Chad

Chad, kirasmi Jamhuri ya Chad (pia: Chadi), ni nchi huru iliyoko Afrika ya Kati. Imepakana na Libya, Sudan, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Kamerun, Nigeria na Niger. Mji mkuu ni Ndjamena.
Jiografia

Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni jangwa na nchi yabisi. Kusini kuna kanda lenye hali ya hewa ya kitropiki, lakini ardhi yenye rutuba inayofaa kwa kilimo ni asilimia 3 tu za eneo lake lote .

Kaskazini kuna milima ya Tibesti.

Katikati liko beseni la ziwa Chad lililokuwa kati ya maziwa makubwa kabisa duniani lakini limepungua sana, hasa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.
Historia

Katika milenia ya 7 KK kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.

Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.

Tangu mwaka 2003 petroli imekuwa inaongoza kati ya bidhaa zinazopelekwa nje ya nchi badala ya pamba.

Tangu mwaka huo Mgogoro wa Darfur nchini Sudan umevuka mpaka na kuvuruga Chad pia. Ikiwa kati ya nchi zinazoongoza duniani kwa ufukara na ufisadi, ilipata shida kupokea wakimbizi kwa mamia elfu.

Ingawa kulikuwa na vyama vingi vya siasa na mapigano ya kisiasa pamoja na majaribio ya mapinduzi, mamlaka ilibaki imara mikononi mwa Rais Déby na chama chake, Patriotic Salvation Movement, hadi alipouawa mwaka 2021.
Watu

.]]
Wakazi walikuwa 15,500,000 mwaka 2018.

Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za kanda la Sahel kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake:
* Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na utamaduni wa Uislamu (55% za wakazi wote, wengi wakiwa Wasuni). Mifano ni Waarabu (12.3%), Wafulbe, Wahaussa, Wazaghawa na wengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa wafugaji na sehemu ya makabila inaendelea hadi leo maisha ya kuhamahama.
* Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata Ukristo (41%, Wakatoliki wakiwa wengi kidogo kuliko Waprotestanti) au dini asilia za Kiafrika (1%) kama Wasara (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.

Kwa jumla leo kuna makabila zaidi ya 200 nchini, ambayo hutimia lugha na lahaja zaidi ya 100 (angalia orodha ya lugha hizo). Asili yao ni Afrika Mashariki, Afrika ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi na Afrika Kaskazini vilevile.

Lugha rasmi ni Kiarabu na Kifaransa.
Tazama pia

* Orodha ya miji ya Chad
* Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
* Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
* Demografia ya Afrika
Marejeo
Marejeo mengine

* Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir }}", 214.
* "Background Note: Chad". September 2006. United States Department of State.
* Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); ""
* Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire
* Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", The South African Journal of Economics 60 (4): 246–255.
* Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
*
* "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* "Chad". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
*
* "Chad". International Religious Freedom Report 2006. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* "Amnesty International Report 2006 ". Amnesty International Publications.
* "Chad" (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007. OECD. May 2007. ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3
* "Chad ". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 May 2007.
* "Chad " (PDF). Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000
* . Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
* "Chad". Human Rights Instruments. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 12 December 1997.
* "Chad". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
* "Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2000).
* "Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF). 24 September 2002. World Bank.
* (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
* "Chad Urban Development Project" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.
* "Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007" (PDF). 8 January 2007. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
* "Chad Livelihood Profiles " (PDF). March 2005. United States Agency for International Development.
* "Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.
* "Chad (2006) ". Country Report: 2006 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.
* . Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. Energy Information Administration.
* "Chad leader's victory confirmed", BBC News, 14 May 2006.
* "Chad may face genocide, UN warns", BBC News, 16 February 2007.
* Chapelle, Jean (1981); . Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-169-4
* Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); . New York: United Nations. ISBN 92-1-104540-1
* Collelo, Thomas (1990); Chad: A Country Study, 2d ed. Washington: U.S. GPO. ISBN 0-16-024770-5
* Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999);
*
* East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
* Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
* Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "* La musique recherche son identité ", Tchad et Culture 214.
* "Chad: the Habré Legacy" . Amnesty International. 16 October 2001.
* Lange, Dierk (1988). "The Chad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
* [http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf ] (PDF). . N. 3. September 2004.
* Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
* Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "* Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche ", Tchad et Culture 214.
* Manley, Andrew; "Chad's vulnerable president", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
* "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
* Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); " " (PDF). 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.
*
* Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
* "Rank Order – Area ". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.
* "Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile " (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
* . Government of Chad.
* Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004);
* "Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. 29 November – 1 December 1972.
* "[http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html ]". . UNESCO, Education for All.
* "http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf " (PDF). International Crisis Group. 1 June 2006.
* Wolfe, Adam; , PINR, 6 December 2006.
* World Bank (14 July 2006). World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction . Press release.
* World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
* "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
* Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").
Viungo vya nje

; Vya serikali
* Serikali ya Chad
* Official presidency site
* Chief of State and Cabinet Members

; Vingine
*
* Chad country study from Library of Congress
*
* Chad profile from the BBC News
*
* Key Development Forecasts for Chad from International Futures


Jamii:Chad
Jamii:Nchi za Afrika
Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika
Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa
Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kiarabu