constant depth reducibility the purpose of this paper is to study reducibilities that can be computed by combinational logic networks of polynomial size and constant depth containing and s or s and not s with no bound placed on the fan in of and gates and or gates two such reducibilities are defined and reductions and equivalences among several common problems such as parity sorting integer multiplication graph connectivity bipartite matching and network flow are given certain problems are shown to be complete with respect to these reducibilities in the complexity classes deterministic logarithmic space nondeterministic logarithmic space and deterministic polynomial time new upper bounds on the size depth unbounded fan in circuit complexity of symmetric boolean functions are established

accurate projection methods for the incompressible navier stokes equations abstract this paper considers the accuracy of projection method approximations to the initial boundary value problem for the incompressible navier stokes equations the issue of how to correctly specify numerical boundary conditions for these methods has been outstanding since the birth of the second order methodology a decade and a half ago it has been observed that while the velocity can be reliably computed to second order accuracy in time and space the pressure is typically only first order accurate in the l norm this paper identifies the source of this problem in the interplay of the global pressure update formula with the numerical boundary conditions and presents an improved projection algorithm which is fully second order accurate as demonstrated by a normal mode analysis and numerical experiments in addition a numerical method based on a gauge variable formulation of the incompressible navier stokes equations which provides another option for obtaining fully second order convergence in both velocity and pressure is discussed the connection between the boundary conditions for projection methods and the gauge method is explained in detail

a finite difference galerkin formulation for the incompressible navier stokes equations abstract the development of a new computational method for solving the incompressible navier stokes equations in primitive variable form is presented it is found that certain finite difference approximations for these equations can be transformed into an equivalent system which efficiently determines the discrete velocity field and which completely eliminates the pressure two such difference schemes for two dimensional problems are examined and some preliminary numerical results are discussed for the steady driven cavity problem

an unsplit higher order godunov method for scalar conservation laws in multiple dimensions abstract in this paper we develop an unsplit higher order godunov method for scalar conservation laws in two dimensions the method represents an extension for the special case being considered of methods developed by colella and by van leer in our method we begin with a piecewise bilinear representation of the solution on each grid cell a new piecewise bilinear representation at the next time level is then obtained from a two step procedure in the first step a conservative predictor corrector scheme derived from the integral form of the differential equation and characteristic considerations is used to obtain average values of the solution over grid cells at the new time level next these new average values are then used to construct a limited piecewise bilinear profile for each cell at the new time level the resulting method is shown to satisfy a maximum principle for constant coefficient linear advection computational results are presented comparing the new method to colella s method for linear advection the method is also applied to two model problems from porous media flow miscible and immiscible displacement the new scheme provides accurate resolution of sharp fronts without any significant distortion

application of a fractional step method to incompressible navier stokes equations a numerical method for computing three dimensional time dependent incompressible flows is presented the method is based on a fractional step or time splitting scheme in conjunction with the approximate factorization technique it is shown that the use of velocity boundary conditions for the intermediate velocity field can lead to inconsistent numerical solutions appropriate boundary conditions for the intermediate velocity field are derived and tested numerical solutions for flows inside a driven cavity and over a backward facing step are presented and compared with experimental data and other numerical results

stable and accurate pressure approximation for unsteady incompressible viscous flow how to properly specify boundary conditions for pressure is a longstanding problem for the incompressible navier stokes equations with no slip boundary conditions an analytical resolution of this issue stems from a recently developed formula for the pressure in terms of the commutator of the laplacian and leray projection operators here we make use of this formula to a improve the accuracy of computing pressure in two kinds of existing time discrete projection methods implicit in viscosity only and b devise new higher order accurate time discrete projection methods that extend a slip correction idea behind the well known finite difference scheme of kim and moin we test these schemes for stability and accuracy using various combinations of c 0 finite elements for all three kinds of time discretization one can obtain third order accuracy for both pressure and velocity without a time step stability restriction of diffusive type furthermore two kinds of projection methods are found stable using piecewise linear elements for both velocity and pressure

error estimates for an operator splitting method for navier stokes equations second order schemes we present in this paper an error analysis of a fractional step method for the approximation of the unsteady incompressible navier stokes equations under mild regularity assumptions on the continuous solution we obtain second order error estimates in the time step size both for velocity and pressure numerical results in agreement with the error analysis are also presented

the accuracy of the fractional step method we analyze the accuracy of the fractional step method of kim and moin j comput phys 59 1985 pp 308 323 for the incompressible navier stokes equations we show that the boundary conditions cannot be exactly satisfied in the projection step and that this limits the accuracy of the method we also show that the pressure in any projection method can be at best first order accurate our analysis is simpler and more direct than the previous analyses of this method we also show that there is no numerical boundary layer for velocity or pressure but there is one for the auxiliary pressure variable

a quadratic spline based interface quasi reconstruction algorithm for accurate tracking of two phase flows a new quadratic spline based interface quasi reconstruction algorithm is presented which provides an accurate and continuous representation of the interface in a multiphase domain and facilitates the direct estimation of local interfacial curvature the fluid interface in each of the mixed cells is represented by piecewise parabolic curves and an initial discontinuous plic approximation of the interface is progressively converted into a smooth quadratic spline made of these parabolic curves the conversion is achieved by a sequence of predictor corrector operations enforcing function c 0 and derivative c 1 continuity at the cell boundaries using simple analytical expressions for the continuity requirements the efficacy and accuracy of the current algorithm has been demonstrated using standard test cases involving reconstruction of known static interface shapes and dynamically evolving interfaces in prescribed flow situations these benchmark studies illustrate that the present algorithm performs excellently as compared to the other interface reconstruction methods available in literature quadratic rate of error reduction with respect to grid size has been observed in all the cases with curved interface shapes only in situations where the interface geometry is primarily flat the rate of convergence becomes linear with the mesh size the flow algorithm implemented in the current work is designed to accurately balance the pressure gradients with the surface tension force at any location as a consequence it is able to minimize spurious flow currents arising from imperfect normal stress balance at the interface this has been demonstrated through the standard test problem of an inviscid droplet placed in a quiescent medium finally the direct curvature estimation ability of the current algorithm is illustrated through the coupled multiphase flow problem of a deformable air bubble rising through a column of water

on convergence of block centered finite differences for elliptic problems we consider linear selfadjoint elliptic problems with neumann boundary conditions in rectangular domains we demonstrate that with sufficiently smooth data the discrete l 2 norm errors for tensor product block centered finite differences in both the approximate solution and its first derivatives are second order for all nonuniform grids extensions to nonselfadjoint and parabolic problems are discussed

on error estimates of the projection methods for the navier stokes equations second order schemes we present in this paper a rigorous error analysis of several projection schemes for the approximation of the unsteady incompressible navier stokes equations the error analysis is accomplished by interpreting the respective projection schemes as second order time discretizations of a perturbed system which approximates the navier stokes equations numerical results in agreement with the error analysis are also presented

a cartesian grid embedded boundary method for hyperbolic conservation laws we present a second order godunov algorithm to solve time dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on irregular domains our approach is based on a formally consistent discretization of the conservation laws on a finite volume grid obtained from intersecting the domain with a cartesian grid we address the small cell stability problem associated with such methods by hybridizing our conservative discretization with a stable nonconservative discretization at irregular control volumes and redistributing the difference in the mass increments to nearby cells in a way that preserves stability and local conservation the resulting method is second order accurate in l 1 for smooth problems and is robust in the presence of large amplitude discontinuities intersecting the irregular boundary

a gradient augmented level set method for unstructured grids we present and test a gradient augmented level set method for unstructured grids which has been designed to allow for easy integration in parallel flow solvers the means to this end is a hermite formulation where the gradient is stored and advected as an independent variable along with the level set function the method uses narrow band storage in conjunction with a fast marching method which is also designed to take advantage of the gradient augmentation we demonstrate through standard passive advection test cases that the proposed method is able to compute interface motion with performance comparable to popular high performing methods on structured grids

on some classes of nonstationary axially symmetric solutions to the navier stokes equations in the paper the navier stokes equations are studied in axially symmetric cases of nonstationary motion with rotation of incompressible viscous fluids the problem is reduced to a nonlinear system of three partial differential equations for three unknown functions of the cylindrical coordinates r and z and time t the three functions are sought in the form of power series in r with coefficients depending on t and z for the unknown coefficients recurrence relations are obtained which contain three arbitrary functions the relations are examined in three particular cases in which they give analytical solutions to the navier stokes equations for any values of the coordinates t z and r

the binary network flow problem is logspace complete for p abstract it is shown that the problem of whether the maximum flow in a given network exceeds a given natural number is logspace many one complete for p if the edge capacities are presented in binary even if the problem is restricted to acyclic graphs this improves a result by goldschlager et al 1982 that this problem is logspace turing complete for p

pressure stability in fractional step finite element methods for incompressible flows abstract the objective of this paper is to analyze the pressure stability of fractional step finite element methods for incompressible flows that use a pressure poisson equation for the classical first order projection method it is shown that there is a pressure control which depends on the time step size and therefore there is a lower bound for this time step for stability reasons the situation is much worse for a second order scheme in which part of the pressure gradient is kept in the momentum equation the pressure stability in this case is extremely weak to overcome these shortcomings a stabilized fractional step finite element method is also considered and its stability is analyzed some simple numerical examples are presented to support the theoretical results

a new family of 5 5 cc 4oc schemes applicable for unsteady navier stokes equations in this paper a new family of implicit compact finite difference schemes for computation of unsteady convection diffusion equation with variable convection coefficient is proposed the schemes which are fourth order accurate in space and second or lower order accurate in time depending on the choice of weighted time average parameter are then applied to unsteady navier stokes system the proposed schemes where transport variable and its first derivatives are carried as the unknowns combine virtues of compact discretization and pade scheme for spatial derivative these schemes which are based on a five point stencil with constant coefficients named as 5 5 constant coefficient 4th order compact 5 5 cc 4oc give rise to a diagonally dominant system of equations and shows higher accuracy and better phase and amplitude error characteristics than some of the standard methods these schemes are capable of using a grid aspect ratio other than unity and are unconditionally stable they efficiently capture both transient and steady solutions of linear and nonlinear convection diffusion equations with dirichlet as well as neumann boundary conditions subsequently the proposed schemes are applied to problems governed by the incompressible navier stokes equations the results obtained are in excellent agreement with analytical and available numerical results in all cases establishing efficiency and accuracy of the proposed schemes

some inequalities for information divergence and related measures of discrimination inequalities which connect information divergence with other measures of discrimination or distance between probability distributions are used in information theory and its applications to mathematical statistics ergodic theory and other scientific fields we suggest new inequalities of this type often based on underlying identities as a consequence we obtain certain improvements of the well known pinsker inequality our study depends on two measures of discrimination called capacitory discrimination and triangular discrimination the discussion contains references to related research and comparison with other measures of discrimination e g ali silvey csiszar 1996 1966 divergences and in particular the hellinger distance

a high order semi implicit imex weno scheme for the all mach isentropic euler system abstract in this paper new high order schemes are constructed and analyzed for the numerical solution of euler equations of isentropic gas dynamics material waves are treated explicitly while acoustic waves are treated implicitly thus avoiding severe cfl restrictions for low mach flows high order accuracy in space is obtained by finite difference weno schemes while high order in time is obtained by imex methods with semi implicit linearization treatment the schemes are proven to be asymptotic preserving and asymptotic accurate as the mach number vanishes several tests in one and two space dimensions illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes

a second order accurate projection method for the incompressible navier stokes equations on non graded adaptive grids we present an unconditionally stable second order accurate projection method for the incompressible navier stokes equations on non graded adaptive cartesian grids we employ quadtree and octree data structures as an efficient means to represent the grid we use the supra convergent poisson solver of c h min f gibou h ceniceros a supra convergent finite difference scheme for the variable coefficient poisson equation on fully adaptive grids cam report 05 29 j comput phys in press a second order accurate semi lagrangian method to update the momentum equation an unconditionally stable backward difference scheme to treat the diffusion term and a new method that guarantees the stability of the projection step on highly non graded grids we sample all the variables at the grid nodes producing a scheme that is straightforward to implement we propose two and three dimensional examples to demonstrate second order accuracy for the velocity field and the divergence free condition in the l1 and l norms

a multi dimensional finite volume cell centered direct ale solver for hydrodynamics in this paper we describe a second order multi dimensional scheme belonging to the class of direct arbitrary lagrangianeulerian ale methods for the solution of non linear hyperbolic systems of conservation law the scheme is constructed upon a cell centered explicit lagrangian solver completed with an edge based upwinded formulation of the numerical fluxes computed from the muscl hancock method to obtain a full ale formulation numerical fluxes depend on nodal grid velocities which are either set or computed to avoid most of the mesh problems typically encountered in purely lagrangian simulations in order to assess the robustness of the scheme most results proposed in this paper have been obtained by computing the grid velocities as a fraction of the lagrangian nodal velocities the ratio being set before running the test case the last part of the paper describes preliminary results about the triple point test case run in the ale framework by computing the grid velocities with the fully adaptive large eddy limitation l e l method proposed in 1 such a method automatically computes the grid velocities at each node defining the mesh from the local characteristics of the flow we eventually discuss the advantages and the drawback of the coupling

