlala behlola ama-plug-ins amasha. Ngakho lapho uMDU ecabanga, wagijima nayo.
Ukuduma

Ngo-2019, lolu hlobo lwathola ukuthandwa okukhulayo ezwenikazi lonke lase- Afrika ngokwanda okuphawulekayo kokusakazwa kwedijithali nempumelelo yamashadi emazweni akude nemvelaphi yawo yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Izithenjwa
Izitshalo

Izitshalo ziyingxenye yeqenbu elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo. Zingamamvelendeni (-autotrophic eukaryotes) azifunzayo, okusho ukuthi zinengqamuzana elilodwa elakheke ngendlela engelula neze, futhi azenzela wona ngokwawo ukudla. Imvamisa, awakwazi ukunyakaza (singakubali ukukhula). Izitshalo ngokuyinhloko ziyizimvelendeni ezimdibakhanya (photosynthetic eukaryotes) zombuso izimila. Ngokomlando, umbuso wezimila engunga zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingezona izilwane, futhi zihlanganisa nokhunta fungi) kanye ne-algea; Nokho, zonke izincaziselo zesimila aziyifaki ukhunta nengxenye ye-algea, kanye nezinswelandeni (izingunazane nezinungwana). Ngokwencasiselo eyodwa, izitshalo zakhe isigabana sezitshalo eziluhlaza (clade Viridiplantae) (elimndeni owodwa)
Ukufa

Ukufa ngukuphela kwayo yonke imisebenzi engokwempilo okuyiyona elonda isiphili. Ukufa ubuchopho kuyasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi njengencazelo engokomthetho yokufa. Umzimba walokho obekuyisiphili ngokuvamile uqala ukubola emva kokufa. Ukufa yinqubo engenakuvinjwa efikela cishe zonke iZiphili.


]]

Ukufa ngokuvamile kwenzeka esiPhilini ngokuphelele; inqubo efanayo ebonakala yenzeka ezingxenyeni ezithile zesiphili ngazinye, njengasemangqamuzaneni, ezicubwini, ibizwa impangalalo. Into engabalwa njengesiphili, njengegciwanyane, ingabhujiswa uqobo lwayo kodwa soze kuthiwe ifile. Kusuka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-150 bayafa nsuku zonke, ngokuguga okuyimbangela yokufa evamile kunazo zonke.

Amasiko amaningi nezinkolo zinomcabango wempilo yangale kwethuna, futhi zibambelela embonweni woKwahlulelwa kwezenzo ezimbi nezinhle zokuphila komuntu (iZulu, isihogo, ikarma).
Ukucilonga
Izinkinga zencasiselo

)]]

Isicabango sokufa simqoka ekuqondeni kwabantu lesimongotho. Kunezindlela eziningana zenzululwazi kanye nezinhlakahlo ezihlukahlukene zalesicabango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufika kwezokwelapha ezilondoloza impilo kanye nezindlela eziningi zokuchasisa ukufa kokubili kwezokwelapha nakwezomthetho, kwenze kwaba nzima ukuba kube nencasiselo eyodwa.
IziPhili

IsiPhili noma IziPhili izinto eziphilayo ngokwemvelo, nezinesimiso sokuphila ngazodwa. Zonke iziPhili zakhiwa amangqamuzana. Iziphili zijinjwa ngokulandela ubungqwangqwa zibe amaqembu omangqamuzana (multicellar) bezilwane, izimila noKhunta; noma onongqamuzana (unicellular) abeyiziphilincinci ezinjengeZinambuluka (protista), iZinungwana (bacteria) neziNgunazane (archae). Zonke izinhlobo zeziphili ziyakwazi ukuzala, ukukhula nokuthuthuka, ukulondoloza, futhi ngezinga elithile ukusabela evusweni. Amabhungane, ama-squid, Imilenzene, amakhowe, nezimila ziyizibonelo zeziphili ezingomangqamuzana ezingahlukanisa izicubu ezikhethekile nezitho lapho zithuthuka.
elilodwa, engabonakali ngeso elinquni, iphinde ibe yi-prokaryote futhi.]]


esaziwa nge-Phylogenetic . Amagciwanyane awaveli lapha ngoba abukho ubufakazi bokuba ahlobene nalemibuso yempilo emithathu.]]
Isibalo Senkulumo

Isibalo Senkulumo yindlela engaqondile, yokudlulisa umqondo othize. Izibalo zenkulumo eziningi azidalelwe ukuqondwa ngqo ngalendlela ezikhulunywe ngayo: azizona izinto ezinjengoba zinjalo, futhi azizona izinto eziliqiniso. Zisebenzisa ulimi olungaqondile, futhi zisho okuhlukile kulimi olujwayelekile.

Osozilimi, lezizibalo zenkulumo bazibiza ngama "tropes"—okungukudlala ngama gama, ukuwasebenzisa ngendlela ehlukile kule eyaziwayo noma evamile. U-DiYanni wabhala ukuthi: "Ama-rhetoricians aseqoqe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezingama-250 wezibalo zenkulumo(zesingisi), ukukhuluma nokusebenzisa amagama ngendlela engavamile".

Izingathekiso zingumzekelo ovamile. Isibalo senkulumo esidumile ukuthi umuntu "ulahla ithawula". Lokhu akusho ukuthu lowo muntu ulahla phansi ithawula. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi lowo muntu useyekelela noma uselahla ithemba ngento abekade eyenza noma ezimisele ngayo.

Ayikho indlela eyodwa elula yokuhlukanisa inkulumo eqondile nesibalo senkulumo.
Izibalo Zenkulumo

* Imvumelwano Siqalo — uma umusho noma isisho sinamagama amaningi aqala ngemisindo efanayo.
*
Izinkomba
Izifundazwe zase Gibhithe

IGibhithe inezifundazwe ezingama-27. Ngezansi uhlu lwalezozifundazwe.


#Matrouh
#Alexandria
#Beheira
#Kafr El Sheikh
#Dakahlia
#Damietta
#Port Said
#North Sinai
#Gharbia
#Monufia
#Qalyubiyya
#Sharqia
#Ismailia
#Giza
#Faiyum
#Cairo
#Suez
#South Sinai
#Beni Suef
#Minya
#New Valley
#Asyut
#Red Sea
#Sohag
#Qena
#Luxor
#Aswan
Okuhlobene

* Izifunda zase Gibhithe
* Uhlu lwamadolobha ase Gibhithe
Imithombo
Umzimba

Umzimba ngokomchazampilo uyinto ebambekayo yomuntu noma yesiphili. Leli gama lisetshenziselwa kuphela kulezo ziphili eziyinto eyodwa ebumbene noma ephelele. Kuneziphili ezishintshayo kusukela ekubeni onongqamuzanye zibe iziphili eziphelele: ngokwesibonelo, isikhunta se-slime. Lezo ziphili ziba nomzimba lapho sezingonangqamuzaningi. Igama elithi umzimba libuye lisho lokhu:
*Umzimba wengqamuzana: libhekisela emangqamuzaneni afana neziNzwa ezinamaluzi amade.

Umzimba womuntu ofile ubuye ubizwe isidumbu, noma ugodo. Imizimba yezilwane yona nayo ibizwa izidumbu noma izigingaboya (omalahlwanaboya).

Umzimba womuntu ohlanganisa izitho ezifana nekhanda, intamo, ingenhla, izingalo ezimbili, izinyawo ezimbili kanye nezangasese ezihlukayo kowesilisa nowesifazane.

Igatsha lomchazampilo elicwaninga ngemizimba nolwangu lwawo nkuhleleka kwawo lubizwa umchaza??. Umhlakahlo uyigatsha elingaphansi kwaleli gatsha, futhi wona ucwaninga uhlaka lomzimba ezingeni elingaphezu kwelezicubu.
Ukhuni

2. Common Beech 3. Sycamore 4. Oak 5. Birch 6. Sugar Maple 7. Microberlinia 8. African Rosewood 9. Okoumé 10. Common Walnut 11. Brazilian Rosewood 12. Ebony]]
Ukhuni iyona substance enkulu ezihlahleni. Lwakhiwe ngama xylem vessels ikakhulukazi, okuyiwona ahambisa amanzi enhla kwesitshalo. Ama substances amabili okuyiwona amakhulu kwizinkuni ngama cellulose nama lignin. Ukhuni lusetshenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo, ifenisha, ￼￼nobuciko￼￼. Ziphinde zibase umlilo. Iphepha lenziwa ngama fibres atholakala ezinkunini. Ukhuni luyi renewable resource kodwa seliqala ukutholakala kanzima.
Izifunda zase Libhiya

ILibhiya inezifunda ezingama-97. Ngezansi uhlu lwalezozifunda.

#Tobruk
#Musaid
#Jaghbub
#Derna
#Al Qubbah
#Al Abraq
#Bayda
#Cyrene
#Sahel El-Jebel
#Umm al Rizam
#Marj
#Jardas al Abid
#Tocra
#Abyar
#Qaminis
#Suluq
#Benghazi
#Ajdabiya
#Brega
#Kufra
#Tazirbu
#Awjila
#Jikharra
#Jalu
#Marada
#Sirte
#Zamzam
#Hun
#Shatii Shargi
#Shatii Garbi
#Sabha
#Murzuk
#Eshargia
#Wadi Utba
#Traghan
#Ubari
#Ghat
#Bent Bayeh
#Misrata
#Zliten
#Al Khums
#Essahl
#Qasr Khiar
#Msallata
#Tarhuna
#Bani Walid
#Castelverde
#Tajura
#Tripoli (isiqongo)
#Suani Ben Adem
#Qasr bin Ghashir
#Janzur
#Andalus
#Wadi Rabie
#Abu Saleem
#Sbaiea
#Sidi Saeh
#Souq Elkhamis
#Souq al Jum'aa
#Aziziya
#Zahra
#Zawiya
#Western Zawiya
#Al Maya
#Zuwarah
#Sabratha
#Sorman
#Jumayl
#Zaltan
#Ajaylat
#Reqdalin
#Baten Eljabel
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Okuhlobene

