temporal reasoning about two concurrent sequences of events this paper discusses temporal reasoning with respect to constraints on two concurrent sequences of events if two given sequences of events can be mapped into one sequence that satisfies a given constraint then the constraint is said to be consistent first we mention that the consistency of such constraints is np complete then we introduce the notion of graph representations of constraints if a graph representation of a given constraint c can be constructed in polynomial time then the consistency of c is decidable in polynomial time however it is shown that the graph representability of a given c is conp complete next we propose a subclass cdc neq of constraints such that for each constraint c in cdc neq a graph representation of c can be constructed in polynomial time the expressive power of cdc neq is incomparable to any other subclasses of constraints for which the consistency problem is known to be tractable

on the consistency of cardinal direction constraints we present a formal model for qualitative spatial reasoning with cardinal directions utilizing a co ordinate system then we study the problem of checking the consistency of a set of cardinal direction constraints we introduce the first algorithm for this problem prove its correctness and analyze its computational complexity utilizing the above algorithm we prove that the consistency checking of a set of basic i e non disjunctive cardinal direction constraints can be performed in o n 5 time we also show that the consistency checking of a set of unrestricted i e disjunctive and non disjunctive cardinal direction constraints is np complete finally we briefly discuss an extension to the basic model and outline an algorithm for the consistency checking problem of this extension

preference voting and project ranking using dea and cross evaluation cook and kress 1990 using data envelopment analysis dea as their starting point proposed a procedure to rank order the candidates in a preferential election notionally each candidate is permitted to choose the most favourable weights to be applied to his her standings first place second place etc votes in the usual dea manner with the additional assurance region restriction that the weight for a j place vote should be more than that for a j 1 amount we consider that this freedom to choose weights is essentially illusory when maximum discrimination between the candidates is sought in which case the weights used to evaluate and rank the candidates are as if imposed externally at the outset to avoid this we present an alternative procedure which retains cook and kress central idea but where as well as using each candidate s rating of him herself we now make use of each candidate s ratings of all the candidates we regard the so called cross evaluation matrix as the summary of a self and peer rating process in which the candidates seek to interpret the voters preferences as favourably for themselves relative to the other candidates as possible the problem then becomes one of establishing an overall rating for each candidate from these individual ratings for this for each candidate we use a weighted average of all the candidates ratings of that candidate where the weights themselves are in proportion to each candidate s overall rating the overall ratings are therefore proportional to the components of the principal left hand eigenvector of the cross evaluation matrix these ideas are then applied to the selection of r d projects to comprise an r d program thus indicating thier wider applicability

constants and finite unary relations in qualitative constraint reasoning extending qualitative csps with the ability of restricting selected variables to finite sets of possible values has been proposed as an interesting research direction with important applications c

incremental qualitative temporal reasoning algorithms for the point algebra and the ord horn class in many applications of temporal reasoning we are interested in processing temporal information incrementally in particular given a set of temporal constraints a temporal csp and a new constraint we want to maintain certain properties of the extended temporal csp e g a solution rather than recomputing them from scratch the point algebra pa and the interval algebra ia are two well known frameworks for qualitative temporal reasoning the reasoning algorithms for pa and the tractable fragments of ia such as nebel and burckert s maximal tractable class of relations ord horn have originally been designed for static reasoning in this paper we study the incremental version of the fundamental reasoning problems in the context of these tractable classes we propose a collection of new polynomial algorithms that can amortize their complexity when processing a sequence of input constraints to incrementally decide satisfiability to maintain a solution or to update the minimal representation of the csp our incremental algorithms improve the total time complexity of using existing static techniques by a factor of o n or o n2 where n is the number of the variables involved by the temporal csp an experimental analysis focused on constraints over pa confirms the computational advantage of our incremental approach

the complexity of some polynomial network consistency algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems abstract constraint satisfaction problems play a central role in artificial intelligence a class of network consistency algorithms for eliminating local inconsistencies in such problems has previously been described we analyze the time complexity of several node arc and path consistency algorithms and prove that arc consistency is achievable in time linear in the number of binary constraints the waltz filtering algorithm is a special case of the arc consistency algorithm in the edge labelling computational vision application the constraint graph is planar and so the time complexity is linear in the number of variables

achievement and benchmarking of countries at the summer olympics using cross efficiency evaluation method in this paper an extension tool of data envelopment analysis dea namely cross efficiency evaluation method is used to measure the performance of the nations participating in the last six summer olympic games the model in the paper considers two inputs gdp per capita and population and three outputs number of gold silver and bronze medals won and the weight restrictions are included to guarantee that a unit of silver medal corresponds to a higher valuation than a unit of bronze medal and the highest for gold medal the results for the last six summer olympic games are analyzed and a unique ordering of the participants based on average cross efficiency is provided also cluster analysis technique is used to select the more appropriate targets for poorly performing countries to use as benchmarks

