JK-TK/GRADE-8-TERM-2 huggingface dataset:
Practical Strategies for Protection:Be an informed consumer; verify product information before making purchases. Read and understand contracts thoroughly before entering into transactions to avoid exploitation. NGO Involvement:Non-Governmental organizations like the Consumer Federation of Kenya advocate for consumer rights. Ways NGOs Protect Consumers:Legal Advocacy: NGOs may engage in legal actions to challenge unfair business practices on behalf of consumers. Public Awareness Campaigns: NGOs conduct campaigns to educate the public about their rights, empowering them to make informed choices. Policy Advocacy: NGOs work towards influencing policies that enhance consumer protection laws and regulations. Consumer Helplines: Provide platforms for consumers to report grievances and seek advice, ensuring a responsive mechanism for dispute resolution. Critical Thinking Questions:Why does the Government protect consumers and investors? Government intervention ensures fairness, transparency, and stability in the marketplace, fostering economic growth. How do consumers protect themselves from exploitation by traders? By being informed, verifying information, and understanding their rights, consumers can avoid falling victim to unfair practices. Strand 2: CommunicationSubstrand 2.1: Business CommunicationLesson 1: Importance of Business CommunicationObjective: Understand the importance of business communication. Business Communication:Business communication refers to the exchange of information within and outside an organization to facilitate its operations and success. Examples:Intra-organizational communication involves emails, memos, and meetings. External communication includes advertisements, press releases, and social media. Critical Thinking Questions:Why is business communication important? Business communication is crucial for effective operations, information sharing, and success. Lesson 2: Selecting Channels of CommunicationObjective: Learn to choose appropriate communication channels. Factors for Selection:Urgency:Consider how quickly the information needs to be conveyed. Urgent matters may require immediate channels like phone calls or face-to-face meetings. Confidentiality:Determine the sensitivity of the information. Private matters might demand more secure channels such as encrypted emails. Nature of the Message:Assess the type of information being communicated. Complex details may be better suited for written channels like emails, while simple updates could use instant messaging. Case Study Analysis: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Business CommunicationEthical Practices:Clear Communication:Providing accurate and transparent information. For example, clearly stating product specifications in advertising materials. Respect for Privacy:Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy. For instance, ensuring customer data is securely handled. Honesty:Providing truthful and unbiased information.
Respect for Privacy:Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy. For instance, ensuring customer data is securely handled. Honesty:Providing truthful and unbiased information. An example is transparently communicating any potential delays in project timelines. Professionalism:Maintaining a professional tone and demeanor in written and verbal communication. For example, using formal language in official documents and meetings. Unethical Practices:Misleading Information:Providing false or misleading information to gain an advantage. For instance, exaggerating product features in marketing. Bullying or Harassment:Using communication to intimidate or harm others. An example is sending threatening messages to colleagues. Lack of Transparency:Withholding crucial information to manipulate perceptions. For example, not disclosing potential risks to investors. Plagiarism:Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own. This could involve copying a competitor's marketing strategy without attribution. Debates:Engage in debates on the importance of ethical practices in communication. Critical Thinking Questions: 2. How do people communicate in a business environment? Through various channels like emails, meetings, advertisements, and official documents. Substrand 2.2: Plain Scale DrawingLesson 3: Plain Scale Drawing FundamentalsObjective: Understand and apply plain scale drawing skills. Plain Scale Drawing:Involves creating accurate representations of objects or spaces using a uniformly divided scale. Essential for architects, engineers, and designers for precise communication of measurements. Features of a Plain Scale:Evenly spaced divisions representing specific measurements. Numerical scale and markings indicating units of measurement. Importance of Drawing Figures to Scale:Ensures accurate representation of objects in drawings. Facilitates clear communication of design and dimensions. Prevents misunderstandings and errors in construction or manufacturing. Visual Aids and Practical Exercises:Use drawing instruments to construct a plain scale. Practice drawing plane figures to a given plain scale. Additional Points:Precision in Design:Enables precise design and planning in architecture and engineering. Standardization:The use of standard scales ensures consistency and compatibility. Critical Thinking Questions:What is the importance of drawing figures to scale? Drawing to scale ensures accuracy in representing objects and designs. Why are plane figures drawn to scale? Drawing to scale facilitates clear communication of design and dimensions. Substrand 2.3: Visual ProgrammingLesson 4: Introduction to Programming and Visual ProgrammingObjective: Understand the basics of programming and visual programming. Programming:Creating sets of instructions that computers can understand and execute. Allows automation of tasks and application development.
Expected Outcome:Understanding how the combination of different materials enhances properties. General Properties of Composite Materials:High strength-to-weight ratio:Meaning: These materials are strong but not heavy. Resistance to corrosion:Meaning: They do not easily corrode or deteriorate. Versatility in applications:Meaning: Can be used in various ways due to their adaptability. Lesson 3: Uses of Composite Materials in the LocalityObjective: Relate composite materials to their use in a work environment. Additional Examples of Composite Materials:Kevlar composites Kevlar fibers, resin . Metal matrix composites. Expected Outcome:Understanding diverse applications in construction, manufacturing. Uses and Importances:Fiberglass:Uses:Boat construction, aircraft components. Importance:High strength, lightweight. Plywood:Uses:Furniture, construction. Importance:Structural stability, flexibility. Kevlar Composites:Uses:Bulletproof vests, sports equipment. Importance:High tensile strength. Lesson 4: Acknowledging the Importance of Composite MaterialsObjective: Acknowledge the importance of composite materials used in the locality. Core Competency Development:Enhance communication and collaboration skills. Values Emphasis:Promote the value of peace by respecting diversity. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize online safety when exploring information on composite materials. Link to Other Subjects:Relate concepts to non-metals in Integrated Science. Substrand 3.2: Ceramic MaterialsLesson 5: Identifying Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Identify common ceramic materials in the locality. Ceramic Materials:Materials made through the process of firing or baking materials like clay. Examples:Pottery, ceramic utensils, glass, shells. Porcelain, earthenware, stoneware. Ceramic Firing Process:Baking Method: Ceramics are baked in a special oven called a kiln. Critical Thinking Question:How can ceramic materials be identified? Recognizable by the firing or baking process, often visible in their appearance. Lesson 6: Physical Properties of Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Describe the physical properties of ceramic materials. Investigation:Investigate physical properties of ceramic materials. Additional Physical Properties:Hardness, electrical insulation, durability. Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt.
Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt. Excellent thermal and electrical insulation:Meaning: They are good at resisting heat and electricity. Hard and brittle:Meaning: They are tough but easily breakable. Lesson 7: Matching Ceramic Materials to Their UsesObjective: Use a chart to match ceramic materials to their uses in the work environment. Examples of Matching:Pottery: Decorative items, storage containers. Glass: Windows, containers, tableware. Porcelain: Dinnerware, decorative items. Expected Outcome:Practical understanding of how different ceramic materials serve specific purposes. Uses and Importances:Pottery:Uses:Decorative items, storage containers. Importance:Heat resistance, aesthetic appeal. Glass:Uses:Windows, containers, tableware. Importance:Transparency, versatility. Porcelain:Uses:Dinnerware, decorative items. Importance:Elegant appearance, durability. Strand 4: Tools and ProductionSubstrand 4.1: Cutting ToolsLesson 1: Identifying Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to identify cutting tools used in the work environment. Cutting Tools:Instruments designed for cutting materials. Examples:Snips cutting thin materials like wires , chisels cutting and shaping wood , handsaws cutting wood , planes smoothing wood , hacksaws cutting metal , scrapers removing material from surfaces , knives cutting various materials , strippers removing insulation from wires , cutters cutting various materials . Critical Thinking Question:Why should cutting tools be cared for? Ensures longevity, safety, and optimal performance. Lesson 2: Selecting Cutting Tools for TasksObjective: Select cutting tools for given tasks in a workplace. Discussion:Discuss the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Learning to Learn:Acquire the skill of working collaboratively when discussing cutting tool use. Lesson 3: Observing Cutting Tool UseObjective: Use audio-visual aids to observe the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations.
Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations. Lesson 5: Performing Tasks Using Cutting ToolsObjective: Carry out given tasks using cutting tools. Practical Application:Application of learned skills in real-life scenarios. Lesson 6: Maintaining and Storing Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to care for cutting tools in the work environment. Caring for Cutting Tools:Keep tools clean and dry. Regularly oil moving parts. Sharpen blades as needed. Store in a designated place. Use the right tool for the right job. Discussion:Discuss the importance of maintaining and storing cutting tools. Values:Emphasize responsibility in observing safety precautions. Lesson 7: Acknowledging the Importance of Cutting ToolsObjective: Recognize the importance of cutting tools in the work environment. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize safety when demonstrating the use of cutting tools. Link to Other Subjects:Relate the use of cutting tools to farm and kitchen tools in Agriculture and Nutrition. Substrand 4.2: Production UnitLesson 8: Explaining Factors in Locating a Production UnitObjective: Explain the factors considered when locating a production unit. Definition:A production unit is a facility or space where goods or services are produced or provided. Factors Influencing Location of Production Unit:Accessibility:Proximity to transportation for the movement of goods and services. Market Proximity:Nearness to the target market for easy distribution. Resource Availability:Availability of raw materials and resources. Labor Force:Accessibility to skilled or available labor. Infrastructure:Presence of necessary infrastructure like power and water supply. Lesson 9: Analyzing Factors Determining Production Unit SizeObjective: Analyze the factors determining the size of a production unit. Factors Determining Production Unit Size:Market Demand:Adjusting size based on market needs and demand. Resource Availability:Utilizing available resources efficiently. Technology:Incorporating technology for increased production efficiency. Economies of Scale:Achieving cost advantages with increased production. Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit.
Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit. Lesson 11-15: Application of Knowledge in Practical ScenariosObjective: Apply knowledge gained in real-life situations. Practical Scenarios:Engage in hands-on activities related to locating and assessing production units. Examples of Production Units:Posho Mill:Location influenced by proximity to a community, accessibility to maize, and power supply. Salon:Located where the target market, typically residential areas, is easily accessible. Barber Shop:Positioned in areas with high foot traffic for increased visibility and accessibility. Welding Workshop:Located in an industrial area with ample space and proximity to raw materials. Cybercaf :Situated where there is demand for internet services, often in commercial or educational hubs. Strand 5: EntrepreneurshipSubstrand 5.1: BookkeepingLesson 1: Understanding Basic Terms in BookkeepingBookkeeping:Explanation: Bookkeeping is the systematic recording, organizing, and storing of financial transactions in a business. Key Terms:Transactions:Explanation: Business activities that involve money. Financial Statements:Explanation: Documents summarizing the financial activities of a business. Assets:Explanation: Resources owned by a business, such as cash, inventory, or property. Liabilities:Explanation: Debts or obligations a business owes to external parties. Equity:Explanation: The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting liabilities. Capital:Explanation: The owner's investment in the business; the difference between assets and liabilities. Lesson 2: Importance of Bookkeeping for a BusinessImportance:Provides financial clarity. Assists in decision-making. Ensures legal compliance. Lesson 3: Calculating Assets, Liabilities, and CapitalEquation:Assets Liabilities Capital. Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service.
Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service. Pricing:Explanation: Setting a selling price for a product or service. Financial Aspect of Product Pricing:Calculating costs, determining a competitive price, and ensuring profitability. Lesson 6: Components of Financial StatementsComponents:Statement of Financial Position:Assets, liabilities, and equity. Cash Flow Statement:Inflows and outflows of cash. Income Statement:Revenue, expenses, and profit. Lesson 7: Drawing Simple Financial StatementsPractical Application:Creating visual representations using learned concepts. Substrand 5.2: Income and BudgetingLesson 8: Sources of Income for an IndividualSources of Income:Employment salary, business profits, rental income, dividends, etc. Lesson 9: Importance of BudgetingImportance:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 10: Wise Spending and Budget PreparationWise Spending:Prioritize needs over wants. Look for discounts and deals. Budget Preparation:Budgeting:Explanation: The process of creating a plan for how to spend money. Importance of Budgeting:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 11: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Income and BudgetingEthical Practices:Honest reporting, responsible spending. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent reporting, overspending. Substrand 5.3: Marketing of Goods and ServicesLesson 12: Meaning and Importance of MarketingMarketing:Explanation: Marketing involves promoting, selling, and distributing goods or services. Importance:Increases brand visibility. Attracts potential customers. Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior.
Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior. Lesson 15: ICT Tools in MarketingDigital Tools:Examples: Social media platforms, email marketing, search engine optimization. Substrand 5.4: Saving and InvestmentLesson 16: Reasons for Saving and InvestmentReasons:Wealth accumulation, financial security, future planning. Lesson 17: Methods of Saving and InvestmentMethods:Saving accounts, fixed deposits, mutual funds, real estate. Lesson 18: Creating a Simple Saving and Investment PlanPractical Exercise:Creating a personalized financial plan with specific goals. Lesson 19: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Saving and InvestingEthical Practices:Transparent reporting, responsible investing. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent schemes, risky investments. Lesson 20: Researching Ethical and Unethical PracticesResearch Outcome:Identifying and understanding ethical and unethical practices in saving and investment. Top of FormTop of FormTop of Form.
GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED INTEGRATED SCIENCELESSON NOTES COMPLETESTRAND 1- MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDSMeaning of Atoms, Elements, molecules and Compounds. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is composed of pure substances and mixtures. The pure substances are can be element and compounds while the mixtures can either be uniform or non-uniform. An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. An element is a pure substance which cannot be made simpler using chemical means. Elements are the building blocks of matter. Everything around is made up of an element or elements. An element is made of atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical. A compound is pure substance that consists of atoms of two or more elements that are chemically joined together. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements react. Compounds can be broken down into elements through chemical reactions. Sodium and chlorine are elements that combine chemically to form sodium chloride which is a compound. Relating common elements to their symbols. Pure substances either elements or compounds has a unique name and symbol. A symbol is a sort -hand notation for the chemical name of an element. Chemical symbols are used instead of names by scientists because they are much easier, convenient and universally recognized. Compounds are represented by a chemical formula. A chemical symbol is usually derived from first letter of the English name of the element. It is also derived from Latin name of the element. For example,H is the chemical symbol of hydrogen. O is the chemical symbol of Oxygen. K is the chemical symbol of potassium. For potassium the K is derived from Latin word Kalium. Some elements might start with same first letters, such as Carbon, Calcium, Chlorine and Copper have their names starting with letter C, therefore letter C can not be used to represent all of them as chemical symbol. The first letter C is assigned to represent Carbon, while the rest of the elements are assigned two letters from their name as follows. Carbon represented by C. Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.
Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. Water is composed of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ration 2:1. The chemical formula of water is H2O. Sodium chloride also called common salt is composed of Sodium and Chlorine in the ration 1:1. The chemical formula for Sodium chloride is NaCl. Application of common elements in our day-to-day life. Food nutrients are chemical compounds found in foods. These nutrients are used by the body to function properly and maintain health. Examples of food nutrients include:Proteins. Fats. Carbohydrates. Vitamins. Mineral salts. Food nutrients are made up o various elements such as: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Various food sources that contain various elements. Plants receive water, mineral and other nutrients from the soil which are carried to the other parts of the plantThere are various mineral elements present in the soil that are absorbed by the roots of plants. The following are some of the important mineral elements required by plants:Phosphorus magnesium they are essential for the growth, development and reproduction of the plant. Potassium increases the quality of fruits and vegetables. Various elements are used in manufacture of different toiletries that we use in day-to-day life. Some toiletries, for example toothpaste contains flouride compounds to prevent tooth decay while soaps and detergents contain a compound of potassium. Importance of various elements and compounds. Gold:Gold is a precious metal. It is widely used to make jewellery as it is fairly soft and easy to work with. It is attractive in appearance and neither rust or discolours. Silver:It is a precious metal. It is used in making jewellery but it tends to discolour. It is also used in making cutlery, teapots and medals. Iron:It is one of the most useful metals. It is strong, can be sharpened and it is easy to work with. Many items are made of iron or steel. Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value.