JK-TK/GRADE-8-TERM-2 huggingface dataset:
The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it. Supportive environment can boost our self-esteem while a negative environment can lower it. Unrealistic beaty standards and expectations can lead to low self-esteem. Ways of building a healthy self-esteem for promotion of social cohesion. A healthy self-esteem is important in promoting social cohesion. It helps to enhance positive interactions and respect for others. We can build a healthy self-esteem by:Believing in yourself and embracing your strengths and weaknesses. Celebrating successes and achievements. Maintaining a positive attitude. Being king to yourself by doing things you enjoy, practising positive self-talk among others. Promoting body positivity and unhealthy body image. Being assertive. Healthy esteem in social interactions. Healthy esteem involves demonstrating confidence, self-worth and self-acceptance in our thoughts, behaviours and interaction with others. We can exhibit show a healthy self-esteem by; Being confident in ourselves. Setting goals and working towards achieving them. Seeking support or guidance when faced with challenges. Handling criticism positively. Practising self-care such as maintaining personal hygiene and doing physical exercise. Values that enhance healthy self-esteem in day-to-day life. Integrity. Responsibility. Patience. Love. Kindness. Respect. 2.2 Emotional care. Emotional care refers to one s well being and the ability to cope with challenges in life and recognise our own feelings and the emotions of those around us. Ways of dealing with difficult emotions in daily life. Difficult emotions refer to feelings that are challenging to manage. They include:Anger. Sadness. Fear. Loneliness. Guilt. Anxiety. Shame. Difficult emotions can be overwhelming and may lead to distress, elf criticism and reduced self-esteem. We should manage difficult emotions in a healthy manner that I not harmful to ourself and others. We can deal with difficult emotions by:Recognizing and accepting that difficult emotions are a natural part of the human experience. Identifying the emotions. Seeking support from others. Finding what triggered the emotions. Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions.
Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognise, understand and manage our own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Rel-life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions can be encountered in various environments such as:School environment. Family environment. Social environment. Emotional intelligence is important because:It helps individuals make better decisions. It helps one to manage emotions. It helps to maintain healthy relationships with others. You can be described as having emotional intelligence if you show the following qualities:Self-awareness-recognise and understand one s emotions, strengths and weaknesses. Self-regulation -ability to control one s emotions, stay calm under pressure and in challenging situations. Self-motivation -involves staying focuses, setting goals and maintaining a positive attitude, especially when faced with challenges. Empathy -involves understanding and appreciating the feelings of others and responding with compassion and support. Social skills -ability to build and maintain healthy relationships. It also involves effectively communicating with others. Exhibiting emotional intelligence. We can exhibit emotional intelligence by:Recognizing and understanding your own emotions. Learn to manage and control your emotions. Identify our emotional triggers. Finding positive ways of coping with stress and difficult emotions. Journaling the emotions experience. Understanding and appreciating the feelings of others. 2.3 Resilience. Resilience is the ability to bounce back and recover from adversity, challenges or stressful situations. It is the ability to cope with challenges while maintaining a positive mindset. Resilient individuals are able to persevere in the face of setbacks, learn from failures and fin solutions to problems. Situations thar require resilience in day-to-day life. Resilience is important because it helps to approach challenges with a positive attitude. Circumstances that require resilience include:Dealing with chronic or terminal illness. Overcoming grief after loss of a loved one. Failure. Losses in business. Practising a new skill. Rejection or discrimination. Characteristics of a resilient person. The following are characteristics of a resilient person. Problem solver-willing to find solutions for the challenges they are facing. Positive attitude-maintains a positive mindset even when faced with challenges. They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change.
They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change. Perseverance-not giving up easily, even when things get tough. It involves staying committed to one s goals and working hard to achieve them. Emotionally intelligent-they are able to recognise, understand and manage their emotions when faced with challenges. Confident-believes in themselves and their abilities. This helps them stay motivated and confident, even when faced with challenges. Growth attitude resilient people view challenges as opportunities for growth and learning. Self-awareness resilient people understand their emotions, strengths and weakness. Good communicator resilient individuals often possess good communication skills, which enable them to express their needs, thoughts and emotions effectively. Accepting a resilient person accepts reality and face challenges head-on, instead of avoiding them. Values that enhance effectiveness in resilience in life. Courage -resilient people show courage by tackling challenges, risks and persisting even when faced with setbacks. Patience-resilient people show patience by thinking long-term, setting achievable goals and staying positive even when faced challenges. Integrity -resilient individuals show integrity by staying true to their values and acting ethically in tough situations. Humility-resilient individuals display humility by seeking help when needed. Gratitude -resilient individuals express gratitude by focusing on the positive aspects of their lives and showing appreciation, regardless of the circumstances. Ways of Building Resilience in different situations. Knowing when to ask for help. Developing a positive mindset. Embracing change. Building your self-esteem. Managing stress positively. Improving your problem-solving skills and coping strategies. 2.4 Socio-Cultural diversity and inclusion. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social, cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds that exists in different communities. It can be seen the way people dress, the food they eat, languages they speak, the festivals they celebrate and the social interactions they engage in. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability.
Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability. Ways of celebrating various socio-cultural diversity in the community. We can celebrate cultural diversity by:Participating in music and drama festivals which represents various cultures. Celebrating Utamaduni day. Organizing and participating in cultural festivals. Encouraging intermarriages between people from different races and ethnic communities. Interacting freely with people from different religious, race, ethnic communities among others. Cooking and eating dishes from different cultures. Promoting respect for socio-cultural and inclusion in society. We can promote respect for social-cultural diversity and inclusion in he following ways:Learning about different cultures. Participating in cultural events of other communities. Participating in the Kenya Music and Drama Festivals. Creating awareness about socio-cultural diversity and inclusion. Preserving cultural artefacts in museums and cultural centres. Respecting and celebrating various socio-cultural diversities. 2.5 Building healthy relationships. Relations refers to connections between individuals. Engaging in healthy relationships in day-to-day. Ways of building health relationship include:Effective communication. Empathy. Respect. Trust. Resolving conflicts. Building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyle. Tips for building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyles. Shared values. Communication. Educate and inspire. Shared activities. Volunteer together. We can build healthy relationships which will enable us to support healthy lifestyles by engaging in activities such as:Planting trees. Engaging in physical exercises. Engaging in business enterprises. Cleaning waste in the community. Signs that indicate unhealthy relationship. Poor communication. Lack of trust. Disrespectful behaviour. Physical abuse. Emotional abuse. Repeated patterns of conflict. Characteristics of an unhealthy relationships. Unhealthy relationships often involve difficulties in effectively expressing needs and feelings. Unhealthy relationships involve dishonesty which results in lack of trust. Unhealthy relationships can exhibit disrespect through constant criticism. Unhealthy relationships involve jealous. Values that enhance healthy relationships in life. Trust-allows people to feel safe, protected and connected. Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship.
Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship. Gratitude -can improve relationship by enhancing a positive outlook and appreciation for others. Love -involves care, respect and affection which creates a nurturing and positive environment that contributes to emotional wellbeing in relationships. Empathy - -allows people to understand and share their feelings which enhances understanding in relationships. 2.6 Peaceful Conflict resolution. Conflict is a disagreement or argument between individuals or groups of people. It can arise to differences in opinion, interest or belief. Situations that may lead to conflict in a family. Poor communication -leads to misunderstandings and disagreements. Competition such as sibling rivalry. Parental comparison between siblings. Unequal distribution of house chores. Differences in valueStressCharacteristics of a peaceful family. Provides support, love and care for its members. Maintains open and honest communication, allowing each member to express their thoughts, feelings and concerns without fear of judgment. Spends quality time together and engages in activities that strengthens their bond. Family members shows respect towards each other, creating an environment where each person feels important and valued. They have conflict resolution mechanism or strategies, allowing them to address disagreements and challenges in a healthy. Family members provide emotional support, celebrate accomplishments and offer encouragement during tough times. Non-violent ways of solving family conflict. Non-violent methods of resolving conflict are approaches and strategies that aim to address disagreements and disputes without resorting to physical violence or harm. Some of the non-violent methods of resolving family conflict include:Negotiation- family members should discuss and find a solution that meets everyone s needs. Problem-solving- involves willingness to identify the issue that resulted in the conflict and solving them. Both parties should find lasting solution to the problem. Mediation-involves a neutral third party to help in communication and amicable solutions. Apologizing -family members should apologise for harmful actions and words. Forgiveness - family members should forgive each other to promote peace. Importance of resolving family conflicts peacefully. Maintains healthy and positive relationship. Sets a positive example for the family. Reduces stress and tension within the family. Promotes understanding and empathy among family members. STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community.
STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community. Identifying a problem or a gap in the community. The following are ways to determine the gaps or needs in the community. Classroom discussion where learners discuss and share their observations and experiences regarding community needs. Field trips to community centres, shelters or NGOs working in the area may assist learners to interact with individuals involved in community development, who knows more about gaps they address and the needs they fulfil. Conducting survey where learners design and distribute questionnaires to their peers, family members and community members to gather their opinions on community needs. Conducting media analyses where learners analyse local news articles, social media platforms or online community forums to understand the concern and needs expressed by the community members. Implementing the plan for solving the identified problem. Set clear objectives. Break down the project into tasks. Assign responsibilities for individuals responsible for each task. Set deadlines for each task. Gather the resources required for the project. Perform the tasks allocated as planned. Regularly monitor the progress of each activity. Assess the effectiveness of the solution implemented and measure the impact achieved making adjustments where necessary. Benefits of Community Service Learning. Give us opportunity to apply what you have learnt in classroom to real-life situation. Helps to develop skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, collaboration and leadership. One gains better understanding of social issues and needs facing our communities. Boosts our self-esteem and personal growth s we overcome challenges while conducting he project. Community benefits from the project. Encourages diversity since learners from different backgrounds participate in shared projects. STRAND 4 NATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENTS. 4.1 Map reading and interpretation. A map is a representation of an area, drawn to scale and showing various features such as roads, rivers and landmarks. Map reading is the process of interpreting and analysing information presented on a map. Marginal information to interpret maps. Marginal information refers to the information and additional facts found around the margin or border of a map. The information is always given on the margin of the map sheet. Elements of a map. They include: Title. Frame. Key. Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION.
Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION. A topographical map is a representation of the earth s physical features and manmade features in details. These features include:Rivers. Roads. Railways. Mountains among others. Types and Uses of Scales on maps. A scale is a ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. It helps in understanding the relationship between distance on the map and actual distance in the physical world. There are 3 types of scale as follows:Statement scale. Representative scale. Linear scale. Statement scale. This is a written description of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example,A statement scale might say:1 centimetre represents 100 kilometres. Representative scale. This is a ratio scale that expresses the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example, a representative scale might be expressed as 1:10,000, which means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 of the same units on the ground. It is also referred to as a fraction scale. Linear scale. A linear scale is a graphic representation of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground. It is usually shown as a bar or line with markings that indicate the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground. Uses of scales on Maps. Used to measure distance on maps and compare them to actual distance on the ground. They are used to determine level of details that a map can display. Scales enable us to draw a map expressing the actual distance on a small flat surface. Scales can be used to determine the shortest route to follow when navigating. Converting scalesConverting representative fraction scale RF into linear scaleNOTE:Scales used on maps can be representative, linear or statement. Scales are important as they enable us to find actual distance on the ground. They also enable us to determine details presented by a map. This is determined by the size of maps. The size of maps is determined by scale. This can be:Small scale maps -this is a map that has a scale larger than 1:1000,000. Medium scale maps this is a map whose scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:50,000.
The areas of all the strips are added together. For example, in the following field in a map, Find the length of each strip, calculate the area of each and add all the areas of the rectangle strips. Use of grid squares. This methos is used in most topographical maps which always have grid squares formed by eastings and northings and they are drawn to a scale of 1:50,000 with each square representing an area of 1km2. To calculate area of an irregular shape on the map, use the following procedure. Mark complete squares and record their number, multiply the total number with 1km2. Calculate half squares using different marks, the total number of half squares should be divided by 2 and then multiplied by 1km2. Add the total area of complete squares to the total area of the half squares to get the total area of the feature. Methods of representing relief on topographical maps. Relief of an area means the physical appearance of the land surface in term of shape, size, height above see level elevation and slope. Earth surface is made up of various natural features such as water bodies, landforms and rocks. A location s relief is the difference between the highest and lowest elevations. On topographical maps, some features are represented using different methods as shown in the table. Ways in which vegetation is represented on a topographical map. Colouring different colours are used to represent different types vegetation. Symbols different symbols can be used to represent different types of vegetation such as trees, crops among others. Text label -labels with text explaining the type of vegetation can be used. Interpreting Physical features on a map. Topographical features have numerous physical features indicated on them and represented differently. The relief features are widely shown by means of contours. Contours on the maps occupy patterns with respect to the shape of the landforms relief features . Relief on topographical maps are represented using different lines. The lines are arranged differently depending on the type of relief being represented as shown in the table below. 4.2 Weather and Climate. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa.
Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATIC REGIONS IN AFRICA. Characteristics of Equatorial Climate. Temperatures are very high throughout the year, averaging to about 260 C. The hottest months in the year are march and September when the sun is overhead at the equator. Daily temperature range is very small about 30C. Humidity us high throughout the year. It mainly receives convectional rainfall. The rain falls mainly in the afternoons. Rainfall falls mainly over a short period of time, about 15-20 minutes. The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2,000 mm. Characteristics of Tropical climate. Found alongside east African coast. High rainfall is experienced ranging between 100mm to 2000mm per year. There is moderate temperature of about 220 C due to low altitude. The region receives convectional rainfall due to nearness to large water bodies. There is high humidity throughout the year due to high rate of evaporation. It has two main seasons wet and dry. Modified equatorial climate. Mostly located close to large water bodies. Experiences long rains between march to may and short rains between October to December. Modified tropical climate. Mostly located in the high lands of Africa such as the Ethiopian highlands, East Africa rift highlands, Kenya and Tanzanian highlands. Desert climate. Also known as a rid climate. Evaporation rate are high making it difficult for plants to survive. Hot and dry winds cause low rainfall. It is experienced in areas such as Sahara Desert, Nubian desert and Kalahari deserts in Africa. 4.3 Vegetation in Africa. Vegetation refers to the plant life that grows in a particular region or area. It includes all types of plants such as trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers. Factors influencing vegetation distribution in Africa. Climate. Drainage. Pest. Soil. Human activities. Altitude. Government policy. Relief. Characteristics of major vegetation regions in Africa. Natural vegetation in Africa includes:Tropical rainforest. Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation.