Ukuvukela kweSoweto

Ukuvukela kweNtsha kwama-16 uNhlangulana we-1976 (Youth Uprising of 16 June 1976) imibhikisho elandelanayo eyaqala elokishini laseSoweto yabe isibhebhetheka ezweni lonke, lokhu kwaletha inguquko enkulu kwezombusazwe ezweni laseNingizimu Afrika. Zonke izigigaba ezenzeka ngalesi sikhathi zibhekiswa emuva kunyaka we-1953 lapho uhulumeni wobandlululo wabeka khona Umthetho weMfundo yaBantu (Bantu Education Act) . Lomthetho mfundo ngokobuhlanga futhi wabe uphoqa ukuba kusetshenziswe ulimi lwesiBhunu kanye nolwesiNgisi kuphela njengezilimi zokufundisa ezikoleni ngonyaka we-1974.
Isendlalelo

Ukungena kweqembu le-National Party embusweni kwafika nezinguquko eziningi njengokushintsha imithetho yezemfundo. Ngonyaka we-1949 uhulumeni wajuba ukuba kwenziwe iKhomishana le-Eiselen lapho kwakumele khona kubhekwe khona ukuphakwa kemfundo ay"Bantu" nukuthi ishintshew ngendlela ephakwa ngayo. Lekhomishana yayaholela ukusungulweni woMthetho weMfundo yeBantu (Bantu Education Act) ngonyaka we-1953. Lomthetho wenza kwaba yimpoqqo ukuba zonke izikole ezabe ziphethwe ngamasonto ezabe zithola uxhaso kuhulumeni ukuba zibhaliswe ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Ngalokhu uhulumeni wabe ufuna ukususa ukuphathwa kwezemfundo yama-Afrika ezandleni zamasonto knaye nezifundazwe. UMnyango weMfundo yaBantu wabe ubhekele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundo yam-Afrika ihlukene futhi ibe sezingeni eliphansi. Lomthetho futhi wahlukanisa ukukhokhelwa kwemfundo yama-Afrika, umbuso wabe usebenzisa imali encane ezikoleni zabafundi bama-Afrika uma kuqhathaniswa nabafundi "abamhlophe." Ukwehla kwemali eyabe ifakwa ezikoleni zama-Afrika kwaholela ukutheni izikole ziminyane futhi zabe zinothisha abangenele, futhi bengenazo iziqu eziphelele zokufundisa .

Imfundo yama-Afrika yabe iwaqeqeshela ukuba benze imisebenzi yezandla njengokusbenza emaplazini, emakhishini, neminye eminingi. Lokhu kufakazelwa amazwi kaH.F Verwoerd, lapho athi khona: "Ayikho indawo yom'Afrika emphakathini wamaYurophu ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi. Akusizi ukuba athole uqeqesho oluzomdonsela emphakathini wamaYurophu (“There is no place for [the African] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. It is of no avail for him to receive a training which has as its aim, absorption in the European community”) . Ngonyaka we-1954-5 othisha kanye nabafundi bazama ukubhikishela uMthetho weMfundo yaBantu, babumba inhlanganao eyabe yaziwa njenge The African Education Movement.

Ukuqhutshekiswa koMthetho weMfundo yaseNyuvesi wama-45 wavala nya ukuba ama-Afrika aye emanyuvesi "abamhlophe" (iNyuvesi yaseKapa kanye nasyaseEWitwatersrand). Lomthetho wabe uhlukanisa amanyuvesi ngokobuhlanga kanye ngezizwe zama-Afrika, okwaholela ekutheni kubunjwe amanyuvesi angamahlathi (bush universities). Kulezi ziNyuvesi kubalwa eyaseINyuvesi yaseFort Hare, eyaseVenda, eyaseNtshonalanga Kapa, lamanyuvesi abe ehlukene ngokobuzwe, nalapha kwaba khona imibhikisho.

UMthetho wezeMfundo waBantu bamaKhaladi we-1963 (Coloured Person's Education Act of 1965) kanye noMthetho weMfundo yamaNdiya we-1965 (Indian Education Act of 1965) yabekwa ukulawula imfundo yamaKhaladi kanye namaNdiya ngokulandelana futhi ukuyihlukanisa "kweyabamhlophe". UMthetho wezeMfundo waBantu bamaKhaladi wanika igunya lokuphathwa kwemfundo yamaKhaladi engaphansi kuMnyango weziNdaba zamaKhaladi, uphoqa ukuba izikole zaKhaladi zibhaliswe ngaphansi kwahulumeni. UMthetho Mfundo yamaNdiya wanika igunya lokuphathwa kwemfundo yamaNdiya kuMnyango weziNdaba zamaNdiya okwenza imfundo yamaNdiya ukuba ibe yimpoqo .

Ngonyaka we-1974 uMphathi weBantu Education uJ.G Erasmus wakhipha umyalelo owabe uthi kusukela zi-1 uMasingana we-1975 zonke izifundo zabe zozfundwa ngolimi lwesiBhunu, lapha kubalwa lezi zifundo: izibalo, ezokubala kanye nezifundo ngabantu kusukela ebangeni lesikhombisa. Isizathu sokuphoqa ukuba kusetshenziswe ulimi lwesiBhunu yingoba ukusetshenzisa kwalo lolu limi kwabe kuphansi kakhulu nguma-Afrika. Ama-afrika amaningi kanye nenhlangano yo thisha eyaziwa nge African Teachers Association of South Africa babengambisani nalokhu ngoba isiBhunu sabe saziwa njegolimi lomcindezeli ("Language of the Oppressor") njengoba kwabeka uMbhishobi uDesmond Tutu .

Mhla zingama-30 uMbasa 1976 abafundi baseOrlando West Junior School bangenelela isiteleka esagcina siqhubekele kwzinye izikole. Lapha abafundi babenhikishela ukuba bathole impatho efanayo nokuthi bafundiswe ngenndlela efanayo nezikole zabamhlophe. Umfundi wasesikoleni i-Morris Isaacson High School, ogama lakhe ngu-Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini, waphakamisa ukuthi kube khona umhlangano mhla zi-13 ukuzokhuluma ukuthi kumele kwenziwe njani ukuze bazwakale. Abafundi babumba ikomidi elaziwa nje Soweto Students' Representative Council elahlanginisa umbuthano wama-16 Nhlangulana 1976 .
Ukuvukela eSoweto nge-1976

Ngehora le-7 eSoweto ngosuku le-16 Nhlangulana 1976 umbuthano owabe uhlelwe yiSoweto Students' Representative Council uyabe iholwa ngu
Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini wenzeka ngalolu suku wabe uhlanganisa abafundi abalelwa phakathi kwe-10 000 kuya kwi-20 000 abanye babo labafundi bebengenalo ulwazi ngaphambilini ngalombuthano . Le mashi ayabe ithola ukwesekwa yinhlangano ye- Black Consciousness Movement njengoba yabe ihlelelwe ukuba ibe yimashi enokuthula noxolo yingakho yaphinda yesekwa ngothisha kanye nothishanhloko ezikoleni eSoweto .

Abafundi bokuqala ukuhlangana abaseNaledi High school, balandelwa abaseMorris Isaacson High School, bathuka sebevinjwe ngamaphoyisa . Umholi wabo wabaluleka ukuba bangawasukeli amaphoyisa, baqhubeka nemashi ngenye indlela eyabaholela eOrlando High School. Abafundi kulesi lesi sikhathi babephethe azingqwembe ezabe zibhlawe ukuthi "Pansi ngesiBhunu" "Down with Afrikaans", "Viva Azania", "Uma kumele senze isiBhunu, uVoster kumele enze isiZulu" ""If we must do Afrikaans, Vorster must do Zulu". Lemashi yabe ingenalo udlame abafundi babeneme futhi nemimoya iphezulu .

Kwathi ngokugamaxa kwehora lesi-9 abafundi baqhubeka nokumasha baze bafika maduzane nasesikoleni i-Orlando High School lapho bafika bama khona beqhubeka becula futhi bephethe izingqwembe zabo phezulu. Amaphoyisa aqala ukudubula ngaso lesi sikhathi, abafundi bokuqala abadutshulwa bafa ngalesi sikhathi kubalwa uHastings Ndlovu owabe eneminyaka engama-15 kanye noHector Pieterson owabe eneminyaka engama-13. Yingalesi sikhathi lapho kwaqala khona udlame olwadonsa isikhathi eside laze lwabhethekela emalokishini amaningi aseNingizimu Afrika. Umbiko wamaphoyisa wabe uthi ngalolu suku kwafa abafundi abangama-23 ngosuku loqukala lombhikisho. Ngenkathi luqhubeka usuku ilokishi lonke labe livutha, ngoba lapha kwashiswa zonke izakhiwo zahulumeni kanye nezindawo lapho kuphuzelwa khona utshwala.

Ngosuku lwesibili (17 Nhlangulana)sabe sisemanzonzo isimo ngoba amaphoyisa abe esephume ngobuningi bawo eyabalelwa ezi-1500 ukuzoqapha isimo elokishini laseSoweto. Ngalolu suku isimo sabe sesishube kakhulu ngoba amaphoyisa abae esebenzisa indluzula ukukuhlakaza izixuku. Intsha nayo yaphendula kulendluzula ngokuthi ilwe nawo namaphoyisa, futhi kwaphinde kwashiswa namabhilidi kanye nezimoto zika hulumemeni ngelesi sikhathi. Izigameko zango Nhlangulana zabhebhetheka nakwezinye izindawo eNingizimu Afrika, lokhu kwadala uthuthuva olukhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngalesi sikhathi. Abantu abasha abaningi abasha balahlekelwa izimpilo zabo, abanye akwaziwua ukuthi baduka bayaphi kanti abanye baboshwa baphuma abanye abazange babuye emajele.
Bonke Abalahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo

Imbibiko yabe ithi bangama-176 abashona ngemibhikisho ye-1976, lesi sibalo sibuye silinganiselwe e-700. Uhulumeni wabe ekhiphe isitatimende esithi bangama-23 abafundi abafa kwalingiselwa kwabayizinkulungwane abalimala .
Imvelamuva

Abantu abasha abaningi balifulathela elaseNingizimu Afrika ngoba kwasekusobala ukuthi izimpilo zabo zabe zisengcupheni babengafa noma bebengaboshawa noma inini. Amaqembu ayesukbhaceni okubalwa kuyo i-ANC kanye noPAC athola ithuba lokuqasha knanye nokuqeqeshela impi abantu abasebancane ezinkambini nagaphandle kwaseNingizimu Afrika. Lamaqembu abe eqeqesha labantu abasghu ukusebenzisa izibhamu kanye nokucekela phansi, lapha babeqeqeshwa ezinkambini eAngola (Engineering Camp) kanye nenye yaseTanzania (Mkumbane) . Izinhlangano zezombusazwe za ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ukuba ifakelwe izibopho (sanctions) Inhlangano Yezizwe (United Nations) .

Izithombe zemibhikisho yangoe-1976 zasabalala umhlaba wonke, lezi zithombe zabe ziveza ngokusaobala ukuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wabe ewahlukumeza kanjani amalungelo ama-Afrika eNingizimu Afrika. Isithombe esahlaba abaningi umxhwele yileso esathwethsulwa yintatheli yezithombe ogama layo nguSam Nzima, kulesi sithombe kuvela uHector Pieterson ephethwe nguMbuyisa Makhubo emva kokuduthsulwa ngamaphoyisa bengahlomile. Kules sithombe kukhona udadewabo kaHector Pieterson u-Antoinette Sithole egijima eceleni kwabo. Lo mfanekiso sewaba nguphawu lwalolusuku lokuVukela kweNtsha eSoweto.

Ngonyaka we-1994 usuku lwa-mhla zingama-16 kuNhlangulana lweziwa iholide lomphakathi. Kulolu suku kususke kubungazwa iqhaza elabanjwa iyintsha ekulweni nohulumeni wengcindezelo kubuye kukhunjulwe bonke abalahlekelwa yizimpilo zabo belwa ngalolu suku.
Kwimidiya

Lolu suku lwanziwa ifilumu ngonyaka we-1992, kwifilumu esihloko sayo yi-Sarafina eveza izigameko zangonyaka we-1976 lapho kudla phambili kuyo uLeleti Khumalo kanye no-Whoopi Goldberg. Lolu suku lubuye luvele kwenye ifilimu yaseNingizimu Afrika esihloko sayo i-Stander eyabe ikuluma ngomphangi wamabhange owayekade engukaputeni wamaphoyisa. Isiteshi sikamabonakude i-SABC1 wakhombisa umdlalo obizwa nge"When We were Black" ngonyaka we-2006 lapho babeveza imzimpilo zabafundi abangabangani ngonyaka we-1976. .
Bheka futhi

*UHector Pieterson
*Uhlelo loBandlululo
*Usuku LweNtsha
Imithombo