JK-TK/Newdata huggingface dataset:
2.Formation of Terylene
57 Method 1: Terylene can be made from the condensation polymerization of ethan1,2-diol with benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid a group of homologous series with a general formula R-COOH where R is a ring of six carbon atom called Benzene ring .The functional group is -COOH. During the formation of Terylene: (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups. O O H- O - C – C6H5 – C – O - H + H –O – CH2 CH2 – O – H (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form a molecule of H2O and the two monomers join at the linkage . O O H- O - C – C6H5 – C – O – (CH2) 6 – N – H + H 2O . Polymer bond linkage of terylene
58 Method 2: Terylene can be made from the condensation polymerization of benzene-1,4-dioyl dichloride with ethan-1,2-diol. Benzene-1,4-dioyl dichloride belong to a group of homologous series with a general formula R-OCl and thus -OCl as the functional group and R as a benzene ring. The R-OCl is formed when the “OH” in R-OOH is replaced by Cl/chlorine/Halogen During the formation of Terylene (i)the two monomers are brought together by high pressure to reduce distance between them and realign themselves at the functional groups. O O Cl - C – C5H5 – C – Cl + H –O – CH2 CH2 – O - H (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form a molecule of HCl and the two monomers join at the linkage . O O Cl - C – C5H5 – C – O – CH2 CH2 – O – H + HCl . Polymer bond linkage of terylene
59 The commercial name of terylene is Polyester /polyster It is a a tough, elastic and durable plastic.
O O Cl - C – C5H5 – C – Cl + H –O – CH2 CH2 – O - H (iii)from each functional group an element is removed so as to form a molecule of HCl and the two monomers join at the linkage . O O Cl - C – C5H5 – C – O – CH2 CH2 – O – H + HCl . Polymer bond linkage of terylene
59 The commercial name of terylene is Polyester /polyster It is a a tough, elastic and durable plastic. It is used to make clothes, plastic ropes and sails and plastic model kits. 60 Practice questions Organic chemistry 1. A student mixed equal volumes of Ethanol and butanoic acid. He added a few drops of concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid and warmed the mixture (i) Name and write the formula of the main products Name…………………………………. Formula…………………………………….. (ii) Which homologous series does the product named in (i) above belong? 2. The structure of the monomer phenyl ethene is given below:- a) Give the structure of the polymer formed when four of the monomers are added together b) Give the name of the polymer formed in (a) above 3. Explain the environmental effects of burning plastics in air as a disposal method 4. Write chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on ammonium carbonate 5. Sodium octadecanoate has a chemical formula CH3(CH2)6 COO-Na+, which is used as soap. HC = CH2 O
61 Explain why a lot of soap is needed when washing with hard water 6. A natural polymer is made up of the monomer: (a) Write the structural formula of the repeat unit of the polymer (b) When 5.0 x 10-5 moles of the polymer were hydrolysed, 0.515g of the monomer were obtained. Determine the number of the monomer molecules in this polymer. (C = 12; H = 1; N = 14; O =16) 7. The formula below represents active ingredients of two cleansing agents A and B O CH3CH2CH C OH
62 Which one of the cleansing agents would be suitable to be used in water containing magnesium hydrogen carbonate? Explain
63 8.
(C = 12; H = 1; N = 14; O =16) 7. The formula below represents active ingredients of two cleansing agents A and B O CH3CH2CH C OH
62 Which one of the cleansing agents would be suitable to be used in water containing magnesium hydrogen carbonate? Explain
63 8. Study the polymer below and use it to answer the questions that follow: (a) Give the name of the monomer and draw its structures (b) Identify the type of polymerization that takes place (c) State one advantage of synthetic polymers 9. Ethanol and Pentane are miscible liquids. Explain how water can be used to separate a mixture of ethanol and pentane 10. (a) What is absolute ethanol? GLUCOSE SOLUTION CRUDE ETHANOL 95% ETHANOL ABSOLUTE ETHANOL G H H H H H C C C C
64 (b) State two conditions required for process G to take place efficiently 11. (a) (i) The table below shows the volume of oxygen obtained per unit time when hydrogen peroxide was decomposed in the presence of manganese (IV) Oxide. Use it to answer the questions that follow:- Time in seconds Volume of Oxygen evolved (cm3) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 0 10 19 27 34 38 43 45 45 45 45 (i) Plot a graph of volume of oxygen gas against time
65 (ii) Determine the rate of reaction at time 156 seconds (iii) From the graph, find the time taken for 18cm3 of oxygen to be produced (iv) Write a chemical equation to show how hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of manganese (IV) Oxide (b) The diagram below shows how a Le’clanche (Dry cell) appears:- (i) What is the function of MnO2 in the cell above? (ii) Write the equation of a reaction that occurs at the cathode
66 (iii) Calculate the mass of Zinc that is consumed when a current of 0.1amperes flows through the above cell for 30minutes (1F =96500c Zn =65) 12.
