Inhlwa yevanga

INhlwa yevanga iwuhlobo lwechwe elinesibalo esithile seziNelesi enuzini yalo, ihlanganisa nesiqa esicwebile esiqukethe lolohlobo kuphela. Ngokungafani nemixube yevanga, izinhlwa zevanga azinakuwohlozeka zibe ezinye iziqa. Inani lezinelesi enuzini yisona sakhi esichasisa inhlwa, futhi kubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi inani lobuchwe - wonke amachwe enani lobuchwe elifanayo angamachwe enhlwa efanayo. Cishe lonke uTho lobunkindisi kumkhathilibe lwakhiwa izinhlwa zevanga. Lapho izinhlwa ezingafani zibhekana nokusabela kwevanga, amachwe ahleleka kabusha abe yimixube emisha ebanjwe ndawonye izibhonqi zevanga. Zimbalwa izinhlwa ezitholakala zingaxubene nezinye futhi zicwebe njengezimbiwa zemvelo, iCwebe neMbedu. Zonke ezinye izinhlwa zitholakala kuNomkhubulwane ziyimixube noma izimvange. Umoya ngokuyinhloko uyinhlanganisela yezinhlwa iNihwe, isOhwe nesAlahwe, nakuba uqukethe imixube ehlanganisa umCalahle ontuhlambili namanzi.


Umlando wokuvubukulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlwa waqala emiphakathini yakudala yabantu eyaqala ngokuvubukula izimbiwa ezifana noMcalahle, Isibabuli, usoklele nemBedu (nakuba isicabango senhlwa sasingakaqondwa). Imizamo yokujinja izinhlwa ezifana nalezi yaphumela esicabangweni sezinhlwa zakudala, ubuthakathi, kanye neminye imibono efanayo ekhona emlandweni. Imvama yokuqondwa kwanamuhla kwezinhlwa yathuthuka kusuka emsebenzini kaDimitri Mendele, umthaki waseRashiya owashicilela icansi lezinhlwa lokuqala elaziwayo ngonyaka we-1869. Leli cansi lihlela izinhlwa ngokukhuphuka kwenani lobuchwe kube izinhlu ("periods") lapho imiqobe ("groups") ecobelelana khona ("periodic") ngezakhi zokubumbeka nezakhi zevanga. Icansi lezinhlwa lifingqa izakhi ezihlukene zezinhlwa, okuvumela abathaki batomule ukuhlobana phakathi kwazo futhi babikezele ngemixube emisha engase yenzeke.
Incaziso

Izinhlwa zevanga eziluhlengesi yiHwanzi neHwelanga, zombili ezidalwa ukusabela okwenzeka endeni yokuQhuma okuKhulu, emva kwemizuzu engama-20 yokuzalwa koMkhathilibe, kanye namachaphaza wezinhlwa ezimbili ezilandelayo, okungumThanya neBehlezani. Cishe zonke ezinye izinhlwa ezisemvelweni zadalwa izinqubo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene zokulumbanisa iNuzi. Emhlabeni, ngamanani amancane wamaChwe amasha akhiqizeka ngokwemvelo ngokusabela okwenzeka enuzini, noma imidludlungu yasemkhathini. Amachwe amasha aphinde akhiqizeke emhlabeni njengamaChembe wemisebe yokubucuka kokuyonzeka okuqhubekayo okufana nokubucuka kokuqala, ukubucuka kwesibili Kanye nengxubano engalindelwe, ukubucuka kwesixheke kanye nezinye izindlela zokubucuka eziyivela kancane.