a conservative immersed interface method for large eddy simulation of incompressible flows we propose a conservative second order accurate immersed interface method for representing incompressible fluid flows over complex three dimensional solid obstacles on a staggered cartesian grid the method is based on a finite volume discretization of the incompressible navier stokes equations which is modified locally in cells that are cut by the interface in such a way that accuracy and conservativity are maintained a level set technique is used for description and tracking of the interface geometry so that an extension of the method to moving boundaries and flexible walls is straightforward numerical stability is ensured for small cells by a conservative mixing procedure discrete conservation and sharp representation of the fluid solid interface render the method particularly suitable for large eddy simulations of high reynolds number flows accuracy second order grid convergence and robustness of the method is demonstrated for several test cases inclined channel flow at re 20 flow over a square cylinder at re 100 flow over a circular cylinder at re 40 re 100 and re 3900 as well as turbulent channel flow with periodic constrictions at re 10 595

an accurate second order approximation factorization method for time dependent incompressible navier stokes equations in spherical polar coordinates a finite difference method for solving three dimensional time dependent incompressible navier stokes equations in spherical polar coordinates is presented in detail a new algorithm which is second order accurate in time and space is considered and decoupling between the velocity and the pressure is achieved by this algorithm further the numerical method is tested by computing the spherical couette flow between two concentric spheres with the inner one rotating a comparison of the numerical solutions with available numerical results and experimental measurements is made it is demonstrated that the numerical code is valid for solving three dimensional unsteady incompressible navier stokes equations in spherical polar coordinates

an accurate adaptive solver for surface tension driven interfacial flows a method combining an adaptive quad octree spatial discretisation geometrical volume of fluid interface representation balanced force continuum surface force surface tension formulation and height function curvature estimation is presented the extension of these methods to the quad octree discretisation allows adaptive variable resolution along the interface and is described in detail the method is shown to recover exact equilibrium to machine accuracy between surface tension and pressure gradient in the case of a stationary droplet irrespective of viscosity and spatial resolution accurate solutions are obtained for the classical test case of capillary wave oscillations an application to the capillary breakup of a jet of water in air further illustrates the accuracy and efficiency of the method the source code of the implementation is freely available as part of the gerris flow solver

efficient implementation of thinc scheme in this paper we improve the multi dimensional thinc tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing scheme f xiao y honma t kono a simple algebraic interface capturing scheme using hyperbolic tangent function int j numer meth fluid 48 2005 1023 the thinc scheme is a vof volume of fluid type method in the original thinc scheme one dimensional thinc scheme was straightforwardly used for multi dimensional cases in this paper we propose the wlic weighed line interface calculation method to extend the thinc scheme to multi dimension in the wlic method the interface is reconstructed by taking an average of line interfaces along x y and z coordinates with the weights calculated from surface normal the wlic method can extend the thinc scheme to multi dimension while maintaining simplicity of implementation and achieve a higher accuracy than the original thinc scheme the wlic method can readily extend the thinc scheme to three dimension

a level set approach for computing solutions to incompressible two phase flow a level set approach for computing solutions to incompressible two phase flow is presented the interface between the two fluids is considered to be sharp and is described as the zero level set of a smooth function a new treatment of the level set method allows us to efficiently maintain the level set function as the signed distance from the interface we never have to explicitly reconstruct or find the zero level set consequently we are able to handle arbitrarily complex topologies large density and viscosity ratios and surface tension on relatively coarse grids we use a second order projection method along with a second order upwinded procedure for advecting the momentum and level set equations we consider the motion of air bubbles and water drops we also compute flows with multiple fluids such as air oil and water

a high order discontinuous galerkin method for 2d incompressible flows in this paper we introduce a high order discontinuous galerkin method for two dimensional incompressible flow in the vorticity stream function formulation the momentum equation is treated explicitly utilizing the efficiency of the discontinuous galerkin method the stream function is obtained by a standard poisson solver using continuous finite elements there is a natural matching between these two finite element spaces since the normal component of the velocity field is continuous across element boundaries this allows for a correct upwinding gluing in the discontinuous galerkin framework while still maintaining total energy conservation with no numerical dissipation and total enstrophy stability the method is efficient for inviscid or high reynolds number flows optimal error estimates are proved and verified by numerical experiments

projection method i convergence and numerical boundary layers this is the first of a series of papers on the subject of projection methods for viscous incompressible flow calculations the purpose of these papers is to provide a thorough understanding of the

the immersed boundary method for advection electrodiffusion with implicit timestepping and local mesh refinement we describe an immersed boundary method for problems of fluid solute structure interaction the numerical scheme employs linearly implicit timestepping allowing for the stable use of timesteps that are substantially larger than those permitted by an explicit method and local mesh refinement making it feasible to resolve the steep gradients associated with the space charge layers as well as the chemical potential which is used in our formulation to control the permeability of the membrane to the possibly charged solute low reynolds number fluid dynamics are described by the time dependent incompressible stokes equations which are solved by a cell centered approximate projection method the dynamics of the chemical species are governed by the advection electrodiffusion equations and our semi implicit treatment of these equations results in a linear system which we solve by gmres preconditioned via a fast adaptive composite grid fac solver numerical examples demonstrate the capabilities of this methodology as well as its convergence properties

multistage explicit advective prediction for projection type incompressible flow solvers a multistep advective predictor has been developed within the context of projection schemes for incompressible flows the key idea is to integrate with schemes of different order the different regions of the domain in regions where advection dominates multistepping yields a considerable benefit in those regions where viscosity dominates the scheme reverts naturally to the original one step scheme several examples show savings of the order of 1 3 1 10 as compared with standard projection schemes even for transient problems given that these benefits can be a achieved with a very modest change in existing codes the proposed multistage advective predictor should be widely applicable