(a) (i) The table below shows the volume of oxygen obtained per unit time when hydrogen peroxide was decomposed in the presence of manganese (IV) Oxide. Use it to answer the questions that follow:- Time in seconds Volume of Oxygen evolved (cm3) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 0 10 19 27 34 38 43 45 45 45 45 (i) Plot a graph of volume of oxygen gas against time
65 (ii) Determine the rate of reaction at time 156 seconds (iii) From the graph, find the time taken for 18cm3 of oxygen to be produced (iv) Write a chemical equation to show how hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of manganese (IV) Oxide (b) The diagram below shows how a Le’clanche (Dry cell) appears:- (i) What is the function of MnO2 in the cell above? (ii) Write the equation of a reaction that occurs at the cathode
66 (iii) Calculate the mass of Zinc that is consumed when a current of 0.1amperes flows through the above cell for 30minutes (1F =96500c Zn =65) 12. (a) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds: (i) CH3COOCH2CH3 * (ii) (b) The structure below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study it and answer the questions that follow: CH2 = C – CHCH3 CH3COOH CH3COONa CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 CH3CH3 CH2 CH2 n S P CH4 T Na Metal Compound U Step II Step I Step III CH3COOH Reagent R NaOH(aq) Heat Excess Cl2/U V
67 (i) Write the formula of the organic compounds P and S * (ii) Name the type of reaction, the reagent(s) and condition for the reactions in the following steps :- (I) Step I * (II) Step II * (III) Step III * (iii) Name reagent R …………………………………………………………… * (iv) Draw the structural formula of T and give its name * (v) (I) Name compound U………………………………………………………..
(ii) Write the equation of a reaction that occurs at the cathode
66 (iii) Calculate the mass of Zinc that is consumed when a current of 0.1amperes flows through the above cell for 30minutes (1F =96500c Zn =65) 12. (a) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds: (i) CH3COOCH2CH3 * (ii) (b) The structure below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study it and answer the questions that follow: CH2 = C – CHCH3 CH3COOH CH3COONa CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 CH3CH3 CH2 CH2 n S P CH4 T Na Metal Compound U Step II Step I Step III CH3COOH Reagent R NaOH(aq) Heat Excess Cl2/U V
67 (i) Write the formula of the organic compounds P and S * (ii) Name the type of reaction, the reagent(s) and condition for the reactions in the following steps :- (I) Step I * (II) Step II * (III) Step III * (iii) Name reagent R …………………………………………………………… * (iv) Draw the structural formula of T and give its name * (v) (I) Name compound U……………………………………………………….. (II) If the relative molecular mass of U is 42000, determine the value of n (C=12, H=1) (c) State why C2H4 burns with a more smoky flame than C2H6 * 13. a) State two factors that affect the properties of a polymer b) Name the compound with the formula below : CH3CH2CH2ONa c) Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow:- CH3CH2CH3 P Step CH3CH = CH2 Step CH3CH2CH2OH Step R H H C – C n K
68 i) Name the following compounds:- I. Product T ………………………… II.
(II) If the relative molecular mass of U is 42000, determine the value of n (C=12, H=1) (c) State why C2H4 burns with a more smoky flame than C2H6 * 13. a) State two factors that affect the properties of a polymer b) Name the compound with the formula below : CH3CH2CH2ONa c) Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow:- CH3CH2CH3 P Step CH3CH = CH2 Step CH3CH2CH2OH Step R H H C – C n K
68 i) Name the following compounds:- I. Product T ………………………… II. K ……… ii) State one common physical property of substance G iii) State the type of reaction that occurred in step J
69 iv) Give one use of substance K v) Write an equation for the combustion of compound P vi) Explain how compounds CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2CH2OH can be distinguished chemically vii) If a polymer K has relative molecular mass of 12,600, calculate the value of n (H=1 C =12) 14. Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow:- H2 (g) Ni High temp Polymer Q Polymerization Compound P CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2ONa + H2 Na(s) Propan-l-ol Step I Propylethanoate CH3CH2COOH Solution T + CO2 (g) Step III Na2CO3(aq) Conc. H2SO4 180oC Step II
70 (a) (i) Name compound P …………………………………………………………………… (ii) Write an equation for the reaction between CH3CH2COOH and Na2CO3 (b) State one use of polymer Q (c) Name one oxidising agent that can be used in step II ………………………………….. (d) A sample of polymer Q is found to have a molecular mass of 4200. Determine the number of monomers in the polymer (H = 1, C = 12) (e) Name the type of reaction in step I ………………………………………………………….. (f) State one industrial application of step III (g)State how burning can be used to distinguish between propane and propyne.
