JUNJIE99/VISTA_Evaluation huggingface dataset:
Parietal bone. Side view of cranial bones showing parietal bone and the temporal lines
A selection of animals showing a range of possible body symmetries, including asymmetry, radial, and bilateral body plans
Falx cerebri. Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull, showing the membranes of the brain, etc. (Falx cerebri is yellow line running down center.)
Parietal lobe. Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. (Parietal lobe is shown in orange.)
Parietal foramen. Surface rendered CT of the back of the skull. The parietal foramina are visible at left.
A sleeping cat. Much like humans, cats experience complex dreams while sleeping, involving long sequences of events that can be retained and recalled.[48][49]
Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the  miracle leaf plant (Kalanchoe pinnata). The small plant in front is about 1 cm (0.4 in) tall. The concept of "individual" is obviously stretched by this asexual reproductive process.
Kawakawa in Auckland, New Zealand
Map showing centers of origin of Saccharum officinarum in New Guinea, S. sinensis in southern China and Taiwan, and S. barberi in India; dotted arrows represent Austronesian introductions[192]
Taxongroup. Palm cockatoo(Probosciger aterrimus)-date uncertainAustralia,Papua New GuineapetsHeld/tame in captivity2ePsittaciformes
Map depicting possible phylogeographic origins of dingoes, New Guinea singing dogs, and Island Southeast Asian and Oceanian dogs, based on recent genetic evidence (Fillios & Taçon, 2016)[220]
Taxongroup. Sulphur-crested cockatoo(Cacatua galerita) including subspeciesTriton(C. g. triton) andEleonora cockatoos(C. g. eleonora)-date uncertainAustralia,Indonesia,New Guineapets, showHeld/tame in captivity2ePsittaciformes
Taxongroup. Carpet python(Morelia spilota) including subspeciesdiamond python(M. s. spilota);coastal(M. s. mcdowelli),inland(M. s. metcalfei),Darwin(M. s. variegata) andjungle carpet pythons(M. s. cheynei)-date uncertainIndonesia,Australia,New GuineapetsCaptive-bred3aSerpentes
A patellar autograft is performed to the replace damaged ligament.The grafts are inserted through a tunnel that is drilled through the tibia and femur
The posterior cruciate ligament is located within the knee
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (right knee). The tendon of thesemitendinosus musclewas prelevated, folded and used as anautograft(1). It appears through the remnant of the injured original ACL (3). The autograft then courses upwardly and backwardly in front of theposterior cruciate ligament(2).
Cruciate ligaments
MRI of anterior cruciate ligament tear
Cruciate ligament of atlas. Membrana tectoria, transverse, and alar ligaments. ("Transverse ligament" and "vertical portion" visible intersecting at center.)
Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments
Articular surfaces of tibia
In this medial view of the extended knee, the lateral femoral condyle has been removed to reveal the structure of the PCL. Because the posteromedial bundle is stretched and the anterolateral bundle relaxed during extension, excessive extension in the form of hyperextension causes tensile stress, shown in red, on the posteromedial bundle of the PCL that leads to PCL injury.
In this medial view of the flexed knee, the lateral femoral condyle has been removed to reveal the structure of the PCL. Because the anterolateral bundle is stretched and the posteromedial bundle relaxed during flexion, excessive flexion in the form of hyperflexion causes tensile stress, shown in red, on the anterolateral bundle of the ACL that leads to ACL injury.
Femur with Q angle: the angle formed by a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine through the center of the patella and a line drawn from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle
An illustration of menstrual cycle convergence and divergence as described in Yang and Schank.[13]  For illustration, A and B have menses duration of four days each.  A has 28-day cycles and B has 30-day cycles.  The first onset of B that appears is 14 days earlier than A's.  Red vertical lines indicate menses overlap or meet.  In this example, cycles gradually converge and A and B may "experience" synchrony for five months.
Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle
Raising awareness for menstruation as a global issue: World Menstrual Hygiene Day celebration in India
Menstrual cup filled with menstrual blood
Menstrual cupCloth menstrual pad
Boiling a menstrual cup
A menstrual cup in two different sizes.
Women in Meru, Kenya, examining a menstrual cup.
Inserting a disposable menstrual disc.[36]
A large Fleurcup menstrual cup (center) can hold about 3 times as much liquid as a large tampon
Amra Padatik India, celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in India
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) shown presenting peptides to the immunological defence cells
This Histological section taken from the gastric antrum, showing the stomach wall. The lumen of the stomach is the upper empty portion, and is surrounded by a single layer of columnar cells, called simple columnar epithelium.
Anatomical axes, planes and localisations in the human brain. Three axes:d: Axial, Superior-inferior or Dorsoventral axis (yellow)l: Left-right, or Lateral axis (cyan, blue-green)m: Median, Antero-posterior or Rostral-to-caudal axis (magenta)  Three major planes:A: Axial (blue), containing the lateral axis and also the Medial axisC: Coronal plane (green), containing the axial axis and the lateral axisS: Sagittal plane (red), containing the axial axis and the medial axis  Also:e: The eye at the anterior end of the brainP: A Parasagittal plane (yellow) through one eye; parasagittal planes comprise the class of planes parallel to (and therefore lateral to) the sagittal plane.
Hyoid bone. Thehyoid bone, present at the front of the neck, has a body and two sets of horns
Organisms where the ends of the long axis are distinct. (Paramecium caudatum, above, and Stentor roeselii, below.)
Two facing pages of text with woodcuts of naked male and female figures, in the Epitome by Andreas Vesalius, 1543
Abdominal regions are used for example to localize pain.
Ascending colon. Front ofabdomen, showing surface markings forliver,stomachandlarge intestine
Abdominal X-rays may be used to visualise the large intestine.
Sections of the colon
Equine colon
Cecum and beginning of ascending colon
Ileocecal junction (Ascending colon appear in white color)
Entorhinal cortex. Medial surface. (Entorhinal cortex approximately maps to areas 28 and 34, at lower left.)
Posterior cingulate cortex. Medial surface. (Areas 23 and 31 at center right. The image is reversed from image above.)
Diagram depicting different regions of the left cerebral hemisphere, Fusiform in Orange.
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. An illustration of brain's prefrontal region
Insular cortex. The insula of the right side, exposed byremoving theopercula.
Primate skulls showing postorbital bar, and increasing brain sizes
View of left entorhinal cortex (red) from beneath the brain, with front of brain at top. Artist’s rendering.
Homo sapiens is the only living primate species that is fully bipedal.
Insular cortex. Coronal section of brain immediately infront of pons. (Insula labeled at upper right.)
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex shown on medial and ventral views of the brain, reflecting approximate location of damage in patients with decision making deficits.[1]
Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1719
Liver sinusoid. Sinusoid of aratliver with fenestrated endothelial cells. Fenestrae are approx 100nmdiameter, and the sinusoidal width 5µm.
The binucleated cell above is an oral squamous cell carcinoma, cell line UPCI-SCC-103. A: The cancer cell treated with antibodies against tubulin. B: The same cancer cell stained with DAPI, highlighting the nuclei. C: Both photos superimposed.
Microscopic anatomy of the liver
Left lobe liver tumor
After resection of left lobe liver tumor
Schematic phylogeny of the Chromalveolata. Red circles indicate polyploidy, blue squares indicate hybridization. From Albertin and Marullo, 2012[71]
3D Medical Animation Still Shot Depicting parts of liver
Feathery degeneration - large cells with pale flocculant cytoplasm (left-bottom and right-top). H&E stain.
Liver veins
Axillary lymph nodes. Axillary lymphatic plexusCubital lymph nodes (not part of the lymph node drainage of the breast)Superficial axillary (low axillary)Deep axillary lymph nodesBrachial axillary lymph nodesInterpectoral axillary lymph nodes (Rotter nodes)Paramammary or intramammary lymph nodesParasternal lymph nodes (internal mammary nodes)
Axillary lymph nodes. Lymphatics of the breast and the axillary glands
Micrograph showing lymphovascular invasion (top of image) in a case of laryngeal cancer. H&E stain.
This image shows the effects of breast cancer on the body.
Levator palpebrae superioris. The levator palebrae superioris can be seen here, travelling above the superior rectus muscle, and ending at the upper eyelid.
Trochlear nerve. The trochlear nerve entering theorbit, seen from above, supplies thesuperior oblique muscle
Superior oblique. Rectus muscles:2 =superior, 3 =inferior, 4 =medial, 5 =lateralOblique muscles:6 = superior, 8 =inferiorOther muscle:9 =levator palpebrae superiorisOther structures:1 =Annulus of Zinn, 7 =Trochlea, 10 =Superior tarsus, 11 =Sclera, 12 =Optic nerve
Superior rectus. View of the eye from above, showing the action of the superior rectus muscle.
The superior rectus muscles is shown in this image of the right eye from above. Hover the mouse over the structures for their names.  Click for more information.
Deep artery of the thigh. Theprofunda femoris artery,femoral arteryand their major branches - right thigh, anterior view. (Femoral profunda labeled at right center.)
Body of femur. Right femur. Anterior surface.
Body of femur. Right femur. Posterior surface.
Rectus femoris muscle. Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions. (Rectus femoris visible near center.)
Femoral triangle. Right femoral sheath laid open to show its three compartments
Pelvis. Male type pelvis
Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. These organelles, found in all eukaryotic cells, are the powerhouse of the cell.[1] The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed exclusively from mother to offspring through the egg cell.
The fraction of predictor SNPs in various polygenic risk predictors that are within, or close to, protein coding regions; the horizontal axis denotes the inclusion also of SNPs that are within 0-30,000 base pairs from coding regions. These predictors were trained using LASSO.[56]
The reason for maternal inheritance in mitochondrial DNA is that when the sperm enters the egg cell, it discards its middle part, which contains its mitochondria, so that only its head with the nucleus penetrates the egg cell.
Electron microscopy reveals mitochondrial DNA in discrete foci. Bars: 200 nm. (A) Cytoplasmic section after immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; gold particles marking mtDNA are found near the mitochondrial membrane (black dots in upper right). (B) Whole mount view of cytoplasm after extraction with CSK buffer and immunogold labelling with anti-DNA; mtDNA (marked by gold particles) resists extraction. From Iborra et al., 2004.[jargon][2]
Example of a pedigree for a genetic trait inherited by mitochondrial DNA in animals and humans. Offspring of the males with the trait don't inherit the trait. Offspring of the females with the trait always inherit the trait (independently from their own gender).
Genome size ranges (in base pairs) of various life forms
The structure of the DNA base guanosine and the antiviral drug acyclovir
Diagramatic representation of the location of the fusion site of chromosomes 2A and 2B and the genes inserted at this location.
Animal species mtDNA base composition was retrieved from the MitoAge database and compared to their maximum life span from AnAge database.
An ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer. Such capillary sequencers automated the early efforts of sequencing genomes.
Haplogroup R-M269. Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup R-M269 in Europe.[1]
Schematic illustration of Y-DNA haplogroups naming convention. Haplogroups are defined through mutations (SNPs).
Migration route of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.
Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup R0a. Most common in the Arabian peninsula, with a peak in nearby Socotra (~40%; see observed frequencies above)
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R0 subclades
Haplogroup R.
The hypothetical divergence of Haplogroup R and its descendants.
Projected spatial distribution of haplogroup L0 in Africa.
Haplogroup A.
Schematic tree of haplogroup L0. MSA: Middle Stone Age, LSA: Later Stone Age, ka: thousand years ago.
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup H
Projected spatial frequency distribution of haplogroup H1
Autonomic ganglion. Autonomic nervous system innervation, showing the sympathetic and parasympathetic (craniosacral) systems, in red and blue, respectively
Diagram of sarcoplasmic reticulum with terminal cisternae and T-tubules.
Immunohistochemical analysis of L-type calcium channel Cav1.3 (CACNA1D) in human adrenal cortex: Marked immunoreactivity was detected in the zona glomerulosa. In the figure: ZG = zona glomerulosa, ZF = zona fasciculata, AC = adrenal capsule. Immunohistochemistry was performed according to published methods.[5]
Proteins involved in cardiac calcium cycling
Ethanol blocks voltage-gated calcium channel
A calcium channel embedded in a cell membrane.
Figure 1: An evoked calcium spark, in a cardiac muscle cell.
Electron micrograph of needle-like calcium carbonate crystals formed as limescale in a kettle
An L-type calcium channel with its subunits labeled along with some drugs known to inhibit the channel.
Calcite is the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. It is transparent to opaque. A transparent variety called Iceland spar (shown here) was used to create polarized light in the 19th century.[12]
Perivascular space. A perivascular space as seen on CT
Perivascular space is depicted in the inset box.
Axial fat-suppressed T2-weighted MRI image in the same patient as above demonstrating extensive dilated Type 2 perivascular spaces in the right hemisphere
CT image showing extensive low attenuation in the right hemispheric white matter due to dilated Type 2 perivascular spaces
Diagram of section of top of brain showing the meninges and subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater. Image showing arachnoid mater and the underlyingsubarachnoid space
Ventral posteromedial nucleus. Thalamic nuclei
Chest x-ray of pleural thickening post-primary tuberculosis
Chest X-ray showing bilateral fibrosis and pleural thickening in infection with non-tuberculosis mycobacteria.
Pleural thickening.
Pulmonary pleurae. Lung detail showing the pleurae. Thepleural cavityis exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pulmonary pleurae.
A pleural effusion: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.
Infarction of the lung due to a pulmonary embolism
A chest X-ray showing a very prominent wedge-shape area of airspace consolidation in the right lung characteristic of acute bacterial lobar pneumonia.
Pulmonary consolidation.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
Closed vocal cords as seen during a VCD episode (or when speaking)
A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords.
Open vocal cords as seen during normal inhalation
Vocal cords. Laryngoscopicview of the vocal folds.
Left: In their resting state, the labia protect the inner areas of the vulva. Right: Spreading the labia apart exposes inner areas of the vulva.  A) Anterior commissure of labia majora  B) Clitoral hood  C) Labia minora  D) Labia majora  E) Posterior commissure of labia majora  F) Clitoral glans  G) Inner surface of labia majora  H) Vulvar vestibule  I) Urethra  J) Vaginal orifice  K) Fourchette
Vocal cords abducted and adducted
closeup of enlarged labia, standing
An aroused labia with wrinkles similar to those on a male's scrotum.
"Love your labia!" - Woman displaying sign at the Muff March in London, 2011
The Labia pride movement resents the ideals of female cosmetic genital surgeries: The Muff March in London, 2011
Full ablation of the inner labia by use of the trim- (edge resection-) technique, that results in no protuberance of labial tissue
Matschie's tree-kangaroo with young in pouch
A beaver pelt in the Fur Trade Museum
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a p19Arf N-terminus. solution structure of the n-terminal 37 amino acids of the mouse arf tumor suppressor protein
Chromosome 9. Chromosome 9 pairin human malekaryogram
AsRNA is transcribed from the lagging strand of a gene and is complementary to a specific mRNA or sense transcript.
Jaundice can be a symptom, due to biliary obstruction from a pancreatic tumor.
MRI of extensive clival chordoma in 17-year-old male patient, sagittal view. Tumor in the nasopharynx extending from nasal cavity to brainstem posteriorly is clearly visible.
CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 intronic convserved region. Predictedsecondary structureandsequence conservationof CDKN2B-AS
This picture shows how Open Reading Frames (ORFs) can be used for gene prediction. Gene prediction is the process of determining where a coding gene might be in a genomic sequence. Functional proteins must begin with a Start codon (where DNA transcription begins), and end with a Stop codon (where transcription ends). By looking at where those codons might fall in a DNA sequence, one can see where a functional protein might be located. This is important in gene prediction because it can reveal where coding genes are in an entire genomic sequence. In this example, a functional protein can be discovered using ORF3 because it begins with a Start codon, has multiple amino acids, and then ends with a Stop codon, all within the same reading frame.[6]
Illustration of the major differences between plant and animal gene silencing. Natively expressed microRNA or exogenous small interfering RNA is processed by dicer and integrated into the RISC complex, which mediates gene silencing.[66]
ATM-mediated two-step response to DNA double strand breaks. In the rapid response activated ATM phosphorylates effector kinase CHK2 which phosphorylates CDC25A, targeting it for ubiquitination and degradation. Therefore, phosphorylated CDK2-Cyclin accumulates and progression through the cell cycle is blocked. In the delayed response ATM phosphorylates the inhibitor of p53, MDM2, and p53, which is also phosphorylated by Chk2. The resulting activation and stabilization of p53 leads to an increased expression of Cdk inhibitor p21, which further helps to keep Cdk activity low and to maintain long-term cell cycle arrest.[14]
Structure of Hepatitis C Virus
Diagram of the structure of the hepatitis C virus particle
A simplified diagram of the hepatitis C virus replication cycle
Domain structure of preproprotein C (top) and the mature heterodimer (bottom).
Anterior cardiac veins. Arteries:RCA =right coronaryAB =atrial branchesSANB =sinuatrial nodalRMA =right marginalLCA =left coronaryCB =circumflex branchLAD/AIB =anterior interventricularLMA =left marginalPIA/PDA =posterior descendingAVN =atrioventricular nodalVeins:SCV =small cardiacACV = anterior cardiacAIV/GCV =great cardiacMCV =middle cardiacCS =coronary sinus
Coronary sinus. Interior of heart, viewed anteriorly (opening of coronary sinus is labeled)
Coronary sinus. Back (posterior) side of the heart, with coronary sinus (blue) labeled
Coronary angiography and angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (left: RCA closed, right: RCA successfully dilated)
Image of veins from William Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, 1628
Angiography (left) and CT (middle and right) of chronic total occlusion lesions at the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA).
An anterior left coronary artery.
A coronary stent placed by percutaneous coronary intervention.
Middle cardiac vein. ARTERIES:RCA =right coronaryAB =atrial branchesSANB =sinuatrial nodalRMA =right marginalLCA =left coronaryCB =circumflex branchLAD/AIB =anterior interventricularLMA =left marginalPIA/PDA =posterior descendingAVN =atrioventricular nodalVEINS:SCV =small cardiacACV =anterior cardiacAIV/GCV =great cardiacMCV = middle cardiacCS =coronary sinus
A domestic cat demonstrating the effects of catnip such as rolling, pawing, and frisking
Lambda Lambda Lambda.
Escherichia virus Lambda.
GM Lambda platform.
Lancia Lambda. Lancia Lambda Torpedo 1923
Lambda Rising in March 2009, shortly before it closed.
Lambda phage J protein interaction with the LamB porin
Lambda School of Music and Fine Arts. Lambda School of Music and Fine Arts
Protein interactions that lead to either Lytic or Lysogenic cycles for Lambda phage
Lambda 4S (replica) and the launcher as exhibited at National Museum of Nature and Science.
The Greek alphabet on a black figure vessel, with a Phoenician-lamed-shaped lambda. The gamma has the shape of modern lambda.
Deacon Maccubbin (right), founder and co-owner of Lambda Rising, at the Capital Pride gay parade, in 2003.
Lambda phage DNA injection into the cell membrane using Mannose PTS permease (a sugar transporting system) as a mechanism of entry into the cytoplasm
Lysis plaques of lambda phage on E. coli bacteria
Flow of data through the processing and serving layers of a generic lambda architecture
Diagram showing the flow of data through the processing and serving layers of lambda architecture. Example named components are shown.
Beynac-et-Cazenac view from Jardins de Marqueyssac
Beynac-et-Cazenac. Beynac andits châteauby theDordogne River
The Dordogne River at Beynac
Garapan Light in Saipan, one of only two remaining lighthouses built during Japanese occupation.
Michigan has more lighthouses (still standing) than any other state with over 120 listed. Including historical lighthouse, there were 150 built.[17] (Tawas Point Light shown here)
The University of Maine in is the state's only research university.
Boon Island Light in Maine is the tallest in New England
Two moose in the Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge. The moose is Maine's state mammal
The geographic locations and operational status for all of the lighthouses along the Maine coast.
Theoretical physicist David Bohm. Bohm is one example of a scientist influenced by Whitehead's philosophy.[153]
America's tallest lighthouse, Cape Hatteras Light, located on the Outer Banks of North Carolina.B
John Locke was one of Whitehead's primary influences.  In the preface to Process and Reality, Whitehead wrote: "The writer who most fully anticipated the main positions of the philosophy of organism is John Locke in his Essay."[5]
3. 3Wendameen(Yacht)March 26, 1992(#92000273)moved to Portland[8]Maine State Pier, Commercial St.Coordinates missingCamden
Focal Height. Lubec Channel LightLubec44°50′32″N66°58′36″W﻿ / ﻿44.8421°N 66.9766°W﻿ /44.8421; -66.9766﻿ (Lubec Channel Light)18901939Active155mm05353 ft (16 m)
56. 56Owls Head Light StationMore imagesJanuary 18, 1978(#78000183)Northeast of Owls Head on W. Penobscot Bay44°05′30″N69°02′41″W﻿ / ﻿44.091667°N 69.044722°W﻿ /44.091667; -69.044722﻿ (Owls Head Light Station)Owls Head
Maine State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1829–1832
The Cape Neddick Light in 2017
Alexander at the Temple of Apis in Memphis, by Andre Castaigne (1898–1899)
Ruins of the palace of Apries, in Memphis
The ruins of the palace of Apries, overlooking Memphis
A sequence logo showing the most conserved bases around the initiation codon from over 10 000 human mRNAs. Larger letters indicate a higher frequency of incorporation. Note the larger size of A and G at the 8 position (−3, Kozak position) and at the G at position 14 which corresponds to (+4) position in the Kozak sequence.