ISpeyini

iSpeyini (ngokwaziwa kwomthetho: Umbuso weSpeyini, ngesiNgisi: Kingdom of Spain, ngesiSpeyini: Reino d'Espana) yilizwe elise ningizimu-ntshonalanga lweYuropu liphinde libenomhlaba eNyakatho Afrika. yiLizwe elinkulu ukundlula zonke izizwe eziseningizimu Yuropu, futhi inani labantu bayo bandlula amazwe onke weNhlangano weYuropu ngaphandle kwamazwe amathathu: iJalimani, iFulansi ne iTaliya. luMboza ikhulu leNhlonhlo Iberia, luphinde luhlanganise iziQhingi Balearic, iziQhingi Canary, namadolobha wase-Ceuta ne-Melilla. Amazwe angomakhelwane ahlanganisa iFulansi ngasenyakatho, iPhothugali ngasentshonalanga neMorokho ngasenzansi. iDholobakazi kuse-Madridi.

esiKhathini esandlula sakudala, kwakhukhona amaKhelti. iNhlonhlo Iberia yanqontshwa umbusokazi waseRoma ngo-220 BC, owasungula isifundazwe seHispaniya khona. uMbusokazi weRoma ulethe ubuKhrestu, namasiko nemithetho yaseRoma nolimi lwesiLathini. ukuPhela kwoMbusokazi oseNtshonalanga waseRoma kuvumele amazwanyane asesikhungweni seYuropu kakhulukazi amaVisigothi ukuthi angene. iDolobhakazi lwamaVisigothi kwakuseTholedo. iKhalifayithi lamaUmayadi lwanqoba amaVisigothi wasungula umbuso we-Al Andalus, idolobhakazi layo lwawuseKhodoba. uMbuso wamaUmayadi ulethe i-Islamu. uMfecane wenhlonhlo (owaziwa nge-Reconquista) wakhipha i-Islamu wabuyisa ubuKhrestu. ngo-1479 AD, kwanhlangana amaBuso wemiQhele kaAragoni ne-Khastili ukudala iSpeyini.

esiKhathini sokwazi umhlaba (kuthiwa yi-Age of Discovery), iSpeyini lazinza uMhlabakazi oMusha (iMelika), lwasungula uMbusokazi umkhulu ondlula ezinye emlandweni womhlaba wonke, laphinde laba yilizwe lokuqala ukuzungeza umhlaba wonke jikele. eKhulunyaka 18, iFulansi, iholwa nguNapholiyoni, yanqoba iSpeyini. Kanjalo ke, amakoloni aseZwekazi iMelika aphume ngapansi kwencindezelo yeSpeyini. kuKhulunyaka 20, kwabakhoni impi wezakhamuzi ngaphakathi kwama-Absolutist namaLiberal. Maluphela kwaphatha uFransisco Franco. uMbuso wakhe uphele ngo-1975.

iSpeyini ineNgonyama (u-Felipe wesiThupa) esinganawo amandla okubusa. Amandla okubusa aphethwe uNdunakulu nePhalamendi abakhetwe ngentandoyeningi. Noma ikhulu labantu likholelwa ebandleni laseRoma, umbuso awumisi inkolo linye ngokwomthetho. luyiLizwe elithuthukile elinesimo somnotho olundlula u-1.7 billion Euro (ngo-2024). luyiNxenye lweNhlangano lwesiVumelano seNyakatho Atlanthiki, iNhlangano yamaZwe aseYuropu, neNhalangano yeZizwe eziHlangene. iMali esetshenziswayo iEuro.


Image:Calle de Alcalá (Madrid) 16.jpg|IMadridi
Image:Teide2007.jpg|Teide

Uhulumeni nezoMbangazwe

uHlelo lwezombangazwe weSpeyini uhlanganisa ubukhosi obungaphansi kwomthethosikelelo ngentandoyeningi engaphansi kwephalamende onezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene. Umthethosikelelo wamanje umiswe iPhalamende laseSpeyini (kuthiwa i-Constituent Cortes) ngo-1978 eyabizwa iNgonyama u-Juan Carlos II ngo-1977, yakhipha ukubusa ngokuphoqelela ka-Fransisco Franco (umholi weqembu lepolitiki oluyilona lodwa olwavumelekile: i-FET y de las JONS).

Umthethosikelelo uthi uphawu lokubusa nobungunaphakade lwezwe ngumqhele. Umqhele awusolwa, awufulethelwa. Umqhele ungoweNgonyama kodwa akusho ukuthi iNgonyama ingazenzela noma yini eyithandayo noma ishaye umthetho iyodwa; kufanele ihambisane nemithetho iphinde ilalele umbono wabakhulumeli bezakhamuzi. iNgonyama yeSpeyini ngu-Felipe VI, indodana endala ka-Juan Carlo, owahlika esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-2014. iNgonyama igcina amasiko ajwayelekile yentandoyeningi.

Amandla okushaya umthetho asezandleni zePhalamende (ngesiNgisi: Spanish Parliament noma General Courts, ngesiSpeyini: Cortes Generales). iPhalamende inezindlu ezimbili: umHlangano wabaKhulumeli (ngesiNgisi: Congress of Deputies, ngesiSpeyini: Congreso de los Diputados) ekuyindlu engaphansi, neThimba leziGele (ngesiNgisi: Senate, ngesiSpeyini: Senado). Abakhulumeli nekhulu lezigele bakhethwa okhethweni olukazwelonke oluphathwa njalo emuva kweminyaka emine (ngaphandle kwakuthi iNgonyama ichithe umhlangano wePhalamende ecelwa yindunankulu).

Amandla okuphata asezandleni zeHulumeni. IHulumeni iyinhloko legatsha eliphezulu lombuso. Indunankulu nguNgqongqoshe Phezulu owaziwa ngokomthetho uMongameli weHulumeni. uNgqongqoshe Phezulu uyisihlalo seHulumeni. iNgonyama igcoba uNgqongqoshe Phezulu ngemuva kokubonisana nabakhulumeli beziqembi zamapolitiki ezihlukahlukene ePhalamendini. Empeleni iNgonyama ivame ukukhetha umholi weqembu elikhulu ePhalamendini ukuthi lihlanganise iHulumeni. Ungqongqoshe Phezulu uqhasha oNgqongqoshe abanye aphinde abaxoshe ngendlela ethanda ngayo.
References