JUNJIE99/VISTA_Evaluation huggingface dataset:
Rán pulls her net beside her husband Ægir as depicted by Friedrich Wilhelm Heine (1845–1921) after an original by Friedrich Wilhelm Engelhard (1813–1902)
Yggdrasil (1895) by Lorenz Frølich
"The Ash Yggdrasil" (1886) by Friedrich Wilhelm Heine
The norns Urðr, Verðandi, and Skuld beneath the world tree Yggdrasil (1882) by Ludwig Burger.
Rán uses her net to pull a seafarer into the depths in an illustration by Johannes Gehrts, 1901
Reconstruction showing final stages of assembly of Gondwana, 550 Mya
The first ocean floor formed between Madagascar and Africa c. 150 Ma (left) and between India and Madagscar c. 70 Ma (right).
This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama's course to India (black), the first to go around Africa. Voyages of Pêro da Covilhã (orange) and Afonso de Paiva (blue) are also shown with common routes marked in green.
Africa, Arabia, and Eurasia
Map of Anatolian Peninsula, the Asian part of Turkey
People and traffic in a part of Kabul, 1976
Cochin International Airport, the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy
1803 Cedid Atlas, showing the Ottoman held regions of North Africa
Warren Hastings, the first governor-general of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Language families in the Indian subcontinent.
Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville (Paris), circa 1736–1752, carved, painted, and gilded oak, height: 5.58 m, width: 7.07 m, length: 12.36 m, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Archaic bearded head of Hermes from a herm, early 5th century BC
Cosimo de' Medici the Elder, head of the Medici Bank, sponsored civic building programs. Posthumous portrait by Pontormo.
Herma with the head of Herakles (Hermherakles). Museum of Ancient Messene, Greece
The Shepherd of Hermas, or the Good Shepherd, 3rd century, Catacombs of Rome.
This model of the Temple of Artemis, at Miniatürk Park, Istanbul, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the third temple.
The fame of the Temple of Artemis was known in the Renaissance, as demonstrated in this imagined portrayal of the temple in a 16th-century hand-colored engraving by Martin Heemskerck.
Istanbul-Pythio railway. Pythio station.
Pithos.
Pithos. Pithosfrom Iron-AgeCrete. About 1.6 m tall, the full pithos would have weighed close to 2 tons.Below:PithoiatKnossos. Placed out of the pits for viewing, thepithoistood in the pits for access and stability.
Uluburun ship pithos and other artifacts
Image on a pithos sherd found at Kuntillet Ajrud with the inscription "Yahweh and his Asherah"
Pandora holding a pithos, with Hermes, and a seated Prometheus, Prometheus, Mercury, and Pandora by Josef Abel
A smaller pithos, probably not semi-subterranean, as the decorative bands cover the entire body. There is a rope decoration around the neck; however, the body features distributed fasteners for handling via a rope harness.
Marine pithos. Note the lug on the bottom for insertion into a rack built across the hold. The faint relief lines on the bottom are probably strengtheners. The mouth is small-diameter for easier sealing. A lip strengthens the rim.
The Hellenistic world view: world map of Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), using information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors[245]
Dedication of Alexander the Great to Athena Polias at Priene, now housed in the British Museum[251]
A coin of Alexander the Great struck by Balakros or his successor Menes, both former somatophylakes (bodyguards) of Alexander, when they held the position of satrap of Cilicia in the lifetime of Alexander, circa 333-327 BC. The obverse shows Heracles, ancestor of the Macedonian royal line and the reverse shows a seated Zeus Aëtophoros.[183]
Public bathtubs in Pella, Alexander's birthplace
Roman medallion depicting Olympias, Alexander's mother
Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father
The Ancient Hellenistic Greek world from 323 BC
Map showing the distribution of major Modern Greek dialect areas.[43] The dialect of Northern Epirus (not listed here) belongs to the southern varieties.Map showing important isoglosses between the traditional Modern Greek dialects (c.1900).[44]
Purple: Area of "northern vocalism" (/skiˈli/ > [skli])
Yellow: Area of palatalisation of /k/ > tʃ (/kiriaˈki/ > [tʃirjaˈtʃi]
Green: Area of palatalisation of /k/ > [ts] (/kiriaˈki/ > [tsirjaˈtsi])
Brown: Geminated initial consonants (/ne/ > [nne])
Red: Retention of word-final /n/
Dark brown: Historical /y/ > /u/
A sample of Moon type in various languages including Greek.
Map of Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period (800–480 BC)
The seeress Veleda as painted by Jules Eugène Lenepveu, 1883
Detail of a sculpture of the Germanic seeress Veleda, Hippolyte Maindron, 1844
4th-century Roman sarcophagus depicting the creation of man by Prometheus, with major Roman deities Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury, Juno, Apollo, Vulcan watching.
The Forum inscription (Lapis Niger, "black stone"), one of the oldest known Latin inscriptions, from the 6th century BC; it is written boustrophedon, albeit irregularly; from a rubbing by Domenico Comparetti.
Denarius of Lucius Caesius, 112–111 BC. On the obverse is Apollo, as written on the monogram behind his head, who also wears the attributes of Vejovis, an obscure deity. The obverse depicts a group of statues representing the Lares Praestites, which was described by Ovid.[273][274]
The "Togatus Barberini", depicting a Roman senator holding the imagines (effigies) of deceased ancestors in his hands; marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): mid 1st century BC
Roman bronze bust of Scipio Africanus, dated mid 1st century BC, and found in the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum[111]
Romulus and his brother, Remus, with the she-wolf. Romulus is credited with creating the patrician class.
Bust of Pyrrhus, found in the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, now in the Naples Archaeological Museum. Pyrrhus was a brave and chivalrous general who fascinated the Romans, hence his presence in a Roman house.[51]
This mid-1st-century-BC Roman wall painting in Pompeii is probably a depiction of Cleopatra VII as Venus Genetrix, with her son Caesarion as Cupid. Its owner Marcus Fabius Rufus most likely ordered its concealment behind a wall in reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Octavian in 30 BC.[172][173]
Representation of a sitting of the Roman senate: Cicero attacks Catiline, from a 19th-century fresco in Palazzo Madama, Rome, house of the Italian Senate. It is worth noting that idealistic medieval and subsequent artistic depictions of the Senate in session are almost uniformly inaccurate. Illustrations commonly show the senators arranged in a semicircle around an open space where orators were deemed to stand; in reality the structure of the existing Curia Julia building, which dates in its current form from the Emperor Diocletian, shows that the senators sat in straight and parallel lines on either side of the interior of the building. In current media depictions in film this is shown correctly in The Fall of the Roman Empire, and incorrectly in, for example, Spartacus. While the Curia Julia was built, the Senate convened in the Theatre of Pompey and the fact that Julius Caesar was killed there may have caused the misconception.
The first Roman road, the Via Appia
The Triumph of Bacchus, a Roman mosaic from Africa Proconsolaris, dated 3rd century AD, now in the Sousse Archaeological Museum, Tunisia
Cicero's death (France, 15th century)
Clodia. Clodia from thePromptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD) tomb in Guangxi, southern China; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou, dated to the early 1st century BC, and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea[242]
Cicero. First-century AD bust of Cicero in theCapitoline Museums, Rome
Orders of ancient Greek architectureabove: Capital of the Ionic order showing volutes and ornamented echinus left: Architectural elements of the Doric order showing simple curved echinus of capitalabove: Capital of the Corinthian Order showing foliate decoration and vertical volutes.
Two early Archaic Doric order Greek temples at Paestum (Italy) with much wider capitals than later
The Roman Doric order from the Theater of Marcellus: triglyphs centered over the end column
The Doric order of the Parthenon. Triglyphs marked "a", metopes "b", guttae "c" and mutules under the soffit "d".
Parts of an Ancient Greek temple of the Doric Order: 1. Tympanum, 2. Acroterium, 3. Sima 4. Cornice 5. Mutules 7. Frieze 8. Triglyph 9. Metope 10. Regula 11. Gutta 12. Taenia 13. Architrave 14. Capital 15. Abacus 16. Echinus 17. Column 18. Fluting 19. Stylobate
The Doric corner conflict
Doric capital of the Parthenon from Athens
The Corinthian order as used in extending the United States Capitol in 1854: the column's shaft has been omitted
Entry to the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), with four Doric columns in this photo
Left image: Characteristic shape of the Doric anta capital. Right image: Doric anta capital at the Athenian Treasury (c. 500 BC).
Architects' first real look at the Greek Ionic order: Julien David LeRoy, Les ruines plus beaux des monuments de la Grèce Paris, 1758 (Plate XX)
The Doric Order  The Temple of Hephaestos, Athens, is a well-preserved temple of peripteral hexastyle plan.The entablature showing the architrave, frieze with triglyphs and metopes and the overhanging corniceThe tapered fluted columns, constructed in drums, rest directly on the stylobate.
Strahler stream order
Shreve stream order
Music notation from an early 14th-century English Missal, featuring the head of Christ. Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church.[10]
Funerary Inscription In Corsican language at the cemetery of Erbaggio (Nocario)
The Hospitallers in the 13th century
Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text.
