Grinilandi

Grinilandi, kiing. Greenland (kwa Kikalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat) ni kisiwa kikubwa zaidi duniani na eneo lenye mamlaka ya kujiongoza ndani ya Ufalme wa Udeni. Kikiwa kati ya Bahari ya Atlantiki ya Kaskazini na Bahari ya Aktiki, kijiografia ni sehemu ya bara la Amerika Kaskazini, lakini kihistoria na kisiasa kina uhusiano wa karibu sana na Ulaya. Kisiwa hiki kina ukubwa wa takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 2.17, ambapo karibu asilimia 80 ya eneo hilo limefunikwa na barafuto. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban watu 56,000 (kufikia 2024), wengi wao wakiwa ni Wainuit. Mji mkuu na mkubwa zaidi ni Nuuk. Lugha rasmi ni Kigrinilandi na Kideni.

Grinilandi ilipewa mamlaka ya kujitawala kutoka Udeni mwaka 1979, na baadaye ikapata hadhi ya kujitawala zaidi mwaka 2009, ikichukua usimamizi wa masuala mengi ya ndani, huku Udeni ikibaki na udhibiti wa sera za kigeni, ulinzi, na masuala ya fedha. Grinilandi ina bunge lake linaloitwa Inatsisartut, na uongozi wake uko mikononi mwa Waziri Mkuu. Ingawa si mwanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya, Grinilandi ina mikataba kadhaa ya ushirikiano na umoja huo, hasa katika biashara na uvuvi.

Uchumi wa Grinilandi unategemea sana uvuvi, ambao ndio chanzo kikuu cha mauzo ya nje, pamoja na uwindaji, utalii, na uchimbaji mdogo wa madini. Kisiwa hiki pia kinavutia kwa utajiri wake wa rasilimali, zikiwemo ardhi adimu, ingawa uchunguzi wa rasilimali hizo mara nyingi huibua mijadala kutokana na hofu ya athari kwa mazingira. Mandhari yake makubwa na ya pori, pamoja na hali ya hewa ya Aktiki, huifanya Grinilandi kuwa eneo la pekee, na muhimu sana kwa tafiti za mabadiliko ya tabianchi.
Jina

Jina la Kiswahili limetokana na lile la Kiingereza "Greenland", ambalo ni tafsiri ya jina la Kidenmark "Grønland", linalomaanisha "nchi yenye rangi ya majani mabichi".

Jina hilo Grinilandi lilitungwa miaka 1000 iliyopita, kwa sababu wakati ule hali ya hewa duniani ilikuwa na joto zaidi, na hapakuwa na barafu nyingi kama leo.
Jiografia

Kijiografia Grinilandi, kisiwa kikubwa kuliko vyote duniani, ni sehemu ya bamba la Amerika ya Kaskazini lakini kihistoria na kisiasa kwa karne kadhaa imekuwa na uhusiano wa karibu na Skandinavia (Ulaya ya Kaskazini).

Mlima wa juu wa Grinilandi ni Mlima Gunnbjørn (mita 3,694 juu ya UB) katika Watkins Range.
250px|thumbnail|left|Barafuto ya [[Sermeq Kujatdlek upande wa magharibi wa Grinilandi.]]

Mji mkuu ni Godthaab inayoitwa Nuuk (17,000).
Demografia

Wananchi wengi (89.5%) ni wakazi asilia wenye asili ya Asia, ingawa wengi wao wana pia damu ya Kizungu kwa asilimia 25. Lugha yao ndiyo lugha rasmi pekee tangu mwaka 2009. 8.6% ni Wazungu wenye asili ya Skandinavia na wanaongea Kidenmark ambacho kinaendelea kutumiwa na wote katika nafasi kadhaa. Wakazi wengi wanaweza kuongea lugha zote mbili.

Upande wa dini, walio wengi ni Wakristo (96.1%), hasa Walutheri (85%).

Grinilandi inaongoza duniani kwa asilimia ya watu wanaojiua, pamoja na kuwa na idadi kubwa ya walevi.
Marejeo

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Marejeo mengine

thumbnail|left|250px|Grønland
* Bardarson, I. (ed. Jónsson, F.) "Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson (Ivar Bårdssön)", (Copenhagen, 1930).
* CIA World Factbook, 2000.
* Conkling, P. W. et al. 2011. The Fate of Greenland: Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change, co-authored with Richard Alley, Wallace Broecker and George Denton, with photographs by Gary Comer, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
* Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 1. Taxonomical Part. Meddr Gronland. 156(1), pp. 1–245.
* Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 11. Geographic Distribution. Meddr Gronland. 156, pp. 1–70.
* Steffen, Konrad, N. Cullen, and R. Huff (2005). "Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland Ice Sheet during 1991–2004," Proceedings of the 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting (San Diego).
* Sowa, F. 2013. Indigenous Peoples and the Institutionalization of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Greenland. In: Arctic Anthropology. 50(1), pp. 72-88.
* Sowa, F. 2013. Relations of Power & Domination in a World Polity: The Politics of Indigeneity & National Identity in Greenland. In: Heininen, L. Arctic Yearbook 2013. The Arctic of regions vs. the globalized Arctic. Akureyri: Northern Research Forum, pp. 184-198.www.arcticyearbook.com/ay2013
* Sowa, F. 2014. Greenland. in: Hund, A. Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth’s Polar Regions. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 312-316.
Viungo vya nje

* Tovuti rasmi
; Taarifa za jumla
* Greenland entry at Denmark.dk.
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* Greenland entry at Encyclopædia Britannica.
* A guide to Greenlandic Culture at culture.gl.
* Greenland at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
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* Daily updated satellite images from Greenland
* Greenland profile from the BBC News
* Key Development Forecasts for the Kingdom of Denmark from International Futures
* Population in Greenland
* Official statistical information about Greenland from stat.gl.

; Serikali
*Government Offices of Greenland
* Greenlandic Government Information Center , the official English-language website (administered by the Greenland Ministry for Foreign Affairs)
*Departement of Foreign Affairs of Greenland
*Greenland represented with the Kingdom of Denmark Embassies
*Summary vital statistics about Greenland from Naatsorsueqqissaartarfik.

; Ramani
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*Satellite image of Greenland at the NASA Earth Observatory.

; Vyombo vya habari
*Oil and Minerals Greenland at Arctic Journal
*Google news Greenland
*History of Greenland: Primary Documents
*Geological maps of Greenland

; Biashara
* World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Greenland

; Safari
*Visit Greenland – the official Greenlandic Tourist Board

; Mengineyo
*The Norse in the North Atlantic: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Memorial University of Newfoundland.
*A Photographer’s View of Greenland Documentary produced by Murray Fredericks
*Vifanord.de – library of scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries.


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Jamii:Denmark
Jamii:Amerika ya Kaskazini
Jamii:Nchi za visiwa
Jamii:Aktiki