JK-TK/GRADE-8-TERM-2 huggingface dataset:
Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers and small branches of shrubs, Main used in gardening and landscaping among others. Hand saw-a hand tool with toothed edge. Comes in different types. Main used in the field of woodwork, carpentry, gardening and building construction. Used to:Cut wood and wood products. Cat joints in carpentry and woodwork. Prune trees and large shrubs. Hack saw-it is a cutting tool made of thin blade held across a frame. Used to cut through thin materials such as plastic or metal pipes in the fields of plumbing, steel fixing, electrical installations and metal workPlane- a general purpose woodwork tool for smothering the surface of timber by removing excess material. It is used for shaving wood to provide uniformity to the wooden surface. Mainly used in carpentry and woodwork. Chisel-a hand tool with a characteristic shaped cutting edge of blade on its ends. Comes in different types. Used for carving, cutting and shaping hard materials such as wood, stone or metal. Used in fields like woodwork, metal work, masonry and stone carving. Cold chisel Wood chisel Stone chiselStrap cutter-it is a handheld tool with a sharp blade. Used to cut long lengths of leather materials into consistent widths. It is used in the leather industry to cut strap blanks such as belts, guitar straps etc. Bolt cutter-it is a tool with two handles and two short blades. It is used to cut bolts, chains, padlocks and wire mesh. Mainly used in mechanical engineering and metal work. Pipe cutter-also called tube cutter, a pipe cutter us a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and designs. It is used to cut pipes and tubes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and sizes. Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools.
Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for cutting tools in the work environment are: Inspect tools regularly as some manufacturers have specific instructions for how to use cutting tools that are the right size and type for the job. Follow the correct procedure for using every cutting tool. Keep your cutting tools, sharp and in good condition. Always carry pointed tools with the points and heavy ends facing down. Never carry cutting tools in your pocket. Keep your punches and chisels in good conditions because mushroomed heads can slip and cause injuries. Don t use a cutting tool without a handle. Clean the cutting tool after use and return it to its proper storage place. Never place cutting tools where they hang on the edge of a bench. Store cutting tools vertically, with the points and heavy end facing down. Frequently clean and oil your scissors, snips and shears. Fit protective guards to sharp edges to prevent injury to you and damage to the tool. Importance of Cutting Tools. The importance of cutting tools in a work environment includes: Cutting tools enable workers to cut, shape and remove materials like metals, wood and plastics among others for use to make desired items in different work environment. It enables preservation of extra material from workplace. This enables the worker to only use materials that is required to make an item and leave the rest for others uses, thus lowering of cost of production. Cutting tools like saws, drills and blades are designed to make accurate cuts. They enable a worker achieve specific dimensions, angles and shapes required for a particular task or project. Cutting tools improve the appearance of items made by removing excess materials making the surface smoother. Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses.
Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. For example, mechanical workplaces, specialize cutting tools are used for shaping and modifying components and body parts for vehicle and building among others. 4.2 - Production UnitA production unit is a business enterprise that uses economic resources to provide goods and services for sale, with aim of making a profit. Examples of production units in your locality. Posho milli. Salon. Barber shop. Welding. Cybercafe etc. Factors that determine the size of a production unit:Volume of output large unit produce goods on large scale while small unit produce goods in small scale. Area covered by the premises a unit covering large floor area is considered large while a unit covering a small floor area is considered small. Number of workers -a large unit has many workers while a small unit has few workers. Methods of production- highly mechanized unit with capital-intensive method of production are considered large. Small unit uses labour-intensive methods. Size of the market controlled- when a business controls a large portion of the total market, it is considered big. When a business controls a small portion of the total market, it is considered small. Capital invested- if a lot of capital is invested in a unit, it is considered big. Incase small amount of capital is invested in a unit; it means that the unit is small. Volume of sales- large units make large amount of sales, while small units make small amounts of sales. Factors to consider when locating a production unit. Access to raw materials- raw materials should be readily available at affordable. Availability of labour-skilled and unskilled labour should be easy to access. Market-production units are usually located close to the market to cut on distribution costs. Government policies-to encourage production, the government may implement policies such as reduced taxes on imported raw materials, providing free land and building supporting infrastructure for business. Such like policies could be aimed at influencing location of production units in certain areas. Access to electricity and water supply-these are important in the operations of productions units. Access to supporting services such as banking, insurance and warehousing. Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping.
Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. Book keeping -This is the practice of recording and tracking on a regular basis the financial transactions of a business. It is done to keep records of a business which can be used anytime in decision making. Importance of Book keeping in entrepreneurship. Making accurate budgeting possible. Book keeping provides important information that helps in Helps an entrepreneur prepare for taxes. Book keeping maintain organized records in a business. It also enables proper reporting to investors, aiding in setting and monitoring business goals, ensuring compliance with government regulations. Book keeping reveals the financial status of a business. Classifying business transactions in entrepreneurship. Business transactions in entrepreneurship can be classified as:Cash transactions. Credit transactions. Cash transaction- is a transaction where payment is settled immediately. Credit transaction is a transaction in which payment is settled or done at a later date as agreed by the parties. Advantages of cash transaction. It is simple and faster. Use of cash transactions makes it easier to budget and stick to it. It helps to avoid any additional charges. Personal information is protected. Disadvantages of cash transactions. Carrying large amount of money can be risky making parties involved vulnerable to theft and robbery. May involve cases of fake money being used. Advantages of Credit transactions. It provides a record of transactions. Disadvantages of credit transactions. Customers may go bankrupt and fail to pay as agreed earlier. Credit transaction may come with charges and interests. Calculating assets, liabilities and Capital using the Bookkeeping formula. What is an asset? Assets are resources belonging to a business. They are things owned by the business. Examples of assets include:Money in hand cash Money in bank accounts. Properties such as buildings, machinery, furniture, crops and livestock, motor vehicles, tock or goods for sale. Money other businesses owes you. What is a liability? Liabilities are debts you owe other business and other people. Main examples of liabilities are:Creditors money owed by the business to supplier Bank loans. Bank overdrafts. What is Capital? Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital.
Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. That means for one to find the capital used to start a certain business they have to calculate all the liabilities and subtract from all the total assets owned by the business. 5.2 Income Budgeting. Income-this is the money earned on a regular basis as payment of work done or as earning from an investment or business. A person can earn income when employed or self-employed. Categories of income sources. Active sources of income. This are income sources that require one to work to earn from them. Examples of active sources of income are:Fees. Wages. Salaries. Passive sources of income. These are sources of income resulting from work done to create an asset, painting or a block. These sources generate income for the owner without the person actively participating in the income generating process. Examples of passive sources of income are:Rent. Dividends. Interest. Royalties income earned from abilities and talents such as musician. Importance of budgeting in day-to day life. A budget is an estimate of how one plans to spend income over a certain period of time. Budgeting is the process of making a plan on how to spend income. Importance of budgeting. Helps one to have a clear picture of the amount of income that one had and how to spend it. Helps to control spending, therefore enables people to live within their means. Helps one to make and implement a saving plan. Helps to identify and avoid unnecessary expenses. Ways of Spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Spending is the act of using money to pay for goods and services. Spending money wisely is about strictly buying items on budget and purchasing them at reasonable prices. One should make a priority list with items to spend money on. Some ways in which money is spend include:Paying for basic needs such as food, clothes, water and healthcare. Paying rent. Paying school fees. Impulsive buying this is the tendency to buy items that a person had not planned for. Ways of spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for.
Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. Buy in cash and make sure you carry enough cash for what you want to buy. Buying items on discount. Preparing a simple budget for personal finance management. A format of budget sample. Step 1: list all your income of the month. Step 2: list all things you want to spend money on and their prices. Start with the most urgent needs to the least urgent wants. Step 3: Calculate the total cost of all the items you want to buy. Compare the total cost with the total amount to be spent, in your budget. If the total cost exceeds your budget, adjust your list by removing the least important items. Step 4: Buy the items you have budgeted for. Sale of dairy products 15,300. Sale of poultry products 15,000. Sale of vegetables 5,500. Expenses Amount Ksh. Savings 4,000. Food 5,000. Rent 8,000. School fees 7,500. Medical insurance 500. Transport 2,000. Airtime 1,500. Television subscription 800. Internet 2,000. Donations to charity 1,000. Entertainment 1,500. Task. Calculate Mr. Gitau s total: a. Income:Income 15,300 15,000 3500 sh.33,800. B. Expenses. Expenses 400 5000 8000 7500 500 2000 1500 800 2000 1000 1500 sh.30,200. Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting and spending. Ethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Make budget and strictly following it. Balance income and expenses and adjusting to situations accordingly. Determining the amount one needs to save before spending money. Avoiding to carry excess cash when going for shopping. Unethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Unethical practices are bad behaviours or practices people adopt when spending money. These practices include:Spending money without a budget. Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money.
Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. Accumulating many unnecessary debts. 5.3 -Marketing of Goods Services. Meaning and importance of marketing. A market is where buyers and sellers interact to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Marketing is the process of promoting and selling goods and services. Consumer is any person who buys goods and services for their personal use. Goods, produces and services offered should target a specific market or consumers of the goods or services. Marketing should target specific consumers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers include the following:Family and friends. Internet from websites and social media platforms or sites. Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers. Business dealings in similar products and services. Organisations that conduct research about markets. Customers of business dealings in similar products. Factors to Consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and services. The number of traders selling goods and services that are similar. Accessibility of the market. Consumers taste and preferences-levels of income and living standards. The living standard of consumers. Consumer potential-involves considering consumers spending habits, consumers purchasing potential. Competition-one must consider the extent o competition as well as the strength of the competitor. Market size-one needs to access whether the market is large enough for him to capture market share. Demographic trends such as size, level of income. Marital status. Market cost and budget. Physical infrastructure. Market acceptance. ICT Platforms used for marketing goods and services. The following platforms are used for marketing goods and services. Mobile phones that are used to communicate with consumers who are in different places. Radios are used to advertise and promote goods to many consumers. Television can be used to market goods and services to the consumers. Social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter among others have become the best platforms to market goods and services. Internet provides platforms for marketing goods and services through online newspapers and magazines. Emails can be used to market goods and services. Methods of gathering information about the market and its potential customers:Observation-watch and note people behaviours to know their taste and preferences. Interviews-involves questions and answers. Surveys-gather information by asking targeted questions to a sample group of people. Focus on group discussions-gather information from a group of people who represents target market.
STRAND 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS. WHAT IS CREATIVE ARTSIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainmeRoles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as;Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. CollagePlay - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts.
There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. Theme - What is the meaning of theme in element of drama? The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre Rhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a song Melody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others.
It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. Composing Melody. Netball. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drillsDodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass.