JK-TK/GRADE-8-TERM-2 huggingface dataset:
Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation. Mediterranean vegetation. Mountain vegetation. Mangrove vegetation. Tropical rainforest. Found in equatorial type of climate that experiences high rainfall. The emergent layer is made of giant trees that are taller than average canopy trees. Vegetation is ever green, thick and dense. The leaves of plants are broad. Trees in the vegetation zone are mainly hardwood such as oak, mahogany, teak, ebony and ironwoods among others. Savannah vegetation. Grasses have deep roots. Trees are often deciduous hence they shed leaves during dry season to conserve water. Tree have deep roots for search of water. Vegetation zone is dominated by various grass species which can grow tall and form dense carpet across the landscape. Trees are scattered with main trees being acacia and baobab. This vegetation is a home to large herbivores such as elephants, giraffes, zebras and antelopesThis vegetation zone experiences distinct wet and dry seasons. Desert vegetation. Little or no plants. Animals can stay for long without water. Plants germinate after a long period of time. Plants grow to taller heights. Plants are short and mostly shrubs. There are special places with water known as oasis. Semi desert vegetation. Has short, scanty and thorny bushes. Vegetation have adaptations that enable them to preserve water such as thick stems, small needle-like leaves and thorn to scare away animals. Vegetation is usually drought resistant. Mediterranean vegetation. Trees have thick back and wax coated leaves that help them reduce transpiration. Citrus fruits such as oranges, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated. Mountain vegetation. This type of vegetation is found in high mountains in Africa. The vegetation is not uniform all over the mountain due to the effects of altitude, soil, winds and other local physical variations. Mountain vegetation is characterized by rapid changes in vegetation due to changes in altitude. The vegetation zones on a mountain include:4.4 Historical sites and monuments in Africa. Africa has many historical sites and monuments such as fort Jesus, Kilwa, great Zimbabwe. The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism.
The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism. They create jobs for people who work on the sites. Some sites and monuments serve as cultural and religious centres. Historical sites preserve some aspects of architectural development. Historical sites and monuments represent tangible remains of society. Ways of conserving historical sites and monuments in Africa. Cleaning the historic sites and monuments. Regularly monitor the conditions of the historical sites and monuments to identify any changes or threats. Avoid writing on the walls of the historic sites and monuments. St regulations and laws governing the use of historic sites and monuments. Create awareness to the community members for them to conserve the sites and monuments. Decorating the places to make them more attractive. Reconstruct worn-out parts. STRAND 5 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND GOVERNANCE. 5.1 The Constitution. A constitution is the rule book for state or country. It sets the basic principles by which the state or country is governed. Components of the Constitution of Kenya. Preamble- sets out guiding principles and objectives of the constitution. Bill of rights outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms of all individuals in Kenya. Structure of the government-establishes the three arms of government-the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary- and goes a head to define their powers and functions. Devolution-provides for the establishment of country government and outlines their powers and functions. Citizenship-defines who is considered a citizen of Kenya and outlines the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Land and responsibilities- Sets out principles for the management and use of land and the protection of the environment. Leadership and integrity- Establishes standards of ethical conduct for public officers and provides for mechanisms to ensure accountability. Elections-sets out the principles and procedures for conducting elections in Kenya. Public finance-outlines principles of public fianc management, including budgeting, taxation and public debt. National security provides for the security of Kenya and outline the roles and responsibility for security agencies. Amendment of the constitution-sets out the procedures for amending the constitution. The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government.
The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government. The executive branch proposes laws and policies which are then debated and approved by the legislature branch. The judiciary, in turn, ensures that these laws are constitutional and applied fairly. The executive branch also relies on the judiciary to resolve disputes and interpret the law. Additionally, the legislature branch has the power to impeach the President or other government officials if they are found to have committed serious misconduct. The guiding principles in the Constitution of Kenya. Leadership principles in the constitution of Kenya. Accountability-leaders are responsible for their actions and decisions. Inclusivity-leaders should promote diversity and ensure equal opportunities for all. Transparency-leaders should be open and honest in their dealings. Participatory -leaders should involve citizens in decision making processes,Good governance -leaders should promote efficiency, effectiveness and fairness. Integrity principles in the constitution of Kenya. Honesty-leaders should be truthful and trustworthy. Ethics -leaders should adhere to moral and ethical standards. Anti-corruption -leaders should fight against corruption and promote integrity. Public interest -leaders should prioritise the welfare of the public. Accountability -leaders should be answerable for their actions and use of public resources. Ways of upholding constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions with each other. Uphold the constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions. Lead by example and demonstrate ethical behaviors. Act with honesty, transparency and accountability. Respect the rights and dignity of others. Promote equality, fairness and justice in all interactions. Foster a culture of trust, teamwork and collaboration. Make decisions based on the best interest of the people and the nation. Strive for excellency and continuous improvement in all endeavours. Embrace diversity and inclusivity in our interactions. Uphold the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice for all. Exhibiting good leadership intended in Chapter Six of the Constitution of Kenya. Good leadership in chapter six of the constitution is intended to promote integrity, transparency and accountability. It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity.
