Title: Cat-scratch disease

{{Short description|Bacterial infection from a cat}}
{{Redirect2|Cat scratch|Cat scratch fever|the Nickelodeon cartoon|Catscratch{{!}}''Catscratch''|the Ted Nugent album|Cat Scratch Fever{{!}}''Cat Scratch Fever''}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Cat scratch disease
| image           = Cat-scratch-disease.jpg
| caption         = An enlarged lymph node in the armpit region of a person with cat-scratch disease, and wounds from a cat scratch on the hand.
| pronounce       =
| field           = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| synonyms        = Cat-scratch fever,&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;/&gt; --&gt; felinosis,&lt;!-- refs at: https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=%22felinosis%22&amp;tbs=,cdr:1,cd_min:Jan+1_2+1920,cd_max:Dec+31_2+1998&amp;num=100 --&gt; Teeny's disease,&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;/&gt; --&gt; inoculation lymphoreticulosis,&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot; /&gt; --&gt; subacute regional lymphadenitis&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolognia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}{{page needed|date=November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| symptoms        = Bump at the site of the bite or scratch, swollen and painful lymph nodes&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt;
| complications   = [[Encephalopathy]], [[parotitis]], [[endocarditis]], [[hepatitis]]&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| onset           = Within 14 days after infection&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt;
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          = ''[[Bartonella henselae]]'' from a cat bite or scratch&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt;
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = Based on symptoms, blood tests&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| differential    = [[Adenitis]], [[brucellosis]], [[lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[lymphoma]], [[sarcoidosis]]&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| prevention      =
| treatment       = [[Supportive treatment]], [[azithromycin]]&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| medication      =
| prognosis       = Generally good, recovery within 4 months&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| frequency       = 1 in 10,000 people&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;
| deaths          =
}}
&lt;!-- Definition and symptoms --&gt;
'''Cat-scratch disease''' ('''CSD''') is an [[infectious disease]] that most often results from a scratch or bite of a [[cat]].&lt;ref name=Klotz2011&gt;{{cite journal|year=2011|title=Cat-scratch Disease|journal=American Family Physician|volume=83|issue=2|pages=152–5|vauthors=Klotz SA, Ianas V, Elliott SP|pmid=21243990|url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=21243990}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms typically include a non-painful bump or blister at the site of injury and painful and swollen [[lymph nodes]].&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt; People may feel tired, have a headache, or a [[fever]].&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt; Symptoms typically begin within 3–14 days following infection.&lt;ref name=GARD2018&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/27/cat-scratch-disease|title=Cat scratch disease|website=GARD|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Cause and diagnosis --&gt;
Cat-scratch disease is caused by the [[bacterium]] ''[[Bartonella henselae]],'' which is believed to be spread by the cat's saliva.&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt; Young cats pose a greater risk than older cats.&lt;ref name=NORD2017&gt;{{cite web |title=Bartonellosis |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/bartonellosis/ |website=NORD |date=2017 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001030930/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/bartonellosis/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The disease can be passed to a human from dog scratches or bites, but this is relatively rare.&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms.&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; Confirmation is possible by blood tests.&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt;

&lt;!-- Treatment and epidemiology --&gt;
The primary treatment is [[supportive treatment|supportive]].&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; [[Antibiotics]] speed healing and are recommended in those with severe disease or [[immune system]] [[Immunosuppression|problems]].&lt;ref name=GARD2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; Recovery typically occurs within 4 months but can require a year.&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; It affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people.&lt;ref name=NORD2017/&gt; It is more common in children.&lt;ref name=Klotz2011/&gt;