a stable and convergent scheme for viscoelastic flow in contraction channels we present a new algorithm to simulate unsteady viscoelastic flows in abrupt contraction channels in our approach we split the viscoelastic terms of the oldroyd b constitutive equation using duhamel s formula and discretize the resulting pdes using a semi implicit finite difference method based on a lax wendroff method for hyperbolic terms in particular we leave a small residual elastic term in the viscous limit by design to make the hyperbolic piece well posed a projection method is used to impose the incompressibility constraint we are able to compute the full range of unsteady elastic flows in an abrupt contraction channel from the viscous limit to the elastic limit in a stable and convergent manner we demonstrate the range of our method for unsteady flow of a maxwell fluid with and without viscosity in planar contraction channels we also demonstrate stable and convergent results for benchmark high weissenberg number problems at we 1 and we 10

a surface marker algorithm coupled to an area preserving marker redistribution method for three dimensional interface tracking in this work we present a new interface tracking algorithm based on surface markers to reconstruct and advect interfaces in three dimensional space the algorithm is coupled to a marker redistribution method which is area preserving along the interface the interface is described by a set of closed lines which define a coarse lagrangian quadrangular mesh in the fixed computational grid fixed markers are located where the lines cross and are maintained during the whole simulation at each time step the interface is first reconstructed and then all markers are advected by following streamlines in the reconstruction step new markers are determined by computing the intersections of the interface lines with the grid cell faces and by adding area conservation markers between fixed and grid intersection markers intersection and conservation markers defined at the previous time step are discarded the method maintains a smooth geometrical description of the interface for both two dimensional and three dimensional tests with accurate volume conservation even in very challenging situations where the fluid bodies progressively deform and stretch developing localized regions with very high curvature and thin fluid filaments the method compares favorably with front capturing methods such as volume of fluid and level set and other hybrid techniques such as the particle level set method

discrete exterior calculus discretization of incompressible navier stokes equations over surface simplicial meshes a conservative discretization of incompressible navier stokes equations is developed based on discrete exterior calculus dec a distinguishing feature of our method is the use of an algebraic discretization of the interior product operator and a combinatorial discretization of the wedge product the governing equations are first rewritten using the exterior calculus notation replacing vector calculus differential operators by the exterior derivative hodge star and wedge product operators the discretization is then carried out by substituting with the corresponding discrete operators based on the dec framework numerical experiments for flows over surfaces reveal a second order accuracy for the developed scheme when using structured triangular meshes and first order accuracy for otherwise unstructured meshes by construction the method is conservative in that both mass and vorticity are conserved up to machine precision the relative error in kinetic energy for inviscid flow test cases converges in a second order fashion with both the mesh size and the time step

a sharp interface method for incompressible two phase flows we present a sharp interface method for computing incompressible immiscible two phase flows it couples the level set and volume of fluid techniques and retains their advantages while overcoming their weaknesses it is stable and robust even for large density and viscosity ratios on the order of 1000 to 1 the numerical method is an extension of the second order method presented by sussman m sussman a second order coupled levelset and volume of fluid method for computing growth and collapse of vapor bubbles journal of computational physics 187 2003 110 136 in which the previous method treated the gas pressure as spatially constant and the present method treats the gas as a second incompressible fluid the new method yields solutions in the zero gas density limit which are comparable in accuracy to the method in which the gas pressure was treated as spatially constant this improvement in accuracy allows one to compute accurate solutions on relatively coarse grids thereby providing a speed up over continuum or ghost fluid methods

efficient algorithm on a nonstaggered mesh for simulating rayleigh benard convection in a box an efficient semi implicit second order accurate finite difference method is described for studying incompressible rayleigh benard convection in a box with sidewalls that are periodic thermally insulated or thermally conducting operator splitting and a projection method reduce the algorithm at each time step to the solution of four helmholtz equations and one poisson equation and these are are solved by fast direct methods the method is numeri cally stable even though all field values are placed on a single non staggered mesh commensurate with the boundaries the efficiency and accuracy of the method are characterized for several representative convection problems

stochastic galerkin methods for elliptic interface problems with random input in this work we consider random elliptic interface problems namely the media in elliptic equations have both randomness and interfaces a galerkin method using bi orthogonal polynomials is used to convert the random problem into an uncoupled system of deterministic interface problems a principle on how to choose the orders of the approximated polynomial spaces is given based on the sensitivity analysis in random spaces with which the total degree of freedom can be significantly reduced then immersed finite element methods are introduced to solve the resulting system convergence results are given both theoretically and numerically

temporal integrators for fluctuating hydrodynamics including the effect of thermal fluctuations in traditional computational fluid dynamics requires developing numerical techniques for solving the stochastic partial differential equations of fluctuating hydrodynamics these langevin equations possess a special fluctuation dissipation structure that needs to be preserved by spatio temporal discretizations in order for the computed solution to reproduce the correct long time behavior in particular numerical solutions should approximate the gibbs boltzmann equilibrium distribution and ideally this will hold even for large time step sizes we describe finite volume spatial discretizations for the fluctuating burgers and fluctuating incompressible navier stokes equations that obey a discrete fluctuation dissipation balance principle just like the continuum equations we develop implicit explicit predictor corrector temporal integrators for the resulting stochastic method of lines discretization these stochastic runge kutta schemes treat diffusion implicitly and advection explicitly are weakly second order accurate for additive noise for small time steps and give a good approximation to the equilibrium distribution even for very strong fluctuations numerical results demonstrate that a midpoint predictor corrector scheme is very robust over a broad range of time step sizes

a grid based particle method for moving interface problems we propose a novel algorithm for modeling interface motions the interface is represented and is tracked using quasi uniform meshless particles these particles are sampled according to an underlying grid such that each particle is associated to a grid point which is in the neighborhood of the interface the underlying grid provides an eulerian reference and local sampling rate for particles on the interface it also renders neighborhood information among the meshless particles for local reconstruction of the interface the resulting algorithm which is based on lagrangian tracking using meshless particles with eulerian reference grid can naturally handle control topological changes moreover adaptive sampling of the interface can be achieved easily through local grid refinement with simple quad oct tree data structure extensive numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of our new algorithm

physically motivated domain decomposition for singularly perturbed equations a domain decomposition algorithm suitable for the efficient and accurate solution of a parabolic reaction convection diffusion equation with small parameter multiplying the diffusion term is presented convergence is established via maximum principle arguments the equation arises in the modeling of laminar transonic flow decomposition into subdomains is accomplished via singular perturbation analysis which dictates regions where certain reduced equations may be solved in place of the full equation effectively preconditioning the problem this paper concentrates on the theoretical basis of the method establishing local and global a priori error bounds