(d) A sample of polymer Q is found to have a molecular mass of 4200. Determine the number of monomers in the polymer (H = 1, C = 12) (e) Name the type of reaction in step I ………………………………………………………….. (f) State one industrial application of step III (g)State how burning can be used to distinguish between propane and propyne. Explain your answer (h) 1000cm3 of ethene (C2H4) burnt in oxygen to produce Carbon (II) Oxide and water vapour. 71 Calculate the minimum volume of air needed for the complete combustion of ethene (Air contains 20% by volume of oxygen) 15. (a) Study the schematic diagram below and answer the questions that follow:- (i) Identify the following: Substance Q .............................................................................................................. Substance R............................................................................................................... Gas P.......................................................................................................................... CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2 CH3CH2CH2ONa + Gas P CH3CH2CH2OH X V HCl Step 5 Step 1 R Na H+ Step 3 Q + H2O MnO4 Step 4Ni H2
72 (ii) Name: Step 1................................................................................................. Step 4................................................................................................. (iii) Draw the structural formula of the major product of step 5 (iv) State the condition and reagent in step 3 16. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow (a) (i) Name the following organic compounds: M……………………………………………………………..…….. L………………………………………………………………….. M KMnO4/H+ CH2CH2 Ethyl Ethanoate CH2CH2OH L J K CO2 (g) STEP 2 Reagent Q St3KMnO4/H+(aq) Ni/H2(g) Step 4 Reagent P
73 Products C2H5COONa Step V ClbiCH CH Step I Step II CH2 = CH2 Step III C2H6 Step IV + Heat (ii) Name the process in step: Step 2 ………………………………………………………….…. Step 4 ………………………………………………………….… (iii) Identify the reagent P and Q (iv) Write an equation for the reaction between CH3CH2CH2OH and sodium 17.
L………………………………………………………………….. M KMnO4/H+ CH2CH2 Ethyl Ethanoate CH2CH2OH L J K CO2 (g) STEP 2 Reagent Q St3KMnO4/H+(aq) Ni/H2(g) Step 4 Reagent P
73 Products C2H5COONa Step V ClbiCH CH Step I Step II CH2 = CH2 Step III C2H6 Step IV + Heat (ii) Name the process in step: Step 2 ………………………………………………………….…. Step 4 ………………………………………………………….… (iii) Identify the reagent P and Q (iv) Write an equation for the reaction between CH3CH2CH2OH and sodium 17. a) Give the names of the following compounds: i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH …………………………………………………………………… ii) CH3CH2COOH ………………………………………………………………… iii) CH3C – O- CH2CH3 …………………………………………………………………… 18. Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow;
74 n i) Name the reagents used in: Step I: ……………………………………………………………………… Step II …………………………………………………………………… Step III ……………………………………………………………………… ii) Write an equation to show products formed for the complete combustion of CH = CH iii) Explain one disadvantage of continued use of items made form the compound formed in step III 19. A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2 %, oxygen 23.0%, sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3% i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt (Fe=56, S=32, O=16, H=11) ii) 6.95g of the hydrated salt in c(i) above were dissolved in distilled water and the total volume made to 250cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration of the resulting salt solution in moles per litre. (Given that the molecula mass of the salt is 278) 20. Write an equation to show products formed for the complete combustion of CH = CH
75 iii) Explain one disadvantage of continued use of items made form the compound formed in step III
76 21.
Calculate the concentration of the resulting salt solution in moles per litre. (Given that the molecula mass of the salt is 278) 20. Write an equation to show products formed for the complete combustion of CH = CH
75 iii) Explain one disadvantage of continued use of items made form the compound formed in step III
76 21. Give the IUPAC name for each of the following organic compounds; i) CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 OH ii)CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 - CH3 C2H5 iii)CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 22. The structure below represents a cleansing agent. O R – S – O-Na+ O a) State the type of cleansing agent represented above b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using the above cleansing agent. 23. The structure below shows part of polymer .Use it to answer the questions that follow. CH3 CH3 CH3   
77 ― CH - CH2 – CH- CH2 - CH – CH2 ― a) Derive the structure of the monomer b) Name the type of polymerization represented above 24. The flow chart below represents a series of reactions starting with ethanoic acid:- (a) Identify substances A and B (b) Name the process I 25. a) Write an equation showing how ammonium nitrate may be prepared starting with ammonia gas (b) Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be prepared using 5.3kg of ammonia (H=1, N=14, O=16) 26. (a) What is meant by the term, esterification? Ethanol B Ethanoic acid Na2CO3 Salt A + CO2 + H2O
78 (b) Draw the structural formulae of two compounds that may be reacted to form ethylpropanoate 27. (a) Draw the structure of pentanoic acid (b) Draw the structure and give the name of the organic compound formed when ethanol reacts with pentanoic acid in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
79 28. The scheme below shows some reactions starting with ethanol.
Ethanol B Ethanoic acid Na2CO3 Salt A + CO2 + H2O
78 (b) Draw the structural formulae of two compounds that may be reacted to form ethylpropanoate 27. (a) Draw the structure of pentanoic acid (b) Draw the structure and give the name of the organic compound formed when ethanol reacts with pentanoic acid in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
79 28. The scheme below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study it and answer the questions that follow:- (i) Name and draw the structure of substance Q Q P CH3COONa Ethanol CH3CH2ONa C H2SO4(l) Cr2O7(aq) / H+(aq) Na(s) Step 2 Step 4 CH3CH2OH/H2SO4 Step 3 2-
80 (ii) Give the names of the reactions that take place in steps 2 and 4 (iii) What reagent is necessary for reaction that takes place in step 3 29. Substances A and B are represented by the formulae ROH and RCOOH respectively. They belong to two different homologous series of organic compounds. If both A and B react with potassium metal: (a) Name the common product produced by both (b) State the observation made when each of the samples A and B are reacted with sodium hydrogen carbonate (i) A (ii) B 30. Below are structures of particles. Use it to answer questions that follow. In each case only electrons in the outermost energy level are shown key P = Proton N = Neutron X = Electron W U V 19P Z Y
81 (a) Identify the particle which is an anion 31. Plastics and rubber are extensively used to cover electrical wires. (a) What term is used to describe plastic and rubbers used in this way? (b) Explain why plastics and rubbers are used this way
82 32. The scheme below represents the manufacture of a cleaning agent X (a) Draw the structure of X and state the type of cleaning agent to which X belong (b) State one disadvantage of using X as a cleaning agent 33. Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams.
(b) Explain why plastics and rubbers are used this way
82 32. The scheme below represents the manufacture of a cleaning agent X (a) Draw the structure of X and state the type of cleaning agent to which X belong (b) State one disadvantage of using X as a cleaning agent 33. Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams. The halflife period of the isotope is 20days (a) Find the initial mass of the isotope (b) Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture 34. The structure below represents a polymer. Study and answer the questions that follow:- R Conc. R Cleaning agent X H H -C – C - n
83 (i) Name the polymer above.................................................................................. (ii) Determine the value of n if giant molecule had relative molecular mass of 4956 35. RCOO-Na+ and RCH2OSO3-Na+ are two types of cleansing agents; i) Name the class of cleansing agents to which each belongs ii) Which one of these agents in (i) above would be more suitable when washing with water from the Indian ocean. Explain iii) Both sulphur (IV) oxide and chlorine are used bleaching agents. Explain the difference in their bleaching properties 36. The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer H H H H C C C C O H O H n
84 (a) Give the name of the polymer (b) Draw the structure of the monomer used to manufacture the polymer
24.0.0 RADIOACTIVITY (10 LESSONS) Contents A INTRODUCTION/CAUSES OF RADIOCTIVITY Alpha (α) particle Beta (β) particle Gamma(y) particle B .NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSSION C. HALF-LIFE PERIOD AND DECAY CURVES D .CHEMICAL vs NUCLEAR REACTIONS E .APPLICATION OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIO ISOTOPES. F. DANGERS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIO ISOTOPES. G. COMPREHENSIVE REVISION QUESTIONS A: INTRODUCTION / CAUSES OF RADIOCTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration/decay of an unstable nuclide. 2 A nuclide is an atom with defined mass number (number of protons and neutrons), atomic number and definite energy.