The 15th century Book of Dede Korkut
A 12th-century Byzantine manuscript of the Hippocratic Oath
Musician playing the vielle (fourteenth-century Medieval manuscript)
Ionic capital at the Erechtheum (Athens), 5th century BC
A Christmas wreath on a house door in England.
A Scandinavian-style harvest wreath made of woven straw.
A girl wearing a Ukrainian wreath
A sculpted wreath on the South African War Memorial, Richmond Cemetery
A laying of a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow, May 2008
A young girl wearing a floral wreath.
A lady wearing a Ukrainian vyshyvanka with a wreath (a 1916 postcard)
An actress performing a play. She wears a laurel wreath and stands in front of a statue of a woman from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Room 21, The British Museum, London
A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian Aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila in the Yambol region of Bulgaria. Mid 4th century BC.
Tsimshian (Native American). Wooden Skull Headdress, late 19th century, Brooklyn Museum, Skull imagery is usually associated with the Tánis (Hamatsa) ceremony practiced by the Heiltsuk and Kwakwawa’wakw people. The skull symbolizes the rebirth of initiates as they come back from the dead
A five-candle Advent wreath in the chancel of a Christian church (top) and a Christmas wreath adorning an American home, with the door chalked for Epiphanytide and the wreath hanger bearing a placard of the Angel Gabriel (bottom)
Wreath thrown in water on Ivan Kupala Day Feast of St. John the Baptist, in Russia
Hercules and the Erymanthian Boar. The sculpture in 2013
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. Bust of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. Coin commemorating his naval victory overGnaeus Domitius Calvinus
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. This relief on theAra Pacishas been identified by some experts as depicting Ahenobarbus.
Gnaeus Domitius from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
The so-called "Pseudo-Corbulo", once thought to be the portrait of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, actually a portrait of an unknown personage of the 1st century BC. Parian marble. (Centrale Montemartini, Rome)
Denarius of Lucius Manlius Torquatus, 65 BC.  The obverse depicts the head of the Sibyl, while a tripod and amphora, instruments of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, appear within a torque on the reverse.
Denarius of Lucius Manlius Torquatus, 113–112 BC.  The obverse depicts the head of Roma within a torque, the emblem of the Manlii Torquati.  The reverse depicts a warrior charging into battle on horseback, beneath the letter 'Q', signifying Torquatus' quaestorship.
Flavius Anastasius (consul of the Eastern Roman Empire for AD 517) in consular garb, holding a sceptre and the mappa, a piece of cloth used to signal the start of chariot races at the Hippodrome. Ivory panel from his consular diptych.
Aureus of Lucius Manlius Torquatus with Sulla, 82 BC.  The obverse depicts a head of Roma, while on the reverse a victorious general triumphs in a quadriga, crowned by Victoria, alluding to Sulla's campaign against the younger Marius and Papirius Carbo.
A statue of a member of the equestrian class from 176 CE. This statue is believed to be from the Capitoline Hill in Rome, and is the only equestrian statue that survives.
Example of higher class Roman men.
Romulus Augustus resigns the crown. Drawing from the Young Folks' History of Rome, 1880.
Violent confrontation between working class union members and law enforcement, as in the Minneapolis general strike of 1934 shown above, was commonly frowned upon by the professional middle class.
Sculpture of a chōnin, a middle class of mainly merchants that emerged in Japan during the Edo period. Early 18th century.
Members of the Canadian Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the Liberation of Rome in 1944 during World War II
Personification of the River Nile and his children, from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome (1st century AD)
Juan Antonio Ribera's c. 1806 Cincinnatus Leaves the Plough to Dictate Laws to Rome
The Temple of Portunus, god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports.[252] Rome, built between 120 and 80 BC
The "Capitoline Brutus", a bust possibly depicting Lucius Junius Brutus, who led the revolt against Rome's last king and was a founder of the Republic
A denarius depicting Julius Caesar, dated to February–March 44 BC—the goddess Venus is shown on the reverse, holding Victoria and a scepter. Caption: CAESAR IMP. M. / L. AEMILIVS BVCA
Statue of Drusus Julius Caesar from Sulcis (Sardinia, Italy).
Drusus Julius Caesar. Portrait of Drusus (Musée Saint-Raymond)
Lionel Royer, Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, 1899.
Julia Domna. Bust,Vatican Museums
Roman empress Julia Domna, Maesa's sister, committed suicide after the murder of her son Caracalla.
