Title: Alphacoronavirus 1

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| image = 02-0042-F1.E.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = [[Electron micrograph]] of ''Alphacoronavirus suis'' of pig (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus)
| parent = Tegacovirus
| species = Alphacoronavirus suis 
| subdivision_ranks = Member viruses 
| subdivision_ref = &lt;ref name=suis &gt;{{cite web |title=Taxon Details: ''Alphacoronavirus suis'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202401849&amp;taxon_name=Alphacoronavirus%20suis |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=4 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision = 
*[[Feline coronavirus]]
*[[Canine coronavirus]]
*[[Transmissible gastroenteritis virus]]
| synonyms = *Alphacoronavirus 1
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=suis /&gt;
*
}}

'''''Alphacoronavirus suis''''', also called '''Alphacoronavirus 1''', is a species of [[coronavirus]] that infects cats, dogs and pigs. It includes the virus strains [[feline coronavirus]], [[canine coronavirus]], and [[transmissible gastroenteritis virus]].&lt;ref name=suis /&gt; It is an [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], [[positive-strand RNA virus]] which is able to enter its host cell by binding to the [[Alanine aminopeptidase|APN receptor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Fehr AR, Perlman S|title=Coronaviruses|date=2015|chapter=Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|publisher=Springer|volume=1282|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|isbn=978-1-4939-2438-7|pmc=4369385|pmid=25720466|quote=See Table 1.|veditors=Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Member viruses were first recognised as viruses that caused transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs in 1965. It was originally named ''porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus'' in 1976. After subsequent discovery of ''canine coronavirus'' in dogs and ''feline coronavirus'' in cats, the three virus species were merged into a single species in 2009. The strain [[Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018|canine coronavirus-HuPn-2018]] has been identified in a small number of human cases.

== Discovery ==
In the mid-1940s there was an outbreak of pig disease in US, called transmissible gastroenteritis, which was characterised mainly by diarrhoea and vomiting. It was suspected to be a viral infection and was highly fatal among young pigs. Leo P. Doyle and L. M. Hutchings reported the case in the ''Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association'' in 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=L. P.|last2=Hutchings|first2=L. M.|date=1946|title=A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=108|pages=257–259|pmid=21020443}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus was identified and isolated by A. W. McClurkin in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mcclurkin|first=A. W.|date=1965|title=Studies on transmissible gastroenteritis of swine I. The isolation and identification of a cytopathogenic virus of transmissible gastroenteritis in primary swine kidney cell cultures|journal=Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science|volume=29|issue=2 |pages=46–53|pmc=1494364|pmid=14290945}}&lt;/ref&gt; The International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV, later renamed [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]], ICTV, in 1975) accepted the scientific named ''Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus of swine'' in its first report in 1971, but renamed it ''Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus'' (PTGV) in its second report in 1976.&lt;ref name=suis /&gt;

There was another case of coronavirus infection in cats in 1966. The virus caused inflammation of the abdomen (peritonitis) and was highly fatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=L.G.|last2=Griesemer|first2=R.A.|date=1966|title=Feline infectious peritonitis|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030098586600300309|journal=Pathologia Veterinaria|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=255–270|doi=10.1177/030098586600300309|pmid=5958991|s2cid=12930790|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus was identified in 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zook|first1=B. C.|last2=King|first2=N. W.|last3=Robison|first3=R. L.|last4=McCombs|first4=H. L.|date=1968|title=Ultrastructural evidence for the viral etiology of feline infectious peritonitis|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030098586800500112|journal=Pathologia Veterinaria|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1177/030098586800500112|s2cid=73331347|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was named as ''Feline infectious peritonitis virus'' by ICTV in 1991. It was again renamed ''Feline coronavirus'' in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ICTV Taxonomy history: Feline infectious peritonitis virus|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=19980734&amp;taxa_name=Feline%20infectious%20peritonitis%20virus|access-date=2020-08-18|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1974 there was an outbreak of viral infection among US military dogs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Binn|first1=L. N.|last2=Lazar|first2=E. C.|last3=Keenan|first3=K. P.|last4=Huxsoll|first4=D. L.|last5=Marchwicki|first5=R. H.|last6=Strano|first6=A. J.|date=1974|title=Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea|journal=Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association|issue=78|pages=359–366|pmid=4377955}}&lt;/ref&gt; The virus was identified as a coronavirus and the formal name ''Canine coronavirus'' was adopted by ICTV in 1991''.'' As the molecular and antigenic relationship of the three viruses were later established in the late 1980s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=L.|last2=de Groot|first2=R.|last3=van der Zeijst|first3=B. A.|last4=Horzinek|first4=M. C.|last5=Spaan|first5=W.|date=1987|title=The nucleotide sequence of the peplomer gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV): comparison with the sequence of the peplomer protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)|journal=Virus Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=363–371|doi=10.1016/0168-1702(87)90008-6|pmc=7134191|pmid=2829461}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hohdatsu|first1=T.|last2=Okada|first2=S.|last3=Koyama|first3=H.|date=1991|title=Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against feline infectious peritonitis virus type II and antigenic relationship between feline, porcine, and canine coronaviruses|journal=Archives of Virology|volume=117|issue=1–2|pages=85–95|doi=10.1007/BF01310494|pmc=7086586|pmid=1706593}}&lt;/ref&gt; ICTV merged them into a single species ''Alphacoronavirus 1'' in 2009, and in 2024 the species was renamed ''Alphacoronavirus suis''.&lt;ref name=suis /&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Coronaviridae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q18965331}}

[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
[[Category:Alphacoronaviruses]]
[[Category:Dog diseases]]
[[Category:Cat diseases]]
[[Category:Swine diseases]]