Title: Canine coronavirus

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| image = Canine coronavirus.jpg
| image_alt = Canine coronavirus antigen (arrows) in canine lung tissue
| image_caption = Canine coronavirus [[antigen]] (arrows) in [[Canis|canine]] lung tissue
| parent = Tegacovirus
| species = Alphacoronavirus suis
| virus = Canine coronavirus
| subdivision_ranks = Strains
| subdivision_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) ''Coronaviridae'' |url=https://ictv.global/report_9th/RNApos/Nidovirales/Coronaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=10 January 2019 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision =
*[[Canine coronavirus type I]]
**[[Canine coronavirus strain Elmo/02]]
*[[Canine coronavirus type II]]
**[[Canine coronavirus strain NTU336/F/2008]]
}}

'''Canine coronavirus''' (CCoV) is an [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], [[Sense (molecular biology)|positive-sense]], [[RNA|single-stranded]] [[RNA virus]]  which is a member of the species ''Alphacoronavirus suis''. It is distributed world wide and may cause intestinal disease in dogs.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetres&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Pratelli A|year=2006|title=Genetic evolution of canine coronavirus and recent advances in prophylaxis|journal=Vet Res|volume=37|issue=2|pages=191–200|doi=10.1051/vetres:2005053|pmid=16472519|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The infecting virus enters its host cell by binding to the [[Alanine aminopeptidase|APN receptor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Fehr AR, Perlman S|title=Coronaviruses|date=2015|chapter=Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|publisher=Springer|volume=1282|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|isbn=978-1-4939-2438-7|pmc=4369385|pmid=25720466|quote=See Table 1.|veditors=Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was discovered in 1971 in [[Germany]] during an outbreak in [[guard dog|sentry dog]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetres&quot; /&gt; The virus is a member of the genus ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]'' and subgenus ''Tegacovirus''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&amp;id=11153&amp;lvl=3&amp;lin=f&amp;keep=1&amp;srchmode=1&amp;unlock|title=Taxonomy browser (Canine coronavirus)|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2020-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Canine enteric coronavirus==
===Pathology===
The virus invades and replicates in the [[Intestinal villus|villi]] of the [[small intestine]].  Intestinal disease may be related to virus-induced [[apoptosis]] (programmed cell death) of cells of the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Canine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume= 121|issue= 1–2|pages= 64–72|year= 2007|pmid=17254720 |last1= Ruggieri |first1= A |last2= Di Trani |first2= L |last3= Gatto |first3= I |last4= Franco |first4= M |last5= Vignolo |first5= E |last6= Bedini |first6= B |last7= Elia |first7= G |last8= Buonavoglia |first8= C |doi= 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.016|pmc=7117493 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Canine coronavirus was originally thought to cause serious gastrointestinal disease, but now most cases are considered to be very mild or without symptoms.&lt;ref name=Carmichael&gt;{{cite web|author=Pratelli, A.|year=2005|title=Canine Coronavirus Infection|work=Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/Pratelli/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|access-date=2006-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410180053/http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/pratelli/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|archive-date=2005-04-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with [[canine parvovirus]].  Coronavirus infection of the intestinal villi makes the [[cell (biology)|cell]]s more susceptible to parvovirus infection.  This causes a much more severe disease than either virus can separately.&lt;ref name=Ettinger_1995/&gt;  However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still occasionally reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Evermann J, Abbott J, Han S |title=Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection |journal=J Vet Diagn Invest |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=610–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16475526 |doi=10.1177/104063870501700618|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Desario C, Castagnaro M, Tempesta M |title=Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=492–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16704791 |doi= 10.3201/eid1203.050839|pmc=3291441}}&lt;/ref&gt;  This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one.&lt;ref name=vetres/&gt;

===Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and control===
{{See also|DA2PPC vaccine}}
The [[incubation period]] is one to three days.&lt;ref name=Ettinger_1995&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ettinger, Stephen J. |author2=Feldman, Edward C. |title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The disease is highly contagious and is spread through the [[feces]] of infected dogs, who usually shed the virus for six to nine days, but sometimes for six months following infection.&lt;ref name=Carmichael/&gt;  Symptoms include [[diarrhea]], vomiting, and anorexia.  Diagnosis is through detection of virus particles in the feces.  Treatment usually only requires medication for diarrhea, but more severely affected dogs may require [[intravenous fluids]] for [[dehydration]].  Fatalities are rare.  The virus is destroyed by most available [[disinfectant]]s.  There is a vaccine available ([[ATCvet]] code: {{ATCvet|I07|AD11}}), however, evidence suggests its use may be very limited to specific cases. It is generally not recommended for use, due to questions around its efficacy and the general timing of most vaccinations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=((Squires, R. A.)), ((Crawford, C.)), ((Marcondes, M.)), ((Whitley, N.)) |date=May 2024 |title=2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats – compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) |journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=277–316 |doi=10.1111/jsap.13718 |pmid=38568777 |issn=0022-4510}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was historically recommended in puppies and show dogs.&lt;ref name=Ettinger_1995/&gt;

==Canine respiratory coronavirus==
{{section move from|date=January 2022}}

Recently, a second type of canine coronavirus (Group II) has been shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ellis, John A.|year=2006|title=Outbreak! How can we approach emerging diseases?|work=Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference|url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/219.pdf?LA=1|access-date=2007-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094049/http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/219.pdf?LA=1|archive-date=2007-09-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Known as canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and found to be similar to strain [[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]] of bovine and human coronaviruses, it was first isolated in the [[United Kingdom]] in 2003 from lung samples of dogs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks H, Brownlie J |title=Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease |journal=Virology |volume=310 |issue=2 |pages=216–23 |year=2003 |pmid=12781709 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00160-0 |pmc=7126160 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has since been found on the European mainland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G, Mari V, Lucente MS, Cordioli P, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C |title=Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume= 121|issue= 3–4|pages= 225–30|year=2006 |pmid=17215093 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.001|pmc=7117267 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in Japan.&lt;ref name=Japan&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Yachi A, Mochizuki M |title=Survey of dogs in Japan for group 2 canine coronavirus infection |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=2615–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16825396 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02397-05 |pmc=1489469}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A [[Serology|serological]] study in 2006 has also shown [[antibody|antibodies]] to CRCoV to be present in dogs in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Priestnall S, Brownlie J, Dubovi E, Erles K |title=Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=115 |issue=1–3 |pages=43–53 |year=2006 |pmid=16551493 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.008|pmc=7117349 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a retrospective study in [[Saskatchewan]] found that CRCoV may have been present there as far back as 1996.&lt;ref name=Japan/&gt;

==Human infection==
A study published on May 20, 2021, analyzed samples from eight patients with pneumonia (seven of whom were children) in hospitals of [[Sibu]] and [[Kapit]], [[Malaysia]], taken between 2017 and 2018 and found a novel coronavirus. This coronavirus is a species of Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which was named  [[CCoV-HuPn-2018]] and was found to have multiple similarities to [[feline coronavirus]], [[transmissible gastroenteritis virus|swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus]] and some human and [[SARSr-CoV|SARS-like]] coronaviruses. Most of these affect the spike protein and it is thought the virus could have undergone genetic recombination to achieve those traits. If this strain is confirmed to be associated with human disease then it would become the eighth known coronavirus to cause disease in humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |year=2021 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciab456 |pmid=34013321 |last1=Vlasova |first1=A. N. |last2=Diaz |first2=A. |last3=Damtie |first3=D. |last4=Xiu |first4=L. |last5=Toh |first5=T. H. |last6=Lee |first6=J. S. |last7=Saif |first7=L. J. |last8=Gray |first8=G. C. |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=446–454 |pmc=8194511 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Alphacoronavirus 1]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Coronaviridae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5032409}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canine Coronavirus}}
[[Category:Dog diseases|Coronavirus]]
[[Category:Alphacoronaviruses]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]
[[Category:Infraspecific virus taxa]]