Title: Rangelia

{{Short description|Genus of single-celled organisms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Rangelia 
| subdivision_ranks  = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Rangelia vitalii]]''
}}

'''''Rangelia''''' is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the [[phylum]] [[Apicomplexa]].

==History==

This organism was first described in Brazil in 1910. This discovery was not confirmed until 2011 when experimental transmission of the organism showed its pathological capabilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;França2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=França RT, Da Silva AS, Loretti AP, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST |title=Canine rangeliosis due to ''Rangelia vitalii'': from first report in Brazil in 1910 to current day — a review |journal=Ticks Tick-Borne Dis |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=466–74 |year=2014 |pmid=24950853 |doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.04.005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Description==

This parasite's normal life cycle involves wild [[canid]]s and [[tick]]s. Domestic dogs are accidental hosts. It has been reported from [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and [[Uruguay]].

This parasite is transmitted by ticks.

After injection into the vertebrate host the parasite migrates to endothelial cells of the capillaries. The parasites lie within parasitophorous vacuoles that have a trilaminar membrane with villar protrusions. An apical complex is present which includes a [[polar ring]] and [[rhoptry|rhoptries]] but lacks a [[conoid]].

The parasites may also invade [[erythrocyte]]s and [[leukocyte]]s.

==Clinical features==

The disease caused by infection with this parasite is known as [[rangeliosis]]. In Brazil it is also known as ''nambi-uvú'' (bleeding ears), ''peste de sangue'' (bleeding plague) and ''febre amarela dos cães'' (yellow fever of dogs).

===Presentation===

The clinical manifestations of this disease are [[anaemia]], [[jaundice]], [[fever]], [[hepatomegaly]], [[splenomegaly]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[haematochezia]] and persistent bleeding from the nose, oral cavity and the tips, margins and outer surface of the [[pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]]. Other features include [[lethargy]], [[loss of appetite]], weakness, weight loss, [[dyspnoea]], [[petechia]]e and [[haematemesis]].

===Laboratory findings===

These include regenerative anaemia, [[spherocytosis]], icteric plasma, leukopenia due to [[neutropenia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], eosinopenia and bilirubinuria. The [[alanine aminotransferase]], [[aspartate aminotransferase]] and [[creatine kinase]] levels may be raised. The [[gamma-glutamyltransferase]], [[urea]] and [[creatinine]] levels remain normal.

===Histology===

Langhans type multinucleate giant cells may be present in the [[lymph node]]s and the [[choroid plexus]].

Erythroid hyperplasia may be present in the bone marrow.

===Diagnosis===

Diagnosis may be made by demonstrating the organism in the [[bone marrow]] or by serology.

===Differential diagnosis===

This includes [[babesiosis]], [[ehrlichiosis]], [[leishmaniasis]] and [[leptospirosis]].

===Notes===

This disease may be transmitted by blood transfusion.

==Treatment==

Treatment with [[diminazene aceturate]] has been shown to be effective.&lt;ref name=DaSilva2011&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Silva AS, França RT, Costa MM, Paim CB, Paim FC, Dornelles GL, Soares JF, Labruna MB, Mazzanti CM, Monteiro SG, Lopes ST |title=Experimental infection with ''Rangelia vitalii'' in dogs: acute phase, parasitemia, biological cycle, clinical-pathological aspects and treatment |journal=Exp. Parasitol. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=347–52 |year=2011 |pmid=21570966 |doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Vectors==

''[[Amblyomma aureolatum]]''

==Hosts==

*Crab-eating fox (''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'')
*Pampas fox (''[[Lycalopex gymnocercus]]'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alveolata}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22285325}}

[[Category:Apicomplexa genera]]
[[Category:Dog diseases]]
[[Category:Piroplasmida]]