Title: Hypertrophic osteopathy

{{Short description|Bone disease}}
{{About|hypertrophic osteopathy in animals|hypertrophic osteopathy in humans|Nail clubbing}}

'''Hypertrophic osteopathy''' is a bone disease secondary to cancer in the lungs.

==Presentation==
It is characterized by new bone formation on the outside of the [[diaphysis|diaphyses]] of long bones of the limbs, without destruction of cortical bone. Symptoms include stiffness and warm, firm swelling of the legs, and signs of lung disease such as coughing and difficulty breathing. Hypertrophic osteopathy in humans differs from a similar condition in dogs, in that in humans it is usually caused by lung tumors or infections such as ''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum]]'' or ''[[Corynebacterium]]''.  The most common cause in dogs is primary or metastatic pulmonary neoplasia.&lt;ref name=Foster&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Foster, Wendy K. |author2=Armstrong, Julie A. |title=Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary ''Eikenella corrodens'' infection in a dog|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|year=2006|volume=228|issue=9|pages=1366–1369|url=http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.228.9.1366|accessdate=2006-08-26|doi=10.2460/javma.228.9.1366|pmid=16649940|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Other potential causes in dogs include [[heartworm]] disease, heart disease, and pulmonary [[abscess]]es.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson T, Walker M, Goring R |title=Cardiogenic hypertrophic osteopathy in a dog with a right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus |journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc |volume=224 |issue=9 |pages=1464–6, 1453 |year=2004 |pmid=15124887 |doi=10.2460/javma.2004.224.1464|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  It has also been associated with nonpulmonary diseases such as renal tumors and [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] of the bladder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Seaman R, Patton C |title=Treatment of renal nephroblastoma in an adult dog |journal=J Am Anim Hosp Assoc |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |year=2003 |doi=10.5326/0390076 |pmid=12549618}}&lt;/ref&gt;  At least once it has been caused by congenital [[megaesophagus]] in a six-year-old dog.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Watrous B, Blumenfeld B |title=Congenital megaesophagus with hypertrophic osteopathy in a 6-year-old dog |journal=Vet Radiol Ultrasound |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=545–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12502108 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01046.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hypertrophic osteopathy is rare in cats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker T, Perry R, Watson G |title=Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat after surgical excision of an adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=J Am Anim Hosp Assoc |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=499–505 |year=1999 |doi=10.5326/15473317-35-6-499 |pmid=10580910}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Causes==
One theory is that hypertrophic osteopathy is caused by increased blood flow to the ends of the legs, overgrowth of [[connective tissue]], and then new bone formation surrounding the bones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Foster W, Armstrong J |title=Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary Eikenella corrodens infection in a dog |journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc |volume=228 |issue=9 |pages=1366–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16649940 |doi=10.2460/javma.228.9.1366|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  This is secondary to nerve stimulation by the lung disease.  The condition may reverse if the lung mass is removed or if the [[vagus nerve]] is cut on the affected side.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Osteochondropathy}}

[[Category:Dog diseases]]

{{Veterinary-med-stub}}