G. COMPREHENSIVE REVISION QUESTIONS A: INTRODUCTION / CAUSES OF RADIOCTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration/decay of an unstable nuclide. 2 A nuclide is an atom with defined mass number (number of protons and neutrons), atomic number and definite energy. Radioactivity takes place in the nucleus of an atom unlike chemical reactions that take place in the energy levels involving electrons. A nuclide is said to be stable if its neutron: proton ratio is equal to one (n/p = 1) All nuclide therefore try to attain n/p = 1 by undergoing radioactivity. Examples (i)Oxygen nuclide with 168 O has 8 neutrons and 8 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1 thus stable and do not decay/disintegrate. (ii)Chlorine nuclide with 3517 Cl has 18 neutrons and 17 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.0588 thus unstable and decays/disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. (ii)Uranium nuclide with 23792 U has 206 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 2.2391 thus more unstable than 23592 U and thus more readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. (iii) Chlorine nuclide with 3717 Cl has 20 neutrons and 17 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.1765 thus more unstable than 3517 Cl and thus more readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. (iv)Uranium nuclide with 23592 U has 143 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.5543 thus more stable than 237 92U but also readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. All unstable nuclides naturally try to attain nuclear stability with the production of: (i)alpha(α) particle decay The alpha (α) particle has the following main characteristic: i)is positively charged(like protons) ii) has mass number 4 and atomic number 2 therefore equal to a charged Helium atom ( 42He2+) iii) have very low penetrating power and thus can be stopped /blocked/shielded by a thin sheet of paper.
(iii) Chlorine nuclide with 3717 Cl has 20 neutrons and 17 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.1765 thus more unstable than 3517 Cl and thus more readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. (iv)Uranium nuclide with 23592 U has 143 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.5543 thus more stable than 237 92U but also readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. All unstable nuclides naturally try to attain nuclear stability with the production of: (i)alpha(α) particle decay The alpha (α) particle has the following main characteristic: i)is positively charged(like protons) ii) has mass number 4 and atomic number 2 therefore equal to a charged Helium atom ( 42He2+) iii) have very low penetrating power and thus can be stopped /blocked/shielded by a thin sheet of paper. iv) have high ionizing power thus cause a lot of damage to living cells.
(iv)Uranium nuclide with 23592 U has 143 neutrons and 92 protons in the nucleus therefore an n/p = 1.5543 thus more stable than 237 92U but also readily decays / disintegrates to try to attain n/p = 1. All unstable nuclides naturally try to attain nuclear stability with the production of: (i)alpha(α) particle decay The alpha (α) particle has the following main characteristic: i)is positively charged(like protons) ii) has mass number 4 and atomic number 2 therefore equal to a charged Helium atom ( 42He2+) iii) have very low penetrating power and thus can be stopped /blocked/shielded by a thin sheet of paper. iv) have high ionizing power thus cause a lot of damage to living cells. v) a nuclide undergoing α-decay has its mass number reduced by 4 and its atomic number reduced by 2 Examples of alpha decay 210 84 Pb -> x 82 Pb + 42He 2+ 210 84 Pb -> 206 82 Pb + 42He 2+
3 226 88 Ra -> 222 y Rn + 42He 2+ 226 88 Ra -> 222 86 Rn + 42He 2+ x y U -> 23490 Th + 42He 2+ 238 92 U -> 23490 Th + 42He 2+ x y U -> 23088 Ra + 2 42He 2+ 238 92 U -> 23088 Ra + 2 42He 2+ 210 84 U -> xy W + 10 α 210 84 U -> 17064 W + 10 α 210 92U -> xy W + 6 α 210 92U -> 18680W + 6 α (ii)Beta (β) particle decay The Beta (β) particle has the following main characteristic: i)is negatively charged(like electrons) ii)has no mass number and atomic number negative one(-1) therefore equal to a fast moving electron (0 -1e) iii) have medium penetrating power and thus can be stopped /blocked/shielded by a thin sheet of aluminium foil. iv) have medium ionizing power thus cause less damage to living cells than the α particle.