Nelson Mandela

UNelson Rolihlahla Mandela owazalwa ngo 18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013 wayengumshisekeli we-bandarheid waseNingizimu Afrika futhi engumholi wezombusazwe owayengumongameli wokuqala waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-1999. Wayengumholi we qembu elincani . Ngokwemibono wayengumlandeli wobuzwe wase-Afrika futhi engumsekeli wesimishttps://southafrica.co.za/nr/unelson-rolihlahla-mandela-ngokuqoqwa-ngu-raymond-louw.htmlo sokusebenzela uhulumeni, wasebenza njengomongameli weqembu le-I-African National Congress (ANC) kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1997.

U Mandela wazalelwa emndenini wasebukhosini waseThembu I-Mvezo, eNingizimu Afrika. Wafundela umthetho e-I-University of Fort Hare nase-University de Witwatersrand ngaphambi kokuba asebenze njengomeli IGoli. Lapho wahileleka kwezombusazwe ezilwa namakoloni nezobuzwe base-Afrika, wajoyina i-ANC ngo-1943 futhi wasungula i-Youth League ngonyaka wa-1944. Ngemuva kokuba uhulumeni we-National Party wabamhlophe kuphela usungule ubandlululo, uhlelo Ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga olwalunikeza abamhlophe ilungelo, uMandela ne-ANC bazibophezele ekubhidlikeni. Wakhethwa njengomongameli wegatsha laseTransvaal le-ANC, wavelela ngokuzibandakanya kwakhe eMkhankasweni Wokuvikela wango-1952 kanye ne-Congress of the People ka-1955. Waboshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yemisebenzi ukuvukela umbuso futhi washushiswa ngokungaphumeleli eNkantolo Yokuvukela Uhulumeni ka-1956. Ethonywe yiMarxism, wajoyina ngasese ingalo yomthetho evinjelwe. Nakuba ekuqaleni ayezinikele ekubhikisheni okungenabudlova, ehlangene ne-SACP wasungula i-UMkhonto we Sizwe ngo-1961 eyahola umkhankaso ukucekela phansi uhulumeni wobandlululo. Waboshwa futhi waboshwa ngo-1962, futhi, ngemuva kwe-Rivonia Trial, wagwetshwa ukudilikelwa ejele ngenxa yokuzama ukugumbuqela umbuso.
Ukuboshwa
Ukuboshwa nokuqulwa kwecala laseRivonia: 1962-1964

Mhla zi-5 kuNcwaba ngonyaka ka-1962, amaphoyisa athatha uMandela kanye nesishoshovu esikanye naye UCecil Williams eduze kwaseHowick.[130] Amalungu amaningi e-MK asola ukuthi iziphathimandla zazixwayisiwe ngokuqondene nokuthi uMandela ukuphi, yize uMandela ngokwakhe anikeza lemibono ubuqotho obuncane.[131] Eminyakeni yakamuva, UDonald Rickard, owayengummeli waseMelika, wembula ukuthi I-Central Intelligence Agency, eyayesaba ubudlelwano bukaMandela namakhomanisi, yayitshele amaphoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika indawo ayekuyo.[132] Eboshiwe ejele laseMarshall Square eGoli, uMandela wamangalelwa ngokukhuthaza iziteleka zezisebenzi nokuhamba ezweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Eziveza yena noSlovo njengomeluleki wezomthetho, uMandela wayehlose ukusebenzisa icala ukubonisa "ukuphikisa kokuziphatha kwe-ANC ngobandlululo" ngenkathi abasekeli bebhikisha ngaphandle kwenkantolo.[134] Wathuthela ePitoli, lapho uWinnie ayengamvakashela khona, waqala izifundo zokuxhumana ukuze athole iziqu ze-Bachelor of Laws (LLB) e-University of London International Programmes.[135] Ukulalelwa kwakhe kwaqala ngoMfumfu, kodwa waphazamisa inqubo ngokugqoka i-kaross yendabuko, enqaba ukubiza noma yimuphi ofakazi, futhi waphendulela isicelo sakhe sokunciphisa inkulumo yezombusazwe. Watholakala enecala, wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele, wathi ephuma enkantolo, abalandeli bacula "iNkosi Sikelel iAfrika".[136]

Mhla ziyi-11 kuNtulikazi ngonyaka ka-1963, amaphoyisa ahlasela iPulazi laseLiliesleaf, abopha labo ababathola lapho futhi athola amaphepha abonisa imisebenzi ye-MK, amanye awo akhuluma ngoMandela. Icala laseRivonia laqala eNkantolo Ephakeme YasePitoli kuMfumfu, lapho uMandela namaqabane akhe babekwa icala kumacala amane okucekela phansi uhulumeni ngendluzula; umshushisi wabo omkhulu kwakungu Percy Yutar.[139] UJaji I-Quartus de Wet ngokushesha walahla icala lomshushisi ngenxa yobufakazi obuncane, kodwa u-Yutar waphinde walungisa amacala, wethula icala lakhe elisha kusukela ngoZibandlela ngonyaka ka-1963 kuze kube nguNhlolanja ngonyaka ka-1964, wabiza ofakazi abangu-173 wabe eseletha izinkulungwane zamaphepha nezithombe ecaleni.[140]

Nakuba abane balabo abamangalelwa baphika ukuzibandakanya ne-MK, uMandela nabanye abamangalelwa abahlanu bavuma ukucekela phansi kodwa baphika ukuthi bake bavumelana ukuqala impi yabashokobezi ngokumelene nohulumeni.[141] Basebenzisa ukuqulwa ukuveza inhloso yabo yezombusazwe; ekuvulweni kwenqubo yokuvikela, uMandela wanikeza inkulumo yakhe yamahora amathathu ethi "Ngilungiselele Ukufa". Leyo nkulumo yayigqigquzelwe yi- "History Will Absolve Me" kaCastro - yabikwa kabanzi emaphephandabeni naphezu kokuhlolwa okusemthethweni.[142] Inkulumo yayiphucuziwe futhi yahlelwa ngu Nadine Gordimer, umbhali wamanoveli ongumJuda waseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nentatheli yaseBrithani U-Anthony Sampson, bobabili ababehlonipha umqondo womphakathi wentando yeningi nozikhululekile, belandela indlela kaMandela. Icala lathola ukunakwa emazweni omhlaba; kwakukhona izicelo zomhlaba wonke zokukhululwa kwabamangalelwa yi-United Nations kanye UMkhandlu Wokuthula Womhlaba, ngenkathi I-University of London Union ivota uMandela ukuba abe ngumongameli wayo.[144] Mhla ziyi-12 kuNhlangulana ngonyaka ka-1964, ijaji uDe Wet wathola uMandela nababili ababemangalelwe nabo becala kuwo wonke amacala amane; nakuba abashushisi babecele ukuthi isigwebo sentambo sisetshenziswe, ijaji esikhundleni salokho labalahla ngejele.[145]