Konstantino Mkuu

thumb|right|160px|Konstantino Mkuu
Konstantino Mkuu (jina kamili: Flavius Valerius Constantinus; Niš, 27 Februari 272 – İzmit, 22 Mei 337) alikuwa Kaisari wa Dola la Roma tangu mwaka 306 akitawala peke yake tangu 324.

Anakumbukwa kama mtawala aliyefaulu kumaliza kipindi cha vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na kukubali Ukristo kama dini huru katika dola.

Alihamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti iliyoitwa baadaye Konstantinopoli.
Alivyoingia utawala

Baba yake Constantius alikuwa mmojawapo wa makaisari wanne walioshirikiana pamoja katika utawala wa dola. Baada ya kifo cha baba jeshi lake likamtangaza Konstantino kuwa Kaisari pia, lakini bila mawasiliano na wengine. Hata hivyo alikubaliwa kama Kaisari mdogo akihusika na majimbo ya Gallia na Britania.

Mwaka 311/312 fitina kati ya makaisari ilikuwa vita na Konstantino alilenga kupanua himaya yake. Mpinzani wake alikuwa hasa Maxentius aliyekaa Italia. Konstantino aliweza kumshinda kwenye mapigano kwenye daraja la Milvio mjini Roma.

Inasemekana kabla ya mapigano hayo alipatwa na ndoto alipoona msalaba wa Yesu Kristo katika jua akasikia sauti, "Utashinda chini ya alama hii!". Baadaye vikosi vya Konstatino vilikuwa na bendera iliyoonyesha herufi za chi-rho ambazo zilimaanisha jina la "Kristo".

Ushindi huu ulimfanya Konstantino awe mkuu wa nusu ya magharibi ya Dola la Roma.
Uhuru kwa Wakristo

thumb|200px|Khi-Rho: Alama ya Kristo iliyowekwa kwenye bendera za vikosi vya jeshi la Konstantino.
Hadi mwaka 311 Wakristo waliteswa vikali kwa amri ya Kaisari Diokletiano. Konstatino alibadilisha siasa hii baada ya ushindi na kukubali Ukristo kwa mara ya kwanza kama dini iliyoruhusiwa rasmi, akafaulu pia kupata kibali cha Kaisari mwenzake.

Mwaka 313 alikutana na Licinius, Kaisari wa mashariki ya dola. Pamoja makaisari hao wawili walipatana kutoa tamko la Milano lililotangaza mwisho wa dhuluma dhidi ya Wakristo: "Baada ya kukutana hapa Milano sisi Kaisari Konstantino na Kaisari Licinius tumeamua kuwapa Wakristo pamoja na watu wote uhuru wa kuchagua dini yao ili Mungu wa mbinguni atupe fadhili zake."

Konstantino hakufanya Ukristo kuwa dini rasmi na yeye mwenyewe hakupokea ubatizo hadi muda mfupi kabla ya kifo chake.

Hakuna hakika kuhusu sababu zake: inajulikana ya kwamba mama yake Helena Mtakatifu alikuwa Mkristo lakini hakuna hakika alikuwa na athira gani katika malezi ya mwanawe.
Mtawala wa pekee

Tangu mwaka 316 Konstatino alianza kugongana na kaisari mwenzake wa mashariki Liceinius baada ya huyu kuonekana anasaidia mipango ya uasi dhidi ya Konstantino. Mwaka 324 alimshinda na kumkamata akawa mtawala wa pekee.

Hapa aliamua mara moja kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka Roma kwenda Bizanti. Alitumia pesa nyingi kwa ujenzi wake na kuitangaza rasmi mwaka 330.

Aliratibu upya utawala wa dola akaweka misingi iliyoweza kudumu kwa miaka mingi baada yake.

Hata hivyo alipaswa kutetea mipaka ya dola dhidi ya Wagermanik na dhidi ya Waajemi.
thumb|200px|Mozaiki ya Konstantino pamoja na bombwe la majengo ya [[Konstantinopoli.]]
Konstantino na Kanisa

Konstantino alionekana mapema kama msaidizi wa Wakristo. Machoni pa Wakristo mageuzi yale yalikuwa kama miujiza ya Mungu, kwa kuwa tangu Kaisari Nero (mnamo mwaka 64) mateso ya Wakristo yalikuwa yamerudia tena na tena. Sasa yalikwisha, na Wakristo walipewa nafasi ya kusikilizwa na Kaisari mwenyewe.

Mwaka 321 Kaisari alitangaza Jumapili kama "siku ya jua" kuwa sikukuu na ofisi za serikali zilipumzika.

Mwaka 325 alialika maaskofu wa Kanisa lote kwa mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea. Mtaguso mkuu huu ulikuwa mkutano wa kwanza wa maaskofu wa Kikristo kutoka pande mbalimbali za dola la Roma na hata nje yake. Mkutano uliamua kuhusu masuala mablimbali ukakubali kanuni ya imani ya Nisea inayoendelea kutumika kanisani hadi leo.

Konstantino alivutwa kuitisha mtaguso huo ili kuingilia farakano kati ya Wakristo kuhusu Arius na mafundisho yake.

Kwa kukosa ujuzi wa mambo hayo, Kaisari alishawishwa mara kumkataa Arius asiendelee kufundisha, mara kumkataa mpinzani wake mkuu, askofu Atanasi na kuwaamuru waondoke katika mji wa Aleksandria.

Kanisa la Waorthodoksi lilimtangaza Konstantino kuwa mtakatifu.
Tazama pia

*Orodha ya Makaizari wa Roma
*Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
*Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
*Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
*Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
Marejeo

Vyanzo vya kale

* Athanasius of Alexandria.
:* Apologia conta Arianos (Defence against the Arians) ca. 349.
::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
:* Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi (Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea) ca. 352.
::* Newman, John Henry, trans. De Decretis. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
:* Historia Arianorum (History of the Arians) ca. 357.
::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* Sextus Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus (Book on the Caesars) ca. 361.
* Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code) 439.
:* Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble . Accessed 25 Agosti 2009.
:* Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* Codex Justinianus (Justinianic Code or Code of Justinian).
:* Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
:* Krueger, Paul, ed. Codex Justinianus (in Latin). 2 vols. Berlin, 1954. Online at the University of Grenoble . Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
* Epitome de Caesaribus (Epitome on the Caesars) ca. 395.
:* Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis . Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* De Rebus Bellicis (On Military Matters) fourth/fifth century.
* Eunapius, History from Dexippus first edition ca. 390, second edition ca. 415. [Fragmentary]
* Eusebius of Caesarea.
:* Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) first seven books ca. 300, eighth and ninth book ca. 313, tenth book ca. 315, epilogue ca. 325.
::* Williamson, G.A., trans. Church History. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 97801404453350
::* McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
:* Oratio de Laudibus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine, sometimes the Tricennial Oration) 336.
::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
:* Vita Constantini (The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine) ca. 336–39.
::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
::* Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0.
::* Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. Life of Constantine. 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7.
* Eutropius, Breviarium ab Urbe Condita (Abbreviated History from the City's Founding) ca. 369.
:* Watson, John Henry, trans. Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
* Rufus Festus, Breviarium Festi (The Abbreviated History of Festus) ca. 370.
:* Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* Jerome, Chronicon (Chronicle) ca. 380.
:* Pearse, Roger, et al., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* Jordanes, De origine actibusque Getarum [Getica] (The Origin and Deeds of the Goths) ca. 551.
:* Mierow, Charles C., trans. The Origins and Deeds of the Goths. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915.
::* Online at the University of Calgary. Accessed 28 Septemba 2009.
::* The Gothic History of Jordanes. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0.
* Lactantius, Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum (Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors) ca. 313–15.
:* Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
* Libanius, Orationes (Orations) ca. 362–65.
* Optatus, Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum (Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists) first edition ca. 365–67, second edition ca. 385.
:* Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 9 Juni 2009.
:* Edwards, Mark, trans. Optatus: Against the Donatists. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997.
* Origo Constantini Imperiatoris (The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine) ca. 340–90.
:* Rolfe, J.C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius. Accessed 16 Agosti 2009.
* Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII (Seven Books of History Against the Pagans) ca. 417.
* XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyircs) relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321.
* Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 433.
:* Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* Praxagoras of Athens, Historia (History of Constantine the Great) ca. 337. [Fragmentary]
* Socrates of Constantinople (Socrates Scholasticus), Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 443.
:* Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 Agosti 2009.
* Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 445.
:* Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History) ca. 448.
:* Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
* Zosimus, Historia Nova (New History) ca. 500.
:* Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 Agosti 2009.
Vyanzo vya kisasa

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* Cameron, Averil. "The Reign of Constantine, A.D. 306–337." In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 90–109. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8
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Marejeo mengine

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Viungo vya nje

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* Letters of Constantine: Book 1 , Book 2 , & Book 3
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I
* 12 Byzantine Rulers by Lars Brownworth of Stony Brook School (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine.
* Constantine I in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
* Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
* House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
* BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great
* This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
* Professor Edwin Judge discusses Constantine's legacy for a Centre for Public Christianity vodcast
* Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'


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