JK-TK/Newdata huggingface dataset:
It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + …
49 (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number)
50 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene.
PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + …
49 (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number)
50 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + …
49 (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number)
50 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators.
Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number)
50 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 4.Formation of Polypropene Polypropene is an addition polymer formed when propene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 4.Formation of Polypropene Polypropene is an addition polymer formed when propene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 propene + propene + propene + propene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer propene. propene molecule can be represented as:
51 H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H CH3 Examples Polypropene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of propene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass propene (C3H8 )= 44 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 108.1818 =>108 propene molecules(whole number) 44 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 propene + propene + propene + propene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer propene. propene molecule can be represented as:
51 H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H CH3 Examples Polypropene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of propene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass propene (C3H8 )= 44 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 108.1818 =>108 propene molecules(whole number) 44 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) F F F F F F F F
52 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … F F F F F F F F tetrafluoroethene + tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the tetrafluoroethene molecule break to free radicals F F F F F F F F •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … F F F F F F F F (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule F F F F F F F F lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … F F F F F F F F Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polytetrafluoroethene.
Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) F F F F F F F F
52 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … F F F F F F F F tetrafluoroethene + tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the tetrafluoroethene molecule break to free radicals F F F F F F F F •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … F F F F F F F F (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule F F F F F F F F lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … F F F F F F F F Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polytetrafluoroethene. polytetrafluoroethene molecule can be represented as: F F F F F F F F extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … F F F F F F F F Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: F F ( C – C )n F F Examples
53 Polytetrafluorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of tetrafluoroethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, ,F=19 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2F4 )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polytetrafluorethene(P.T.F.E) is Teflon(P.T.F.E).
(ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 5.Formation of Polytetrafluorothene Polytetrafluorothene is an addition polymer formed when tetrafluoroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) F F F F F F F F
52 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … F F F F F F F F tetrafluoroethene + tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the tetrafluoroethene molecule break to free radicals F F F F F F F F •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … F F F F F F F F (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule F F F F F F F F lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … F F F F F F F F Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polytetrafluoroethene. polytetrafluoroethene molecule can be represented as: F F F F F F F F extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … F F F F F F F F Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: F F ( C – C )n F F Examples
53 Polytetrafluorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of tetrafluoroethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, ,F=19 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2F4 )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polytetrafluorethene(P.T.F.E) is Teflon(P.T.F.E). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) F F F F F F F F
52 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … F F F F F F F F tetrafluoroethene + tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene+ tetrafluoroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the tetrafluoroethene molecule break to free radicals F F F F F F F F •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … F F F F F F F F (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule F F F F F F F F lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … F F F F F F F F Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polytetrafluoroethene. polytetrafluoroethene molecule can be represented as: F F F F F F F F extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … F F F F F F F F Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: F F ( C – C )n F F Examples
53 Polytetrafluorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of tetrafluoroethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, ,F=19 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2F4 )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polytetrafluorethene(P.T.F.E) is Teflon(P.T.F.E). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 5.Formation of rubber from Latex Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees.
polytetrafluoroethene molecule can be represented as: F F F F F F F F extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … F F F F F F F F Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: F F ( C – C )n F F Examples
53 Polytetrafluorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of tetrafluoroethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, ,F=19 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2F4 )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polytetrafluorethene(P.T.F.E) is Teflon(P.T.F.E). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 5.Formation of rubber from Latex Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees. During harvesting an incision is made on the rubber tree to produce a milky white substance called latex. Latex is a mixture of rubber and lots of water. The latex is then added an acid to coagulate the rubber. Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methylbut-1,3-diene ; H CH3 H H CH2=C (CH3) CH = CH2 H - C = C – C = C - H During natural polymerization to rubber, one double C=C bond break to self add to another molecule.The double bond remaining move to carbon “2” thus; H CH3 H H H CH3 H H - C - C = C - C - C - C = C - C - H H H H Generally the structure of rubber is thus; H CH3 H H -(- C - C = C - C -)n-
54 H H Pure rubber is soft and sticky.It is used to make erasers, car tyres. Most of it is vulcanized.Vulcanization is the process of heating rubber with sulphur to make it harder/tougher.