* Izifundazwe zase Libhiya
Imithombo
Umlelesa

Umlelesa isakhi soqobo soTho esibangela uTho olulelesiwe ukuba lungcwethe isiphoqi lapho lubekwa ewongweni lenzubawonga. Umlelesa ungaba ophikayo noma ovumayo (imvama uthwalwa izinelesi nezintunge). Imilelesa efanayo iyadudulana futhi imilelesa engafani iyahuhana. Into engenawo umlelesa owanele ibizwa engachemile (neutral). Ulwazi lwangaphambilini lokuthi iziqa ezilelesiwe zinanana kanjani manje selubizwa ngokuthi ezomdikiwenzuba zakudala (classical electrodynamics), futhi zisanembile ezinkingeni ezidinga ukucubungulwa zomthelela womngako (quantum effects).

Umlelesa wamazuba uyisakhi esilondoloziwe; umlelesa oyisamba wesimiso esigonqiwe, inani lomlelesa ovumayo ongenakushintsha, osuswe enanini lomlelesa ophikayo. Umlelesa wamazuba uthwalwa izinhlayiyana zechwe. Othweni oluvamile, umlelesa ophikayo uthwalwa izinzuba, bese umlelesa ovumayo uthwalwe izinelesi endenini yeChwe. Uma kunezinzuba eziningi kunezinelezi ocezwini lotho, lolotho luzoba nomlelesa ophikayo, uma zimbalwa izinzuba, luzoba nomlelesa ovumayo, futhi uma izinzuba nezinelesi zilingana ngenani, utho luzoba olungachemile.
UTho

esimweni salo sonyazani, esiyinala kakhulu kumkhathilibe.]]

uTho ngokomChazandalo omdala nomchazatho ovamile luyinoma yisiphi isiqa esinesisindo futhi esidla umkhathi ngokuba nomthamo. Zonke izinto zansukuzonke ezithintekayo ekugcineni zakhiwa amaChwe, wona akhiwa izinhlayiyana zechwe (“subatomic particles”), futhi ngokolimi lwesayensi, "uTho" ngokuvamile luhlanganisa amaChwe nakho konke okuthakwe ngawo, nazo zonke izinhlayiyana ezenza sengathi zinakho kokubili, ingqumbi kanye nesisindo. Kodwa azibalwa izinhlayiyana ezingenasisindo ezifana namaBane, noma ezinye izimongotho eziyimpekumpeku noma amaGu anjengokukhanya noma umChadamezo. UTho lutholakala nangezimo ezingafani, ezihlanganisa isimo esiNqumile, esiluKetshezi nesiluHowo -- ngokwesibonelo amanzi atholakala eyiqhwa, engamanzi awuketshezi futhi engumusi oluhowo-- Kodwa ezinye izimo nazo zikhona ezihlanganisa uNyazani, imiJiyo kaBose-noEistein, imiJiyo yeFelimi noNyazani lweNkemfe-Ngcinyani.

Ngokuvamile amachwe angacatshangwa njengendeni yezinelesi nezintunge, kanye "nefu" elizungezile lezinzuba 'ezithatha indawo'. Kodwa kuyiqiniso ingxenye kuphela, ngokuba izinhlayiyana zechwe nezakhi zazo zilawulwa isimo sazo somngako, okusho ukuthi azicondoze ngendlela izinto ezivamile zansuku zonke ezibonakala zicondoza ngayo – zicondoza njengamaza kanye nezinhlayiyana futhi azinabo ubungako obuchasiswe kahle noma izikhundla. Enongweni lwendinganiso (Standard Model) lomchazandalo wenhlayiya, utho alusona isicabango esiyisisekelo ngenxa izakhi eziyisiseko zamachwe ziyizinto zomngako ezingenabo "ubungako" ngokwendabuko noma "umthamo" nganoma imuphi umqondo wansuku zonke.
Umusi

Umusi uyisiqa esiqukethe amanzi esimweni sohowo, ngezinye izikhathi kuba izitshapo zamaconsi amanzi awuketshezi, noma umoya. Lokhu kuwumphumela wokuhwamuka noma ukudlidliza, lapho kuba khona umchadamezo kufika ezingeni lapho amanzi ehwamuka khona. Umusi ophenduke umhwamuko wamanzi awubonakali emehlweni, kodwana, umusi omanzi, osankungu noma isitshapo samaconsi wamanzi, nawo ubizwa ngokutho 'umusi'.
UHowo

uHowo luyingxenye yezimo zoTho eziyisisekelo (ezinye zihlanganisa ukuNquma, uketshezi kanye noNyazani).


Uhowo okucwebile lungakhiwa amachwe ngamanye (isb. uhowo lwekhethelo inkanyihwe), amachembe enhlwa akhiwa ichwe lohlobo olulodwa (isv. IsOhwe), noma umxube wamachembe akhiwa amachwe ahlukene (isb. UmCalahle ontuhlambili). Uhowo luwumvubo, ofana nomoya, oqukethe ohowo abacwebile abahlukene. Into ehlukanisa uhowo eketshezini nasemikhumenqeni ukwehlukana okukhulu kwezinhlayiyana ngazinye zohowo. Lokhu kwahlukana imvama kwenza uhowo olungenambala lungabonakali emehlweni omuntu.

Isimo esiluhowo sotho senzeka phakathi kwesimo esiluketshezi nesimo esilunyazani, esakamuva okuyisona esinikeza umkhawulo ophezulu wezingalokushisa kohowo.
Izinhlwa eziwuhowo

Izinhlwa zevanga eziwuhowo olunomzwayi ochwembili (diatomic) elindeninye (homonuclear) enozinzo ngokwe-STP yilezi:
IHwanzi (H2), INihwe (N2), IsOhwe (O2), kanye nezakhatshiwo (halogens) ezimbili: UFusihwe (F2) neChwenzi (Cl2). Lapho ziqembulwa ndawonye nohowo lwekhethelo olunechwelinye – IHwelanga (He), iNkanyihwe (Ne), IsAlahwe (Ar), umKhalahwe (Kr), IXhwe (Xe), and umLahwe (Rn) – loluhowo lolunke lubizwa ngokuthi "izinhlwa eziwuhowo".
Inombolo

Inani noma inombolo igama lento yezibalo esetshenziselwa ukubala, ukulinganisa noma ukugqaba. Isibonelo esaziwayo yikesi 1, 2, 3, 4, njll. Amanani angamelelwa amazwi wamanani olimini. Ngokuvamile, amanani amelelwa izimpawu ezibizwa izinani (numerals): ngokwesibonelo 5 uphawu olumelela inani lesihlanu. Njengoba zimbalwa kuphela izimpawu zamanani ezingakhumbuleka, izinani ezivamile zihlelwe zaba isimiso sesinani.
Ukubala

Ukubala yinto eyenziwa ngabantu ukuthola ukuba zingaki izinto ezikhona zakunoma yiliphi uhlobo.
Indlela Eyodwa Yokubala

Umuntu obala ngesiZulu uvamise ukuqala ngokunye, anikeze leyonombolo kuleyonto yokuqala. Into elandelayo inikezwe inombolo yesibili. Elandelayo inikezwe eyesithathu. Uma kunenye futhi elandelayo, ithola inombolo yesine. Uma emva kwalokho kunenye futhi into, ithola inombolo yesihlanu. Ezinye izinto zithole ezinye izinombolo. Into nento ithola inombolo yayo ngalendlela. Inombolo yokugcina enikwe into yokugcina ebaliwe ilona inani elisho ukuba zingaki izinto ezikhona.
Imizekelo

* Ngokomzekelo, ukuthola inani lezigqoko kweziningi, umuntu ubala izigqoko. Lowo muntu unikeza isiqgoko nesiqgoko inombolo yaso.

: UJohn unesigqoko esimunyama, esinsundu kanye nesihlaza okwesibhakabhaka. UMary ubuza uJohn, "Zingaki izigqoko onazo?". UJohn unikeza inombolo yokuqala kwesimunyama. UJohn unikeza inombolo yesibili kwesinsundu. UJohn unikeza inombolo yesithathu kwesihlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Manje uJohn akasenazo ezinye izigqoko. Inombolo enkulu uJohn ayinikile eyesithathu, kanti futhi isiqgoko nesiqgoko sinenombolo yaso. UJohn uphendula uMary, "Nginezigqoko ezintathu". UJohn usezibalile izigqoko.
:

* Kunezinhlamvu Zamagama u-A, u-Q, u-L, kanye no-S kwisiqeshana sephepha. Zingaki izinhlamvu zamagama ezikulesi siqeshana sephepha?

: UTom unikeza izinombolo kwizinhlamvu zamagama. Uhlamvu u-A uthola inombolo yokuqala. Uhlamvu u-Q uthola inombolo yesibili. Uhlamvu u-L uthola inombolo yesithathu. Uhlamvu u-S uthola inombolo yesine. Azisekho izinhlamvu ezingabalwa. Kunezinhlamvu ezine kulesi siqeshana sephepha.