JK-TK/Newdata huggingface dataset:
Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca(HCO3)(aq) ->(C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2KHCO3 (aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Ca2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Ca2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Chemical equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Mg(HCO3)(aq) ->(C17H35COO- )Mg2+ (s) + 2KHCO3 (aq) (insoluble Calcium octadecanote/scum) Ionic equation 2C17H35COO- K+ (aq) + Mg2+(aq) -> (C17H35COO- )Mg2+ (s) + 2K+(aq) (insoluble Magnesium octadecanote/scum) (iv)Explain how water becomes hard Natural or rain water flowing /passing through rocks containing calcium (chalk, gypsum, limestone)and magnesium compounds (dolomite)dissolve them to form soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions that causes water hardness. (v)State two useful benefits of hard water -Used in bone and teeth formation -Coral polyps use hard water to form coral reefs -Snails use hard water to make their shells 2.Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow. Olive oil Conc. H2SO4 Ice cold water Brown solid A 6M sodium hydroxide Substance B
41 (a)Identify : (i)brown solid A Alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) (ii)substance B Sodium alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) (b)Write a general formula of: (i)Substance A.
(v)State two useful benefits of hard water -Used in bone and teeth formation -Coral polyps use hard water to form coral reefs -Snails use hard water to make their shells 2.Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow. Olive oil Conc. H2SO4 Ice cold water Brown solid A 6M sodium hydroxide Substance B
41 (a)Identify : (i)brown solid A Alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) (ii)substance B Sodium alkyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) (b)Write a general formula of: (i)Substance A. O R-O-S O3 H // R- O - S - O - H O (ii)Substance B O R-O-S O3 - Na+ R- O - S - O - Na+ O (c)State one (i) advantage of continued use of substance B -Does not form scum with hard water -Is cheap to make -Does not use food for human as a raw material. (ii)disadvantage of continued use of substance B. Is non-biodegradable therefore do not pollute the environment (d)Explain the action of B during washing. Has a non-polar hydrocarbon long tail that dissolves in dirt/grease/oil/fat. Has a polar/ionic hydrophilic head that dissolves in water Through mechanical agitation the dirt is plucked /removed from the garment and surrounded by the tail end preventing it from being deposited back on the garment. (e) Ethene was substituted for olive oil in the above process. Write the equation and name of the new products A and B. 42 Product A Ethene + Sulphuric(VI)acid -> Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) H2C=CH2 + H2SO4 –> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen sulphate(VI) H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + NaOH -> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3-Na+ + H2O (f)Ethanol can also undergo similar reactions forming new products A and B.Show this using a chemical equation.
(e) Ethene was substituted for olive oil in the above process. Write the equation and name of the new products A and B. 42 Product A Ethene + Sulphuric(VI)acid -> Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) H2C=CH2 + H2SO4 –> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen sulphate(VI) H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + NaOH -> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3-Na+ + H2O (f)Ethanol can also undergo similar reactions forming new products A and B.Show this using a chemical equation. Product A Ethanol + Sulphuric(VI)acid ->Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + water H3C-CH2OH + H2SO4 –> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + H2O Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen sulphate(VI) H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + NaOH -> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3-Na+ + H2O 3.Below is part of a detergent H3C – (CH2 )16 – O - SO3 - K + (a)Write the formular of the polar and non-polar end Polar end H3C – (CH2 )16 – Non-polar end – O - SO3 - K + (b)Is the molecule a soapy or saopless detergent? Soapless detergent (c)State one advantage of using the above detergent -does not form scum with hard water -is cheap to manufacture 4.The structure of a detergent is H H H H H H H H H H H H H
43 H- C- C- C-C- C- C- C- C- C- C -C- C- -C- COO-Na+ H H H H H H H H H H H H H a) Write the molecular formula of the detergent. (1mk) CH3(CH2)12COO-Na+ b) What type of detergent is represented by the formula?
Product A Ethanol + Sulphuric(VI)acid ->Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + water H3C-CH2OH + H2SO4 –> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + H2O Product B Ethyl hydrogen sulphate(VI) + sodium hydroxide -> sodium Ethyl + Water hydrogen sulphate(VI) H3C – CH2 –O-SO3H + NaOH -> H3C – CH2 –O-SO3-Na+ + H2O 3.Below is part of a detergent H3C – (CH2 )16 – O - SO3 - K + (a)Write the formular of the polar and non-polar end Polar end H3C – (CH2 )16 – Non-polar end – O - SO3 - K + (b)Is the molecule a soapy or saopless detergent? Soapless detergent (c)State one advantage of using the above detergent -does not form scum with hard water -is cheap to manufacture 4.The structure of a detergent is H H H H H H H H H H H H H
43 H- C- C- C-C- C- C- C- C- C- C -C- C- -C- COO-Na+ H H H H H H H H H H H H H a) Write the molecular formula of the detergent. (1mk) CH3(CH2)12COO-Na+ b) What type of detergent is represented by the formula? (1mk) Soapy detergent c) When this type of detergent is used to wash linen in hard water, spots (marks) are left on the linen. Write the formula of the substance responsible for the spots (CH3(CH2)12COO-)2Ca2+ / CH3(CH2)12COO-)2Mg2+ D. POLYMERS AND FIBRES Polymers and fibres are giant molecules of organic compounds. Polymers and fibres are formed when small molecules called monomers join together to form large molecules called polymers at high temperatures and pressures. This process is called polymerization.
POLYMERS AND FIBRES Polymers and fibres are giant molecules of organic compounds. Polymers and fibres are formed when small molecules called monomers join together to form large molecules called polymers at high temperatures and pressures. This process is called polymerization. Polymers and fibres are either: (a)Natural polymers and fibres (b)Synthetic polymers and fibres Natural polymers and fibres are found in living things(plants and animals) Natural polymers/fibres include: -proteins/polypeptides making amino acids in animals -cellulose that make cotton,wool,paper and silk -Starch that come from glucose -Fats and oils -Rubber from latex in rubber trees. Synthetic polymers and fibres are man-made. They include: -polyethene
44 -polychloroethene -polyphenylethene(polystyrene) -Terylene(Dacron) -Nylon-6,6 -Perspex(artificial glass) Synthetic polymers and fibres have the following characteristic advantages over natural polymers 1. They are light and portable 2. They are easy to manufacture. 3. They can easily be molded into shape of choice. 4. They are resistant to corrosion, water, air , acids, bases and salts. 5. They are comparatively cheap, affordable, colourful and aesthetic Synthetic polymers and fibres however have the following disadvantages over natural polymers 1. They are non-biodegradable and hence cause environmental pollution during disposal 2. They give out highly poisonous gases when burnt like chlorine/carbon(II)oxide 3. Some on burning produce Carbon(IV)oxide. Carbon(IV)oxide is a green house gas that cause global warming. 4. Compared to some metals, they are poor conductors of heat,electricity and have lower tensile strength. 5. To reduce environmental pollution from synthetic polymers and fibres, the followitn methods of disposal should be used: 1.Recycling: Once produced all synthetic polymers and fibres should be recycled to a new product. This prevents accumulation of the synthetic polymers and fibres in the environment. 2.Production of biodegradable synthetic polymers and fibres that rot away.
To reduce environmental pollution from synthetic polymers and fibres, the followitn methods of disposal should be used: 1.Recycling: Once produced all synthetic polymers and fibres should be recycled to a new product. This prevents accumulation of the synthetic polymers and fibres in the environment. 2.Production of biodegradable synthetic polymers and fibres that rot away. There are two types of polymerization: (a)addition polymerization (b)condensation polymerization (a)addition polymerization Addition polymerization is the process where a small unsaturated monomer (alkene ) molecule join together to form a large saturated molecule. Only alkenes undergo addition polymerization. 45 Addition polymers are named from the alkene/monomer making the polymer and adding the prefix “poly” before the name of monomer to form a polyalkene During addition polymerization (i)the double bond in alkenes break (ii)free radicals are formed (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule. The more collisions the larger the molecule. Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons
46 •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene.
The more collisions the larger the molecule. Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons
46 •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer.
Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons
46 •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons
46 •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic.
Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials
47 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials
47 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene.
It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials
47 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + …
48 H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC).
Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials
47 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + …
48 H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + …
48 H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + …
48 H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + …
49 (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene.