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38095871

Systematic functional analysis of the Com pilus in <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>: a minimalistic type 4 filament dedicated to DNA uptake in monoderm bacteria.

Type 4 filaments (T4F) are nanomachines ubiquitous in prokaryotes, centered on filamentous polymers of type 4 pilins. T4F are exceptionally versatile and widespread virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms of filament assembly and the many functions they facilitate remain poorly understood because of the complexity of T4F machineries. This hinders the development of anti-T4F drugs. The significance of our research lies in characterizing the simplest known T4F-the Com pilus that mediates DNA uptake in competent monoderm bacteria-and showing that four protein components universally conserved in T4F are sufficient for filament assembly. The Com pilus becomes a model for elucidating the mechanisms of T4F assembly.

38095872

Pathogenic bacteria experience pervasive RNA polymerase backtracking during infection.

Label="IMPORTANCE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Eukaryotic hosts have defense mechanisms that may disrupt molecular transactions along the pathogen's chromosome through excessive DNA damage. Given that DNA damage stalls RNA polymerase (RNAP) thereby increasing mutagenesis, investigating how host defense mechanisms impact the movement of the transcription machinery on the pathogen chromosome is crucial. Using a new methodology we developed, we elucidated the dynamics of RNAP movement and association with the chromosome in the pathogenic bacterium <i>Salmonella enterica</i> during infection. We found that dynamics of RNAP movement on the chromosome change significantly during infection genome-wide, including at regions that encode for key virulence genes. In particular, we found that there is pervasive RNAP backtracking on the bacterial chromosome during infections and that anti-backtracking factors are critical for pathogenesis. Altogether, our results suggest that, interestingly, the host environment can promote the development of antimicrobial resistance and hypervirulence as stalled RNAPs can accelerate evolution through increased mutagenesis.

38095873

Correction: PLK4 self-phosphorylation drives the selection of a single site for procentriole assembly.

38095874

Draft genome sequences of five multidrug-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains isolated from vegetable samples in Bangladesh.

Reports indicate that vegetables are becoming a source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Here, we present genome sequences of five MDR <i>E. coli</i> strains to assist future genomic analysis of this bacterium. These <i>E. coli</i> strains were isolated from vegetable samples of different gardening systems in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

38095875

Incorporating Photoresponses into Porous Liquids.

Porous liquids combine the properties of a porous solid with those of a liquid, creating a porous flowable media. Since their discovery, these materials have gathered widespread interest within the scientific community, with substantial numbers of new systems being discovered, often with a focus on increasing the pore volume and gas capacity. Which begs the question, what does the future hold for porous liquids? Recently, the first examples of photoresponsive porous liquids have emerged, allowing changes in porosity to be observed under UV irradiation. Here, we expand on our previous report of photoresponsive porous liquids and explore the conceptualisation of responsive porous liquids and how these materials could be developed with the ability to respond to light, thereby offering a potential mechanism of controllable uptake and release in these systems. This concept article summarises different approaches that could be used to incorporate a photoresponse in a porous liquid before discussing recently reported systems, alongside important factors to consider in their design. Finally, by taking inspiration from the methods used to translate porous solids into the liquid state, combined with the field of photoresponsive materials, we discuss potential strategies that could be employed to realise further examples of photoresponsive porous liquids.

38095876

Effect of Ligand Attachment at Ag₁₁ for CO Oxidation: A Computational Investigation.

Heterogeneous CO oxidation is a demanding reaction at room temperature due to the high activation energy required to break the O=O bond. While several metal clusters are reported to oxidize CO successfully, they fall short of their selectivity for the reaction and recyclability. In this regard, there is a need for economic catalysts with high catalytic activity, low activation barrier, and reusability. In this study, we have investigated the catalytic activity of the neutral pristine and ligated Ag₁₁ cluster toward CO oxidation. We investigated the attachment effect of three organic donor ligands: trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, and <i>N</i>-ethyl pyrrolidone to the Ag₁₁ cluster. Our results show that including donor ligands on the Ag₁₁ cluster surface can significantly reduce the barrier heights for CO oxidation. The minimum barrier heights with the system coordinated with triethylphosphine showed the lowest activation barrier of 1.06 kcal/mol compared to the high activation barrier of 14.77 kcal/mol recorded for the pristine cluster. Exploration of the reaction mechanism and charge analysis showed that the electron donor ligands activate O₂ via charge donation, thereby reducing the barrier heights of CO oxidation.

38095877

Ligation of Titanium-oxide and {Mo₂} Units for Solar CO₂ Storage.

Two Mo-Ti-mixed oxide clusters, <b>Ti</b>_<b>6</b><b>Mo</b>_<b>4</b> and <b>Ti</b>_<b>4</b><b>Mo</b>_<b>4</b>, which contain the {Mo₂^V} unit commonly observed in many polyoxomolybdates, were successfully synthesized. The introduction of a {Mo₂^V} dopant into a titanium-oxide cluster (TOC) results in a red shift of the absorption edge, hence leading to a substantial enhancement of visible-light absorption. The band gap electron transition mainly involves the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT, benzoate-to-Mo) and Mo^V d-d transition. Both clusters show favorable visible-light responsiveness and charge-separation efficiency. Both serve as heterogeneous photocatalysts and exhibit excellent catalytic activity in CO₂/epoxide cycloadditions under very mild conditions. The mechanism study suggests that the catalytically active sites are mainly Mo^V, and the photogenerated electrons and holes are both involved. <b>Ti</b>_<b>6</b><b>Mo</b>_<b>4</b> exhibits better photocatalytic activity than <b>Ti</b>_<b>4</b><b>Mo</b>_<b>4</b>, demonstrating the crucial role of the titanium-oxide core, which corresponds to improved light absorption and charge-separation efficiency. Our findings highlight the potential of the {Mo₂^V} unit in constructing Mo-Ti-mixed oxide clusters with interesting topologies and excellent solar-light-harvesting activity.

38095878

Atezolizumab in Combination With Carboplatin and Survival Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: The TBCRC 043 Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Agents targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have demonstrated efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) when combined with chemotherapy and are now the standard of care in patients with PD-L1-positive metastatic disease. In contrast to microtubule-targeting agents, the effect of combining platinum compounds with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 immunotherapy has not been extensively determined.

38095879

Burned Out on Burnout-The Urgency of Equity-Minded Structural Approaches to Support Nurses.

38095880

Molecular Engineering of Perylene Diimide Polymers with a Robust Built-in Electric Field for Enhanced Solar-Driven Water Splitting.

The built-in electric field of the polymer semiconductors could be regulated by the dipole moment of its building blocks, thereby promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers and achieving efficient solar-driven water splitting. Herein, three perylene diimide (PDI) polymers, namely oPDI, mPDI and pPDI, are synthesized with different phenylenediamine linkers. Notably, the energy level structure, light-harvesting efficiency, and photogenerated carrier separation and migration of polymers are regulated by the orientation of PDI unit. Among them, oPDI enables a large dipole moment and robust built-in electric field, resulting in enhanced solar-driven water splitting performance. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, oPDI exhibits the highest photocurrent of 115.1 μA cm-2 for photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution, which is 11.5 times that of mPDI, 26.8 times that of pPDI and 104.6 times that of its counterparts PDI monomer at the same conditions. This work provides a strategy for designing polymers by regulating the orientation of structural units to construct efficient solar energy conversion systems.

38095881

Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Bevacizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Subgroup Analyses from the KEYNOTE-826 Randomized Clinical Trial.

The KEYNOTE-826 randomized clinical trial showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful survival benefits with the addition of pembrolizumab to chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Treatment effects in patient subgroups of the study population are unknown.

38095882

What Are Vocal Cord Nodules?

38095883

β-C-H Allylation of Trialkylamines with Allenes Promoted by Synergistic Borane/Palladium Catalysis.

Functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bonds of trialkylamines is challenging, especially for reactions at positions other than the α position. Herein, we report a method for β-C(sp3)-H allylation of trialkylamines. In these reactions, which involve synergistic borane/palladium catalysis, an enamine intermediate is first generated from the amine via α,β-dehydrogenation promoted by B(C6F5)3 and a base, and then the enamine undergoes palladium-catalyzed reaction with an allene to give the allylation product. Because the hydride and the proton resulting from the initial dehydrogenation are ultimately shuttled to the product by B(C6F5)3 and the palladium catalyst, respectively, these reactions show excellent atom economy. The establishment of this method paves the way for future studies of C-H functionalization of trialkylamines by means of synergistic borane/transition-metal catalysis.

38095884

Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Formal Germanimidoyl-Phosphinidenes.