The latex is then added an acid to coagulate the rubber. Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methylbut-1,3-diene ; H CH3 H H CH2=C (CH3) CH = CH2 H - C = C – C = C - H During natural polymerization to rubber, one double C=C bond break to self add to another molecule.The double bond remaining move to carbon “2” thus; H CH3 H H H CH3 H H - C - C = C - C - C - C = C - C - H H H H Generally the structure of rubber is thus; H CH3 H H -(- C - C = C - C -)n-
54 H H Pure rubber is soft and sticky.It is used to make erasers, car tyres. Most of it is vulcanized.Vulcanization is the process of heating rubber with sulphur to make it harder/tougher. During vulcanization the sulphur atoms form a cross link between chains of rubber molecules/polymers. This decreases the number of C=C double bonds in the polymer. H CH3 H H H CH3 H H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - H S H H S H H CH3 S H H CH3 S H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - H H H H H H Vulcanized rubber is used to make tyres, shoes and valves. 6.Formation of synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is able to resist action of oil,abrasion and organic solvents which rubber cannot. Common synthetic rubber is a polymer of 2-chlorobut-1,3-diene ; H Cl H H CH2=C (Cl CH = CH2 H - C = C – C = C - H During polymerization to synthetic rubber, one double C=C bond is broken to self add to another molecule. The double bond remaining move to carbon “2” thus; H Cl H H H Cl H H - C - C = C - C - C - C = C - C - H H H H Generally the structure of rubber is thus; Sulphur atoms make cross link between polymers
55 H Cl H H -(- C - C = C - C -)n- H H Rubber is thus strengthened through vulcanization and manufacture of synthetic rubber.
6.Formation of synthetic rubber Synthetic rubber is able to resist action of oil,abrasion and organic solvents which rubber cannot. Common synthetic rubber is a polymer of 2-chlorobut-1,3-diene ; H Cl H H CH2=C (Cl CH = CH2 H - C = C – C = C - H During polymerization to synthetic rubber, one double C=C bond is broken to self add to another molecule. The double bond remaining move to carbon “2” thus; H Cl H H H Cl H H - C - C = C - C - C - C = C - C - H H H H Generally the structure of rubber is thus; Sulphur atoms make cross link between polymers
55 H Cl H H -(- C - C = C - C -)n- H H Rubber is thus strengthened through vulcanization and manufacture of synthetic rubber. (b)Condensation polymerization Condensation polymerization is the process where two or more small monomers join together to form a larger molecule by elimination/removal of a simple molecule. (usually water). Condensation polymers acquire a different name from the monomers because the two monomers are two different compounds During condensation polymerization: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them. (ii)monomers realign themselves at the functional group. (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form simple molecule (of usually H2O/HCl) (iv)the two monomers join without the simple molecule of H2O/HCl Examples of condensation polymerization 1.Formation of Nylon-6,6 Method 1: Nylon-6,6 can be made from the condensation polymerization of hexan1,6-dioic acid with hexan-1,6-diamine.Amines are a group of homologous series with a general formula R-NH2 and thus -NH2 as the functional group. During the formation of Nylon-6,6: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups.
(ii)monomers realign themselves at the functional group. (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form simple molecule (of usually H2O/HCl) (iv)the two monomers join without the simple molecule of H2O/HCl Examples of condensation polymerization 1.Formation of Nylon-6,6 Method 1: Nylon-6,6 can be made from the condensation polymerization of hexan1,6-dioic acid with hexan-1,6-diamine.Amines are a group of homologous series with a general formula R-NH2 and thus -NH2 as the functional group. During the formation of Nylon-6,6: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups. O O H H H- O - C – (CH2 ) 4 – C – O - H + H –N – (CH2) 6 – N – H
56 (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form a molecule of H2O and the two monomers join at the linkage . O O H H H- O - C – (CH2 ) 4 – C – N – (CH2) 6 – N – H + H 2O . Polymer bond linkage Nylon-6,6 derive its name from the two monomers each with six carbon chain Method 2: Nylon-6,6 can be made from the condensation polymerization of hexan1,6-dioyl dichloride with hexan-1,6-diamine. Hexan-1,6-dioyl dichloride belong to a group of homologous series with a general formula R-OCl and thus -OCl as the functional group. The R-OCl is formed when the “OH” in R-OOH/alkanoic acid is replaced by Cl/chlorine/Halogen During the formation of Nylon-6,6: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups.
Polymer bond linkage Nylon-6,6 derive its name from the two monomers each with six carbon chain Method 2: Nylon-6,6 can be made from the condensation polymerization of hexan1,6-dioyl dichloride with hexan-1,6-diamine. Hexan-1,6-dioyl dichloride belong to a group of homologous series with a general formula R-OCl and thus -OCl as the functional group. The R-OCl is formed when the “OH” in R-OOH/alkanoic acid is replaced by Cl/chlorine/Halogen During the formation of Nylon-6,6: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups. O O H H Cl - C – (CH2 ) 4 – C – Cl + H –N – (CH2) 6 – N – H (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form a molecule of HCl and the two monomers join at the linkage . O O H H Cl - C – (CH2 ) 4 – C – N – (CH2) 6 – N – H + HCl . Polymer bond linkage The two monomers each has six carbon chain hence the name “nylon-6,6” The commercial name of Nylon-6,6 is Nylon It is a a tough, elastic and durable plastic. It is used to make clothes, plastic ropes and carpets. 2.Formation of Terylene
57 Method 1: Terylene can be made from the condensation polymerization of ethan1,2-diol with benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid a group of homologous series with a general formula R-COOH where R is a ring of six carbon atom called Benzene ring .The functional group is -COOH. During the formation of Terylene: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups.