JK-TK/GRADE-8-TERM-2 huggingface dataset:
Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists: Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs: Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music. Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming.
Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide.
It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. I. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Ii. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Iii. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position.
The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. I. Start with your legs straight and together. Ii. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Iii. Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Iv. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. A. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. C. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. E. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action.
B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover.c. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips.e. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action.f. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes.g. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion.
Is the most advanced creature to appear on earthImportance of Fossil Records. Fossils refer to the preserved remains of plants and animals that are found beneath the surface of the earth. Fossil records help to understand how human beings evolved, lived, adapted and changed their physical appearance in the past. Fossil records have the following importance:Provide past evidence on how plants and animals adapted to their environment. Helps to establish evolutionary relationship between organisms and their ancestors. Fossil records help to establish the time period in which organisms lived. Fossil records help archeologists and other natural scientists to place important events and species in the appropriate historical and geographical era. Fossil records of humans help us to understand the social, political and economic life of man over years. They give us information on the culture of humans, clothing, food, and beliefs in the past. Fossil records give us information on the economic activities of man such as the animals they hunted, crops they cultivated, fishing among others. Fossil records give us information on the type and uses of tools and other materials used by humans in farming, hunting, war or religious activities over the years. They provide evidence of Africa being the cradle of humanity. Locations of human remains discovered in Africa. Prehistoric sites are places where man s remains which are evident of his past existence were found. The oldest known human remains in Africa were discovered in Ethiopia, dating back to around 200,000 years ago. The following are a few examples of where and when pre-historic human remains have been discovered in Africa. Other places are:Fort Ternan Kenya where Ramapithecus or Kenyapithecus were found. Changes that took places in humans as a result of evolution. Evolution of human beings has been a continuous process resulting from various changes and adaptations. These changes are characterized in their teeth, arms, body shape, brain size, structure of their legs and shape of their head. These changes were important for them to adapt to new environmental conditions for survival. Human beings evolved to walk on two legs, freeing their hands for tool use and enhancing mobility. Overtime, the human brain had grown, leading to advanced cognitive abilities. They developed the ability to make and use tools. Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities.
Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities. Humans have had reduced hair on the bodies. 1.2 Early civilization. Places of origin of early visitors to the East Africa coast. East Africa was visited by visitors from Europe and Asia. They included the following:ArabsPortuguese. Indian. Persians. Chinese. Greek. Egyptians. Phoenicians. Romans. Syrians. Swahili civilization along the East African Coast. The east African coastline is a long stretch made up of Somali, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Swahili civilization developed from the interactions between local bantu speaking communities and the Arab traders who visited the East African Coast. They practiced a blend of Islam and traditional African religions. They changed the culture, religions, economic and even social way of life. They came up with new clothing designs to blend with different cultures. This includes Kanga, kanzu and taqiyah. They also introduced special Swahili foods such as biryani, pilau, mahamri among others. Swahili people were known for their skills in trading, fishing and seafaring. They established city-states such as Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar which later become centres of trade. They traded their goods such as gold, ivory and slaves. They built impressive religious structures such as mosques and houses made from makuti, coral stones and lime. The Swahili people constructed dhows which were small wooden boats that helped them navigate along the East African Coast of the Indian Ocean. They also had networks of trade routes that connected them to other parts of Africa and the Middle East. Over time, European powers established colonies in East Africa. They abolished the slave trade, which had a significant source of wealth for the Swahili city-state. However, the Swahili people and their culture still thrive along the East African Coast to date. The Swahili language is spoken by people of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and even Democratic Republic of Congo. Factors that led to the growth of East Africa city-states. Bantu migration and arrival of the Arabs. Migration of Bantu speaking people to the east African coast where they interacted with the Arabs. Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade.
Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade. There were trading activities between the East Africa merchants and traders from India, China, Persia and Arabia. The East African cities exported agricultural products and slaves. Monsoon winds. Facilitated the movement of vessels of traders to travel from one coast to another. Rise of Islam. Conversion of Islam linked Swahili states to massive trade networks that crossed the coastal area. Good deep natural harbours. The natural harbours along the coast ensured the safe docking of vessels. Swahili language and culture. City-states are considered the product of Swahili language and cultural heritage. Best practices of early civilization that contributed to the development of the modern world. Ancient Egypt was the beginning o building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into modern writing and education. Knowledge of planning and predicting of seasons based on the calendar started in the early civilisation. Today, it has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes in weather. Industrial development in the ancient Kingdom was based on simple skills. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today, most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology borrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof irrigation. This has been applied in the agricultural sector. Tools such as jembes or hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisation. The political structure of the modern government resembles the government structure adopted in early civilisation. The current civilization owes its development to the ancient based on the following reasons:1.3 Population growth in Africa. Population growth is determined to carrying out a national census and comparing the outcome with the previous census outcome. Population growth can either be positive or negative. Positive population growth results when the birth rates and immigration rates are higher than death rates and emigration rates. This results in rapid population growth. Negative population growth rate occurs when there are some people leaving a population through death or emigration as compared to those joining it through birth and immigration. This results in slow population growth. Population growth is the change of population size in a region over a period of time. Several factors influence population growth. These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc.
These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc. Population census data among countries in Africa, is counted and analysed to guide the government in planning and making decisions that affect lives of many people. Causes of Population growth in Africa. Population growth in Africa is influence by various causes and has both positive and negative effects. Population growth in Africa is caused by:High fertility rates-African countries have high birth rates due to cultural, social and economic factors such as early marriages, limited access to contraceptives and traditional beliefs that value large families. Declining mortality rates-improved healthcare, access to clean water and advancement in medical technology have led to lower infant and child mortality rates. Urbanization-rapid urbanization in Africa has led to increased migration from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities. This contributes to growth of population. Lack of education-lack of education limits individual understanding of the family planning methods and contraceptives which results in high birth rates. Natural calamities- natural calamities such as drought and famine results in high deaths in Africa. This slows down the rate of population growth. Effects of population growth in Africa. Over-exploitation of resources. Unemployment and poverty due to few employment opportunities. Shortage of social amenities. Increased innovation. Development of urban centres due to increased population. Food insecurity. Increased crime rates. Ready markets for goods and services. Increase in supply of human labour. Types of Migration in Africa. Deforestation to provide human settlement. Strain on limited resources such as land, water and food and in infrastructure and services such as housing, transportation and sanitation. Loss of culture and diminishing of trust among citizens. Rise in dependency ratio which increases the economic pressure on the work force. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. The place that people move from is called the place of origin. The place people move to is called the place of destination. People migrate due to different reasons. There are different types of migration as follows: Internal migration-this is the movement of people within a country. Internal migration has the following types of migration as well. Rural to urban migration-migration involving people moving from rural areas to urban area. Urban to Rural migration-involve moving from urban areas to rural areas. Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries.
Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries. Effects of migration in Africa. Development of urban centres due to increase in population. Congestion of urban areas dur to increase in the population. Migration results in cultural diversity. Growth of slums due to poor living conditions. Pressure on public services such as schools, housing and healthcare. Separation of families. Money sent to home countries in form of remittances boost the local economy. Results in rural areas having more elderly people as the younger ones migrate in search of a better life. Demographic trends in Kenya. Kenya s demographic trend have been changing over the years. Population growth-Kenya s population has been growing steadily over the years, and it is currently estimated to around 50m people. Urbanization-more and more Kenyans are moving from rural areas to urban centers in search of better opportunities. This has led to the growth of cities like Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu. Age structure-Kenya has a relatively young population, with large proportion of people under age of 30. This has implication for education, employment and social services. Ethic diversity-Kenya is the home to many different ethic groups, each with its own language and culture. This diversity can be a source of strength, nut also present challenges in terms of national unity. Health and mortality- Kenya had made significant progress in improving health outcomes recently, but challenges remain. Infant mortality rates are still high and HIV AIDS continues to be a major public concern. STRAND 2 PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS. 2.1 Building Self-esteem. Building self-esteem refers to the process of developing a positive perception and belief in one s own worth and abilities. It involves recognizing and appreciating one s strengths, accomplishment and unique qualities, while accepting and learning from mistakes and setbacks. Factors that influence self-esteem in day-to-day life. There are many factors that can influence a persons self-esteem in day-to-day life. The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it.