Treatment of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated germylidenylphosphinidene M^sFluid^<i>t</i>Bu-GeP(NHC^<i>i</i>Pr) (where M^sFluid^<i>t</i>Bu is a bulky hydrindacene substituent, and NHC^<i>i</i>Pr is 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) with mesityl azide and 4-tertbutylphenyl azide afforded NHC coordinated formal germanimidoyl-phosphinidenes, which represent the first compounds bearing both Ge&#9552;N double bond and phosphinidene functionalities. Studies of the chemical properties revealed that the reactions preferred to occur at the Ge&#9552;N double bond, which underwent [2 + 2] cycloadditions with CO₂ and ethyl isocyanate, and coordinated with coinage metals through the nitrogen atom.

38095885

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Before Nephrectomy for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review.

The therapeutic landscape of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly evolved in the past 2 decades, with the advent of cytokines therapy followed by targeted therapies and novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). This article aims to review the current evidence and ongoing trials of neoadjuvant or prenephrectomy ICI therapy in patients with locally advanced and metastatic RCC.

38095887

How Close Is Too Close in Salivary Gland Tumors?

38095888

Spending on Dual Over-the-Counter and Prescription Drugs in the Medicare Part D Program.

38095886

Potential Risk of Significant N₂O Emission without Changing NO<i>_x</i> Conversion on Commercial V₂O₅/TiO₂ Catalyst under Working Conditions.

Vanadium-based catalysts play a pivotal role in the emission control of industrial NO<i>_x</i> via selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. However, little attention has been paid to the potential emission of greenhouse gas N₂O under complex working conditions. This work reports that a commercial V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst may lead to significant N₂O emission without greatly changing the outlet NO<i>_x</i> concentration after chromium (Cr) deposition. With a Cr loading of 2 wt %, N₂O concentration increased from 27.8 to 199.2 ppm at 350 &#176;C with the value of outlet N₂O/(N₂O+N₂) from 2.5% to 19.4%. Experimental results combined with DFT+U calculations suggest that nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR) is the main route for N₂O formation in a wide temperature range of 250 &#8764; 400 &#176;C. It is stemmed from the fact that the covalent interaction between Cr and V species on the V₂O₅/TiO₂ surface accelerates the conversion of V⁴⁺ + Cr⁶⁺ &#8594; V⁵⁺ + Cr³⁺, leading to a larger proportion of surface V⁵⁺. More importantly, surface V⁵⁺ is highly related to the redox property of the V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst, which is beneficial to NSCR reaction rather than the standard SCR process. The work suggests that to better inhibit the emission of greenhouse gases during the NH₃-SCR process, monitoring N₂O emission should be included along with the NO<i>_x</i> concentrations, especially in complex flue gases.

38095889

Anterior Chamber Snowflake After Keratoplasty.

38095890

Abdominal ultrasonographic findings of cats with feline infectious peritonitis: an update.

The aim of this study was to describe the abdominal ultrasonographic findings in cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

38095891

Local Firework Restrictions and Ocular Trauma.

Fireworks can cause vision-threatening injuries, but the association of local legislation with the mitigation of these injuries is unclear.

38095892

Tumor Specific Hybrid nanoparticles in therapy of breast cancer.

In this study, salicylic acid dopped into poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and prepared nanoparticles (NPs) to increase encapsulation efficiency, anti-cancer activity of caffeic acid (Caff) and folic acid (FA) for breast cancer treatment.

38095893

Risk of Cervical Dizziness in Patients With Cervical Spondylosis.

The dizziness associated with cervical spondylosis is a controversial topic given that many experts believe that cervical spondylosis is a common cause of dizziness, whereas others do not believe it exists.

38095894

Biologic Patent Thickets and Terminal Disclaimers.

38095895

Sleep Disturbances and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Among Preschool-Aged Children.

Sleep disturbances and mental health problems are highly comorbid and bidirectionally correlated across childhood. The association between the natural history of sleep disturbances and the transition of mental health problems has not been quantified.

38095897

Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status and Prescription Fill Patterns Among Patients With Heart Failure.

Medication nonadherence is common among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and can lead to increased hospitalization and mortality. Patients living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas may be at greater risk for medication nonadherence due to barriers such as lower access to transportation or pharmacies.

38095896

Prevalence of Short Peer Reviews in 3 Leading General Medical Journals.

High-quality peer reviews are often thought to be essential to ensuring the integrity of the scientific publication process, but measuring peer review quality is challenging. Although imperfect, review word count could potentially serve as a simple, objective metric of review quality.

38095898

Diversity in Mission Statements and Among Students at US Medical Schools Accredited Since 2000.

Diversity in the physician workforce improves patient care and decreases health disparities. Recent calls for social justice have highlighted the importance of medical school commitment to diversity and social justice, and newly established medical schools are uniquely positioned to actively fulfill the social mission of medicine.

38095900

Alcohol Intake Thresholds Among Individuals With Steatotic Liver Disease.

38095901

Early Outcomes of Changes to Collection of Suicide Data in Japan.

38095902

Unwinding of Medicaid Continuous Enrollment Exposes Millions to Disrupted Care-"Be Kind, Rewind".

38095904

Glucose-Triggered Gelation of Supramolecular Peptide Nanocoils with Glucose-Binding Motifs.

Peptide self-assembly is a powerful tool to prepare functional materials at the nanoscale. Often, the resulting materials have high aspect-ratio, with intermolecular β-sheet formation underlying one-dimensional fibrillar structures. Inspired by dynamic structures in nature, peptide self-assembly is increasingly moving toward stimuli-responsive designs wherein assembled structures are formed, altered, or dissipated in response to a specific cue. Herein, a peptide bearing a prosthetic glucose-binding phenylboronic acid (PBA) is demonstrated to self-assemble into an uncommon nanocoil morphology. These nanocoils arise from antiparallel β-sheets, with molecules aligned parallel to the long axis of the coil. The binding of glucose to the PBA motif stabilizes and elongates the nanocoil, driving entanglement and gelation at physiological glucose levels. The glucose-dependent gelation of these materials is then explored for the encapsulation and release of a therapeutic agent, glucagon, that corrects low blood glucose levels. Accordingly, the release of glucagon from the nanocoil hydrogels is inversely related to glucose level. When evaluated in a mouse model of severe acute hypoglycemia, glucagon delivered from glucose-stabilized nanocoil hydrogels demonstrate increased protection compared to delivery of the agent alone or within a control nanocoil hydrogel that is not stabilized by glucose. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

38095903

Clinical Characteristics of Primary Snoring vs Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Analysis of the Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy for Snoring (PATS) Randomized Clinical Trial.

It is unknown whether children with primary snoring and children with mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent populations with substantially different clinical characteristics. Nonetheless, an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 1 or greater is often used to define OSA and plan for adenotonsillectomy (AT).

38095905

PPM Ir-f-phamidol-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of γ-Amino Ketones Followed by Stereoselective Cyclization for Construction of Chiral 2-Aryl-pyrrolidine Pharmacophores.

Transition metal catalysts with a million turnovers and excellent selectivity are rarely reported but are crucial for the industrial manufacture of optical pure pharmaceuticals, natural products, and fine chemicals. In this paper, we report an unprecedented aninoic Ir-f-phamidol catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation of γ-amino ketones followed by stereoselective cyclization for construction of valuable chiral 2-aryl-pyrrolidine pharmacophores. The Ir-f-phamidol catalyst showed up to 1,000,000 TON and >99% ee, as well as excellent tolerance of substrates and protecting groups, providing various chiral amino alcohol intermediates. Upon optimization of the conditions, the stereoselective cyclization reaction was highly smooth and efficient (quantitative conversions, 92 to >99% ee). Finally, this solution was applied in the preparation of high-value chiral entities containing such chiral 2-aryl-pyrrolidine pharmacophores.

38095906

Tissue Remodeling in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid.

Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (OcMMP) is a rare eye disease characterized by relapsing-remitting or persisting long-lasting inflammatory events associated with progressive scarring. Despite long-term immunomodulating therapy, abnormal fibrosis keeps worsening in patients with OcMMP. This study investigates the fibrotic process in patients with OcMMP, as well as the critical role of the epithelium in modulating the local fibrosis.

38095899

Evidence-Based Checklist to Delay Cardiac Arrest in Brain-Dead Potential Organ Donors: The DONORS Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

The effectiveness of goal-directed care to reduce loss of brain-dead potential donors to cardiac arrest is unclear.

38095907

Establishment and Characterization of a TP53-Mutated Eyelid Sebaceous Carcinoma Cell Line.

Eyelid sebaceous carcinoma (SeC) is the third most frequent eyelid malignancy worldwide and is relatively prevalent in Asian patients. An eyelid SeC cell line model is necessary for experimental research to explore the etiology and pathogenesis of eyelid SeC. This study established and characterized an eyelid SeC cell line with a TP53 mutation that might be useful for analyzing potential treatment options for eyelid SeC.

38095909

Searching Beyond Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 in Metastatic Breast Cancer-Still Haven't Found What We're Looking For.

38095908

JAM-C Is Important for Lens Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Lens Fiber Maturation in Murine Lens Development.

The underlying mechanism of congenital cataracts caused by deficiency or mutation of junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) gene remains unclear. Our study aims to elucidate the abnormal developmental process in Jamc-/- lenses and reveal the genes related to lens development that JAM-C may regulate.

38095910

Increasing Telehealth Access Through Licensure Exceptions.

38095913

Book Review: Perioperative Neuroscience: Translational Research.

38095912

Tracheal Chondrosarcoma-A Novel Presentation of Lynch Syndrome.

38095914

New Barrier Role of Iron Plaque: Producing Interfacial Hydroxyl Radicals to Degrade Rhizosphere Pollutants.

Iron plaque, as a natural barrier between rice and soil, can reduce the accumulation of pollutants in rice by adsorption, contributing to the safe production of rice in contaminated soil. In this study, we unveiled a new role of iron plaque, i.e., producing hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by activating root-secreted oxygen to degrade pollutants. The ·OH was produced on the iron plaque surface and then diffused to the interfacial layer between the surface and the rhizosphere environment. The iron plaque activated oxygen via a successive three-electron transfer to produce ·OH, involving superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as the intermediates. The structural Fe(II) in iron plaque played a dominant role in activating oxygen rather than the adsorbed Fe(II), since the structural Fe(II) was thermodynamically more favorable for oxygen activation. The oxygen vacancies accompanied by the structural Fe(II) played an important role in oxygen activation to produce ·OH. The interfacial ·OH selectively degraded rhizosphere pollutants that could be adsorbed onto the iron plaque and was less affected by the rhizosphere environments than the free ·OH. This study uncovered the oxidative role of iron plaque mediated by its produced ·OH, reshaping our understanding of the role of iron plaque as a barrier for rice.

38095915

Continuous Phase Regulation of a Pd-Te Hexagonal Nanoplate Library.

Phase regulation of noble metal-based nanomaterials provides a promising strategy for boosting the catalytic performance. However, realizing the continuous phase modulation in two-dimensional structures and unveiling the relevant structure-performance relationship remain significant challenges. In this work, we present the first example of continuous phase modulation in a library of Pd-Te hexagonal nanoplates (HNPs) from cubic-phase Pd₄Te, rhombohedral-phase Pd₂₀Te₇, rhombohedral-phase Pd₈Te₃, and hexagonal-phase PdTe to hexagonal-phase PdTe₂. Notably, the continuous phase regulation of the well-defined Pd-Te HNPs enables the successful modulation of the distance between adjacent Pd active sites, triggering an exciting way for tuning the relevant catalytic reactions intrinsically. The proof-of-concept oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) experiment shows a Pd-Pd distance-dependent ORR performance, where the hexagonal-phase PdTe HNPs present the best electrochemical performance in ORR (mass activity and specific activity of 1.02 A mg^-1_Pd and 1.83 mA cm^-2_Pd at 0.9 V vs RHE). Theoretical investigation reveals that the increased Pd-Pd distance relates to the weak *OH adsorption over Pd-Te HNPs, thus contributing to the remarkable ORR activity of PdTe HNPs. This work advances the phase-controlled synthesis of noble metal-based nanostructures, which gives huge impetus to the design of high-efficiency nanomaterials for diverse applications.

38095916

Criminal Justice Reform Is Health Care Reform.

38095911

Oncologic Safety of Close Margins in Patients With Low- to Intermediate-Grade Major Salivary Gland Carcinoma.

Postoperative radiation therapy for close surgical margins in low- to intermediate-grade salivary carcinomas lacks multi-institutional supportive evidence.

38095917

Synthesis of Bis(silylene) Iron Chlorides and Their Catalytic Activity for Dinitrogen Silylation.

In this study, three tetracoordinated bis(silylene) iron(II) chlorides, namely, [SiCHRSi]FeCl₂ (<b>1</b>) (R = H), (<b>2</b>) (R = CH₃), and (<b>3</b>) (R = Ph), were synthesized through the reactions of the three different bis(silylene) ligands [LSiCHRSiL] (L = PhC(NtBu)₂, <b>L1</b> (R = H), <b>L2</b> (R = CH₃), <b>L3</b> (R = Ph)) with FeCl₂&#183;(THF)_1.5 in THF. The bis(silylene) Fe complexes <b>1-3</b> could be used as effective catalysts for dinitrogen silylation, with complex <b>3</b> demonstrating the highest turnover number (TON) of 746 equiv among the three complexes. The catalytic mechanism was explored, revealing the involvement of the pentacoordinated bis(dinitrogen) iron(0) complexes [SiCHRSi]Fe(N₂)₂(THF), (<b>4</b>)<b>-</b>(<b>6</b>), as the active catalysts in the dinitrogen silylation reaction. Additionally, the cyclic silylene compound <b>10</b> was obtained from the reaction of <b>L1</b> with KC₈. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the molecular structures of complexes <b>1-3</b> and <b>10</b> in the solid state.

38095918

How will the identification and therapeutic intervention of genetic targets in oncology evolve for future therapy?

Mapping of the human genome, together with the broad understanding of new biomolecular pathways involved in cancer development, represents a huge dividing line for advances in cancer treatment. This special article aims to express the next evolution of cancer therapy, while also considering the challenges and uncertainties facing future directions.

38095920

Schneider C, Kon N, Amadori L, et al. FBXO11 inactivation leads to abnormal germinal-center formation and lymphoproliferative disease. Blood. 2016;128(5):660-666.

38095919

Circulating plasmablastic cells in a patient with HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease and Kaposi sarcoma.

38095921

Kasembeli MM, Kaparos E, Bharadwaj U, et al. Aberrant function of pathogenic STAT3 mutant proteins is linked to altered stability of monomers and homodimers. Blood. 2023;141(12):1411-1424.

38095922

Closing the circle for ETP ALL.

38095923

Hemostasis in arenavirus infection.

38095924

PPM1D inhibition may allow us to WIP leukemia.

38095925

HCT alleviates disease burden in CGD.

38095926

From black and white to fifty shades of grey.

38095927

Visual and acoustic exploratory behaviors toward novel stimuli in Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) under human care.

Exploratory behaviors describe the actions performed by an animal to obtain information on an object, environment, or individual by using its different senses. Exploration is described in some marine mammals, but not yet in manatees. Our study investigated behavioral and acoustic responses of two groups of Antillean manatees (<i>N</i> = 12 and <i>N</i> = 4) housed in zoological parks toward various stimuli involving three sensory modalities: visual, tactile, and auditory. Simultaneous audio and video recordings were collected during three periods of time (i.e., before, during, and after the presentation of all stimuli). Behaviors related to interest, social behaviors, the number and type of calls produced, and their frequency and duration were recorded and analyzed. Manatees reacted more to submerged stimuli than to out-of-water and sound stimuli, with an increase in approach, social contacts, and number of vocalizations. The proportion of squeaks and squeals call types also varied according to stimuli, and call entropy and F0 range varied according to periods. Our results suggest that manatees display sensory preferences when exploring stimuli, with more interest in manipulable stimuli, supporting the importance of their somatic perception. We highlight the need for particular enrichment programs (i.e., involving submerged objects) in zoological facilities. By displaying social contacts and by producing vocalizations, manatees communicate information such as their motivational state. The increase in call rate, harsh calls, and entropy values could be valid indicators of heightened arousal. We encourage further studies to associate acoustic recordings with ethological data collection to increase the understanding of manatees' behaviors andperception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095928

Evaluation of decision-making behavior under uncertainty in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and humans (Homo sapiens) using a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task.

Many animals, including humans, must make decisions when outcomes involve risk and/or ambiguity. To explore the evolutionary roots of decision making when outcomes are unknown, we modified the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) for use with tufted capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus [Cebus] apella</i>), creating the Primate Analogue Risk Task (PART). Using both the BART and the PART, we first compared human performance across the two tasks using analogous parameters. Humans' performance on the two tasks was positively correlated. Next, we tested capuchin monkeys' performance on the PART to assess their decision-making strategies in the context of ambiguity. Secondarily, although it was not the main goal of the study, this allowed us to look at species differences between capuchins' and humans' performance. Finally, we investigated the influence of prior experience on human and capuchin decision-making behavior. Neither capuchins nor humans behaved differently following an unsuccessful trial compared to a successful trial. We found individual differences in capuchin monkeys' choice behavior, though as a whole they demonstrated a pattern of reward maximization over time. Finally, as a species, capuchins had lower PART risk scores than humans. This paradigm presents a useful way to assess behavior in a context with uncertain outcomes using a comparative approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095929

Br&#248;nsted Acid-Mediated Conversion of Naturally Abundant Lathyrane Diterpenes: Are Rare 10,11-<i>seco</i>-Lathyrane Diterpenes Artifacts?

The question of whether rare 10,11-<i>seco</i>-lathyranes are natural products or artifacts is thoughtfully considered after a Br&#248;nsted acid-mediated chemical conversion of naturally abundant 5/11/3 lathyrane type diterpenes into 10,11-<i>seco</i>-lathyranes was developed. Benefiting from this concise route, a series of 10,11-<i>seco</i>-lathyrane products (<b>1</b>-<b>14</b>) were smoothly synthesized. The conversion may involve an acid promoted cyclopropane ring opening accompanied by a double bond shift with final trapping of carbocation. The ease of this chemical conversion under mildly acidic conditions may imply that the 10,11-<i>seco</i>-lathyranes isolated to date are artifacts. This work not only develops a new modular synthetic strategy for efficient constructing rare 10,11-<i>seco</i>-lathyranes, but also provides a promising bioactive diterpene with excellent effect against the NO production on LPS-induced BV-2 cells.

38095930

Construct validity, responsiveness and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale in kittens.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the construct validity, responsiveness and reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in kittens.

38095931

Correction to Hill and Norcross (2023).

Reports an error in "Psychotherapy skills and methods: Introduction to the special issue" by Clara E. Hill and John C. Norcross (<i>Psychotherapy</i>, 2023[Sep], Vol 60[3], 237-245). In the article, the correct affiliation for John C. Norcross is the Department of Psychology, University of Scranton. The online version of this article has been corrected, (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-99100-001.) This article introduces the special issue of <i>Psychotherapy</i> on evidence-based skills and methods and concomitantly, outlines the purposes and processes of the Interorganizational Task Force that guided the work. We provide the rationale for reviewing psychotherapy skills and methods, define and contrast skills and methods with other components of psychotherapy, describe how to assess skills, methods, and outcomes (immediate in-session, intermediate, and distal), how to link skills and methods with outcomes, and how to summarize the extant research on those skills and methods. Finally, we describe how the research reviews of skills and methods lead to training implications and therapeutic practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095932

Correction to Timulak et al. (2022).

Reports an error in "A comparison of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial" by Ladislav Timulak, Daragh Keogh, Craig Chigwedere, Charlotte Wilson, Fiona Ward, David Hevey, Patrick Griffin, Louise Jacobs, Suzanne Hughes, Christina Vaughan, Kea Beckham and Shona Mahon (<i>Psychotherapy</i>, 2022[Mar], Vol 59[1], 84-95). In the article, the third <i>n</i> and percentage values in the second sentence in the second paragraph of the Treatment Drop Out, Number of Sessions, Research Attrition section should appear as <i>n</i> = 6 (20.6%) at 6-month follow-up. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-26657-001.) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic mental health difficulty typically present in primary care settings. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the psychological intervention with the best evidence for its efficacy for GAD. The development of other psychological interventions can increase client choice. This feasibility trial examined an initial assessment of the efficacy of EFT in comparison to CBT in the treatment of GAD in the context of an Irish public health service. The trial provided information on recruitment, therapist training/adherence, and client retention relevant for a potential noninferiority trial. A randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of EFT versus CBT for GAD. Both therapies were offered in a 16-20 sessions format. Therapists (<i>n</i> = 8) were trained in both conditions and offered both therapies. Clients were randomly assigned to the two therapies EFT (<i>n</i> = 29) and CBT (<i>n</i> = 29). Outcomes were assessed using several measures, with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) being the primary outcome. Clients were assessed at baseline, week 16, end of therapy, and at 6-month follow-up. Therapists were able to learn the two models after a short training and showed moderate levels of adherence. Although not statistically significant, the drop out from treatment was 10% for EFT and 27% for CBT. The two therapies showed large pre-post change and similar outcomes across all measures, with these benefits retained at 6-month follow-up. Results suggest that EFT is a potentially promising treatment for GAD. Further investigation is indicated to establish its potential to expand the available psychological therapies for GAD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095933

Suicidality among individuals with gambling problems: A meta-analytic literature review.

Gambling problems have consistently been linked to suicidality, including suicidal ideation, attempts, and suicide. However, the magnitude of the relationship has varied significantly across studies and the potential causal link between gambling problems and suicidality is currently unclear. A meta-analytic literature review was conducted to (a) synthesize pooled prevalence rates of suicidality among individuals with gambling problems; (b) determine if individuals with gambling problems had an increased likelihood of reporting suicidality compared to individuals without gambling problems; and (c) review evidence on causality and directionality. A search in Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, APA PsycNet, Medline, CINAHL, ProQuest, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases identified 107 unique studies (<i>N</i> = 4,691,899) that were included for review. Studies were included if they were available in any European language and provided sufficient data for the calculation of prevalence rates or effect sizes. Two researchers extracted the data independently using a predefined coding schema that included the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses yielded pooled prevalence rates of 31.6% (95% CI [29.1%, 34.3%]) for lifetime suicidal ideation and 13.2% (95% CI [11.3%, 15.5%]) for lifetime suicide attempts. Individuals with gambling problems had significantly increased odds of reporting lifetime suicidal ideation (<i>OR</i> = 2.17, 95% CI [1.90, 2.48]) and lifetime suicide attempts (<i>OR</i> = 2.81, 95% CI [2.23, 3.54]) compared to individuals without gambling problems. Two studies reported that individuals with pathological gambling had an increased risk of dying by suicide. Metaregression analyses suggested that the risk of study bias was positively related to the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation. Sex proportions were found to moderate the odds of suicidal ideation, but the direction of the effect was inconsistent. For suicide attempts, psychiatric comorbidity and sample size were positively and inversely, respectively, associated with prevalence rates. The synthesis indicates that suicidality is common among individuals with gambling problems and hence should be addressed by help agencies. Inferences on causality and directionality are hampered by a lack of longitudinal studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095934

Mechanism of semantic processing of lexicalized and novel compound words: An eye movement study.

The integration of semantic information of compound words with context is a crucial aspect of reading comprehension. In two eye-tracking experiments, we used two-character and four-character Chinese lexicalized and novel compound words to investigate how Chinese readers integrate semantic information of compound words with contexts in the present study. By manipulating the temporary plausibility of the first constituent through varying the preceding verb, we aimed to investigate how readers process semantic information of compound words during normal reading. A significant plausibility effect pattern in the first constituent region was observed for the four-character novel words, but not for the lexicalized compound words and two-character novel compound words. However, for both two-character and four-character novel compound words, a reverse plausibility effect was found in the second constituent region. This was not the case for lexicalized compound words. These results indicate that novel compound words are integrated with the context in a decompositional manner, while lexicalized compound words are integrated holistically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095935

The dual role of culture for reconstructing early sapiens cognition.

Questions on early sapiens cognition, the cognitive abilities of our ancestors, are intriguing but notoriously hard to tackle. Leaving no hard traces in the archeological record, these abilities need to be inferred from indirect evidence, informed by our understanding of present-day cognition. Most of such attempts acknowledge the role that culture, as a faculty, has played for human evolution, but they underrate or even disregard the role of distinct cultural traditions and the ensuing diversity, both in present-day humans and as a dimension of past cognition. We argue that culture has exerted a profound impact on human cognition from the start in a dual manner: It scaffolds cognition through both development and evolution, and it thereby continually diversifies the form and content of human thinking. To unveil early sapiens cognition and retrace its evolutionary trajectories, this cognitive diversity must be considered. We present two strategies to achieve this: large-scale extrapolation and phylogenetic comparison. The former aims at filtering out diversity to determine what is basic and universal versus culturally shaped (illustrated for theory of mind abilities). The latter capitalizes on the diversity to reconstruct evolutionary trajectories (illustrated for religious beliefs). The two methods, in combination, advance our understanding of the cognitive abilities of our early sapiens ancestors and of how these abilities emerged and evolved. To conclude, we discuss the implications of this approach for our insights into early cognition itself and its scientific investigation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095936

The relation between learning and stimulus-response binding.

Perception and action rely on integrating or binding different features of stimuli and responses. Such bindings are short-lived, but they can be retrieved for a limited amount of time if any of their features is reactivated. This is particularly true for stimulus-response bindings, allowing for flexible recycling of previous action plans. A relation to learning of stimulus-response associations suggests itself, and previous accounts have proposed binding as an initial step of forging associations in long-term memory. The evidence for this claim is surprisingly mixed, however. Here we propose a framework that explains previous failures to detect meaningful relations of binding and learning by highlighting the joint contribution of three variables: (a) decay, (b) the number of repetitions, and (c) the time elapsing between repetitions. Accounting for the interplay of these variables provides a promising blueprint for innovative experimental designs that bridge the gap between immediate bindings on the one hand and lasting associations in memory on the other hand. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095937

Unique effects of sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids on episodic memory: A review and reanalysis of acute drug effects on recollection, familiarity, and metamemory.

Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence ratings from 10 previously published data sets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate two conscious states involved in episodic memory and one consciously controlled metacognitive process of memory: autonoetic retrieval of specific details (recollection), noetic recognition absent of retrieved details (familiarity), and retrospective introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). Sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on whether they impacted encoding, consolidation, or retrieval (the formation, stabilization, and access to memory traces, respectively). Sedatives at encoding reliably impaired both recollection and familiarity but at consolidation enhanced recollection. Dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding impaired recollection but less reliably impaired familiarity, and cannabinoids at retrieval increased false recollections. These drug-induced encoding impairments occasionally came with metamemory enhancements, perhaps because of less interstimulus interference. Psychedelics at encoding impaired recollection but tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding enhanced metamemory, at consolidation impaired metamemory, and at retrieval enhanced familiarity and metamemory. These findings allude to mechanisms underlying the idiosyncratic phenomena of drugs, such as blackouts from sedatives and <i>presque vu</i> from psychedelics. Finally, these findings converge on a model in which memory quantity and stability influence metamemory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095938

The relationship between social cognitive processes and behavior changes in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or dementia using the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT).

People with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia often exhibit a decline in their social abilities, but few tests of social cognition exist that are suitable for clinical use. Moreover, the relationship between changes in behavior and impairments in social cognition is poorly understood. We examined the utility of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) in people with aMCI/dementia and explored associations between social cognition performance and behavior changes.

38095939

Associations between morning affect and later-day smoking urges and behavior.

Affective experiences are associated with smoking urges and behavior. Few studies have examined the temporal nature of these associations within a day, such as whether positive and negative affect in the morning are associated with smoking urges and behavior later in the day.

38095940

Exciton-to-Dopant Energy Transfer Dynamics in Mn²⁺ Doped CsPbBr₃ Nanowires Synthesized by Diffusion Doping.

Mn²⁺ doped perovskite nanocrystals have garnered significant attention in optoelectronic applications. However, the synthesis of Mn²⁺ doped perovskite nanowires (NWs) poses challenges, and the dynamics of energy transfer from the exciton to Mn²⁺ remains unexplored, which is crucial for optimizing Mn²⁺ luminescence efficiency. Herein, we present a method to synthesize Mn²⁺ doped CsPbBr₃ NWs with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 52% by diffusing Mn²⁺ into seed CsPbBr₃ NWs grown via a hot injection method. We control the solution and lattice chemical potentials of Pb²⁺ and Mn²⁺ to enable Mn²⁺ to diffuse into the CsPbBr₃ NWs while minimizing Ostwald ripening. Variable temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that the energy transfer from the exciton to Mn²⁺ in Mn²⁺ doped CsPbBr₃ NWs is temperature dependent. A dynamic competition is observed between energy transfer and backward energy transfer, resulting in stronger Mn²⁺ photoluminescence at 80 K. This work provides a specific synthesis pathway for Mn²⁺ doped CsPbBr₃ NWs and sheds light on their exciton-to-Mn²⁺ energy transfer dynamics.

38095941

Unpacking maternal minimization responses to children's negative emotions: "Person-oriented" versus "emotion-oriented".

This research aimed to distinguish person minimization from emotion minimization in Chinese families with adolescent children. In Study 1, a scale was developed to assess two types of minimization through expert evaluations (<i>M</i>_age = 35.05 years, 89.47% females) and factor analyses of mothers' reported minimization (<i>n</i> = 417, <i>M</i>_age = 42.73 years). Study 2 showed that person minimization related to adolescents' (<i>n</i> = 412, <i>M</i>_age = 13.91 years, 44.11% females) and mothers' socioemotional dysfunction and mothers' (<i>n</i> = 412, <i>M</i>_age = 41.17 years) nonsupportive responses; emotion minimization correlated with adolescents' and mothers' cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and mothers' supportive responses. In Study 3, an experimental design was used, dividing adolescents into two groups: one group (<i>n</i> = 137, <i>M</i>_age = 12.64 years, 55.33% females) evaluating emotion minimization and the other group (<i>n</i> = 123, <i>M</i>_age = 12.74 years, 52.26% females) evaluating person minimization. The results showed that adolescents rated emotion minimization more positively than person minimization. Study 4 (<i>n</i> = 200, <i>M</i>_age = 13.85, 34.50% females) showed reciprocal relations between problematic communication patterns of adolescents' emotional distress and person minimization over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095942

Shared and unique features of epistemic emotions: Awe, surprise, curiosity, interest, confusion, and boredom.

Epistemic emotions are hardly ever studied together, making it difficult to predict what features are shared versus unique to each emotion. To address this, we conducted two autobiographical recall experiments. We compared awe, surprise, curiosity, interest, confusion, and boredom in terms of elicitors, subjective experience components, and action tendencies. Ratings were analyzed using network analyses, to describe the central features for the whole group of epistemic emotions. In addition, ratings were compared per emotion, to identify key features for each individual emotion. Results showed that valence, arousal, coping potential, and avoidance are central features of all epistemic emotions. Awe, surprise, and interest were relatively positive emotions, which together with curiosity, were associated with arousal, high coping potential, and approach. Confusion and boredom were relatively negative emotions, which were associated with low arousal, low coping potential, and avoidance. Further analyses revealed unique features of (groups of) emotions. For example, awe was associated with exceeded expectancies, while surprise was associated with both exceeded and disconfirmed expectancies. Moreover, curiosity and confusion were associated with having (too) little information, while awe and interest were associated with having sufficient information. All emotions except boredom were associated with exploration, but this was particularly high for curiosity and interest. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095943

Exploring the impact of awe on the multifaceted construct of empathy.

Empathy helps us navigate social interactions and promotes prosocial behaviors like caregiving and helping. Here, we explored whether awe, a key self-transcendent and epistemic emotion, could encourage greater empathy across seven diverse student and community samples collected between 2020 and 2022. Empathy is a multifaceted construct; thus, we assessed performance on a range of empathy measures including perspective taking accuracy (Study 2), empathic accuracy (Study 3; preregistered), emotion contagion and compassion (Study 4). We also directly tested whether awe motivated people to empathize with others (Study 5; preregistered). Although dispositional awe was positively correlated with trait measures of empathy (Study 1), experimental inductions of awe did not improve performance on empathy measures or motivate people to empathize, compared to a control (Studies 2-5). However, a moderation effect emerged in which awe had divergent effects on empathy depending on participants' self-reported dispositional levels of cognitive empathy. Although effects only reached significance in two studies (Studies 3; preregistered and 4), an internal meta-analysis revealed that awe improved empathy for those high in dispositional cognitive empathy, while marginally reducing it among those low in dispositional cognitive empathy, compared to a control. These results suggest that awe may have polarizing effects on empathy depending on one's dispositional level of cognitive empathy and reveal a potentially important role of cognitive processes in linking awe and empathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095944

Ni-Catalyzed 1,2-Alkyl Borylation and Silylation of Allenes En Route to [1,3]-Bis-Organometallic Reagents.

A nickel-catalyzed multicomponent reaction that rapidly and reliably accesses [1,3]-bis-organometallic reagents from allenes is reported. The protocol exhibits a predictable regioselectivity pattern that enables the incorporation of B,B(Si) fragments across the allene backbone under mild conditions, thus offering a complementary platform for accessing polyorganometallic reagents possessing both sp² and sp³ hybridization from readily available precursors.

38095945

Coupled Dynamics of Droplet Impact on a Flexible, Hydrophilic Cantilever Beam.

We experimentally study the droplet impact on a flexible, hydrophilic cantilever beam. Droplets of water, water-glycerol (1:1 v/v), and glycerol were considered on a copper beam. Side visualization of the droplet impact on the cantilever was carried out by using a high-speed camera. We systematically vary cantilever stiffness to obtain a characteristic time scale of the beam dynamics, that is, shorter on the same order and longer than the characteristic time scale of droplet dynamics. Water droplet spreading reduces with an increase in the beam's flexibility, due to the "springboard effect". Results reveal that a threshold cantilever length exists beyond which the droplet vibration mode "locks-in" to the cantilever vibration mode. During lock-in, the bending energy of the beam increases with an increasing length or decreasing stiffness. The time-varying cantilever deflection exhibits an oscillatory, exponentially decaying response. However, in the case where both time scales are almost the same, we found a two-stage damping in the measurements: a fast, initial damping followed by a slower, damped response. We explain this damped response by the interplay of droplet and cantilever early dynamics. As expected, increasing the droplet viscosity dampens the magnitude of droplet spreading and displacement of the cantilever's tip due to a larger dissipation of kinetic energy in the bulk of the droplet. The decay is exponential in all cases, and the time taken to reduce the spreading and displacement is shorter with a larger viscosity. The damping coefficient is found to inversely scale with the cantilever length or mass. We corroborated the measurements with available analytical models, confirming the hypotheses used to explain the results. Overall, the present study provides fundamental insights into controlling the coupled dynamics of droplet and flexible substrates, with potential applications such as the design of efficient agricultural sprays and wings of microaerial vehicles.