== Signs and symptoms ==
[[File:Cat-scratch disease lesion.jpg|alt=A lesion on the hand of a patient with cat-scratch disease.|thumb|A lesion on the hand of a person with cat-scratch disease.]]
Cat-scratch disease commonly presents as tender, swollen lymph nodes near the site of the inoculating bite or scratch or on the neck, and is usually limited to one side. This condition is referred to as regional [[lymphadenopathy]] and occurs 1–3 weeks after inoculation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; Lymphadenopathy most commonly occurs in the [[axilla]],&lt;ref&gt;Jürgen Ridder R, Christof Boedeker C, Technau-Ihling K, Grunow R, Sander A. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 35, Issue 6, 15 September 2002, Pages 643–649, https://doi.org/10.1086/342058&lt;/ref&gt; arms, neck, or jaw, but may also occur near the groin or around the ear.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; A [[vesicle (dermatology)|vesicle]] or an [[erythema]]tous [[papule]] may form at the site of initial infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt;

Most people also develop systemic symptoms such as [[malaise]], [[anorexia (symptom)|decreased appetite]], and aches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; Other associated complaints include [[headache]], [[chills]], [[myalgia|muscular pains]], [[arthralgia|joint pains]], [[arthritis]], [[back pain|backache]], and abdominal pain. It may take 7 to 14 days, or as long as two months, for symptoms to appear. Most cases are [[benign]] and self-limiting, but [[lymphadenopathy]] may persist for several months after other symptoms disappear.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; The disease usually resolves spontaneously, with or without treatment, in one month.

In rare situations, CSD can lead to the development of serious neurologic or cardiac [[sequelae]] such as [[meningoencephalitis]], [[encephalopathy]], [[seizure]]s, or [[endocarditis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; Endocarditis associated with ''Bartonella'' infection has a particularly high mortality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; [[Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome]] is the most common ocular manifestation of CSD,&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; and is a granulomatous [[conjunctivitis]] with concurrent swelling of the lymph node near the ear.&lt;ref&gt;{{EMedicine|article|214100|Catscratch Disease|clinical}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Optic neuritis]] or neuroretinitis is one of the atypical presentations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gajula V, Kamepalli R, Kalavakunta JK |title=A star in the eye: cat scratch neuroretinitis |journal=Clinical Case Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17 |year=2014 |pmid=25356231 |pmc=4184768 |doi=10.1002/ccr3.43 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

People who are [[immunocompromised]] are susceptible to other conditions associated with ''B. henselae'' and ''B. quintana'', such as [[bacillary angiomatosis]] or [[bacillary peliosis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; Bacillary angiomatosis is primarily a vascular skin lesion that may extend to bone or be present in other areas of the body. In the typical scenario, the patient has [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] or another cause of [[immunocompromised|severe immune dysfunction]]. [[Bacillary peliosis]] is caused by ''B. henselae'' that most often affects people with HIV and other conditions causing severe immune compromise. The [[liver]] and [[spleen]] are primarily affected, with findings of blood-filled cystic spaces on pathology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS, Nishimura SL, Chan SP, Garcia-Kennedy R, Honda G, Stoloff AC, Klein HZ, Goldman RL |title=Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=323 |issue=23 |pages=1581–6 |year=1990 |pmid=2233946 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199012063232302 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cause==
''Bartonella henselae'' is a [[Fastidious organism|fastidious]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Florin TA, Zaoutis TE, Zaoutis LB |title=Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection |journal=Pediatrics |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=e1413–25 |year=2008 |pmid=18443019 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-1897 |s2cid=14094482 }}&lt;/ref&gt; intracellular, [[gram negative bacteria|Gram-negative bacterium]].