a second order projection method for the incompressible navier stokes equations in this paper we describe a second order projection method for the time dependent incom pressible navier stokes equations as in the original projection method developed by chorin we first solve diffusion convection equations to predict intermediate velocities which are then projected onto the space of divergence free vector fields by introducing more coupling between the diffusion onvection step and the projection step we obtain a temporal discretiza tion that is second order accurate our treatment of the diffusion convection step uses a specialized higher order godunov method for differencing the nonlinear convective terms that provides a robust treatment of these terms at high reynolds number the godunov procedure is second order accurate for smooth flow and remains stable for discontinuous initial data even in the zero viscosity limit we approximate the projection directly using a galerkin procedure that uses a local basis for discretely divergence free vector fields numerical results are presented validating the convergence properties of the method we also apply the method to doubly periodic shear layers to assess the performance of the method on more difficult

a multigrid ghost point level set method for incompressible navier stokes equations on moving domains with curved boundaries abstract in this paper we present a numerical approach to solve the navier stokes equations on moving domains with second order accuracy the space discretization is based on the ghost point method which falls under the category of unfitted boundary methods since the mesh does not adapt to the moving boundary the equations are advanced in time by using crank nicholson the momentum and continuity equations are solved simultaneously for the velocity and the pressure by adopting a proper multigrid approach to avoid the checkerboard instability for the pressure a staggered grid is adopted where velocities are defined at the sides of the cell and the pressure is defined at the centre the lack of uniqueness for the pressure is circumvented by the inclusion of an additional scalar unknown representing the average divergence of the velocity and an additional equation to set the average pressure to zero several tests are performed to simulate the motion of an incompressible fluid around a moving object as well as the lid driven cavity tests around steady objects the object is implicitly defined by a level set approach that allows a natural computation of geometrical properties such as distance from the boundary normal directions and curvature different shapes are tested circle ellipse and flower numerical results show the second order accuracy for the velocity and the divergence that decays to zero with second order and the efficiency of the multigrid that is comparable with the tests available in literature for rectangular domains without objects showing that the presence of a complex shaped object does not degrade the performance

a computational stream function method for two dimensional incompressible viscous flows this work concerns the development of a numerical method based on the stream function formulation of the navier stokes equations to simulate two dimensional plane or axisymmetric viscous flows the main features of the proposed method are the use of the high order finite difference compact method for the discretization of the stream function equation the implicit pseudo transient newton krylov multigrid matrix free method for the stationary stream function equation and the fourth order runge kutta method for the integration of non stationary flows copyright 2005 john wiley sons ltd

highly accurate lagrangian flux calculation via algebraic quadratures on spline approximated donating regions abstract lagrangian flux through a fixed curve segment within a time interval t n t n k can be formulated as an integral at the initial time t n over a compact point set called donating region in which each particle will pass through the curve during the time interval and contribute to the flux based an explicit constructive and analytical solution of the donating region the author proposes algorithms of lagrangian flux calculation lfc as algebraic quadratures over the spline approximated donating regions this generic formulation yields high accuracies up to the 8th order both in time and space as another benefit lfc leads to a conservative semi lagrangian method whose time step size is free of the eulerian stability constraint c r 1 the high accuracy and robustness of the proposed lfc algorithms are demonstrated by various numerical tests with courant numbers ranging from 1 to 10 000 and with accuracies from the 2nd order to the 8th order lfc might also be useful in designing hybrid eulerian methods for complex geometries

a second order projection method for variable density flows this paper describes a second order projection method for variabledensity incompressible flows the method is suitable for both finite amplitude density variations and for fluids that are modeled using a boussinesq approximation it is based on a second order fractional step scheme in which diffusion convection terms are advanced without enforcing the incompressibility condition and the resulting intermediate velocity field is then projected onto the space of discretely divergencefree vector fields the nonlinear convection terms are treated using a godunov type procedure that is second order for smooth flow and remain stable and non oscillatory for nonsmooth flows with low fluid viscosities the method is described for finite amplitude density variation and the simplifications for a boussinesq approximation are sketched numerical results are presented that validate the convergence properties of the method and demonstrate its performance on more realistic problems

a gradient augmented level set method with an optimally local coherent advection scheme the level set approach represents surfaces implicitly and advects them by evolving a level set function which is numerically defined on an eulerian grid here we present an approach that augments the level set function values by gradient information and evolves both quantities in a fully coupled fashion this maintains the coherence between function values and derivatives while exploiting the extra information carried by the derivatives the method is of comparable quality to weno schemes but with optimally local stencils performing updates in time by using information from only a single adjacent grid cell in addition structures smaller than the grid size can be located and tracked and the extra derivative information can be employed to obtain simple and accurate approximations to the curvature we analyze the accuracy and the stability of the new scheme and perform benchmark tests

gradient augmented level set method for phase change simulations abstract a numerical method for the simulation of two phase flow with phase change based on the gradient augmented level set gals strategy is presented sharp capturing of the vaporization process is enabled by i identification of the vapor liquid interface t at the subgrid level ii discontinuous treatment of thermal physical properties except for and iii enforcement of mass momentum and energy jump conditions where the gradients of the dependent variables are obtained at t and are consistent with their analytical expression i e no local averaging is applied treatment of the jump in velocity and pressure at t is achieved using the ghost fluid method the solution of the energy equation employs the sub grid knowledge of t to discretize the temperature laplacian using second order one sided differences i e the numerical stencil completely resides within each respective phase to carefully evaluate the benefits or disadvantages of the gals approach the standard level set method is implemented and compared against the gals predictions the results show the expected trend that interface identification and transport are predicted noticeably better with gals over the standard level set this benefit carries over to the prediction of the laplacian and temperature gradients in the neighborhood of the interface which are directly linked to the calculation of the vaporization rate however when combining the calculation of interface transport and reinitialization with two phase momentum and energy the benefits of gals are to some extent neutralized and the causes for this behavior are identified and analyzed overall the additional computational costs associated with gals are almost the same as those using the standard level set technique

the distortion of the level set gradient under advection the practice of periodically reinitializing the level set function is well established in two phase flow applications as a way of controlling the growth of anomalies and or numerical errors in the present work the underlying roots of this anomalous growth are studied where it is established that the augmentation of the magnitude of the level set gradient is directly connected to the nature of the flow field hence it is not necessarily the result of some type of numerical error more specifically for a general flow field advecting the level set function it is shown that the eigenpairs of the strain rate tensor are responsible for the rate of change of along a fluid particle trajectory this straining action not only affects the magnitude of but the general character of and consequently contributes to the growth in numerical error these numerical consequences are examined by adopting the gradient augmented level set method specifically it is shown that the local error for is directly connected to the size of and to the magnitude of the second and fourth order derivatives of these analytical findings are subsequently supported by various examples the role of reinitialization is discussed where it is shown that in cases where the zero level set contour has a local radius of curvature that is below the local grid resolution reinitialization exacerbates rather than diminishes the degree of error for other cases where the interface is well resolved reinitialization helps stabilize the error as intended

short note an interface capturing method with a continuous function the thinc method on unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes a novel interface capturing method is proposed to compute moving interfaces on unstructured grids with triangular 2d and tetrahedral 3d elements different from the conventional vof volume of fluid method which involves geometric reconstructions of the interface the present method is based on the algebraic reconstruction approach originally developed in the thinc tangent of hyperbola interface capturing scheme by xiao et al 2005 17 a continuous multidimensional hyperbolic tangent function is employed for retrieving the jump like distribution of the indicator function which avoids the explicit geometric representation of the interface and thus substantially reduces the algorithmic complexity in unstructured grids numerical diffusion and smearing are effectively eliminated and the compact thickness of the jump transition layer in the volume fraction is retained throughout the computation even for largely deformed interface the solution quality of the present scheme is comparable to the vof method with plic piecewise linear interface calculation algorithm

a geometrical area preserving volume of fluid advection method a new class of algorithms that preserve mass exactly for incompressible flows on a cartesian mesh are presented they amount to piecewise linear area preserving mappings of tessellations of the plane they are equivalent to volume of fluid vof advection methods which are decomposed into an eulerian implicit scheme in one direction followed by a lagrangian explicit step in the other one it is demonstrated that mass conservation is exact for incompressible flows and that there are no undershoots or overshoots of the volume fraction which thus always remains constrained between 0 and 1

a cartesian grid projection method for the incompressible euler equations in complex geometries many problems in fluid dynamics require the representation of complicated internal or external boundaries of the flow here we present a method for calculating time dependent incompressible inviscid flow which combines a projection method with a cartesian grid approach for representing geometry in this approach the body is represented as an interface embedded in a regular cartesian mesh the advection step is based on a cartesian grid algorithm for compressible flow in which the discretization of the body near the flow uses a volume of fluid representation a redistribution procedure is used to eliminate time step restrictions due to small cells where the boundary intersects the mesh the projection step uses an approximate projection based on a cartesian grid method for potential flow the method incorporates knowledge of the body through volume and area fractions along with certain other integrals over the mixed cells convergence results are given for the projection itself and for the time dependent algorithm in two dimensions the method is also demonstrated on flow past a half cylinder with vortex shedding

accurate stable and efficient navier stokes solvers based on explicit treatment of the pressure term we present numerical schemes for the incompressible navier stokes equations based on a primitive variable formulation in which the incompressibility constraint has been replaced by a pressure poisson equation the pressure is treated explicitly in time completely decoupling the computation of the momentum and kinematic equations the result is a class of extremely efficient navier stokes solvers full time accuracy is achieved for all flow variables the key to the schemes is a neumann boundary condition for the pressure poisson equation which enforces the incompressibility condition for the velocity field irrespective of explicit or implicit time discretization of the viscous term in the momentum equation the explicit time discretization of the pressure term does not affect the time step constraint indeed we prove unconditional stability of the new formulation for the stokes equation with explicit treatment of the pressure term and first or second order implicit treatment of the viscous term systematic numerical experiments for the full navier stokes equations indicate that a second order implicit time discretization of the viscous term with the pressure and convective terms treated explicitly is stable under the standard cfl condition additionally various numerical examples are presented including both implicit and explicit time discretizations using spectral and finite difference spatial discretizations demonstrating the accuracy flexibility and efficiency of this class of schemes in particular a galerkin formulation is presented requiring only c0 elements to implement

a grid based particle method for evolution of open curves and surfaces we propose a new numerical method for modeling motion of open curves in two dimensions and open surfaces in three dimensions following the grid based particle method we proposed in s leung h k zhao a grid based particle method for moving interface problems j comput phys 228 2009 2993 3024 we represent the open curve or the open surface by meshless lagrangian particles sampled according to an underlying fixed eulerian mesh the underlying grid is used to provide a quasi uniform sampling and neighboring information for meshless particles the key idea in the current paper is to represent and to track end points of the open curve and boundary points of the open surface explicitly and consistently with interior particles we apply our algorithms to several applications including spiral crystal growth modeling and image segmentation using active contours

on the jensen shannon divergence and variational distance we study the distance measures between two probability distributions via two different distance metrics a new metric induced from jensen shannon divergence and the well known l sub 1 metric we show that several important results and constructions in computational complexity under the l sub 1 metric carry over to the new metric such as yao s next bit predictor the existence of extractors the leftover hash lemma and the construction of expander graph based extractor finally we show that the useful parity lemma in studying pseudorandomness does not hold in the new metric

a cell centered adaptive projection method for the incompressible euler equations we present an algorithm to compute adaptive solutions for incompressible flows using block structured local refinement in both space and time this method uses a projection formulation based on a cell centered approximate projection which allows the use of a single set of cell centered solvers because of refinement in time additional steps are taken to accurately discretize the advection and projection operators at grid refinement boundaries using composite operators which span the coarse and refined grids this ensures that the method is approximately freestream preserving and satisfies an appropriate form of the divergence constraint

stability of a cartesian grid projection method for zero froude number shallow water flows in this paper a godunov type projection method for computing approximate solutions of the zero froude number incompressible shallow water equations is presented it is second order accurate and locally conserves height mass and momentum to enforce the underlying divergence constraint on the velocity field the predicted numerical fluxes computed with a standard second order method for hyperbolic conservation laws and applied to an auxiliary system are corrected in two steps first a mac type projection adjusts the advective velocity divergence in a second projection step additional momentum flux corrections are computed to obtain new time level cell centered velocities which satisfy another discrete version of the divergence constraint the scheme features an exact and stable second projection it is obtained by a petrov galerkin finite element ansatz with piecewise bilinear trial functions for the unknown height and piecewise constant test functions the key innovation compared to existing finite volume projection methods is a correction of the in cell slopes of the momentum by the second projection the stability of the projection is proved using a generalized theory for mixed finite elements in order to do so the validity of three different inf sup conditions has to be shown the results of preliminary numerical test cases demonstrate the method s applicability on fixed grids the accuracy is improved by a factor four compared to a previous version of the scheme

hypam a hybrid continuum particle model for incompressible free surface flows three major issues associated with numerical simulations of complex free surface flows viz interface tracking fragmentation and large physical jumps are addressed by a new hybrid continuum particle model hypam the new model consists of three parts 1 the polygonal area mapping method q zhang p l f liu a new interface tracking method the polygonal area mapping method j comput phys 227 8 2008 4063 4088 2 a new algorithm that decomposes the interested water phase into a continuum zone a buffer zone and a particle zone based on material topology and graph theory 3 a passive response assumption in which the air phase is assumed to respond passively to the continuum part of the water phase the incompressible inviscid euler equations and the equations describing the free fall of rigid bodies are used as the governing equations for the continuum buffer zone and the particle zone respectively and separately a number of examples including water droplet impact solitary wave propagation and dam break problems are simulated for the illustration and validation of hypam it is shown that hypam is more accurate and versatile than a continuum based volume of fluid model one major contribution of this work is the single phase decomposition algorithm useful for many other hybrid formulations neglecting surface tension viscosity and particle interactions hypam is currently limited to mildly fragmented free surface flows with high reynolds and weber numbers

gerris a tree based adaptive solver for the incompressible euler equations in complex geometries an adaptive mesh projection method for the time dependent incompressible euler equations is presented the domain is spatially discretised using quad octrees and a multilevel poisson solver is used to obtain the pressure complex solid boundaries are represented using a volume of fluid approach second order convergence in space and time is demonstrated on regular statically and dynamically refined grids the quad octree discretisation proves to be very flexible and allows accurate and efficient tracking of flow features the source code of the method implementation is freely available

improving the speed and accuracy of projection type incompressible flow solvers abstract superseding so called first generation incompressible flow solvers of the projection type based on taylor galerkin advection second order pressure damping and element based data structures the current second generation solvers based on high order upwind advection fourth order pressure damping and edge based data structures have now been in use for half a decade and have proven remarkably robust and efficient for many large scale problems in order to achieve higher accuracy and speed these solvers have recently been enhanced in a variety of ways a substepping for advection b implicit treatment of advective terms via sgs and gmres lu sgs iterative solvers c fully implicit time accurate advancement of pressure and velocities and d linelet preconditioning for the pressure poisson equation the combined effect of these third generation improvements leads to speedups of the order of o 1 5 1 10 with similar or even better temporal accuracy as demonstrated on a variety of academic and industrial problems

a new algorithm for solving some mechanical problems this paper explores the utility of a discrete singular convolution algorithm for solving certain mechanical problems benchmark mechanical systems including plate vibrations and incompressible flows are employed to illustrate the robustness and to test accuracy of the present algorithm numerical results indicate that the present approach is very accurate efficient and reliable for solving the aforementioned problems

analysis of a one dimensional model for the immersed boundary method numerical methods are studied for the one dimensional heat equation with a singular forcing term u t u xx c t delta x alpha t the delta function delta x is replaced by a discrete approximation d h x and the resulting equation is solved by a crank nicolson method on a uniform grid the accuracy of this method is analyzed for various choices of d h the case where c t is specified and also the case where c is determined implicitly by a constraint on the solution at the point a are studied these problems serve as a model for the immersed boundary method of peskin for incompressible flow problems in irregular regions some insight is gained into the accuracy that can be achieved and the importance of choosing appropriate discrete delta functions

an improved particle correction procedure for the particle level set method the particle level set method d enright r fedkiw j ferziger i mitchell a hybrid particle level set method for improved interface capturing j comput phys 183 2002 83 116 can substantially improve the mass conservation property of the level set method by using lagrangian marker particles to correct the level set function in the under resolved regions in this study the limitations of the particle level set method due to the errors introduced in the particle correction process are analyzed and an improved particle correction procedure is developed based on a new interface reconstruction scheme moreover the zero level set is anchored as the level set functions are reinitialized hence the additional particle correction after the level set reinitialization is avoided with this new scheme a well defined zero level set can be obtained and the disturbances to the interface are significantly reduced consequently the particle reseeding operation will barely result in the loss of interface characteristics and can be applied as frequently as necessary to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method two extreme particle reseeding strategies one without reseeding and the other with reseeding every time step are applied in several benchmark advection tests and the results are compared with each other three interfacial flow cases a 2d surface tension driven oscillating droplet a 2d gas bubble rising in a quiescent liquid and a 3d drop impact onto a liquid pool are simulated to illustrate the advantages of the current method over the level set and the original particle level set methods with regard to the smoothness of geometric properties and mass conservation in real physical applications

divergence measures based on the shannon entropy a novel class of information theoretic divergence measures based on the shannon entropy is introduced unlike the well known kullback divergences the new measures do not require the condition of absolute continuity to be satisfied by the probability distributions involved more importantly their close relationship with the variational distance and the probability of misclassification error are established in terms of bounds these bounds are crucial in many applications of divergence measures the measures are also well characterized by the properties of nonnegativity finiteness semiboundedness and boundedness

uncoupled temporally second order accurate implicit solver of incompressible navier stokes equations an efficient method with temporal second order accuracy for solving the incompressible navier stokes equations in generalized coordinate systems is developed efficiency is obtained by extending an existing fractional step semi implicit solver into an implicit one with implicit approximation of the convection terms a novel three level linearization scheme is proposed to decouple the momentum equations from one another in addition to the fractional step approach that decouples the continuity equation from the momentum equations consequently all of the governing equations are uncoupled without degrading temporal accuracy or stability and without the need for iterations to solve the nonlinear system of equations at each time level the proposed decoupling technique can be used for other systems of nonlinear and time dependent partial differential equations moreover only minor modifications are required to apply the method to existing two level schemes several test cases confirm that the proposed decoupled scheme has temporal second order accuracy and allows the use of large time steps

a well conditioned augmented system for solving navier stokes equations in irregular domains an augmented method based on a cartesian grid is proposed for the incompressible navier stokes equations in irregular domains the irregular domain is embedded into a rectangular one so that a fast poisson solver can be utilized in the projection method unlike several methods suggested in the literature that set the force strengths as unknowns which often results in an ill conditioned linear system we set the jump in the normal derivative of the velocity as the augmented variable the new approach improves the condition number of the system for the augmented variable significantly using the immersed interface method we are able to achieve second order accuracy for the velocity numerical results and comparisons to benchmark tests are given to validate the new method a lid driven cavity flow with multiple obstacles and different geometries are also presented

the maximum flow problem is log space complete for p the space complexity of the maximum flow problem is investigated it is shown that the problem is log space complete for deterministic polynomial time thus the maximum flow problem probably has no algorithm which needs only o logk n storage space for any constant k another consequence is that there is probably no fast parallel algorithm for the maximum flow problem

computing minimal surfaces via level set curvature flow given a fixed closed curve or curves in r sp3 there is an associated problem of finding a surface with mean curvature zero which has that curve or curves as its boundary in this paper a new approach to numerically solving the minimal surface problem is introduced the surface is represented as a level set of a global function phi r sp3 to r the family of surfaces evolve in time according to mean curvature flow a solution is found when a steady state condition is achieved a new system of interpolatory boundary conditions are used to maintain the connection between the surface and the fixed boundary contour several computer surfaces are shown including examples of topological changes

a new metric for probability distributions we introduce a metric for probability distributions which is bounded information theoretically motivated and has a natural bayesian interpretation the square root of the well known spl chi sup 2 distance is an asymptotic approximation to it moreover it is a close relative of the capacitory discrimination and jensen shannon divergence

a coupled level set and volume of fluid method for computing 3d and axisymmetric incompressible two phase flows we present a coupled level set volume of fluid clsvof method for computing 3d and axisymmetric incompressible two phase flows this method combines some of the advantages of the volume of fluid method with the level set method to obtain a method which is generally superior to either method alone we present direct comparisons between computations made with the clsvof method and computations made with the level set method the volume of fluid method and the boundary integral method we also compare our computations to the exact solution for an oscillating ellipse due to lamb and experimental results obtained for a rising gas bubble in liquid obtained by hnat and buckmaster our computational examples focus on flows in which surface tension forces and changes in topology are dominant features of the flow

a conservative adaptive projection method for the variable density incompressible navier stokes equations in this paper we present a method for solving the equations governing time dependent variable density incompressible flow in two or three dimensions on an adaptive hierarchy of grids the method is based on a projection formulation in which we first solve advection diffusion equations to predict intermediate velocities and then project these velocities onto a space of approximately divergence free vector fields our treatment of the first step uses a specialized second order upwind method for differencing the nonlinear convection terms that provides a robust treatment of these terms suitable for inviscid and high reynolds number flow density and other scalars are advected in such a way as to maintain conservation if appropriate and free stream preservation our approach to adaptive refinement uses a nested hierarchy of logically rectangular girds with simultaneous refinement of the girds in both space and time the integration algorithm on the grid hierarchy is a recursive procedure in which coarse grids are advanced in time fine grids are advanced multiple steps to reach the same time as the coarse grids and the data at different levels are then synchronized the single grid algorithm is described briefly but the emphasis here is on the time stepping procedure for the adaptive hierarchy numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the algorithms s accuracy and convergence properties and illustrate the behavior of the method an additional example demonstrates the performance of the method on a more realistic problem namely a three dimensional variable density shear layer

new high resolution semi discrete central schemes for hamilton jacobi equations we introduce a new high resolution central scheme for multidimensional hamilton jacobi equations the scheme retains the simplicity of the non oscillatory central schemes developed by c t lin and e tadmor in press siam j sci comput yet it enjoys a smaller amount of numerical viscosity independent of 1 t by letting t 0 we obtain a new second order central scheme in the particularly simple semi discrete form along the lines of the new semi discrete central schemes recently introduced by the authors in the context of hyperbolic conservation laws fully discrete versions are obtained with appropriate runge kutta solvers the smaller amount of dissipation enables efficient integration of convection diffusion equations where the accumulated error is independent of a small time step dictated by the cfl limitation the scheme is non oscillatory thanks to the use of nonlinear limiters here we advocate the use of such limiters on second discrete derivatives which is shown to yield an improved high resolution when compared to the usual limitation of first derivatives numerical experiments demonstrate the remarkable resolution obtained by the proposed new central scheme

a diffuse interface model for axisymmetric immiscible two phase flow a diffuse interface model is considered for solving axisymmetric immiscible two phase flow with surface tension the navier stokes ns equations are modified by the addition of a continuum forcing the interface between the two fluids is considered as the half level set of a mass concentration c which is governed by the cahn hilliard ch equation a fourth order degenerate nonlinear parabolic diffusion equation in this work we develop a nonlinear multigrid method to solve the ch equation with degenerate mobility and couple this to a projection method for the incompressible ns equations the diffuse interface method can deal with topological transitions such as breakup and coalescence smoothly without ad hoc cut and connect or other artificial procedures we present results for rayleigh s capillary instability up to forming satellite drops the results agree well with the linear stability theory

deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient solvers for the pressure poisson equation a deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient technique has been developed for the solution of the pressure poisson equation within an incompressible flow solver the deflation is done using a region based decomposition of the unknowns making it extremely simple to implement the procedure has shown a considerable reduction in the number of iterations for grids with large graph depth the savings exceed an order of magnitude furthermore the technique has shown a remarkable insensitivity to the number of groups regions chosen and to the way the groups are formed

jensen divergence based on fisher s information the measure of jensen fisher divergence between probability distributions is introduced and its theoretical grounds set up this quantity in contrast to the remaining jensen divergences grasps the fluctuations of the probability distributions because it is controlled by the local fisher information which is a gradient functional of the distribution so it is appropriate and informative when studying the similarity of distributions mainly for those having oscillatory character the new jensen fisher divergence shares with the jensen shannon divergence the following properties non negativity additivity when applied to an arbitrary number of probability densities symmetry under exchange of these densities vanishing under certain conditions and definiteness even when these densities present non common zeros moreover the jensen fisher divergence is shown to be expressed in terms of the relative fisher information as the jensen shannon divergence does in terms of the kullback leibler or relative shannon entropy finally the jensen shannon and jensen fisher divergences are compared for the following three large non trivial and qualitatively different families of probability distributions the sinusoidal generalized gamma like and rakhmanov hermite distributions which are closely related to the quantum mechanical probability densities of numerous physical systems

a hybrid particle level set method for improved interface capturing in this paper we propose a new numerical method for improving the mass conservation properties of the level set method when the interface is passively advected in a flow field our method uses lagrangian marker particles to rebuild the level set in regions which are underresolved this is often the case for flows undergoing stretching and tearing the overall method maintains a smooth geometrical description of the interface and the implementation simplicity characteristic of the level set method our method compares favorably with volume of fluid methods in the conservation of mass and purely lagrangian schemes for interface resolution the method is presented in three spatial dimensions