JUNJIE99/VISTA_Evaluation huggingface dataset:
Middle cerebellar peduncle. Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum. (Middle peduncle labeled at upper right.)
Illustration from 1912 of the altered walking gait of a woman with cerebellar diseaseThe lower trace shows an attempt by a patient with cerebellar disease to reproduce the upper trace.
Model of a cerebellar perceptron, as formulated by James Albus
Fascia lata. The fossa ovalis. (Fascia lata labeled at bottom left.)
Distal tibiofibular articulation. Coronal section through righttalocruralandtalocalcanealjoints.
Distal tibiofibular articulation. Capsule of lefttalocruralarticulation (distended). Lateral aspect.
Anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve. Cutaneous nerves of the right leg. Front and posterior views.
Femoral nerve. Femoral sheathlaid open to show its three compartments. (Femoral nerve visible in yellow.)
Obturator nerve. Structures surrounding righthip-joint. (Obturator nerve labeled at upper right.)
Urogenital peritoneum. The epiploic foramen, greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue).
Peritoneum. The peritoneum, colored in blue
Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the upper part of the abdomen (phrenicolienal ligament labeled at bottom left)
Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks.
Two of the stages in the development of the digestive tube and its mesentery. The arrow indicates the entrance to the bursa omentalis
Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. (Peritoneum is labeled at center right.)
The abdominal cavity is labeled 3 in this image, and together with the pelvic cavity (4) it makes up the abdominopelvic cavity 6.
Inguinal canal. Thescrotum. On the left side the cavity of thetunica vaginalishas been opened; on the right side only the layers superficial to theCremasterhave been removed. (Right inguinal canal visible at upper left.)
Abdominal external oblique muscle. The abdominal external oblique muscle
Abdominal internal oblique muscle. The abdominal internal oblique muscle.
Mesentery. Mesentery extending from theduodenojejunal flexureto theileocecal junction
Transverse abdominal muscle. TheTransversus abdominis,Rectus abdominis, andPyramidalis.
Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions, showing origin and insertion of gluteus maximus muscle.
Gluteus Maximus. The gluteus maximus, with surrounding fascia. Right buttock, viewed from behind, skin covering removed.
Gluteal tuberosity. Right femur. Posterior surface. (Gluteal tuberosity not labeled, but visible at upper right, where attachment of Gluteus maximus is indicated.)
Gluteal muscles. Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions. Gluteus minimus and the origins and insertions of medius and maximus labeled
Gluteal muscles. Gluteus maximus
Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions with gluteus minimus muscle highlighted.
Gluteus minimus. Gluteus minimus muscle (shown in red). Posterior view.
Hip adduction is a strengthening exercise for the piriformis muscle. A cable attached at the ankle can be used to adduct the hip, bringing the leg in toward the opposite side of the body. The same equipment can also be used for hip abduction, where the leg starts beside the opposing leg and moves out to the side, away from the body.[14]
Piriformis muscle. Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions seen from the front.
Plan of ossification of the hip bone. Left hip bone, external surface.
Ilium of pelvis. Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect. (Ilium labeled at top.)
Different levels of DNA condensation in eukaryotes. (1) Single DNA strand. (2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatin during interphase with centromere. (4) Two copies of condensed chromatin together during prophase. (5) Chromosome during metaphase.
Train loaded with phosphate rock, Métlaoui, Tunisia, 2012
Neuroendocrine tumour of the small intestine with salt-and-pepper chromatin. H&E stain.
Four proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament for DNA repeat length per nucleosomes ranging from 177 to 207 bp.  Linker DNA in yellow and nucleosomal DNA in pink.
Two proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament. Left: 1 start helix "solenoid" structure. Right: 2 start loose helix structure. Note: the histones are omitted in this diagram - only the DNA is shown.
Gel electrophoresis methods, such as this formation assay on a DX complex, are used to ascertain whether the desired structures are forming properly.  Each vertical lane contains a series of bands, where each band is characteristic of a particular reaction intermediate.
The assembly of a DX array. Left, schematic diagram. Each bar represents a double-helical domain of DNA, with the shapes representing complementary sticky ends. The DX complex at top will combine with other DX complexes into the two-dimensional array shown at bottom.[2] Right, an atomic force microscopy image of the assembled array. The individual DX tiles are clearly visible within the assembled structure. The field is 150 nm across.
Schematic illustration of the Beringia migration based on matrilineal genetics: Arrival of Central Asian populations to the Beringian Mammoth steppe c. 25,000 years ago, followed by a "swift peoplling of the Americas"[citation needed] c. 15,000 years ago.
Human Y-DNA phylogeny and haplogroup distribution.[1] *(a) Phylogenetic tree. 'kya' means 'thousand years ago'. *(b) Geographical distributions of each haplogroups are shown in color. *(c) Geographical color legend.
A nineteenth century concept of early humans in a wilderness
Expansion of early modern humans from Africa through the Near East
Location of early Yamnaya culture (3400 BCE), according to Anthony 2007.
Fire-hardened spear circa 380,000 to 400,000 years old. (See Schöningen spears)
Dickinsonia costata from the Ediacaran biota, 635–542 Ma, a possible early member of Animalia.
Homo heidelbergensisTemporal range:0.7–0.2MaPreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN↓Middle Pleistocene.
Homo rhodesiensisTemporal range:Middle Pleistocene0.8–0.12MaPreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN↓.
Homo nalediTemporal range:Middle Pleistocene0.335–0.236Ma[1]PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN↓.
Bifacial silcrete point of early Homo sapiens, from M1 phase (71,000 BCE) layer of Blombos Cave, South Africa
Comparison of skull features of H. naledi with other small-brained Homo (H. habilis, H. e. georgicus, and H. floresiensis)
The speciation of modern humans and Neanderthals using the Sima de los Huesos remains
Skull of Tiktaalik, an extinct genus transitional between lobe-finned fish and early tetrapods
Tonsillar branch of the facial artery. Theinternal carotidandvertebral arteries. Right side. (Tonsillar labeled at center.)
Homogenous leukoplakia in the floor of the mouth in a smoker. Biopsy showed hyperkeratosis
Frenulum of tongue. The mouth cavity. The apex of the tongue is turned upward, and on the right side a superficial dissection of its under surface has been made. (Frenulum labeled at center right.)
Levator scapulae muscle. Muscles connecting the upper extremity to thevertebral column. (Levator scapulae visible at upper right, at the neck.)
Knee orthosis with toothed gear segment joints for the care of patients e.g. after a cruciate ligament tear. (Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: the knee, English abbreviation: KO for knee orthoses)
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis for the treatment of patients e.g. with paraplegia after spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis or multiple sclerosis. (Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: knee, ankle and foot, English abbreviation: KAFO for knee-ankle-foot orthoses)
A dissected body, lying prone on a table, by Charles Landseer
An individual with an axillary arch as well as sternalis muscle and an accessory abdominal portion of the pectoralis major.
Pectoralis minor. Pectoralis minor muscle (shown in red). The bone shown in blue is theshoulder blade.
Deltoid muscle. Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column
Subscapularis muscle. The subscapularis is difficult to see from the front (labeled middle right)
Subscapularis muscle. Subscapularis muscle (in red).Ribsare shown as semi-transparent.
Side.Front.Back.Animation.Deltoid muscle.  Anterior part of deltoid (arises from most of the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle.)  Intermediate part of deltoid (arises from the superior surface of the acromion process.)  Posterior part of deltoid (arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula.)
Aspirin (tablets pictured) is commonly used after stroke. In vertebral artery dissection it appears as effective as anticoagulation with warfarin.
Axillary artery. Axillary arteryand its branches—anterior view of right upper limb and thorax. Upper and lower limits labeled.
Subscapular artery. Axillary artery and its branches, including subscapular artery - anterior view of right upper limb and thorax.
Axillary vein. Anterior view of right upper limb and thorax -axillary veinand the distal part of thebasilic veinandcephalic vein.
Circumflex scapular artery. The axillary artery and its branches. (Scap. cir. visible near center.)
Diagram showing homologous bones of the skulls of a Monitor lizard and a Crocodile.  Jugal bone labelled Ju, in pale green, at centre left.
Extracted tooth
Extracted wisdom tooth that was horizontally impacted
Left orbital floor fracture
The most common location of dry socket: in the socket of an extracted mandibular third molar (wisdom tooth).
Alveolar osteitis of a socket after tooth extraction. Note lack of blood clot in socket and exposed alveolar bone.