===Transmission===
The cat was recognized as the [[natural reservoir]] of the disease in 1950 by Robert Debré.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; [[Kitten]]s are more likely to carry the [[bacteria]] in their [[blood]], so may be more likely to transmit the disease than adult cats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Cat Scratch Disease {{!}} Healthy Pets, Healthy People {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, fleas serve as a [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector for transmission]] of ''B. henselae'' among cats,&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; and viable ''B. henselae'' are excreted in the feces of ''[[Cat flea|Ctenocephalides felis]]'', the cat flea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors=Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Jaworski DC, Azad AF |title=Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=490–5 |year=1996 |pmid=8667399 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/33.3.490|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cats could be infected with ''B. henselae'' through intradermal inoculation using flea feces containing ''B. henselae''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL, Roy AF, Rutledge R, Triche PC, O'Reilly KL |title=Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=625–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9775583 |doi=10.1093/jmedent/35.5.625 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As a consequence, a likely means of transmission of ''B. henselae'' from cats to humans may be inoculation with flea feces containing ''B. henselae'' through a contaminated cat scratch wound or by cat saliva transmitted in a bite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; [[Tick]]s can also act as vectors and occasionally transmit the bacteria to humans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klotz2011&quot;/&gt; Combined clinical and PCR-based research has shown that other organisms can transmit Bartonella, including spiders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Claudia S. |last1=Copeland |year=2015 |title=Cat Scratch Fever? Really?: Cats, Fleas and the Many Faces of Bartonellosis |journal=Healthcare Journal of Baton Rouge |pages=28–34 |url=http://www.healthcarejournalbr.com/the-journal/hjbr-contents-index/features/2196-cat-scratch-fever |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122042201/http://www.healthcarejournalbr.com/the-journal/hjbr-contents-index/features/2196-cat-scratch-fever |archive-date=2015-11-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mascarelli PE, Maggi RG, Hopkins S, Mozayeni BR, Trull CL, Bradley JM, Hegarty BC, Breitschwerdt EB |title=Bartonella henselae infection in a family experiencing neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities after woodlouse hunter spider bites |journal=Parasites &amp; Vectors |volume=6 |article-number=98 |year=2013 |pmid=23587343 |pmc=3639822 |doi=10.1186/1756-3305-6-98 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cryptic ''Bartonella'' infection may be a much larger problem than previously thought, constituting an unrecognized occupational health hazard of veterinarians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lantos PM, Maggi RG, Ferguson B, Varkey J, Park LP, Breitschwerdt EB, Woods CW |title=Detection of Bartonella species in the blood of veterinarians and veterinary technicians: a newly recognized occupational hazard? |journal=Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=563–70 |year=2014 |pmid=25072986 |pmc=4117269 |doi=10.1089/vbz.2013.1512 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Diagnosis==
[[Image:Cat scratch disease - very low mag.jpg|thumb|[[Micrograph]] of a [[lymph node]] affected by cat scratch disease. [[H&amp;E stain]].]]
[[Image:Cat scratch disease - very high mag.jpg|thumb|right|High-magnification [[micrograph]] of CSD showing a [[granuloma]] (pale cells - right of center on image) and a micro[[abscess]] with [[neutrophil]]s (left of image), [[H&amp;E stain]]]]
The best diagnostic method available is [[polymerase chain reaction]], which has a sensitivity of 43-76% and a specificity (in one study) of 100%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; The [[Warthin–Starry stain]] can be helpful to show the presence of ''B. henselae'', but is often difficult to interpret. ''B. henselae'' is difficult to culture and can take 2–6 weeks to incubate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt;

===Histology===
Cat-scratch disease is characterized by granulomatous inflammation on histological examination of the lymph nodes. Under the microscope, the skin lesion demonstrates a circumscribed focus of necrosis, surrounded by [[histiocyte]]s, often accompanied by multinucleated giant cells, [[lymphocyte]]s, and [[eosinophil]]s. The regional lymph nodes demonstrate follicular [[hyperplasia]] with central stellate necrosis with [[neutrophil]]s, surrounded by palisading histiocytes (suppurative [[granuloma]]s) and sinuses packed with monocytoid [[B cell]]s, usually without perifollicular and intrafollicular epithelioid cells. This pattern, although typical, is only present in a minority of cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosado FG, Stratton CW, Mosse CA |title=Clinicopathologic correlation of epidemiologic and histopathologic features of pediatric bacterial lymphadenitis |journal=Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=1490–3 |year=2011 |pmid=22032579 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2010-0581-OA |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prevention ==
Cat-scratch disease can be primarily prevented by taking effective [[Flea treatments|flea control]] measures; since cats are mostly exposed to fleas when they are outside, keeping cats inside can help prevent infestation. Strictly indoor cats without exposure to indoor-outdoor animals are generally at negligible risk of infestation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Christina A.|last2=Saha|first2=Shubhayu|last3=Mead|first3=Paul S.|year=2016|title=Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1741–1746|doi=10.3201/eid2210.160115|pmc=5038427|pmid=27648778}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cats which are carrying the bacterium, ''B. henselae,'' are asymptomatic,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cat Scratch Disease|url=https://medlineplus.gov/catscratchdisease.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; thus thoroughly washing hands after handling a cat or cat feces is an important factor in preventing potential cat-scratch disease transmission from possibly infected cats to humans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Treatment ==
Most healthy people clear the infection without treatment, but in 5 to 14% of individuals, the organisms disseminate and infect the liver, spleen, eye, or central nervous system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Carithers|first=H. A.|date=1985-11-01|title=Cat-scratch disease. An overview based on a study of 1,200 patients|journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children|volume=139|issue=11|pages=1124–1133|issn=0002-922X|pmid=4061408|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140130062031}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although some experts recommend not treating typical CSD in immunocompetent people with mild to moderate illness, treatment of all people with antimicrobial agents (Grade 2B) is suggested due to the probability of disseminated disease. The preferred antibiotic for treatment is [[azithromycin]], since this agent is the only one studied in a randomized controlled study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rolain|first1=J. M.|last2=Brouqui|first2=P.|last3=Koehler|first3=J. E.|last4=Maguina|first4=C.|last5=Dolan|first5=M. J.|last6=Raoult|first6=D.|date=2004-06-01|title=Recommendations for Treatment of Human Infections Caused by Bartonella Species|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=48|issue=6|pages=1921–1933|doi=10.1128/AAC.48.6.1921-1933.2004|issn=0066-4804|pmc=415619|pmid=15155180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azithromycin is preferentially used in pregnancy to avoid the [[teratogen]]ic side effects of [[doxycycline]].&lt;ref name=emed&gt;{{EMedicine|article|214100|Catscratch Disease|treatment}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, doxycycline is preferred to treat ''B. henselae'' infections with [[optic neuritis]] due to doxycycline's ability to adequately penetrate the tissues of the eye and [[central nervous system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt;

==Epidemiology==
Cat-scratch disease has a worldwide distribution, but it is a nonreportable disease in humans, so public health data on this disease are inadequate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Geographical location, present season, and variables associated with cats (such as exposure and degree of [[Flea treatments|flea infestation]]) all play a factor in the prevalence of CSD within a population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Windsor|first=Jeffrey J.|s2cid=13122848|date=2001|title=Cat-scratch Disease: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment|journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science|volume=58|issue=2|pages=101–110|pmid=11440202}}&lt;/ref&gt; In warmer climates, the CSD is more prevalent during the fall and winter,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; which may be attributed to the breeding season for adult cats, which allows for the birth of kittens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'' B henselae,'' the bacterium responsible for causing CSD, is more prevalent in younger cats (less than one year old) than it is in adult cats.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chomel|first1=Bruno B.|last2=Boulouis|first2=Henri J.|last3=Breitschwerdt|first3=Edward B.|date=April 15, 2004|title=Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infections|url=https://admin.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_224_8_1270.pdf|journal= Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=224|issue=8|pages=1270–1279|pmid=15112775|doi=10.2460/javma.2004.224.1270|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033219/https://admin.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_224_8_1270.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

To determine the recent incidence of CSD in the United States, the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database was analyzed in a case-control study from 2005 to 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.3201/eid2210.160115|title=Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013|year=2016|last1=Nelson|first1=Christina A.|last2=Saha|first2=Shubhayu|last3=Mead|first3=Paul S.|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1741–1746|pmid=27648778|pmc=5038427}}&lt;/ref&gt; The database consisted of healthcare insurance claims for employees, their spouses, and their dependents. All participants were under 65 years of age, from all 50 states. The length of the study period was 9 years and was based on 280,522,578 person-years; factors such as year, length of insurance coverage, region, age, and sex were used to calculate the person-years incidence rate to eliminate [[Confounding|confounding variables]] among the entire study population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A total of 13,273 subjects were diagnosed with CSD, and both in- and outpatient cases were analyzed. The study revealed an incidence rate of 4.5/100,000 outpatient cases of cat-scratch disease. For inpatient cases, the incidence rate was much lower at 0.19/100,000 population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Incidence of CSD was highest in 2005 among outpatient cases and then slowly declined. The Southern states had the most significant decrease of incidence over time. Mountain regions have the lowest incidence of this disease because fleas are not commonly found in these areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Distribution of CSD among children aged 5–9 was of the highest incidence in the analyzed database, followed by women aged 60–64. Incidence among females was higher than that among males in all age groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; According to data on social trends, women are more likely to own a cat over men;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2006/03/07/gauging-family-intimacy/63-2/|title=Profile of Pet Owners|date=November 4, 2010|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=November 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; which supports higher incidence rates of this disease in women. The risk of contracting CSD increases as the number of cats residing in the home increases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The number of pet cats in the United States is estimated to be 57 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Due to the large population of cats residing in the United States, the ability of this disease to continue to infect humans is vast. Laboratory diagnosis of CSD has improved in recent years, which may support an increase in the incidence of the disease in future populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===Outbreaks===
Historically, the number of reported cases of CSD has been low; there has been a significant increase in reports in urban and suburban areas in the northeast region of the United States. An example of the increased incidence can be found in Essex County, New Jersey. In 2016, there were 6 reported cases. In 2017, there were 51 reported cases. In 2018, there were 263 reported cases. Although usually treated with antibiotics and minimal long-term effects, there have been 3 reported cases of [[Tachycardia|fast heart rate]] more than one year after exposure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cat-Scratch Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/cat-scratch.html |access-date=6 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
Symptoms similar to CSD were first described by [[Henri Parinaud]] in 1889, and the clinical syndrome was first described in 1950 by [[Robert Debré]].&lt;ref name=Asano2012&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Asano S |title=Granulomatous lymphadenitis |journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hematopathology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |year=2012 |pmid=22706525 |doi=10.3960/jslrt.52.1 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt; In 1983, the [[Warthin-Starry stain|Warthin-Starry silver stain]] was used to discover a Gram-negative bacillus which was named ''[[Afipia felis]]'' in 1991 after it was successfully cultured and isolated. The causative organism of CSD was originally believed to be ''Afipia felis'', but this was disproved by immunological studies in the 1990s demonstrating that people with cat-scratch fever developed antibodies to two other organisms, ''B. henselae'' (originally known as ''Rochalimea henselae'' before the genera ''Bartonella'' and ''Rochalimea'' were combined) and ''B. clarridgeiae'', which is a [[bacillus|rod-shaped]] [[Gram-negative]] bacterium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Florin2008&quot;/&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources

|   DiseasesDB     = 2173
|   ICD11          = {{ICD11|1B98}}
|   ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|28|1|a|20}}
|   ICD9           = {{ICD9|078.3}}
|   ICDO           =
|   OMIM           =
|   MedlinePlus    = 001614
|   eMedicineSubj  = emerg
|   eMedicineTopic = 84
|   MeshID         = D002372
}}
* https://www.cdc.gov/bartonella/cat-scratch/index.html
* {{DermNet|bacterial/catscratch}}
* [http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Cat%20Scratch%20Disease Cat Scratch Disease] on National Organization for Rare Disorders site
{{Cat nav|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Bacterial diseases}}
{{Bacterial cutaneous infections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Cat diseases]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]