JK-TK/Newdata huggingface dataset:
Addition polymers are named from the alkene/monomer making the polymer and adding the prefix “poly” before the name of monomer to form a polyalkene During addition polymerization (i)the double bond in alkenes break (ii)free radicals are formed (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule. The more collisions the larger the molecule. Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule
39 H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer.
Examples of addition polymerization 1.Formation of Polyethene Polyethene is an addition polymer formed when ethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule
39 H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting paticles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H H H H H H H H Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + Ethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the ethane molecule break to free readicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + Ethene radical + … (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule
39 H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H H H H H H H H Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyethene. Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. 40 It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic.
Polyethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- H H H H H H H H Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H H Where n is the number of monomers in the polymer. The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. 40 It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
The number of monomers in the polymer can be determined from the molar mass of the polymer and monomer from the relationship: Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer Examples Polythene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of ethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in polyomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H4 )= 28 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 170 ethene molecules 28 The commercial name of polyethene is polythene. 40 It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene.
40 It is an elastic, tough, transparent and durable plastic. Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as:
41 H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC).
Polythene is used: (i)in making plastic bag (ii)bowls and plastic bags (iii)packaging materials 2.Formation of Polychlorethene Polychloroethene is an addition polymer formed when chloroethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as:
41 H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + chloroethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the chloroethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons •C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C• + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polychloroethene. Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as:
41 H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
Polychloroethene molecule can be represented as:
41 H H H H H H H H extension of molecule/polymer - C – C - C – C - C – C - C – C- + … H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H Cl Examples Polychlorothene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of chlorethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0,Cl=35.5 ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C2H3Cl )= 62.5 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 77.16 => 77 polychloroethene molecules(whole number) 62.5 The commercial name of polychloroethene is polyvinylchloride(PVC). It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H
42 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene.
It is a tough, non-transparent and durable plastic. PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H
42 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples
43 Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number) 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene.
PVC is used: (i)in making plastic rope (ii)water pipes (iii)crates and boxes 3.Formation of Polyphenylethene Polyphenylethene is an addition polymer formed when phenylethene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H
42 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples
43 Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number) 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H
42 C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + phenylethene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer polyphenylethene. Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples
43 Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number) 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators.
Polyphenylethene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H C6H5 Examples
43 Polyphenylthene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of phenylethene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass ethene (C8H8 )= 104 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 45.7692 =>45 polyphenylethene molecules(whole number) 104 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 4.Formation of Polypropene Polypropene is an addition polymer formed when propene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure.
It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators. (ii)ceiling tiles (iii)clothe linings 4.Formation of Polypropene Polypropene is an addition polymer formed when propene molecule/monomer join together to form a large molecule/polymer at high temperatures and pressure. During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 propene + propene + propene + propene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
44 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer propene. propene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H CH3 Examples Polypropene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of propene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass propene (C3H8 )= 44 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 108.1818 =>108 propene molecules(whole number) 44 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic.
During polymerization: (i)many molecules are brought nearer to each other by the high pressure(which reduces the volume occupied by reacting particles) H H H H H H H H C = C + C = C + C = C + C = C + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 propene + propene + propene + propene + … (ii)the double bond joining the phenylethene molecule break to free radicals H H H H H H H H •C – C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + •C - C• + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
44 (iii)the free radicals collide with each other and join to form a larger molecule H H H H H H H H lone pair of electrons • C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C • + … H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Lone pair of electrons can be used to join more monomers to form longer propene. propene molecule can be represented as: H H H H H H H H - C – C - C – C - C – C - C - C - H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 Since the molecule is a repetition of one monomer, then the polymer is: H H ( C – C )n H CH3 Examples Polypropene has a molar mass of 4760.Calculate the number of propene molecules in the polymer(C=12.0, H=1.0, ) Number of monomers/repeating units in monomer = Molar mass polymer Molar mass monomer => Molar mass propene (C3H8 )= 44 Molar mass polyethene = 4760 Substituting 4760 = 108.1818 =>108 propene molecules(whole number) 44 The commercial name of polyphenylethene is polystyrene. It is a very light durable plastic. Polystyrene is used: (i)in making packaging material for carrying delicate items like computers, radion,calculators.