Roman imperial dynasties. TheSeveran Tondo(c.200) depicting Julia Domna,Septimius Severus, and their sonsGeta(face erased) andCaracalla
The Severan Tondo, c. 199, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased. (Antikensammlung Berlin)
Julia Mamaea. Bust of Julia Mamaea,Louvre
Julia the Younger. Bust presumed to be Julia
Julia Maesa. Antoninianusof Julia Maesa
Relief of Caracalla with Domna as Victoria, National Museum, Warsaw
Coin featuring Domna (IVLIA AVGVSTA).
Antoninianus of Julia MaesaAntoninianus of Julia Mamaea
A Punic bronze coin from Gadir, modern Cádiz (Spain); the obverse shows a male head depicting Melkart (called Hercules by the Greeks and Heracles by the Romans); on the reverse are two tuna fish with several Phoenician letters.
Stela from the Al Bass site in Tyre, the biggest known Phoenician necropolis (National Museum of Beirut)
Study of Phoenician medals, by Jean-Jacques Barthélemy
Sarcophagus of Ahiram, which bears the oldest inscription of the Phoenician alphabet. National Museum of Beirut
Location of Carthage and Carthaginian sphere of influence prior to the First Punic War (264 BC).
Sculpture of a Phoenician king, in the style of a pharaoh, from Tyre, 7th c. BCE (World Museum, Liverpool)
"Grhmn" – Phoenician inscription of a servant of the fertility deity Baal Hammon on a stela from Tyre, National Museum of Beirut
Cover of a Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagus of a woman, made of marble, 350–325 BC, from Sidon, now in the Louvre.
Bronze coin minted in Tyre during Hadrian's reign, with the head of Tyche (left) wearing a crown of towers and Phoenician goddess Astarte (right)
Phoenician sarcophagi found in Cádiz, Spain, thought to have been imported from the Phoenician homeland around Sidon.[66][67] Archaeological Museum of Cádiz.
Warship with two rows of oars, in a relief from Nineveh (c. 700 BC).The Timber Transportation relief at the LouvreTwo Assyrian representations of ships, which could represent Phoenician vessels
Phoenician trade routes
Glottolog. Distribution of the Phoenician language
Sabinus. Saint Sabinus before Venustian, preaching the gospel.Pietro Lorenzetti.
Saint Sabinus of Piacenza. Statue of Saint Sabinus located in the church of Caselle Landi.
The Cave of Sabinus
Saint Sabinus of Canosa.
Georg Sabinus
Éponine and Sabinus (1810) by Etienne-Barthélémy Garnier
Éponine et Sabinus (1802) by Nicolas-André Monsiau
The province of Thracia within the Roman Empire, c. 116 AD
Roman EmpireSenatus Populusque Romanus(Latin)Imperium Romanum[n 1](Latin)Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων(Ancient Greek)Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn. The Roman Empire in AD 117 at its greatest extent, at the time ofTrajan's death (with itsvassalsin pink)[3]
Roman EmpireSenatus Populusque Romanus(Latin)Imperium Romanum[n 1](Latin)Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων(Ancient Greek)Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn. Top:Vexillumwith the imperialaquilaBottom:LabarumofConstantine the GreatImperialaquila
Map showing the "Roman coloniae" in the second century, after Trajan.
Roman Empire under Augustus (31 BC – AD 14). Yellow: 31BC. dark green 31–19 BC, light green 19–9 BC, pale green 9–6 BC. mauve: client states
Linguasphere. The current distribution of the Armenian language in the southern Caucasus
Fragmentary military diploma from Carnuntum; Latin was the language of the military throughout the Empire
The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres.
The Seleucid Empire (light blue) in 281 BC on the eve of the murder of Seleucus I Nicator.
The Greek Theatre of Syracuse
James Tissot, The Exhortation to the Apostles
Death of John II Komnenos, and crowning of Manuel I Komnenos (from the Manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and Old French Continuation, painted in Acre, Israel, 13th century, Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Life details. Alexios II Komnenos(Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός)24 September 1180 – September 1183Son of Manuel I14 Sept. 1169 – October 1183(aged 14)Deposed and killed by successor
Emperor John II Komnenos, the most successful commander of the Komnenian army.
A late Byzantine example of Augustus in imperial titulature: in this miniature from ca. 1404, Manuel II Palaiologos is titled "basileus and autokrator of the Romans", but also "aei augoustos" ("always Augustus"), after the late antique formula "semper Augustus".
This image by Gustave Doré shows the Turkish ambush at the pass of Myriokephalon. This ambush destroyed Manuel's hope of capturing Konya
Portrait of a woman of the Flavian period, marble // Portrait bust of a young woman (Julia, daughter of Titus?). Marble. 80s—90s CE. Shows the extremely elaborate hair styles worn by upper-class Roman women of the time. Rome, Capitoline Museums, Palazzo Nuovo, Hall of the Emperors.
Gold Hairnet, Imperial period, Pompeii
Map of the Byzantine Empire under Manuel, c. 1180
The Tower of Hercules, a Roman lighthouse in Spain
Roman Theatre (Mérida), Spain
Roman walls of Lugo, Spain
Roman Emperor Constantine, who reformed the constitution of the Tetrarchy
Legal systems of the world. Blue is based on Roman law.
Roman Emperor Diocletian, who framed the constitution of the Tetrarchy
Modern representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate
Panel from a representation of a triumph of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius; a winged genius hovers above his head
A Dutch passport. In modern times, passports are often used as proof of citizenship.
A plan of the battle:Carthaginians at top, Romans at bottom and elephants in the middle
Mosaic of what is presumed to be a Gothic war leader. The Goths were employed as foederati by the Romans in the 5th century
Contrasting senses of citizenship from ancient times to the present day, according to Peter Zarrow.[4]
The ruins of Carthage. When the city was destroyed, one of the few items that the Romans saved was the agricultural works of Mago.
Map of "Rumelia" in 1801. Almost all the Balkan peninsula was called "land of the Romans" by the Ottoman Empire.
Aeneas, whom the Romans believed Romulus and Remus descended from and is depicted in the Aeneid, fleeing from the burning city of Troy
11th century Hagia Sophia mosaic. On the left, Emperor Constantine IX is identified as "faithful in Christ the God, Emperor of the Romans".
The Roman bridge of Trier crosses the river Mosel. The Romans found that planting vines on the steep banks along the river provided enough warmth to ripen wine grapes.
Honoré DaumierThe Republic (1848), a symbolic representation of the French Second Republic. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris
Augustus-era coin from 37–34 BC with a representation of the Temple of Divus Iulius. Visible are the altar, a statue of Caesar veiled and with a lituus, and a star in the tympanum.
King Clovis I of the Franks dictates the Salic Law surrounded by his military chiefs. In Salic Law, the Romans were recognized as a parallel population alongside the Franks within Clovis's Frankish Kingdom.
Dante in Exile by Domenico Petarlini [es]
Napoleon's Exile on Saint Helena by Franz Josef Sandman (1820)
The First Night in Exile – This painting comes from a celebrated series illustrating one of Hinduism's great epics, the Ramayana. It tells the story of prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father's kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.
Map indicating Heraclea Pontica (underlined in red) during the Roman expansion in 264 BC
This portrait of Ramesses VI was copied during the Franco-Tuscan Expedition [60] from a painting in the ruler's tomb.
. Prince Ramesses at Luxor
Ramesses VI's mummy was damaged by grave robbers.
Ushabti of Ramesses VI in the British Museum
Ramesses II as a child (Cairo Museum)
Mummy of Ramesses II, now in Cairo Museum
Interior of Ramesses IX's KV6 royal tomb
Relief of the pharaoh Ramesses IX from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Relief of Ramesses IV at the Temple of Khonsu in Karnak
Limestone ostracon depicting Ramesses IV smiting his enemies.
This broken bust of Ramesses VI is shown at the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon.
Color reproduction of the relief depicting Ramesses II storming the Hittite fortress of Dapur
Koptos stela of Ramesses VI's daughter Iset (to the right)
All-sky map of the CMB, created from nine years of WMAP data
The bat Icaronycteris appeared 52.2 million years ago
Railways — probably the most important invention in land transport. (Railway station in Bratislava, Slovakia)
Ferns first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period.[62]
The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg.[320]
Lion-man sculpture (Aurignacian, 40,000–35,000 years old)
Venus of Willendorf, an example of Paleolithic art, dated 24–26,000 years ago.
Glacial and interglacial cycles as represented by atmospheric CO2, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years.
Massive stone pillars at Göbekli Tepe, in southeast Turkey, erected for ritual use by early Neolithic people 11,000 years ago
This graphic shows in a spiral a summary of notable events from the Big Bang to the present day. Every billion years (Ga) is represented in 90 degrees of rotation of the spiral.
Cave painting of a battle between archers, Morella la Vella, Spain, the oldest known depiction of combat. These paintings date from 7200 to 7400 years ago.[43]
Diffusion of copper metallurgy in Europe.
Europe in the year 301 BC
Map of Europe in 1648
Interwar Europe in 1923
Fossils from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene)