JK-TK/Geo huggingface dataset:
Lakes, rivers and drying up of streamsReduced animal and plant species due to adaptation difficultiesExtinction of some species of flora and faunaLow production of food due to failing soil fertility and absence of rain too much of rainfallin other areas ii - High rainfall evidenced by many permanent rivers- Cool temperatures from high altitudes e.g. 2000m16. A Aridity is dryness insufficient rainfall, while desertification is the expansion encroachment of desert conditionsb - Use off defective instruments - Personnel my have inadequate limited skills - Vagaries of nature such as earth tremous c - painted white to prevent over heating - raised to a height of 121m to prevent contact with direct radiation from theearth s surface - it has louvers at the side to allow free air circulation 17. A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases.
A Aridity is dryness insufficient rainfall, while desertification is the expansion encroachment of desert conditionsb - Use off defective instruments - Personnel my have inadequate limited skills - Vagaries of nature such as earth tremous c - painted white to prevent over heating - raised to a height of 121m to prevent contact with direct radiation from theearth s surface - it has louvers at the side to allow free air circulation 17. A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases. This result intoa condition where the incouncy solar radiation passes through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation s blocked by the gases and the cloudsii Increase in temperatureEffectsRainfall increaseMelting of ice capsRise in sea levelHigh evaporationAbnormal growth of plantsChange in rainfall patternEffectsFloodingsRise in sea levelDroughtSoil erosion by waterChange in seasonal patternsEffectsSevere winter short summerDroughtShifting of vegetation zonesExtinct of some speciesChange in winds-More frequent more destructive- High waves- Flooding- Wind erosion wind stormsc i - Temperature decreases with increasing height above sea level.
A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases. This result intoa condition where the incouncy solar radiation passes through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation s blocked by the gases and the cloudsii Increase in temperatureEffectsRainfall increaseMelting of ice capsRise in sea levelHigh evaporationAbnormal growth of plantsChange in rainfall patternEffectsFloodingsRise in sea levelDroughtSoil erosion by waterChange in seasonal patternsEffectsSevere winter short summerDroughtShifting of vegetation zonesExtinct of some speciesChange in winds-More frequent more destructive- High waves- Flooding- Wind erosion wind stormsc i - Temperature decreases with increasing height above sea level. This is becauseatmospheric air at low altitude is denser than high above. Heat loss is greater at highaltitude than at lower altitudeRise in altitude cause fall in temperature and a cooling effect that causes condensation of moisture in the air. This leads to precipitation forming at high altitudeAtmospheric pressure is higher at low altitude and lower at high altitude. This is because the weight of the atmospheric air at low altitude is more than at high altitudeii In summer, coastlands are relatively cooler than in land areas.
Heat loss is greater at highaltitude than at lower altitudeRise in altitude cause fall in temperature and a cooling effect that causes condensation of moisture in the air. This leads to precipitation forming at high altitudeAtmospheric pressure is higher at low altitude and lower at high altitude. This is because the weight of the atmospheric air at low altitude is more than at high altitudeii In summer, coastlands are relatively cooler than in land areas. This is because thewinds bring the cooling effect of the sea to the land, by the time winds reach inlandthey are heated by warm land resulting in higher temperature over the interior ofthe landIn winter the onshore winds bring the warming effect of the sea into the land causing a rise in temperature. By the time these winds reach the interior of the land, they are cooled by cold land thus enhancing the low temperatureOnshore winds cause a lot of rain in the coastal areas throughout the year. This is because the wind picks up moisture over the sea and drop it on the nearby land. The continental interiors receive less rain, mainly in summer, because the winds have dropped mot of the moisture in the coastal landsiii Ocean currentsCold ocean currents bring about the cooling effect in the temperatureAlso bring a dry effect because the cold air is not able to riseWarm ocean currentsBring a warm effect rise in temperature Heavy rainfall because the warm air is able to rise and condense to form rainfall.
9. INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSESThis area covers :-Earth MovementsFoldingFaultingVulcanicityEarth QuakesIt entails:Definition of earth movementsExplaining the causes of horizontal and vertical earth movements. Explaining theories of continental drift and plate tectonicsDefining folding, faulting and vulcanicity and earthquakes. Explaining theDescription of types of folds, faults, and forms of vulcanicityExplaining the resultant features due to folding, faulting and vulcanicityExplain causes of earth quakes. Describing how earth quakes are measuredAccount for the world distribution of earth quake ones, fold mountain systems and features resulting from faulting and vulcanicityExplaining the significance of the resultant features of folding, faulting, vulcanicity and the effects of earth quakes. 1. A Composite volcanob i What are earthquakes? Ii Name two types of earthquakes wavesiii Explain three ways in which volcanic mountains positively influence human activities2. A Using well labeled diagrams, distinguish between a simple symmetrical fold and anasymmetrical fold. B i Name two fold mountains of the Alpine Orogenyii With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe how a fold mountain is formed. C Explain three positive effects of folding on the physical human environment. 3. A State three ways in which the earth s crust is affected by the earthquakes b State two evidences of continental drift theory c Name three types of plate tectonic boundaries4. A i What are tectonic plates ii Give any two examples of oceanic plates:- b Describe how the following cause earth movements: i Isostatic adjustment ii Magma movement in the crust iii Convectional currents in the mantle. 5. A Give any two natural causes of earthquakes b Name three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya6. A State three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya b i What are earth quakes? Ii Name three types of earth quake wavesc . Differentiate between extension boundaries and compression boundaries. 7 a. i What is an earthquakeii Give two ways in which earthquakes can be predictedb State two ways in which faulting interferes with transport and communication lines. 8.
7 a. i What is an earthquakeii Give two ways in which earthquakes can be predictedb State two ways in which faulting interferes with transport and communication lines. 8. The diagram below represents a feature resulting form faulting a Name the feature b Name part x and y c Give three negative of an earthquake9. A Differentiate between hot springs and geysers b The feature below show an extrusive landform in a volcanic area c Using well labelled diagrams, describe how the following are formed: i An anticlinal fault ii An overthrust fold d i Explain any three ways in which features resulting from volcanicity are a problemto people ii Describe how subsidence can lead to formation of a caldera. 10. A What is the plate tectonic theory ? B Name three types of tectonic plate boundaries. C Explain two evidences that support continental drift theory. 11. A i Name two fold mountains in Africa apart from Atlas mountains ii Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds iii Apart from symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, name other types of folds b i With the aid of well labeled diagrams explain the formation of fold mountains ii Give two-examples of fold mountains in North America12.a Effects of the elliptical shape of the earths orbitb Mention three causes of the earth movements13.a List two characteristics of destructive plate boundaryb Outline three natural causes of earthquakesb State two effects of earthquakes on crystal rocks14.a List two factors that determine the degree of folding in rocksb State three effects of faulting on drainage systems15. A State any one evidence that support the theory of the drifting of continents b i Apart from Africa, name any two other continents that form the Gondwanaland ii What is panthalassa? 16.a Give two reasons why hardwood trees species in Kenya are in danger of extractionb State three problems that affect forestry in Canada17.
A i Name two fold mountains in Africa apart from Atlas mountains ii Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds iii Apart from symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, name other types of folds b i With the aid of well labeled diagrams explain the formation of fold mountains ii Give two-examples of fold mountains in North America12.a Effects of the elliptical shape of the earths orbitb Mention three causes of the earth movements13.a List two characteristics of destructive plate boundaryb Outline three natural causes of earthquakesb State two effects of earthquakes on crystal rocks14.a List two factors that determine the degree of folding in rocksb State three effects of faulting on drainage systems15. A State any one evidence that support the theory of the drifting of continents b i Apart from Africa, name any two other continents that form the Gondwanaland ii What is panthalassa?16.a Give two reasons why hardwood trees species in Kenya are in danger of extractionb State three problems that affect forestry in Canada17.The diagram below shows a simple fold a i Name the part marked A, B and C ii Name two fold mountains outside Africa iii Give thee landform associated with folded regions b With the aid of well labeled diagram describe the process of formation of Fold Mountain c Explain four ways in which folding influences human activities.
20. INDUSTRYThis topic entails :-Definition of industry and industrializationExplaining the factors that influence the location and development of industriesDescribing types of industriesAccounting for the distribution of industries in KenyaExplaining the significance of industrialization to KenyaDiscussing the problems of industrialization and possible solutionsComparing and contrasting aspects of industrialization in selected countries. Carrying out field work on an industry in the local environment.1. Give five effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya.2. A Define the term industrial inertia. B State three factors that make industrialists prefer to locate their plants near alreadyestablished industries. C Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya3. A Define the term industrial inertia b State three negative effects of industrialization4. A Differentiate between a factory and industry b Name any three types of tertiary industry.
3. WEATHER AND CLIMATEThe topic entails:-Defining weather and stating its elementsExplaining conditions necessary for siting a weather station. Use instruments to measure elements of weatherAnalyse and interpret data on weather conditionsDescription of the structure and composition of the atmosphereExplain factors influencing weatherCarrying out a field study on weather stationDistinguish between weather and climateExplain the factors that influence climateDescription of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Kenya. Description of characteristics of major climatic regions of the World. Accounting for the causes of aridity and desertificationExplaining the effects and possible solutions to aridity and desertificationDiscussing the causes and impact of climate change on physical and human environment1. State three causes of desertification. 2.a i Differentiate the term aridity and desertificationii Differentiate between weather and climateb State two causes of temperature inversionc Explain the occurrence of a land breeze3. A Give three characteristics of the inter- tropical convergence zoneb i State three natural causes of climate changeii Explain four consequences of climate change on the physical environmentc Give four reasons why some areas within the equatorial belt do not experience trueequatorial climate4. A Describe the climatic conditions experienced in the Kenya highlands b Explain four effects of folding to human activities5. A Distinguish between weather and climate b State six characteristics of equatorial climate6. A Explain how the following factors influence climate: i Ocean currents ii Altitude b Study the map of Africa below and answer the following questions: i Describe the characteristics of climate marked A. 7. A State three conditions necessary for the formation of dew b State two climatic reasons why the government should evict settlers from the Mauforest complex in the Rift valley of Kenya8. A i What is a fog? Ii State any two conditions necessary for the formation of fog. B Name any two isothermic layers of the atmosphere. 9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10.
9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10. A Describe two characteristics of a mountain climate b i State two human causes of climate change ii Explain three consequences of climate change c Four classes intend to visit a weather station near your school to study the instrumentsfor measuring weather element:- i Describe how you would use a rain gauge to measure rainfall ii Name two instruments you would find inside a Stevenson screen11.a What do you understand by:i Micro- climateii Green house effectb Name two weather recording instruments that are placed in a Stevenson s screen12. A What is an air mass? B What two conditions favour formation of air mass?13. A What is the Inter-tropical convergence Zone? B Account for any four characteristics of tropical rainforests.14. A What is an air mass? B Study the diagram below and name the air masses marked A, B , C and DKeyLP- Low PressureHP- High Pressure15 a i What is global warming? Ii Give any four causes of climate change. Iii Name four Green house gases b i Explain five effects of climate change ii Identify with evidence two climatic aspects that could have influenced the distribution of vegetation16. A Differentiate between: i Aridity and desertification b Give three reasons why the recording of weather data at a weather station may be inaccurate c State two qualities that makes Stevenson screen suitable for its work17.The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya a Use it to answer the question a and b. a Name the climatic region name 2 and 3 b State three characteristics of climatic region marked 718.The map of Africa below shows the different climatic regions of Africa. Use it to answerquestion 18. A .a i Identify the climatic types marked X and Yii Name any four characteristics of the climate marked Zb i Briefly explain the green house effect and the global warmingii Explain three effects of climatic change on the physical environmentc Explain how the following factors influence climatei Altitudeii Continentalityiii Ocean currents.
21. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION1. A i Demand- Availability of infrastructure- Topography terrain- Capital availability- Political factor- Historical factors- Climateii Difficult terrain This makes it difficult to develop transport and communicationi.e the great rift valley, the rugged scarps inselberg and numerous rocks out crops- Harsh environments e.g. Sahara desert and many isolated others- The harsh desert climate associated with low population. Suvch makes ituneconomical to construct the transport and communication facilities- Non navigable riversThis is due to1. Fluctuating water levels2. Presence of rock outcrops3. Rugged terrain i.e. many rivers have rapids waterfalls b i A L. MichiganB L. HuronC L. Erieii - To provide cheap water transport for bulky commodities like coal and iron ore toindustrial centres around the great lakesTo shorten the route to external markets especially for wheat from Canadian prairies and manufactured goods from the Great lakesTo expand manufacturing industries along the entire route, provide employment and develop townsIncrease agricultural production and tourismOpen up this part of America for international tradeTo easy strain on American railwaysTo increase HEP production along parts of the Seaway e.g. at Niagra waterfall and at dams constructed along the routeiii The long sault and Lachine rapids between Ontario and Montreal hinderednavigation. Aterfalls e.g. Niagra was preserved for HEPand tourist attraction. Thiswas solved by construction of alternative route i.e. Welland canala- Shallow ports e.g. Montreal that could not handle large ships they were dredged anddeepened- Problems of trans- shipment along the seaway causing delay. Seaway has beenwidened to accommodate large ships and these can now sail through the waterway without stoppingc - Reduces deterioration of Nairobi Mombassa highway due to reduction of tankers-Has reduced cases of accidents especially on Nairobi Mombasa highway- Very fast and convenient means of transporting such highly risky products since the products are firmly sealed in the pipe- Less labour used after installations i.e.
Welland canala- Shallow ports e.g. Montreal that could not handle large ships they were dredged anddeepened- Problems of trans- shipment along the seaway causing delay. Seaway has beenwidened to accommodate large ships and these can now sail through the waterway without stoppingc - Reduces deterioration of Nairobi Mombassa highway due to reduction of tankers-Has reduced cases of accidents especially on Nairobi Mombasa highway- Very fast and convenient means of transporting such highly risky products since the products are firmly sealed in the pipe- Less labour used after installations i.e. cuts down on labour costs- It cuts down on occurrences of fuel spillage and pollution causes by derailment oraccidents on trail or roads- Different kinds of petroleum products for various industrial and domestic uses can beconveyed one pipeline- Ensures constant supply of petroleumd - It has promoted international cooperation created by no distance- has led to expansion of trade for aircraft goods especially those with perishable goodsto international market without delay-Has provided many people with employment opportunities e.g. pilots, engineers e.t.c. -. Has resulted in loss of life especially when passenger plane crashes people die in largenumbers- It has resulted into environmental pollution through discharge of wastes and fuel intothe space- Has led increased terrorism through plane jacking2. A i Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to anotherii Road, pipe land, railwayb i N 500 canalQ New York state Barge canal. Lakes marked O Lake Michigan P - Lake EriePort marked M Duluth. Ii - Accessibility to raw materials which has led to extensive industrial development inthe area. Cheap means of transport in import and exports has encouraged interval and international trade. Provision of H.E.P from the dams f or both domestic and individual use. Growth of port and towns like Duluth etc. Have become points for various economic activities. The sea way is a tourist attraction which generate income in the region. Employment opportunities have been created in the transport industry thus raising the living standard of the local people. The lakes and the dams are a source of water for both domestic and industrial use.
The sea way is a tourist attraction which generate income in the region. Employment opportunities have been created in the transport industry thus raising the living standard of the local people. The lakes and the dams are a source of water for both domestic and industrial use. The two countries earn some revenue from toll charfes levied on ships that use the routec - Communication enhances tradeMany people are employed in the communication sector. It promotes international and domestic tour ism. Governments disseminate information through the media. Communication promotes international understanding which lead to increased trade thus boosting economic development. -. African governments do not have adequate capital for modern transportequipment system. Stiff competition from well established air lines in the developed countries. High insurance cost of planes discourages investment in air transport. Mismanagement of African national air lines incur huge losses. Some regions in Africa are not served by direct flights and thus increases the cost of travelling to passengers. Small low volume of passengers and cargo makes it expensive for some airlines to operate. Insecurity in some parts of Africa is also discouraging the use of air transport. 3. A Communication is the exchange of information, ideas a, messages or opinions amongpeople. B - Liberalization of airwaves licensing of more private radio stations TV stations. Introduction of the fiber optic cable to enhance communication via internet e-mail fax telefax Licensing many companies to provide cell phone services. Liberalization of the press. Expansion of telephone facilities. Liberalization of postal services. High competition from faster and more efficient electronic mail. High cost of installation. Vandalism of telephone equipment. MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 3. C - High competition from faster and more efficient electronic mail. High cost of installation. Vandalism of telephone equipment. MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 4. A - Trade would grow and develop in Kenya- There will be more diplomatic ties with rest of East African states.
MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 4. A - Trade would grow and develop in Kenya- There will be more diplomatic ties with rest of East African states. -. More Kenyans will get employment in other East African countries- Kenya would earn more revenue paid y the users form East African statesb - Inadequate road signs make the drivers to cause accidents- Slippery roads lead to accidents- pot-holed roads surface cause vehicles to breakdown- Traffic jams, especially in urban centres cause delays- Narrow roads bridges makes the drivers to strain and cause accidents- Inadequate drainage system of roads especially in towns cause accidents5. A i Road- Railway5. A ii - Fluctuations interruptions e.g. freezing- Obstacles usually unseen- Limited network- Incase of accident loses are certain and enormous- Relatively slow- Expensive ports habours facilities- May be in uneconomical areas- Contribute to water pollutionb - Influence of choice of location of economic activities moving of raw materials finishedProducts- Expands markets size possible to move goods and transfer information- Employment creation reduce unemployment improve living standards- Information movement hence tourism hence forex- Revenue through tax development- Dissemination of information brings about change- Leads to urbanization. C - Creation of trans Africa high ways to increase connectivity- Creation of international railways to increase connectivity- Regional economic integration to increase trade hence the need for networks- Establishment of natural networks and transport communication companies to increaselocal transport communicationd i - It is an artificial water wayii - Suez- Panama6. A i ii - Easy to construct draw- Easy to compare- Easy to read- Give clear visual impression- Depict data more accurately6. B 6000-4800 1200x1004800 4800 25 6.
C - Creation of trans Africa high ways to increase connectivity- Creation of international railways to increase connectivity- Regional economic integration to increase trade hence the need for networks- Establishment of natural networks and transport communication companies to increaselocal transport communicationd i - It is an artificial water wayii - Suez- Panama6. A i ii - Easy to construct draw- Easy to compare- Easy to read- Give clear visual impression- Depict data more accurately6. B 6000-4800 1200x1004800 4800 25 6. C - African countries have railways of different gauges which make it difficult for them to join- The counties were colonized by different European powers who constructed railways totransport raw materials from the interior to the ports within their own colonies- Political difference different political ideology political stability among Africanscountries hinder efforts to construct railway line to link them- African counties produce similar goods hence there is limited trade between them andthis oes not warrant them to construct rail way lines- Railways are expensive to construct inadequate capital and hence expensive to construct- Parts of Africa are unproductive so it would be uneconomical to construct railway lines- Variation in train has hindered the development of various lines6. D - narrow roads where heavy traffic limit ease of movement and overtaking- the pot-holes sections of the roads may cause tyre burst vehicle breakdown maymake drivers who are avoiding potholes crass vehicles- The narrow bridges may cause vehicles to crash- Sub-standard surface may cause vehicles to skid overturn- Dusty roads ay reduce visibility leading to accidents- 4 - muddy roads during rainy seasons may cause vehicles to collide7. .
Iii Canal marked R Soo Canaliv Part marked S Dulult. B - Provides easy means of transport for both imports and exports, thus encouraginginternal and external trade. -. It has led to growth of parts and towns along its course. -. Due to accessibility top raw materials, there has been industrial development in the area. -. The dams along the route provide hydro-electric power for industrial and domestic use. -. The sea way is a tourist attraction which generates income in the region. -. The sea way has created employment opportunities in the transport and industrialsector raising the standards of living of the people in the area. -. Tariffs charged earns the country incomes. C - Most rivers in Africa pass through different climatic regions with alternating wet and dryseasons. This makes the volume of water fluctuate from season to season making itdifficult to use the rivers. -. Many rivers in Africa have rapids and water falls which hinder the movements of vessels. -. Some rivers in Africa have floating vegetation that makes if difficult for vessels to movethrough them. -. Many rivers in Africa are either short, too shallow or too swift making navigation onthem difficult. -. Rivers are affected by siltation at their mouths and along their courses. This reduces itsdepth required for the vessels to move. -. African countries have insufficient capital to use in the development of water ways,ports and for purchasing vessels. -. African countries have inadequate technology. This hinders the process of developingriver transport. -. Some rivers in Africa flow across different countries. This calls for negotiation betweencountries concerned. This hinders the development of river transport. -. Most of the rivers pass through unproductive areas making it uneconomical to developd i - Liberalization of airwaves licensing of more private radio stations T.V. stations . -. Introduction of E- mail internet Fax. E.t.c- Introduction of mobile phones cell phones pagers. -. Expansion of telecommunication facilities to new areas. -. Liberalization of postal services. Ii -Development of other faster and more efficient means of communication e.g. electronicmail has led to reduces use of telephones. -. High costs of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limit the number of thesubscribers. -. Vandalism of the telephone equipment renders most of the telephone servicesunavailable to would be users.
