Title: Rhinosporidiosis

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| name            = Rhinosporidiosis
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| image           = Rhinosporidiosis.jpg
| caption         = Rhinosporidiosis in oropharynx
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| field           = [[Infectious disease (medical speciality)|Infectious disease]]
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'''Rhinosporidiosis''' is an infection caused by ''[[Rhinosporidium seeberi]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17657050&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Arseculeratne SN |title=Recent advances in rhinosporidiosis and rhinosporidium seeberi |journal=Indian J Med Microbiol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=119–31 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0255-0857(21)03243-6 |pmid=17657050 |url=http://www.ijmm.org/article.asp?issn=0255-0857;year=2002;volume=20;issue=3;spage=119;epage=131;aulast=Arseculeratne|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15735413&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Arseculeratne SN |title=Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause? |journal=Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=113–8 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15735413 |doi= 10.1097/01.qco.0000160898.82115.e8|s2cid=38343304 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Classification==
This organism was previously considered to be a [[fungus]], and rhinosporidiosis is classified as a fungal disease under [[ICD-10]].  It is now considered to be a [[protist]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16945122&quot;&gt;{{cite journal  |vauthors=Morelli L, Polce M, Piscioli F, etal |title=Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report |journal=Diagn Pathol |volume=1 |issue= 1|pages=25 |year=2006 |pmid=16945122 |pmc=1560165 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-1-25 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; classified under [[Mesomycetozoea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;urlRhinosporidiosis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2002/rhinosporidiosis/index.htm |title=Rhinosporidiosis |access-date=2008-07-23 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923075244/https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2002/rhinosporidiosis/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Authors of detailed studies have revealed superficial similarities between ''[[Dermocystidium]]'' and ''[[Rhinosporidium]]'' when using light microscopy, but substantial morphological differences between the groups exist.&lt;ref&gt;Pekkarinen, Low, Murphy, Ragan and Dykova. 2003. [http://www.nencki.gov.pl/pdf/ap/ap718.pdf Phylogenetic position and ultrastructure of two Dermocystidium species are(Ichthyosporea) from the common perch (Perca fluviatilis)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010000308/http://www.nencki.gov.pl/pdf/ap/ap718.pdf |date=2007-10-10 }}. Acta Protozoologica Vol. 42:287-307&lt;/ref&gt;

There is some evidence that DNA extracted from purified uncontaminated round bodies (Rhinosporidium seeberi) is of [[cyanobacterium|cyanobacterial]] origin.&lt;ref&gt;Dhaulakhandi, Ahluwalia, Ravi and Garg. 2006. [https://archive.today/20120909173647/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6W8B-4J2M4J9-1&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=dd466d916629297339ef13873b8f336e Detection of 16S rRNA gene in round bodies isolated from polyps of rhinosporidiosis.] Infection, Genetics and Evolution Vol. 6:331-336&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pathophysiology==
Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane of nasopharynx, oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior turbinate are the most common sites, the lesions may appear elsewhere too. Traumatic inoculation from one site to others is common. Laryngeal rhinosporidiosis,&lt;ref&gt;Ajit Daharwal, Hansa Banjara, Digvijay Singh, Anuj Gupta, Surjeet Singh. 2011. [http://www.laryngologyandvoice.org/article.asp?issn=2230-9748;year=2011;volume=1;issue=1;spage=30;epage=32;aulast=Daharwal A rare case of laryngeal rhinosporidiosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309122550/https://www.laryngologyandvoice.org/article.asp?issn=2230-9748;year=2011;volume=1;issue=1;spage=30;epage=32;aulast=Daharwal |date=2021-03-09 }}. J Laryngol Voice 2011;1:30-2&lt;/ref&gt; too, has been described and may be due to inoculation from the nose during endotracheal intubation. After inoculation, the organism replicates locally, resulting in hyperplasia of host tissue and localised immune response.{{cn|date=February 2023}}
* infection of nose and nasopharynx - 70%
* infection of palpebral conjunctiva - 15%

==Diagnosis==
* History
** Unilateral nasal obstruction
** Epistaxis
** Local pruritus
** Rhinorrhea
** [[Coryza]] (rhinitis) with sneezing
** Post nasal discharge with cough
** Foreign body sensation
** History of exposure to contaminated water
** Increased tearing and photo phobia in cases of infection of palpebral conjunctiva
* On examination
** Pink to deep red polyps
** Strawberry like appearance
** Bleeds easily upon manipulation
* Diagnosis
** confirmed by biopsy and histopathology - several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall

==Treatment==
* Surgical excision - wide excision with wide area electro-coagulation of the lesion base
* Medical treatment is not so effective but treatment with a year-long course of [[dapsone]] has been reported
* Recurrence is common

==Epidemiology==
Disease endemic in [[Chhattisgarh]] [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[South America]] and [[Africa]]. It is presumed to be transmitted by exposure to the pathogen when taking a bath in stagnant water pools where animals also bathe. It is also common in South Asian countries.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB      = 31328 
|  ICD10           = {{ICD10|B|48|1|b|35}} 
|  ICD9            = {{ICD9|117.0}}
|  ICDO            = 
|  OMIM            = 
|  MedlinePlus     = 
|  eMedicineSubj   = med 
|  eMedicineTopic  = 2029 
|  MeshID          = D012227
}}

{{Mycoses}}

[[Category:Bovine diseases]]
[[Category:Cat diseases]]
[[Category:Dog diseases]]
[[Category:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions]]