It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity. It also highlights the need for leaders to promote social justice, equality and freedoms of all individuals. The chapter emphasizes the need for leaders to promote national values and principles of governance. Good leadership in chapter six aims to foster a culture of good governance and ethical conduct among leaders. 5.2 Human Rights. Human rights are defined as the fundamental rights that all human beings possess regardless of their race, national or ethnic origin, residence, religion or any other status. Respecting and protecting human rights in the community. Respecting human rights involves recognizing the inherent dignity and equality of every individual. It is our daily duty to advocate for and ensure that community practices protect individual freedoms. Everyone should feel free from unwarranted harm. Listening to other s perspective, avoiding making assumptions and fostering an atmosphere of mutual respect in interaction are some of the ways to respect human rights. We should stand up against discrimination when you witness it, promote inclusivity, and ensure that everyone in the community is treated fairly. Investigating how children s rights are violated in the society. Children, like everyone else have fundamental rights that are crucial for their well-being and development. The include the right to education, health and protection. Children are more often vulnerable to violations of their rights due to their age, dependency on adults and lack of access to adults. We should find out whether children have access to quality education, and if any barriers or discriminations exist based on gender or social-economic status. Collaborating with local authorities, Non-governmental organizations and child protection agencies to ensure children s voice and experience are heard will uphold children s right. Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child.
Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child. World children day was established in 1954 as a Universal Children Day and it is celebrated on 2oth November annually. O This day aimed to promote international togetherness, awareness among children worldwide and improving children s welfare. It is an important date as it is the date in 1959 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It is also the date in 1989 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Children Act, 2022 is a law in our country that outlines the rights of children and ensure their well-being. It covers things like education, healthcare and protection from abuse. The African charter is an international treaty that was adopted by the African Union to protect the rights and welfare of children across the continent. It includes similar rights as the Children Act but also emphasizes on cultural values and traditions. Both the children s act and the African charter recognizes the right to education, healthcare and protection from abuse and exploitation. They also emphasize the right to a name, nationality and family. The Children Act,2022 is a revision on the Children s Act,2001. Promoting protection of human rights in the society. You can do the following to promote and protect human rights. Demonstrating respect for human rights in your daily interactions. Raising awareness about human rights. Educating yourself on various human rights. Encouraging diversity and inclusivity. Participating in local initiatives that promote human rights, such as volunteering at children homes, hospitals among others. 5.3 Citizenship. Global citizenship is the concept that all people of the world are members of a worldwide community. A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community.
They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community. Environment stewardship -caring for the environment ensures the well-being of our African communities. Cultural celebration -celebrating our diverse cultures strengthens our sense of being Africans. Educational programs-learning about African history empowers us to actively contribute to our community. Language promotion -promoting our language helps preserve our unique African heritage. Trade collaborating economically withing East Africa contributes to our collective prosperity. Qualities and responsibilities of a global citizen in the world today. Responsibilities of a global citizen. Respecting human rights. Supporting sustainable development. Valuing other s dignity. Respecting and cherishing diversity. Understanding global issues. Understanding how countries in the world are interconnected and interdependent. Advocating greater international cooperation with other nations. Qualities of a global citizen. Open-mindedness Empathy. Courageous. Patient. Similarities in the ways in which the selected Nobel Prize Winner responded to injustice and unfair situations in the society. Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi. They were committed advocates for non-violent resistant and civil disobedience as powerful tools for social and political change. Both Maathai ad Gandhi were champions of women s rights. Maathai s Green Belt Movement was a symbol of women s rights efforts both at home and abroad. Gaandhi was a vocal advocate for women s education and empowerment. Gandhi and Maathai were instrument in addressing socio-economic issues. Gandhi focused on poverty and the caste system while Maathai tackled deforestation and environmental degradation. Both leaders exhibited global citizenship. They recognised that their actions could have a broader impact. Both leaders engaged in political activism to challenge oppressive systems and governance. Maathai was involved in Kenya politics, advocating for democracy and environmental conservation. Gandhi, through his leadership in the Indian National Congress played a key role in India s struggle for independence. 5.4 Essential skills in Critical thinking. Critical thinking is the process of analyzing and evaluating information or situations in a logical and objective manner. Essential skills for critical thinking in different situations. The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient.
The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient. Problem solving -use systematic approaches to address challenges and find solutions, often involving multiple steps and testing different strategies. Analysis- ability to break down complex information or situations into their constituent s parts, examine each to understand how they relate to the whole. Open Mindedness -this encourages individuals to explore various potential solutions and approaches to a problem. Communication- involves sharing ideas with others in order to find solutions. Hinderance to critical thinking in different circumstances. Pressure from the society Peer pressure. Emotions. Fear of failure. Lack of information. Importance of critical thinking. Enhance problem solving skills by encouraging individuals to analyse situations. Enables individuals to make well-informed decisions based on a thorough analysis of available information. It promotes creativity encouraging individuals to explore different perspective, think outside the box and generate ideas. Individuals with strong critical thinking skills express their ideas more clearly and engage in constructive discussions, contributing to effective communications. 5.5 Developing of Creative thinking. Developing creative thinking involves cultivating the ability to generate and explore new ideas, think outside the box and approach problems from different points of view. Creative thinking is the ability to generate new ideas, concepts or solutions by approaching problems and challenges in innovative and imaginative way. It involves breaking free from traditional thought patterns, explore different perspective and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts. Creative thinking is not limited to art, it also applied to problem solving, decision making and various aspects of daily life. The following are characteristics of creative thinking. Originality-ability to generated ideas that are unique. Flexibility being open minded and adaptable to change. Fluency ability to produce many ideas or solutions. Elaboration develop and expand upon ideas to add depth and richness. Risk taking willingness to step outside of ones comfort zone and explore unconventional solutions. Complexity to understand and deal with difficult problems or concepts-Common challenges in creative thinking. Distractions -things that take away your attention such as noise, notifications or interruptions that disrupt your focus and flow of ideas. Mental blocks are obstacles that stop creative thinking. Can come from stress, depression or preconceived ideas, making it had to think creative. Lack of inspiration. Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking.
Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking. Embrace failure as part of creative thinking process and use it as a learning point. Take breaks to clear your mind when stuck. Challenge negative self-talks by recognizing your strengths and achievements. Work in a conducive environment that has no distractions. Seek inspiration from various sources. Values that enhance creative thinking in day-to-day life. Courage-allow one to experiment, try new things. Curiosity -drives exploration and spark new ideas which contribute ro creative thinking Perseverance. Resilience -encourages perseverance in the face of creative challenges. Empathy-promotes collaboration and the integration of diverse points of view which enrich creative thinking. Making ethical choices ensures that innovative solutions are not compromised by unethical practices. Integrity. Ways of developing creative thinking in different context. Using imaginations and innovation as you carry out different activities. Sharing ideas with others. Participating in learning such as field trips and hand-on activities. Embrace experimentation of alternative approaches to problems-solving and idea generation. Collaborate with different people to expose yourself to a variety of perspectives and ideas. Importance of Creative thinking. Improves collaboration and understanding, as creative thinkers can covey ideas in engaging ways which facilitate positive social interactions. Promotes resourcefulness by encouraging individuals to find alternative solution with limited resources. Fosters a community s ability to respond to evolving challenges and embrace positive change. Enhances a sense of persona; accomplishment and fulfilment through the exploration and realization of creative ideas. Improves your problem-solving skills. Develops and grows your personality. Boosts your confidence. It enables you to have freedom of thought. It promotes your entrepreneurial skills. Makes your easier and more convenient. It improves your productivity quality of life. 5.6 Process of problem-Solving. Problem solving is the process of analysing and understanding a problem. It involves identifying its cause and deciding on a solution which solves the problem and prevents it from being repeated. The Rational problem-solving model in different Context. Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution.
Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution. The following are steps of the rational problem-solving model:Identify the problem clearly defining and understanding the issue or challenge. Choose a decision style. Develop alternatives. Choosing the best solution. Implement solutions Evaluate the decision. Obstacles to problem-solving in society. Effective problem-solving skills in social interactions. The following are effective problem-solving skills in social interactions:CommunicationActive listeningNegotiationConflict resolutionDecision makingFlexibilitypatienceValues that enhance problem-solving. Empathy o Integrity.o Respect. Responsibility. Roles of values in problem-solving. Values serve as guiding principles that help individuals and communities determine what is important and morally right. Values influence the ethical considerations in decision-making process. Values often emphasize social responsibilities and the well-being of others.