ඝරණ

හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතයට අනුව, ඝරණයක් යනු is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style. A gharana also indicates a comprehensive musicological ideology. This ideology sometimes changes substantially from one gharana to another. It directly affects the thinking, teaching, performance and appreciation of music.

The word gharana comes from the Hindi word 'ghar', which means 'family' or 'house'. It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated; for example, some of the gharanas well known for singing khyals are: Agra, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Kirana, and Patiala.
වාචික ඝරණ
ඛ්‍යාල් ඝරණ

The gharanas have distinct styles of presenting the khyal — how much to emphasize and how to enunciate the words of the composition, when to sing the sthayi and antara, whether to sing an unmetered alap in the beginning, what kinds of improvisations to use, how much importance to give to the rhythmic aspect, and so on. However, an individual performer from a gharana may choose to borrow appealing stylistic aspects of another gharana in his or her gayaki. The prominent khyal gharanas are:
Dhrupad Gharanas

* Dagarvani Gharana, founded by the Dagar family
* Bishnupur Gharana, founded by Kirtankars in West Bengal (13th Century)
* Darbhanga Mallik Gharana, Darbhanga, Bihar - known for style known as Gaurhar Vani and also has good command on Khandar Vani
* Bettiah gharana, founded in Bettiah, Bihar
Thumri gharanas

In the Benares Thumri Gharana, the words in the text of a song are musically embellished to bring out their meaning, while the Lucknow gharana presents intricately embellished and delicate thumris that are explicit in their eroticism. The principal feature of the thumri of the Patiala gharana is its incorporation of the tappa from the Punjab region. It is with this tappa element that the Patiala gharana makes its impact, departing from the khyal-dominated Benaras thumris and the dance-oriented Lucknow thumris.
* Benares Thumri Gharana, revived by Siddheshwari Devi, Rasulan Bai, Badi Moti Bai, Mahadev Mishra, Smt. Girija Devi(mid-20th Century), founded by Kirtankars (13th-Century).
* Patiala Thumri Gharana, founded by Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ali Baksh Khan in Patiala, Punjab (18th Century).
Instrumental gharanas
Tabla Gharanas

The following are the six widely accepted Tabla Gharanas. The prominent Tabla Gharanas are in bold (ordered based on chronology of founding):
* Delhi gharana is the oldest of the Tabla Gharanas.
* Ajrada gharana is an offshoot of and closely associated with the Delhi Gharana.
* Lucknow gharana, revived by Late Pandit Anil Bhattacharjee,(Middle 20th century), Swapan Chaudhuri (late 20th Century), has rhythmic development through Kathak.Also Prof.Biswajit Bhattacharjee.(R.B.U.) (Specialist in KATHAKI Baaz) is direct diciple of Late Ustad Wazid Hussain Khalifa and complited his training under the able guidance of his father Pandit.Anil Bhattacharjee,The diciple of Wazid Hussain.
* Benares gharana
* Punjab gharana, popularized by Alla Rakha and Zakir Hussain, developed through its original Pakhawaj repertoire
* Farukhabad gharana is the youngest accepted Tabla Gharana, and an offshoot of the Lucknow Gharana
Wind and String Instruments

* Imdadkhani (Etawah) Gharana, founded by Imdad Khan (Sitar, Surbahar)
* Maihar gharana, Maihar
* Bishnupur gharana
* Sufiana Gharana of Kashmir (Santoor)
Dance gharanas

In Kathak performers today generally draw their lineage from three major schools of Kathak: the Jaipur gharana, the Lucknow gharana and the Banaras gharana (born in the courts of the Kachwaha Rajput kings, the Nawab of Oudh, and Varanasi respectively); there is also a less prominent (and later) Raigarh gharana which amalgamated technique from all three preceding gharanas but became famous for its own distinctive compositions.
References
External links

* Gharanas of Hindustani Music
* Gharana Tradition, by Prof. R.C. Mehta