Electronicmail has led to reduces use of telephones. -. High costs of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limit the number of thesubscribers. -. Vandalism of the telephone equipment renders most of the telephone servicesunavailable to would be users. -. Mismanagement in the organization that provides telephone services has made itdifficult to expand the services to many areas of the country. -. Poor reception overlapping of the telephone lines limit the use of the facility descriptionby natural hazards. -. Lack of modernization of telephone in some areas causes delay and discourages theuse of telephones. 9. A Is the parking of goods in large standardized box like structure which once filledin a factory exporter can be transportedb - Saves space in ships as their dimension is more or less uniform. -. It speeds up the process of handling goods hence saves time. -. It is relatively cheap as it requires little labour. Reduce loss of goods as they are sealedat the exporter premises and delivered to the importer without the seal being broken. -. Reduces loss of goods through breakages and spoilage. -. Checking of goods is fairly easy. 10 . A i - Facilitates faster business transactions due to fast means of transport henceincreasing volume of tradeThrough M- Pesa and M- Kesho it has facilitated money transfer for business hence increasing trade transactions and investmentIt has created employment which improves the living standards of the peopleThe company pays taxes which are used to improve other sectors of the economyii - Facilitates theft cases aids stealingIt is expensive to acquire the device and to maintain itHealth associated risks e.g.
- Checking of goods is fairly easy.10 . A i - Facilitates faster business transactions due to fast means of transport henceincreasing volume of tradeThrough M- Pesa and M- Kesho it has facilitated money transfer for business hence increasing trade transactions and investmentIt has created employment which improves the living standards of the peopleThe company pays taxes which are used to improve other sectors of the economyii - Facilitates theft cases aids stealingIt is expensive to acquire the device and to maintain itHealth associated risks e.g.hearing impairment and cancerCan easily be lostLack of network coverage in some areasNoise pollution over ringingb - Most rivers are seasonalMany major rivers are unnavigable due to presence of water weeds, cataracts and water fallsMeanders on some rivers make the distance longer than land routesMany rivers flow through empty or inhospitable lands with little economic valueSiltation especially near the river mouth makes the channels shallowc - Construction of super high ways where by each country is responsible forconstruction of the stretch within her national boundaries to improve linkageof countries- Establishment of regional trade blocs that spearhead the development andmanagement of transport network among member states ensures good transportnetwork in AfricaNegotiations among leaders of various African nations to provide security to avoid high way robbery.
17. FISHING1. A i P Norway Q- Japanii - The areas have cool waters which have abundant planktons-main food for fish- The areas have shallow continental shelves which allow light to penetrate for planktonsto grow- Convergence of warm and cool current results in upwelling of ocean waters bringing mineral for fish and plankton form sea bed to the surface- Cool waters encourages thriving of numerous fish species- Most of the coasts are indented providing secure bedding grounds for fish- The sheltered bays provide suitable sites for building fishing ports- The large population in these areas provides ready market- The rugged landscape limits agriculture thus people turn to alternative economic activity- Cool climate provides natural preservation for fish2. A i R TrawlingS Basket fishing b i Basket fishing- The basket channel shaped to allow easy entry for fish- At the mouth, there is a non-return valve which restricts the outward. The basket isheld in the position with ropes stones sticks downstream- The basket is left in that attracted position for sometime then removed for landing of fish ii Trawling- A bag shaped net is attached to the ship trawler- The nets mouth is kept open by other boards- The upper art if kept a float by corks floats- Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed- The trawler drags along the net- After sufficient fish is caught the net is hauled to the trawlerc - Fishing is restricted to specific reasons to allow for breeding and maturing of fish- Standardizing size of nets to ensure fingerlings are not cangut- Licenses are issued to prospective fishermen to control their number and to ensure there eis no over-fishing- Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure sufficient supply of fish. -. There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3.
- There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3. A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g. HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5.
A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g. HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5. A i - Trawling.
HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5. A i - Trawling. -. Line fishing- Use of barriers- Use of herbs - skinning- Harpooning- Use of baskets - Use of gills nets- Use of hand lanesii Cod- halibut- haddock- flounder - hake- herring- mackerel b i - Sheltered inlets and estuaries form ideal sites for fishing villages and ports. -. They also offer ideal site for fish breeding because of calm water and availability of the planktons. Ii - When warm currents meet cold currents the temperature of water is regulated. -. This condition is ideal for the survival of fish. -. Convergence of these currents improve circulation of oxygen and dispersal of nutrients for the fish c i Provision of the necessary infrastructure such as transport routes to enableexploitation of fishing grounds located in remote areas. This will reduce over exploitation on a few accessible fishing grounds like L. Victoria. Fishing FarmingThe development of fish farms complements the fish being caught from natural watersRestocking of over fished grounds. Over fished waters are restocked using finger lings from hatcheries or obtaining them from the overpopulated fishing grounds. International agreements on territorial waters. Countries have full sovereignty over territorial water extending for 19 km from the coast. A further 19 km zone in which the coastal state can take action against those whobreak the law. 6. I Smoking.- Sun drying. -. Salting- Use of refrigerator. Ii - The fishermen are required to have a licence from the governmentThis prohibits illegal fishing, over fishing and indiscriminate fishing. -. Inadequate capital. Most of the fishermen use traditional methods of fishing which greatly reduces their catch. They lack adequate funds to enable them purchase modern fishing gear and refrigeration equipment.
- Inadequate capital. Most of the fishermen use traditional methods of fishing which greatly reduces their catch. They lack adequate funds to enable them purchase modern fishing gear and refrigeration equipment. --Introduction of new species. The introduction of new fish species in the lake has affected the breeding of indigenous fish. For example Nile Perch was introduced in the lake in 1960s, it now accounts for more than 80 of the fish harvests, after having caused the disappearance of more than 200 endemic fish species and yet it s not a popular species. -. Presence of weeds. Fishing in lake Victoria is greatly hampered by the grown of water hyacinth along the shores of the lake. The weed chokes the fishing boats, hence the infested areas are avoided by fishermen, yet they contain a lot of fish. -AccidentsAccidents affecting fishermen are common on L. Victoria. Have canoes and boats capsize in the lake due to the strong winds and storms prevailing in the areas. The fishermen loose their fishing gear and equipment, as some of them drone. -. Regional Conflicts. There has been boundary conflict between Kenya and Uganda over Migingo Island on L. Victoria. This has caused the fishermen to have fear since most of them are molested or attacked by Uganda Security groups. 7. -. The continental shelf is narrow- Poor transport connection to the fisheries- Local fishermen do not have adequate capital- The coastline is fairly straight- the water is too warm for fish breeding lack of upwelling of water- There is low demand for fish- Fishermen lack modern equipment preservation facilities storage facilities- Inadequate skills inadequate research technology- Competition from developed countries8. A i - Seine nets- Trawler nets- Gill nets- Drift netsii - West N.
7. -. The continental shelf is narrow- Poor transport connection to the fisheries- Local fishermen do not have adequate capital- The coastline is fairly straight- the water is too warm for fish breeding lack of upwelling of water- There is low demand for fish- Fishermen lack modern equipment preservation facilities storage facilities- Inadequate skills inadequate research technology- Competition from developed countries8. A i - Seine nets- Trawler nets- Gill nets- Drift netsii - West N. America- N.E Asiab - Over fishing reduced stocksPollution killing fishingPoor transport network delay reaching market go badPoor market fish imports reduced earningsInadequate capital poor equipment preservation marketingFish diseases death of fishWeeds difficulty to fishBoundary conflicts fighting destruction of equipmentc - Source of income employment reduce unemployment improve livingstandardsTourist attraction sports marine park forex for developingRich in nutrients healthDevelopment of industryHealth feed on mosquito- reduce malariaFeeder roads improve transportForex country developmentd - Sagana- Kabaru- Kibos- Homa bay- Aruba- Haller park nature trail9. A i -Pelagic-Dermersal-nadromousii - Presence of numerous foods that form inlets which provide good breeding grounds for fish- The ruggedness of the immediate land discourage agriculture and livestock farming thus making fishing a good alternative- The prevailing warm Atlantic drift makes the area ice free throughout the year thus fishing is carried out- The grounds have large continental shelf which are abundant in plankton- The dense population in western Europe provides a ready market for fish- The low temperature conditions in high latitudes encourages flourishing of fish- The highly developed technology in the region has contributed to the development of fishingiii - Formulation of law against indiscriminate fishing- Restocking the over fished areas- Licensing fishermen and use of standardized nets of permitted mesh sizes- Prohibiting disposal of effluents into fisheries- Introduction of new species in the existing fisheries- Research of fish species their habit and migratory trends- Personal should be trained on how to manage fisheries10 a - Drifting method.