Ezinhlweni ezingama-94 ezitholakala ngokwemvelo, lezo ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelilodwa kuya kwangama-82, ngawodwa cishe anechembe elilodwa elizinzile (ngaphandle komThanyambi, inhlwa yama-43 kanye nomPhomethimbi, inhlwa yama-61, zombili ezingenawo amachembe azinzile). AmaChembe athathwa njengazinzile yilawo okungakabonwa kubucuka okuyonzayo kuwo. Izinhlwa ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelangama-83 kuya kwelengama-94 zona azizinzile neze kuze kube sezingeno lapho ukubucuka okuyonzayo kwawo wonke amachembe kuhlongeka kalula. Ezinye zalezi zinhlwa, ngokuphawulekayo iBima (inani lobuchwe elingama-83), isiThomsizi (inani lobuchwe elingama-90) kanye neShaqantuva (inani lobuchwe elingama-92), zinechembe elilodwa noma ukweqa elinempilo eyisigamu eyanele ukuphila njengezinsalela zokuqhuma komlumbanisonuzi (nucleosynthesis) wenkanyezi okwakhiqiza izinkimbi ezinzima ngaphambi kokudalwa kohlelo lozungezolanga lwethu. Ngeminyaka eyizi-1019 eziphindwe ngo-1.9, okuyiminyaka engaphezu kwaleyo yomkhathilibe wethu ngobudala, iBima-209 ( inani lobuchwe elingama-83 ) linokubucuka kokuqala obude bempilo-sigamu obaziwayo kunanoma iyipho inhlwa etholakala ngokwemvelo, futhi uhlezi ubhekwa njengofana nezinhlwa ezingama-80 ezizinzileyo. Izinhlwa ezinzima kakhulu (lezo ezilandela imPulu, inhlwa yama-94) zibhekana nokubucuka okuyonzayo ngezimpilo-sigamu ezilufuphi kakhulu futhi ezingatholakali emvelweni kudingeka zilumbaniswe.
Inani lobuchwe

Inani lobuchwe lenhlwa lilingana nenani lezinelesi zechwe ngalinye, futhi yilona elichasisa inhlwa. Ngokwesibonelo, wonke amaChwe womCalahle aqukethe izinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini lechwe; ngakho inani lobuchwe lomCalahle yisi-6. AmaChwe womCalahle kungenzeka abe namanani wezintunge ahlukile; amachwe wenhlwa efanayo anamanani wezintunge ezihlukile aziwa ngokuthi amaChembe wenhlwa.

Inani lezinelesi enuzini lechwe libuye linqume umlelesa, wona onquma inani lezinzuba zechwe esimweni salo sokuhonyozeka. Izinzuba zigcinwa ekuzungezeni ichwe okuyinto enquma izakhi zevanga ezihlukene zechwe. Inani lezintunge enuzini imvama alinawo umthelela omkhulu ezakhini zevanga zenhlwa. Ngaleyondlela , wonke amaChembe womCalahle acishe abe nezakhi zevanga ezifanayo ngokuba wonke anezinelesi eziyisi-6 nezinzuba eziyisi-6, nakuba amachwe womCalahle engaba nezintunge eziyisi-6 noma isi-8. Ingakho inani lobuchwe, kunenani lesisindo noma ubunzima bechwe, lithathwa njengenkondolo ehlonzayo lenhlwa yevanga.

Uphawu lwenani lobuchwe ngu- Z.
AmaChembe

Amachembe angamachwe wenhlwa efanayo (enenani lezinelesi elifanayo enuzini lechwe), kodwana anenani elihlukile lezintunge. Ngokwesibonelo, ingakho kunamachembe amathathu ayinhloko womCalahle. Wonke amaChwe womCalahle anezinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini, kodwa angaba nezintunge eziyisi-6, isi-7 noma isi-8. Njengoba amanani esisindo awo kuyi-12, i-13 ne-14 ngokulandelana, amaChembe amathathu womCalahle azowa ngokuthi umCalahle we-12, umCalahle we-13 nomCalahle we-14, futhi afinyezwa kanje 12C, 13C, and 14C. UmCalahle wansuku zonke nalowo womchazaziqa uyingxube yo 12C (okungaba 98.9%), 13C (okungaba 1.1%) kanye nokungaba ichwe elilodwa kwayisigidi wo 14C.
Icansi lezinhlwa

Icansi elilandelayo liveza izinhlwa ezaziwayo eziyi-118.
Isilulumagama nezimpawu

Izinhlea zevanga ezihlukahlukene zihlonzwa ngokusemthethweni ngamanani azo wobuchwe, amagama azo amukelwayo, kanye nezimpawu zawo ngokwevanga.
Amanani wobuchwe

Izinhlwa ezaziwayo zinamanani wobuchwe aqala kulinye (1) kuya ekhulwini elineshumi nesiphohlongo (118), alotshwa ngezibalonani zase-Arabiya. Njengoba izinhlwa zingakleliswa ngenani lobuchwe, kusuka kweliphansi kuya kweiliphezulu (njengasecansini lobunkathi), ngezinye izikhathi amaqoqo ezinhlwa angahlonzwa ngokuthi kuthiwe, "through", "beyond", or "from ... through", as in "through iron", "beyond uranium", or "from lanthanum through lutetium" .