38095946

Incidence of feline idiopathic cystitis and urethral obstruction during COVID-19 human movement restrictions in Queensland, Australia.

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) and urethral obstruction (UO) are commonly linked to increased stress. The influence of human movement restrictions on their incidence remains undetermined. FIC with or without UO is associated with environmental stress factors. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic restricted human movement and working behaviours. It is unknown if these restrictions increased the risk of FIC or UO in cats.

38095947

The attentional boost effect reflects both enhanced memory for target-paired objects and impaired memory for distractor-paired objects.

Throughout prolonged tasks, visual attention fluctuates temporally in response to the present stimuli, task demands, and changes in available attentional resources. This temporal fluctuation has downstream effects on memory for stimuli presented during the task. Researchers have established that detection of a target (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to respond with a button press) within a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream leads to better memory for concurrently presented stimuli than for stimuli presented along with an RSVP distractor (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to withhold response). Although debates have arisen regarding whether this memory difference, termed the attentional boost effect, results from target-induced enhancement, distractor-induced impairment, or a combination of the two, researchers have largely come to focus on explanations that consider only target-induced memory enhancement. In the present study, we show across three large-sampled experiments a consistent appearance of both target-induced memory enhancement and distractor-induced memory impairment relative to a baseline. In each experiment, participants responded with a spacebar press to squares of one color in an RSVP stream while withholding response to squares of another color and trials with no square (baseline trials). They simultaneously memorized concurrently presented objects. The presence of both enhancement and impairment in these experiments invites the development of new dual-task research that considers distractor-induced memory impairment and the control of temporal selection across tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095948

Using unobserved causes to explain unexpected outcomes: The effect of existing causal knowledge on protection from extinction by a hidden cause.

People often rely on the covariation between events to infer causality. However, covariation between cues and outcomes may change over time. In the associative learning literature, extinction provides a model to study updating of causal beliefs when a previously established relationship no longer holds. Prediction error theories can explain both extinction and protection from extinction when an inhibitory (preventive) cue is present during extinction. In three experiments using the allergist causal learning task, we found that protection could also be achieved by a hidden cause that was inferred but not physically present, so long as that cause was a plausible preventer of the outcome. We additionally showed complete protection by a physically presented cue that was neutral rather than inhibitory at the outset of extinction. Both findings are difficult to reconcile with dominant prediction error theories. However, they are compatible with the idea of theory protection, where the learner attributes the absence of the outcome to the added cue (when present) or to a hidden cause, and therefore does not need to revise causal beliefs about A. Our results suggest that prediction error encourages changes in causal beliefs, but the nature of the change is determined by reasoning processes that incorporate existing knowledge of causal mechanisms and may be biased toward preservation of existing beliefs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095950

Investigating the interplay between morphosyntax and event comprehension from the perspective of intersecting object histories.

In a series of sentence-picture verification studies we contrasted, for example, "… choose the balloon with "… inflate the balloon" and "… the inflated balloon" to examine the degree to which different representational components of event representation (specifically, the different object states entailed by the inflating event; minimally, the balloon in its uninflated and inflated states) are jointly activated after state-change verbs and past participles derived from them. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the initial and end states are both activated after state-change verbs, but that the initial state is considerably less accessible after participles. Experiment 3 showed that intensifier adverbs (e.g., completely) before both state-change verbs and participles further modulate the accessibility of the initial state. And in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the initial state is accessible only because of the semantic overlap. We conclude that although state-change verbs activate representations of both the initial and end states of their event participants, their accessibility is graded, modulated by the morphosyntactic devices used to describe the event. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095949

The lab discovered: Place-for-institution metonyms appearing in subject position are processed as agents.

"Hospital" can refer to a physical place or more figuratively to the people associated with it. Such place-for-institution metonyms are common in everyday language, but there remain several open questions in the literature regarding how they are processed. The goal of the current eyetracking experiments was to investigate how metonyms are interpreted when they appear as sentence subjects in structures that are temporarily syntactically ambiguous versus unambiguous (e.g., "The hospital [that was] requested by the doctor…"). If comprehenders have a bias to interpret metonyms in subject position as agents (Fishbein & Harris, 2014), they should initially access the figurative (institutional) sense of the metonym. This interpretation is rendered incorrect at the disambiguating by-phrase, which should lead to reanalysis (i.e., garden-path effects). In Experiment 1, larger garden-path effects were observed for metonyms compared to inanimate control nouns that did not have a figurative sense. In Experiment 2, garden-path effects were equivalent for metonyms and animate sentence subjects. In addition, there was some evidence that readers exhibited initial difficulty at the verb (e.g., "requested") when it immediately followed the metonym compared to the inanimate control nouns in Experiment 1. Overall, the results suggest that the subject-as-agent heuristic is a powerful cue during sentence processing, which can prompt the comprehender to access a figurative interpretation of a metonym. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095952

Perceiving infinity: An interplay between numerical and physical magnitude.

Our mental representation of the infinite has received little research attention in cognitive psychology. In countably infinite sets, the infinity symbol (&#8734;) is presumed to be perceived as larger than any finite natural number. The present study sought to explore if the infinity symbol is processed as "larger than" natural numbers, and, if so, whether it is associated with the special status of "the largest." In a series of four experiments (<i>N</i> = 40, 20, 20, and 40, respectively), participants performed numerical and physical comparisons of the infinity symbol against single- and multidigit numbers. Overall, numerical comparisons yielded slower responses for comparisons between infinity and a number than for comparisons between two numbers. Furthermore, distance-like effects were obtained for comparisons to infinity, suggesting the infinity symbol was treated as larger than all numbers presented. Importantly, however, physical comparisons revealed a normal size congruity effect for comparisons of infinity and single digits, but a reversed effect for comparisons of infinity and multidigit numbers, suggesting that the infinity symbol was automatically processed as smaller than multidigit numbers. These novel findings reveal limitations in abstracting the meanings of infinity from its symbol, indicating that the infinity symbol is not perceived as "the largest" and can be misconceived as a "number" mapped onto the numerical magnitude system. More generally, the results seem to reflect a crude, automatic evaluation of numerical magnitude based on the physical magnitude of the stimuli, namely, their overall length and the number of symbols of which they are comprised. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095951

The (dis)engagement of different components of inhibitory control in trilingual language control.

Despite the worldwide prevalence of multilingualism, the knowledge of the relationship between domain-general cognitive control and multilingual language control remains scant. Here we provide new insights into this issue by examining systematically how different components of inhibitory control (i.e., response inhibition and interference suppression) contribute to language control in multilingual populations with high L2 proficiency. To this end, 65 Tibetan-Chinese-English trilinguals highly proficient in L2 were recruited to complete three tasks: a picture-naming task measuring the performance of online trilingual speech production, and two nonlinguistic tasks, a go/no-go task and a Simon task, as proxies for measuring response inhibition and interference suppression abilities, respectively. Using mixed-effects modeling, we analyzed both the trilingual language switching/nonswitching performances and their correlations with these two components of inhibitory control. Our data revealed unexpected patterns of reversed language dominance effect and (a)symmetries in switch costs. Notably, interaction analysis revealed that while response inhibition was robustly engaged in trilingual language control, interference suppression did not appear to play a role. Taken together, our study suggests that, for trilingual speakers highly proficient in L2, the recruitment of different subprocesses of inhibitory control in lexical access was selective and was constrained to reactive and local-level language control. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095953

Comparing partial repetition costs in two- and four-choice tasks: Evidence for abstract relational codes.

Responses are slower in two-choice tasks when either a previous stimulus feature or the previous response repeats than when all features repeat or all features change. Current views of action control posit that such partial repetition costs (PRCs) index the time to update a prior "binding" between a stimulus feature and the response or to resolve processing conflicts between retrieved and current features. However, violating a heuristic that stimulus feature repetitions and changes "signal" repetitions or changes of the previous response, respectively, may also contribute to such costs. To determine whether such relational codes affect performance, we compared PRCs in two- and four-choice tasks. While a stimulus feature repetition signals a response repetition in both tasks, a stimulus feature change signals a specific alternative response only in a two-choice task. Consistent with the signaling hypothesis, we observed similar complete repetition benefits in the two- and four-choice tasks but smaller complete change benefits in the four-choice task. We also investigated whether the smaller complete change benefit in the four-choice task-that is, the signaling effect-varies with the validity of the signal in the previous trial. In all four experiments, we observed a larger signaling effect after trials in which stimulus changes or repetitions corresponded to response changes or repetitions, respectively, than after trials in which stimulus changes did not correspond with response changes. We conclude that signaling contributes to PRCs, which indicates that bindings include relational codes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095954

Putting language switching in context: Effects of sentence context and interlocutors on bilingual switching.

Many bilinguals switch languages in daily-life conversations. Although this usually happens within sentence context and with another speaker, most research on the cognitive mechanisms underlying the production of language switches has studied individual words. Here, we examined how context influences both switching frequency and the temporal cost associated with it. Sixty Bulgarian-English bilinguals named pictures in their language of choice without any context, in a sentence context, and in interaction with another (recorded) bilingual. Switching frequency was lower, and costs higher, when bilinguals switched languages with context than without context. This suggests switching costs were not an artifact of tasks without context. Furthermore, both switching frequency and costs correlated across the tasks. In addition, we examined the potential influence of sentence context and the conversation partner. Predictability in sentence context has previously been argued to reduce language competition, which in turn could influence switching. We therefore compared sentences with a predictable or unpredictable target word. As hypothesized, bilinguals were less likely to switch languages when a word was predictable in its sentence context, potentially because words in the other language were less active. The conversation partner's overall switching behaviour had little impact on a bilingual's general switching rate, showing relatively low global alignment. However, local alignment was observed as switching was influenced by the partner's switching in the immediately preceding utterance. Together, these findings show that while production tasks without context can reliably measure switching costs, studying effects of context is necessary to better capture a bilingual's language-switching behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095955

Multimodal aspects of sentence comprehension: Do facial and color cues interact with processing negated and affirmative sentences?

Negation is usually considered as a linguistic operator reversing the truth value of a proposition. However, there are various ways to express negation in a multimodal manner. It still remains an unresolved issue whether nonverbal expressions of negation can influence linguistic negation comprehension. Based on extensive evidence demonstrating that language comprehenders are able to instantly integrate extralinguistic information such as a speaker's identity, we expected that nonverbal cues of negation and affirmation might similarly affect sentence comprehension. In three preregistered experiments, we examined how far nonverbal markers of negation and affirmation-specifically, the so-called "not face" (see Benitez-Quiroz et al., 2016) and red or green color (see Dudschig et al., 2023)-interact with comprehending negation and affirmation at the sentential level. Participants were presented with photos ("not face" vs. positive control; Experiments 1 and 2) or color patches (red vs. green; Experiment 3). They then read negated and affirmative sentences in a self-paced manner or judged the sensibility of negated and affirmative sentences (e.g., "No, I do not want to sing" vs. "Yes, I would like to buy a sofa"). Both frequentist statistics and Bayes factors resulting from linear mixed-effects analyses showed that processing times for negated and affirmative sentences were not significantly modulated by the nonverbal features under investigation. This indicates that their influence might not extend to sentential negation or affirmation comprehension. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095956

No evidence for chunking in spatial memory of route experience.

Spatial memory is important for supporting the successful completion of everyday activities and is a particularly vulnerable domain in late life. Grouping items together in memory, or chunking, can improve spatial memory performance. In memory for desktop scale spaces and well-learned large-scale environments, error patterns suggest that information is chunked in memory. However, the chunking mechanisms involved in learning new large-scale, navigable environments are poorly understood. In five experiments, two of which included young and older adult samples, participants watched movies depicting routes through building-sized environments while attempting to remember the locations of cued objects. We tested memory for the cued objects with virtual pointing, distance estimation, and map drawing tasks after participants viewed each route. Patterns of error failed to show consistent evidence of chunking in spatial memory across all experiments. One possibility is that chunking in spatial memory relies on visual perceptual grouping mechanisms that are not in play during encoding of large-scale spaces encountered through extended route experiences that do not afford concurrent viewing of target locations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095957

Free time-induced retroactive effects in working memory: Evidence from the single-gap paradigm.

Free time in a working memory task often improves the recall performances of the to-be-remembered items. It is still debated whether the free-time effect in working memory is purely proactive, purely retroactive, or both proactive and retroactive. In the present study, we used the single-gap paradigm to explore this question. In Experiment 1, we measured the gap-length effect (i.e., the difference in memory performance elicited by the gap-length difference) under three long-short-gap combinations (i.e., 2,500 ms/100 ms, 2,500 ms/500 ms, 2,500 ms/1,000 ms). Proactive effects have been observed in all the three combinations whereas retroactive effects have only been found in two of them (i.e., 2,500 ms/100 ms, 2,500 ms/500 ms). To rule out the possibility that the retroactive effects found in Experiment 1 were simply due to the temporal grouping caused by the gap, in Experiment 2, the 2,500 ms/500 ms combination was retested, with the memory materials being changed from letters (the material used in Experiment 1) to words. The results showed that the range of the retroactive effect (i.e., the number of affected memory items prior to the gap) increased when the memory material changed from letters to words, which cannot be explained by temporal grouping. Taken together, the two experiments provided solid evidence that free time in working memory could produce both retroactive and proactive effects that cannot be explained by temporal grouping. These findings also provide insight into the underlying mechanism of working memory, for example, whether rehearsal would occur during the free time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095958

Finding your roots: Do DNA ancestry tests increase racial (in)tolerance?

While it is often assumed that Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ancestry results illuminate one's true racial or ethnic lineage, the consequence of this inference remains largely unknown. This leaves two conflictual hypotheses largely untested: Do DNA ancestry tests increase racial tolerance or, alternatively, racial intolerance? Two multiwave experiments aimed to test these hypotheses using either real or bogus DNA ancestry results in combination with random assignment and a tightly controlled repeated-measurements experimental design. Bayesian and inferential analyses on both general and student populations of majority-group members in the United States (i.e., White/European Americans) indicated no support for either hypothesis on measures including multiculturalism, essentialism, and outgroup bias, even when moderating factors such as the degree of unexpected ancestry and genetic knowledge were considered. Despite wide societal optimism as well as concern, receiving DNA ancestry results appears not to impact feelings and attitudes about other racial and ethnic groups. Implications for prospective test-takers and education are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095959

Correlates of adverse childhood experiences and secondary traumatic stress in school personnel.

While previous research has noted the large numbers of school personnel with exposure to potentially traumatic experiences and its relation to secondary traumatic stress, it is unclear how different patterns of adverse childhood experiences influence secondary traumatic stress. As such, the present study employed latent profile analysis to examine natural groups of adverse childhood experience (ACE) history in 218 school mental health professionals (65% female; 55% White, 17.9% Black; 39% early career, 34% midcareer, and 28% late career; <i>M</i>_age = 32.91) and 348 teachers (80% female; 80.5% White, 6.3% Black; 16% early career, 14% midcareer, and 70% late career; <i>M</i>_age = 41.03) to examine the magnitude of secondary traumatic stress. The present study also examined the moderating effect of trauma-informed practice efficacy on the relationship between ACE history latent profiles and secondary traumatic stress. Four latent profiles were revealed among school personnel: (a) <i>low ACEs</i>, (b) <i>average</i> <i>ACEs</i> (c) <i>neglected</i>, and (d) <i>high ACEs</i>. Additionally, trauma-informed practice efficacy did not moderate the relationship between ACEs history profiles and secondary traumatic stress. Implications include targeted approaches for helping school personnel decrease secondary traumatic stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095960

Empowerment and silence: A grounded theory exploration among new teachers.

Despite the importance of understanding teacher empowerment and silence to help address issues of teacher shortage and well-being and improve school-based consultation, research on the topic has been understudied and undertheorized, particularly for new teachers. To fill this research gap, we carried out a constructivist grounded theory-based qualitative exploration of factors that contribute to new teachers' empowerment and silence during the COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of 24 first-year new teachers from a large and diverse urban school district in northern California. The findings identified different sets of psychological and social-structural factors contributing to new teachers' empowerment and silence, respectively. Factors contributing to empowerment included autonomy and a sense of accomplishment in the psychological domain and support, appreciation or being acknowledged, and shared beliefs in the social-structural domain. Factors contributing to silence included a lack of self-efficacy in the psychological domain and being limited in the decision-making process, a lack of connected and safe space, and a lack of knowledge of unwritten school norms and procedures in the social-structural domain. Findings suggest that empowerment and silence might be dual-factor constructs driven by different sets of factors that do not fully mirror each other. Findings provided important theoretical and practical implications for creating psychological and social-structural supports to promote new teachers' well-being, increasing school psychologists' effectiveness in providing consultation services with new teachers as their consultees, and creating safe and connected spaces for sharing voices among new teachers with diverse backgrounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095961

Collaborative mental health for children: Perspectives of school and clinical psychologists.

There is a need for increased collaboration between mental health providers who work with children and youth to increase continuity of care across settings. While schools can be an optimal location for mental health support, school psychologists often have to work with clinical providers given the increases in youth mental health needs and the shortage of school-based providers. This study used an online survey with a mixed-methods approach to understand the collaboration practices of school and clinical psychologists. A sample of 57 practitioners in the United States were asked to provide their perceptions of the roles of their interagency providers, their collaboration practices, and the benefits or barriers in the collaboration process. Findings indicated differences in providers' perceptions of the quality of assessments conducted and the importance of particular psychological practices to the roles of clinical and school psychologists. Content analysis of open-ended responses found that while providers acknowledge the benefits of collaboration there was distrust among providers. Implications for training programs and future research directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095962

Evaluating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales-Short Form.

The Academic Competence Evaluation Scales-Short Form (ACES-SF) is a brief measure of students' academic skills and academic enablers that is completed by K-12 teachers for screening and intervention planning purposes. This study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the ACES-SF using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to support cross-group comparisons of students' academic competence across grade level, gender, and race/ethnicity. The sample included 512 certified K-8 teachers from across the United States who provided demographic information and ACES-SF ratings for 1,024 students (50% female). Results indicated good fit of a seven-factor structure and full scalar invariance across gender, grade level, and race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095963

Teacher-directed violence and anxiety and stress: Predicting intentions to transfer and quit.

Teacher well-being and experiences of violence have become issues of national concern, and teacher shortages have increased since the onset of COVID-19. In this national study, we examined verbal and physical violence against teachers from multiple aggressors and the role of anxiety and stress in predicting intentions to transfer positions or quit the profession. The majority of the sample of 9,370 pre-Kindergarten-12th grade teachers was White (79%) and female (79%). Descriptive analyses revealed that 25% of teachers reported intentions to transfer schools and 43% of teachers reported intentions to quit teaching. Structural equation model results indicated pre-COVID-19 verbal and threatening violence from students, parents, colleagues, and administrators predicted teacher anxiety and stress and intentions to transfer schools (<i>R</i>&#178; ranged from .18 to .23) and quit the profession during COVID-19 (<i>R</i>&#178; ranged from .34 to .36). Anxiety and stress significantly mediated the relation between verbal and threatening violence across all aggressors and teacher intentions to transfer schools and quit the profession. Physical violence from certain aggressors predicted anxiety and stress and intention to transfer schools (<i>R</i>&#178; ranged from .15 to .18) and quit the profession (<i>R</i>&#178; ranged from .32 to .34). Further, teacher and school characteristics, such as identifying as a person of color and teaching at the middle and high school levels, were associated with greater intentions to transfer schools and quit the profession. Implications for school-based research, practice, and policy are discussed to address violence and promote positive work and learning environments for all school stakeholders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095964

Conducting school-based research with newcomer immigrant adolescents: Challenges and solutions.

Newcomer immigrant adolescents (NIA) represent a particularly vulnerable group in the United States, facing numerous stressors placing them at risk for social-emotional and academic concerns. Schools play a critical role in supporting NIA in the United States. Despite this, insufficient research addressing the needs of this group within schools has been conducted. Considering the complexity of engaging in community-based research with marginalized populations, such as NIA, in this article, we elaborate on the challenges we faced during our research with NIA and propose solutions to these challenges. We do so with the goal of promoting continued engagement of such efforts within our field as to better address the needs of NIA within the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095965

Two-Pronged Dormant Photosensitizer-Antibiotic Bacterial Inactivation: Mechanism, Dosage, and Cellular Evolution Visualized at the Single-Cell Level.

Innovative therapeutic approaches are required to battle the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Tapping on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in bacteria induced by bactericidal antibiotics, here we report a two-pronged strategy for bacterial inactivation relying on the synergistic combination of a bactericidal antibiotic and newly designed dormant photosensitizers (DoPSs) that activate in the presence of ROS. Intramolecular quenching renders DoPS inert in the presence of light. ROS trapping by DoPS aborts the quenching mechanism unmasking, in equal proportions, singlet oxygen (¹O₂) sensitization and fluorescence emission. Juxtaposed antioxidant-prooxidant activity built within our DoPS enables (i) initial activation of a few molecules by ROS and (ii) subsequent rapid activation of all DoPS in a bacterium via a domino effect mediated by photogenerated ¹O₂. Bulk colony forming unit studies employing the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic illustrate rapid and selective inactivation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> only in the presence of light, antibiotic, and DoPS. Single-cell, real-time imaging studies on <i>E. coli</i> reveal an autocatalytic progression of DoPS activation from focal points, providing a unique amplification system for sensing. Single-cell analysis further illustrates the impact of DoPS cellular loading on the rate of DoPS activation and cell death times and on the ¹O₂ dosing necessary for cell death to occur. Our two-pronged therapy discriminates based on cell metabolites and has the potential to result in lower toxicity, pave the way to reduced drug resistance, and provide insightful mechanistic information about bacterial membrane response to ¹O₂.

38095966

Can't wait to pay: The desire for goal closure increases impatience for costs.

We explore whether the desire to achieve psychological closure on a goal creates impatience. If so, people should choose an earlier (vs. later) option, even when it does not deliver a reward. For example, they may prefer to pay money or complete work earlier rather than later. A choice to incur earlier costs seems to violate the preference for positive discounting (indeed, it may appear like negative time discounting), unless people value earlier goal closure. Across seven studies, we consistently find that people preferred to pay more money sooner over less money later (Study 1) and complete more work sooner over less work later (Studies 2-5) more when they had a stronger desire for goal closure, such as when the sooner option allowed them to achieve goal closure and when the goal would otherwise linger on their minds (compared to when it would not). The implications of goal closure extend to impatience for gains (Studies 6-7), as people preferred less money sooner (vs. more later) when it allowed them to achieve goal closure. These findings suggest that the desire to achieve goal closure is an important aspect of time preferences. Taking this desire into account can explain marketplace anomalies and inform interventions to reduce impatience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095967

Intergroup time bias and aversive racism in the medical context.

Time is fundamental to organizing all aspects of human life. When invested in relationships, it has a psychological meaning as it indicates how much individuals value others and their interest in maintaining social relationships. Previous research has identified an intergroup time bias (ITB) in racialized social relations, defined as a discriminatory behavior in which White individuals invest more time in evaluating White than Black individuals. This research proposes an aversive racism explanation for the ITB effect and examines its consequences in the medical context. In four experimental studies (<i>N</i> = 434), we found that White medical trainees invested more time in forming impressions of White (vs. Black) male patients. Study 5 (<i>N</i> = 193) further revealed more time investment in diagnosing, assessing pain, and prescribing opioids for White than Black male patients. This biased time effect mediated the impact of patients' skin color on health care outcomes, leading to greater diagnostic accuracy and pain perception, and lower opioid prescriptions. A meta-analytical integration of the results (Study 6) confirmed the ITB effect reliability across experiments and that it is stronger in participants with an aversive racist profile (vs. consistently prejudiced or nonprejudiced). These findings provide the first evidence that bias in time investment favoring White (vs. Black) patients is associated with aversive racism and impacts medical health care outcomes. Furthermore, these results offer insights into the sociopsychological meaning of time investment in health care and provide a theoretical explanation for an understudied insidious form of discrimination that is critical to comprehending the persistency of racial health care disparities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

38095968

Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes.

The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.

38095969

Validating the Use of Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy for Defect Quantification in 2D Materials.

Defects significantly affect the electronic, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Thus, it is critical to develop a method for convenient and reliable defect quantification. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) possess the required atomic resolution but have practical disadvantages. Here, we benchmark conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) by a direct comparison with STM in the characterization of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The results conclusively demonstrate that CAFM and STM image identical defects, giving results that are equivalent both qualitatively (defect appearance) and quantitatively (defect density). Further, we confirm that CAFM can achieve single-atom resolution, similar to that of STM, on both bulk and monolayer samples. The validation of CAFM as a facile and accurate tool for defect quantification provides a routine and reliable measurement that can complement other standard characterization techniques.

38095970

The affective benefits of real-world exploration during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Increasing daily exploration is linked to improvements in affective well-being. However, COVID-19 elevated uncertainty when leaving the home, altering the risk-reward of balance of geospatial novelty. To this end, we simultaneously collected real-world geospatial tracking and experience sampling of emotion, prior to and during the first year of the pandemic in 630 individuals. COVID-19 reduced exploration and subjective well-being. Yet, despite the health risks of exploring during the pandemic, the days of highest affective well-being were those when individuals explored the most. However, this was not true for everyone: during the first months of the pandemic, at the height of the uncertainty surrounding the transmissibility and prognosis of a COVID-19 infection, more anxious individuals experienced no affective benefit to leaving home. Taken together, real-world exploration improved well-being regardless of the presence of real-world threat, but anxiety mitigated these benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).