Inferior orbital fissure. 1Foramen ethmoidale, 2Canalis opticus, 3Fissura orbitalis superior, 4Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 5Sulcus infraorbitalis, 6 Fissura orbitalis inferior, 7Foramen infraorbitale
Populations with a high level of parental-relatedness result in a larger number of homozygous gene knockouts as compared to outbred populations.[107]
A pedigree displaying a first-cousin mating (carriers both carrying heterozygous knockouts mating as marked by double line) leading to offspring possessing a homozygous gene knockout.
Figure 1: During fat digestion, lipases in the gastrointestinal tract hydrolyse fat (triglycerides) into smaller molecules (free fatty acids and monoglycerides) which can be absorbed through the duodenal mucosa. Lipase inhibitors bind to lipases and inactivate the enzyme. That leads to excretion of the undigested fat with faeces.[12]
Simplified flowchart showing the essentials of lipoprotein metabolism.
Figure 2: The pancreatic lipase consists of two domains. The small C-terminal domain takes part in colipase binding and the large N-terminal has the catalytic site.[25]
Structure of the lipoteichoic acid polymer
Chemical structure of the lipase inhibitorOrlistat[1]
Lipase (class 3). Structure of Triacyl-glycerol acylhydrolase.
A computer-generated image of a type of pancreatic lipase (PLRP2) from the guinea pig. PDB: 1GPL​.
Lingual Lipase. Lingual Lipase with catalytic triad highlighted in center
1. Body of stomach 2. Fundus 3. Anterior wall 4. Greater curvature 5. Lesser curvature 6. Cardia 9. Pyloric sphincter 10. Pyloric antrum 11. Pyloric canal 12. Angular incisure 13. Gastric canal 14. Rugae[6]
Prevertebral ganglia. Theceliac gangliawith the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia.
Prevertebral ganglia. Abdominal portion of thesympathetic trunk, with theceliac plexusandhypogastric plexus.
A flow diagram showing the process of stimulation of adrenal medulla that makes it release adrenaline, that further acts on adrenoreceptors, indirectly mediating or mimicking sympathetic activity.
Thoracic splanchnic nerves. The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. (Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves labeled at left.)
Lower half of right sympathetic cord
Dry-type human earwax with blood.
Representation of the double helix structure of human DNA
Cave paintings (such as this one from France) represent a benchmark in the evolutionary history of human cognition.
XY Chromosomes
Celiac ganglia. The celiacgangliawith the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from theganglia. (Celiac ganglion labeled at center right.)
Celiac ganglia. Celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion . 1Crus sinistrum(Diaphragma), 2hiatus aorticus, 3Aorta, 4Arteria lumbalis, 5Nervus splanchnicus major, 6Arteria coeliaca, 7Arteria phrenica caudalis, 8Celiac ganglion, 9Plexus coeliacus, 10Ganglion mesentericum craniale, 11Plexus mesentericus cranialis, 12Arteria mesenterica cranialis, 13Nervus splanchnicus minor, 14Adrenal gland, 15Arteria abdominalis cranialis, 16Stomach, 17Liver(Lobus caudatus), 18Kidney
Right gastric artery. Theceliac arteryand its branches; thestomachhas been raised and theperitoneumremoved. (Right gastric artery visible at center left.)
Left gastric vein. The portal vein and its tributaries.
Illustration of adjustable gastric banding
Adjustable gastric band. Diagram of an adjustable gastric band
Illustration of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
Gastric emptying scan. Example gastric emptying images
Graphic of a gastric bypass using a Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The transverse colon is not shown so that the Roux-en-Y can be clearly seen. The variant seen in this image is retro colic, retro gastric because the distal small bowel that joins the proximal segment of the stomach is behind the transverse colon and stomach.
Nerve plexus. Superimposed image of the spinal plexuses on a human back.
The wall of an ultrafiltration hollow fiber membrane, with characteristic outer (top) and inner (bottom) layers of pores.
An illustration of interphase. The chromatin has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions.
A diagram of an animal cell.
Schematic of size-based membrane exclusion
A Zeiss rotating diaphragm, 1906.[1] One diaphragm with five apertures.
Flash photography effect in blue eye, but not in yellow eye of an odd-eyed cat
Adult male with amber-colored eyes: This color is extremely rare and occurs when  an unusually stronger presence of the yellow pigment (lipochrome) exists in the iris, with a rather small amount of brown pigment (melanin). This gives the eye an orange copper/gold hue.
Terns have coloured oil droplets in the cones of the eye to improve distance vision
The common kestrel, like other raptorial birds, have a very low sensitivity to UV light.
This palomino is homozygous for Tiger-eye 2, and has blue eyes.[2]
When viewed in full size, this image contains about 16 million pixels, each corresponding to a different color in the full set of RGB colors. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million different colors.[25]
Anatomy of the avian eye
A horse showing the characteristic tiger eye.
Chromosome 15. Chromosome 15 pairin human malekaryogram.
An illustration of an insertion at chromosome level
Hardy performing one of his signature poses in 2016
A tulip flower exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a mutation in its genes
Hardy making his entrance at the WrestleMania X8 as one-half of The Hardy Boyz
The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor.
Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) has evolved resistance to the defensive substance tetrodotoxin in its amphibian prey.
Angiosperm phylogeny of orders based on classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The figure shows the number of inferred independent origins of C3-C4 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis in parentheses.
Keratin intermediate filaments (stained red) around epithelial cells.
Calcium influx through NMDA receptors activates CAMKII. CAMKII then regulates several other signaling cascades that modulate the activity of the actin-binding proteins cofilin and profilin. These cascades can be divided into two primary pathways, the RhoA and Cdc42 pathways, which are mediated primarily by these members of the Rho family of GTPases. In the transient stage, the signaling cascade caused by synaptic activity results in LIMK1 phosphorylating ADF/cofilin via both the RhoA and Cdc42 pathways, which in turn inhibits the depolymerization of F-actin and increases the volume of the dendritic spine drastically while also inducing LTP.
Rheumatic heart disease at autopsy with characteristic findings (thickened mitral valve, thickened chordae tendineae, hypertrophied left ventricular myocardium).
Mitral stenosis.
This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above. MV: Mitral valve, TV: Tricuspid valve, AV: Aortic valve, Septum: Interventricular septum. Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram, dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be. The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D-loop, the blue line represents the lower loop.
PseudosuchiansTemporal range:Early Triassic–Holocene,250–0MaPreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN.
The fenestrae in the skull of the dinosaur Massospondylus
Triassic flora as depicted in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–90)
Mounted skeleton of the Triassic loricatan Saurosuchus galilei
Images. ?DiandongosuchusValidLadinianChinaFalang FormationPossible basalmost taxon.
Immediately above the Permian–Triassic boundary the glossopteris flora was suddenly[39] largely displaced by an Australia-wide coniferous flora.
The phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data shows the basal position of South American Didelphimorphia within Marsupialia, and the basal position of South American Dromiciops within otherwise Australasian Australidelphia.[17]
Cladogram of the primates, showing a monophyletic taxon (a clade: the simians or Anthropoidea, in yellow), a paraphyletic taxon (the prosimians, in blue, including the red patch), and a polyphyletic taxon (the nocturnal primates – the lorises and the tarsiers – in red)
Early Triassic and Anisian marine predators:[29] 1. Wantzosaurus, 2. Fadenia, 3. Saurichthys, 4. Rebellatrix, 5. Hovasaurus, 6. Birgeria, 7. Aphaneramma, 8. Bobasatrania, 9. Hybodontiformes, 10. Mylacanthus, 11. Tanystropheus, 12. Corosaurus, 13. Ticinepomis, 14. Mixosaurus, 15. Cymbospondylidae, 16. Neoselachii, 17. Omphalosaurus skeleton, 18. Placodus
Early/Lower Triassic. Sandstone from the Lower Triassic Series
Chirotherium footprint in Triassic sediments
Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern Utah
Skull of a Triassic Period Phytosaur found in the Petrified Forest National Park
PoposauridaeTemporal range:Late Triassic.
CrurotarsansTemporal range:Early Triassic–Present,250–0MaPreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN.
Eccrine sweat gland. A sectional view of the skin (magnified), with eccrine glands highlighted.
Vestibular membrane. Cross-section of thecochleashowing the position of the vestibular membrane.
Depilated human vulva with anatomical feature labels
Human vulva. Vulvas of different women (pubic hairremoved in some cases)
Rectus femoris. Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions. (Rectus femoris highlighted in red.)
Fiber angle of a pennate muscle.
Some types of muscle architecture.
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle. Front of right upper extremity. (Extensor pollicis brevis labeled at upper left.)
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle. Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles. (Extensor pollicis brevis visible at left.)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Posterior surface of the left forearm. Superficial muscles. The partially obscured extensor carpi radialis brevis is shown in blue.
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle. Superficial muscles of the left hand, palmar view.
Abductor hallucis muscle. First layer of muscles of the sole of the foot (abductor hallucis visible at lower right)
Extensor hallucis longus muscle. The mucous sheaths of the tendons around the ankle. Lateral aspect. (Ext. hall. long. labeled at upper left.)
Extensor retinaculum of the hand. The mucous sheaths of thetendonson the back of thewrist. (Dorsal carpal ligament labeled at bottom center.)
Extensor digitorum longus muscle. The mucous sheaths of the tendons around the ankle. Lateral aspect. (Extensor dig. longus labeled at upper right.)
Extensor carpi radialis longus. Transverse section across the wrist and digits. (Ext. carp. rad. long. labeled at center left.)
BACH2.
The mechanism of adrenoreceptors. Adrenaline or noradrenaline are receptor ligands to either α1, α2 or β-adrenoreceptors. α1 couples to Gq, which results in increased intracellular Ca2+ and subsequent smooth muscle contraction. α2, on the other hand, couples to Gi, which causes a decrease in neurotransmitter release, as well as a decrease of cAMP activity resulting in smooth muscle contraction. β receptors couple to Gs, and increases intracellular cAMP activity, resulting in e.g. heart muscle contraction, smooth muscle relaxation and glycogenolysis.
Micrograph of white matter (bottom of image) and the anterior horn of the spinal cord showing motor neurons with central chromatolysis.Neurofilament immunostain.
Antibody stain against neurofilament (green) and Ki 67 (red) in a mouse embryo 12.5 days after fertilization. The cells expressing neurofilaments are in the dorsal root ganglia shown in green while proliferating cells are in the ventricular zone in the neural tube and colored red.
(A) Diagram of the process of autophagy, which produces the structures autophagosomes, AP, and autolysosomes, AL; (B) Electron micrograph of autophagic structures AP and AL in the fat body of a fruit fly larva; (C) Fluorescently labeled autophagosomes AP in liver cells of starved mice.
Dynein light chain type 1. structure of the human pin/lc8 dimer with a bound peptide
autophagy related protein 8. The crystal structure of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, a mammalian homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg8.[1]
Rat brain cells grown in tissue culture and stained, in green, with an antibody to neurofilament subunit NF-L, which reveals a large neuron. The culture was stained in red for alpha-internexin, which in this culture is found in neuronal stem cells surrounding the large neuron. Image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
Tendon transfer. Posterior deltoid-to-triceps tendon transfer to restore elbow extension
Anatomy of the carpal tunnel, showing the median nerve passing through the tight space it shares with the finger tendons
A different type of rigid splint used in carpal tunnel syndrome.
Rates of carpal tunnel syndrome by ethnicity. CTS is much more common in Caucasians.
Scars from carpal tunnel release surgery. Two different techniques were used. The left scar is 6 weeks old, the right scar is 2 weeks old. Also note the muscular atrophy of the thenar eminence in the left hand, a common sign of advanced CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
Carpal tunnel syndrome operation
Anterior interosseous nerve. Deep palmar nerves. (Volar interosseous labeled at center top.)
Radial Fossa of the Humerus
Models participate in "got ass?", a competition to judge the woman with best buttocks, at AVN Adult Entertainment Expo, Las Vegas, 2014.
Seattle's nudist cyclists with painted buttocks
A Japanese toilet with integrated bidet spraying water for cleaning. The water jet is used to wash the anus and buttocks after defecation.
Some female clothing, such as the bikini or panties, show part of the female buttocks (woman on left). Thongs, in particular, leave almost all of the buttocks exposed (woman on right). Photo is of a beach in Holland, 1999.
Heiter attempts to "train" his completed human centipede. The use of bandages in The Human Centipede allowed the filmmakers to imply a more graphic and disturbing idea than is actually shown on screen.[51]
A roll of toilet paper
Some people spread toilet paper on public toilet seats before sitting down.
A modern bidet
An add-on bidet
Top view of a bidet
A bidet shower or "health faucet"
A modern bidet of the traditional type
Eighteenth-century bidet in use
A 20th-century standalone bidet (foreground)
Toilet paper and toilet paper holder; the paperboard center of a spent roll is visible on the holder.
"Le Troubadour" (French)—1960s package of toilet paper
MRI scans of a patient with astrocytoma, showing the tumor's progression between the incidental finding in 2007 and the onset of phenotypical changes in 2014.