Title: Canid alphaherpesvirus 1

{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{Virusbox
| image = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| parent = Varicellovirus
| species = Varicellovirus canidalpha1
| synonyms = 
* Canid alphaherpesvirus 1
* Canid herpesvirus 1
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202301443&amp;taxon_name=Varicellovirus%20canidalpha1|title=History of the taxon: Species: ''Varicellovirus canidalpha1'' (2023 Release, MSL #39)|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=|website=ictv.global|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=29 January 2025|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Canid alphaherpesvirus 1''' (CaHV-1), also called '''Canine herpesvirus''' (CHV), is a virus of the family ''[[Herpesviridae]]'' which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in [[dog|puppies]] (and in wild ''[[Canidae]]'') less than two to three weeks old.  It is known to exist in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Japan]], [[England]] and [[Germany]].&lt;ref name=DVM&gt;{{cite journal | last = Hoskins | first = Johnny | title = Herpesvirus: DVMs must manage infected litters | journal = DVM | date = May 1, 2005 | url = http://www.dvmnewsmagazine.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=162444 | access-date = 2006-11-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217113937/http://www.dvmnewsmagazine.com/dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=162444 | archive-date = February 17, 2007 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  CHV was first recognized in the mid-1960s from a fatal disease in puppies.&lt;ref name=Vetres&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Buonavoglia C, Martella V |title=Canine respiratory viruses |journal=Vet. Res. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=355–73 |year=2007 |pmid=17296161 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006058|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==CHV in puppies==
The [[incubation period]] of CHV is six to ten days.&lt;ref name=Carmichael&gt;{{cite web|author=Carmichael, L.|year=2004|title=Neonatal Viral Infections of Pups: Canine Herpesvirus and Minute Virus of Canines (Canine Parvovirus-1)|work=Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/carmichael/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|access-date=2006-06-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818090931/http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/carmichael/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|archive-date=2006-08-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CHV is transmitted to puppies in the birth canal and by contact with infected oral and nasal secretions from the mother or other infected dogs, but it is not spread through the air.&lt;ref name=DVM/&gt;  The virus replicates in the surface cells of the nasal [[mucous membrane|mucosa]], [[tonsil]]s, and [[pharynx]].  Low body temperature allows the virus to spread and infect the rest of the body.&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web | title = Canine Herpesviral Infection: Introduction | work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | date = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/56800.htm | access-date = 2007-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Symptoms include crying, weakness, depression, discharge from the nose, soft, yellow [[feces]], and a loss of the [[primitive reflexes|sucking reflex]].  CHV also causes a necrotizing [[vasculitis]] that results in [[bleeding|hemorrhage]] around the blood vessels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Acquired Vascular Disorders | work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | date = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/10612.htm | access-date = 2007-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bruising of the belly may occur.  Eye lesions include [[keratitis]], [[uveitis]], [[optic neuritis]], [[retinitis]], and [[retinal dysplasia]].&lt;ref name=JAVMA&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Ledbetter E, Riis R, Kern T, Haley N, Schatzberg S |title=Corneal ulceration associated with naturally occurring canine herpesvirus-1 infection in two adult dogs |journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=376–84 |year=2006 |pmid=16881829 |doi=10.2460/javma.229.3.376|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;  There is a high mortality rate, approaching 80 percent in puppies less than one week old,&lt;ref name=Carter&gt;{{cite web|author=Carter, G.R.|author2=Flores, E.F.|author3=Wise, D.J.|year=2006|title=Herpesviridae|work=A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology| url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Carter/Part2Chap11/chapter.asp?LA=1|access-date=2006-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; and death usually occurs in one to two days.&lt;ref name=Ettinger_1995&gt;{{cite book|author=Ettinger, Stephen J.|author2=Feldman, Edward C.|title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In puppies three to five weeks old, the disease is less severe due to their ability to properly maintain body temperature and mount a [[fever|febrile]] response.&lt;ref name=Carter/&gt; More puppies survive, but they can develop a [[Latent viral infection|latent infection]], they can also develop petechial hemorrhages in the kidney&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Rikke W |last2=Kiupel |first2=Matti |last3=Balzer |first3=Hans-Jörg |last4=Agerholm |first4=Jørgen S |date=2015 |title=Prevalence of canid herpesvirus-1 infection in stillborn and dead neonatal puppies in Denmark |journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/s13028-014-0092-9 |pmid=25567292 |issn=1751-0147|pmc=4296690 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; due to vasculitis. Some later get [[neurology|neurologic disease]] and have symptoms like difficulty walking and blindness.  Reactivation of a latent infection may be caused by stress or immunosuppressive drugs such as [[corticosteroid]]s.&lt;ref name=JAVMA/&gt;  The site of latency has been shown to be the [[trigeminal ganglion]] and possibly the [[lumbosacral ganglion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Miyoshi M, Ishii Y, Takiguchi M, Takada A, Yasuda J, Hashimoto A, Okazaki K, Kida H |title=Detection of canine herpesvirus DNA in the ganglionic neurons and the lymph node lymphocytes of latently infected dogs |journal=J Vet Med Sci |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=375–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10342288 |doi=10.1292/jvms.61.375|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==CHV in adult dogs==
In adult [[dog]]s, the virus infects the reproductive tract, which allows it to be sexually transmitted or passed to puppies during birth.  The disease can cause [[miscarriage|abortion]], [[stillbirth]]s, and [[infertility]].  It is also an infrequent cause of [[kennel cough]]. However, sexual contact is not the primary cause of transmission. Most adult dogs become infected by inhaling the virus via airborne particles spread by coughs or sneezes. It can also be contracted by drinking from a contaminated water bowl, or even just by sniffing or licking another dog that is shedding the virus.

Like other types of herpesvirus, previously infected dogs can from time to time release the virus in [[vagina]]l secretions, [[penis|penile]] secretions, and discharge from the nose.  Raised sores in the vagina or on the [[penis]] may be seen during these times.  Spread of the disease is controlled by not breeding dogs known to have it.  [[Serology]] can show which dogs have been exposed (although not all of them will be releasing the virus at that time).  Serological studies of various dog populations have revealed a seroprevalence of 40 to 93 percent.&lt;ref name=JAVMA/&gt;  Bitches who have a negative serology for CHV should be isolated from other dogs from three weeks before to three weeks after giving birth.&lt;ref name=Ettinger_1995/&gt;  Bitches that have lost puppies to the disease may have future litters that survive due to transfer of [[antibody|antibodies]] in the milk.

==Diagnosis, treatment, and control==
Diagnosis of the disease in puppies is best accomplished by [[necropsy]].  Findings include hemorrhages in the [[kidney]]s, [[liver]], [[lung]]s, and [[gastrointestinal tract]].  Treatment of affected puppies is difficult, although injecting antibodies to CHV into the abdomen may help some to survive.  Keeping the puppies warm is also important.  The virus does not survive well outside of the body and is easily destroyed by most [[detergent]]s.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt;  A vaccine in Europe known as Eurican Herpes 205 ([[ATCvet]] code: [[ATCvet code QI07#QI07AA Inactivated viral vaccines|QI07AA06]]) has been available since 2003. It is given to the dam (mother) twice:  during heat or early pregnancy and one to two weeks before whelping.&lt;ref name=Carmichael/&gt;

=== Dog pox ===
Dog pox is an infection of canines which may be caused by the [[canine herpes virus]], and can result in symptoms ranging from no symptoms to inflammation of the [[Upper respiratory tract infection|respiratory]] or [[Inflammatory bowel disease|digestive]] tract to [[Inflammation|skin inflammation]] and [[lesion]]s. Over 60% of adult male dogs exhibit lesions as a result of this infection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Joshua|first=J.O.|title=&quot;Dog pox&quot;: some clinical aspects of an eruptive condition of certain mucous surfaces in dogs|journal=The Veterinary Record|date=Apr 5, 1975 |volume=96 |issue=14 |pages=300–2|doi=10.1136/vr.96.14.300 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |pmid=165610|s2cid=27238666 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It can result in reduction of [[epithelial function]] in the intestine.&lt;ref name=carlyle&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04533.x | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04533.x | title=Physiology of the Alimentary Tract in Relation to Diarrhoea | year=1967 | last1=Carlyle | first1=A. | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=129 | pmid=6068661 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Research==
Studies of using CHV as a [[viral vector]] for [[gene therapy]] in dogs and as a basis for [[recombinant DNA|recombinant]] vaccines are ongoing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Arii J, Hushur O, Kato K, Kawaguchi Y, Tohya Y, Akashi H |title=Construction of an infectious clone of canine herpesvirus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome |journal=Microbes Infect |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1054–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16515874 |doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Its use as a vector in bait-delivered oral vaccines in wild [[fox]]es is also being investigated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Reubel G, Wright J, Pekin J, French N, Strive T |title=Suitability of canine herpesvirus as a vector for oral bait vaccination of foxes |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=114 |issue=3–4 |pages=225–39 |year=2006 |pmid=16417978 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.12.008|pmc=7126022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&amp;S=0&amp;C=0&amp;A=2058 ''Canine Herpes Infection'' from The Pet Health Library]

{{Herpesvirales}}
{{Taxonbar|from2=Q1033307|from1=Q24808690}}

[[Category:Varicelloviruses]]
[[Category:Dog diseases]]
[[Category:Animal viral diseases]]