computational complexity of relating time points with interval abstract several algebras have been proposed for reasoning about qualitative constraints over the time line one of these algebras is vilain s point interval algebra which can relate time points with time intervals apart from being a stand alone qualitative algebra it is also used as a subalgebra in meiri s approach to temporal reasoning which combines reasoning about metric and qualitative temporal constraints over both time points and time intervals while the satisfiability problem for the full point interval algebra is known to be np complete not much is known about its 4 294 967 296 subclasses this article completely determines the computational complexity of these subclasses and it identifies all of the maximal tractable subalgebras five in total

a complete classification of tractability in allen s algebra relative to subsets of basic relations abstract we characterise the set of subalgebras of allen s algebra which have a tractable satisfiability problem and in addition contain certain basic relations the conclusion is that no tractable subalgebra dial is not known in the literature can contain more than the three basic relations b and b where b d o s f this means that concerning algebras for specifying complete knowledge about temporal information there is no hope of finding yet unknown classes with much expressivity we also classify completely some cases where we cannot even express complete information but close to complete showing that there are exactly two maximal tractable algebras containing the relation exactly two containing the relation m m and exactly three containing the relation m the algebras containing can express the notion of sequentiality thus we have a complete characterization of tractable inference using that notion

querying temporal and spatial constraint networks in ptime we start with the assumption that temporal and spatial knowledge usually captured by constraint networks can be represented and queried more effectively by using the scheme of indefinite constraint databases because query evaluation in this scheme is in general a hard computational problem we seek tractable instances of query evaluation we assume that we have a class of constraints c with some reasonable computational and closure properties the computational properties of interest are that the satisfiability problem and an appropriate version of the variable elimination problem for c should be solvable in ptime under this assumption we exhibit general classes of indefinite constraint databases and first order modal queries for which query evaluation can be done with ptime data complexity we then search for tractable instances of c among the subclasses of horn disjunctive linear constraints over the rationals from previous research we know that the satisfiability problem for horn disjunctive linear constraints is solvable in ptime but not the variable elimination problem thus we try to discover subclasses of horn disjunctive linear constraints with tractable variable elimination problems the class of utvpi constraints is the largest class that we show to have this property finally we restate our general tractability results with c ranging over the newly discovered tractable classes interesting tractable query answering problems for indefinite temporal and spatial constraint databases are identified in this way we close our complexity analysis by precisely outlining the frontier between tractable and possibly intractable query answering problems

classifying the complexity of constraints using finite algebras many natural combinatorial problems can be expressed as constraint satisfaction problems this class of problems is known to be np complete in general but certain restrictions on the form of the constraints can ensure tractability here we show that any set of relations used to specify the allowed forms of constraints can be associated with a finite universal algebra and we explore how the computational complexity of the corresponding constraint satisfaction problem is connected to the properties of this algebra hence we completely translate the problem of classifying the complexity of restricted constraint satisfaction problems into the language of universal algebra we introduce a notion of tractable algebra and investigate how the tractability of an algebra relates to the tractability of the smaller algebras which may be derived from it including its subalgebras and homomorphic images this allows us to reduce significantly the types of algebras which need to be classified using our results we also show that if the decision problem associated with a given collection of constraint types can be solved efficiently then so can the corresponding search problem we then classify all finite strictly simple surjective algebras with respect to tractability obtaining a dichotomy theorem which generalizes schaefer s dichotomy for the generalized satisfiability problem finally we suggest a possible general algebraic criterion for distinguishing the tractable and intractable cases of the constraint satisfaction problem

modelling and solving temporal reasoning as propositional satisfiability representing and reasoning about time dependent information is a key research issue in many areas of computer science and artificial intelligence one of the best known and widely used formalisms for representing interval based qualitative temporal information is allen s interval algebra ia the fundamental reasoning task in ia is to find a scenario that is consistent with the given information this problem is in general np complete in this paper we investigate how an interval based representation or ia network can be encoded into a propositional formula of boolean variables and or predicates in decidable theories our task is to discover whether satisfying such a formula can be more efficient than finding a consistent scenario for the original problem there are two basic approaches to modelling an ia network one represents the relations between intervals as variables and the other represents the end points of each interval as variables by combining these two approaches with three different boolean satisfiability sat encoding schemes we produced six encoding schemes for converting ia to sat in addition we also showed how ia networks can be formulated into satisfiability modulo theories smt formulae based on the quantifier free integer difference logic qf idl these encodings were empirically studied using randomly generated ia problems of sizes ranging from 20 to 100 nodes a general conclusion we draw from these experimental results is that encoding ia into sat produces better results than existing approaches more specifically we show that the new point based 1 d support sat encoding of ia produces consistently better results than the other alternatives considered in comparison with the six different sat encodings the smt encoding came fourth after the point based and interval based 1 d support schemes and the point based direct scheme further we observe that the phase transition region maps directly from the ia encoding to each sat or smt encoding but surprisingly the location of the hard region varies according to the encoding scheme our results also show a fixed performance ranking order over the various encoding schemes

reasoning about cardinal directions between extended objects the np hardness result the cardinal direction calculus cdc proposed by goyal and egenhofer is a very expressive qualitative calculus for directional information of extended objects early work has shown that consistency checking of complete networks of basic cdc constraints is tractable while reasoning with the cdc in general is np hard this paper shows however that if some constraints are unspecified then consistency checking of incomplete networks of basic cdc constraints is already intractable this draws a sharp boundary between the tractable and intractable subclasses of the cdc the result is achieved by a reduction from the well known 3 sat problem

point algebras for temporal reasoning algorithms and complexity we investigate the computational complexity of temporal reasoning in different time models such as totally ordered partially ordered and branching time our main result concerns the satisfiability problem for point algebras and point algebras extended with disjunctions for these problems we identify all tractable subclasses we also provide a number of additional results for instance we present a new time model suitable for reasoning about systems with a bounded number of unsynchronized clocks we investigate connections with spatial reasoning and we present improved algorithms for deciding satisfiability of the tractable point algebras

on structural stability and robustness to bounded rationality in this paper we study the model m a parameterized class of general games together with an associated abstract rationality function we prove that model m is structurally stable and robust to equilibria for almost all parameter values

cross efficiency evaluation with directional distance functions abstract this paper extends the cross efficiency evaluation for use with directional distance functions cross efficiency evaluation has been developed with oriented data envelopment analysis dea models so the extension proposed here is aimed at providing a peer evaluation of decision making units dmus based on measures that account for the inefficiency both in inputs and in outputs simultaneously we explore the duality relations regarding the models of directional distance functions and define the cross efficiencies on the basis of the equivalences with some fractional programming problems finally we address in this new context the problem with the alternate optima for the weights and propose some models that implement different alternative secondary goals

twenty one large tractable subclasses of allen s algebra abstract this paper continues nebel and burckert s investigation of allen s interval algebra by presenting nine more maximal tractable subclasses of the algebra provided that p np in addition to their previously reported ord horn subclass furthermore twelve tractable subclasses are identified whose maximality is not decided four of them can express the notion of sequentiality between intervals which is not possible in the ord horn algebra all of the algebras are considerably larger than the ord horn subclass the satisfiability algorithm which is common for all the algebras is shown to be linear furthermore the path consistency algorithm is shown to decide satisfiability of interval networks using any of the algebras

the maximal subgroups of the baby monster i abstract in this paper we describe the completion of the determination of the maximal subgroups of the baby monster simple group our results are proved using computer calculations with matrix generators for the group the full details of the calculations will appear elsewhere

relation algebras of intervals abstract given a representation of a relation algebra we construct relation algebras of pairs and of intervals if the representation happens to be complete homogeneous and fully universal then the pair and interval algebras can be constructed direct from the relation algebra if further the original relation algebra is categorical we show that the interval algebra is too the complexity of relation algebras is studied and it is shown that every pair algebra with infinite representations is intractable applications include constructing an interval algebra that combines metric and interval expressivity

spatial reasoning with rcc 8 and connectedness constraints in euclidean spaces the language rcc 8 is a widely studied formalism for describing topological arrangements of spatial regions the variables of this language range over the collection of non empty regular closed sets of n dimensional euclidean space here denoted rc r n and its non logical primitives allow us to specify how the interiors exteriors and boundaries of these sets intersect the key question is the satisfiability problem given a finite set of atomic rcc 8 constraints in m variables determine whether there exists an m tuple of elements of rc r n satisfying them these problems are known to coincide for all n 1 so that rcc 8 satisfiability is independent of dimension this common satisfiability problem is nlogspace complete unfortunately rcc 8 lacks the means to say that a spatial region comprises a single piece and the present article investigates what happens when this facility is added we consider two extensions of rcc 8 rcc 8 c in which we can state that a region is connected and rcc 8 c in which we can instead state that a region has a connected interior the satisfiability problems for both these languages are easily seen to depend on the dimension n for n 3 furthermore in the case of rcc 8 c we show that there exist finite sets of constraints that are satisfiable over rc r 2 but only by wild regions having no possible physical meaning this prompts us to consider interpretations over the more restrictive domain of non empty regular closed polyhedral sets rcp r n we show that a the satisfiability problems for rcc 8 c equivalently rcc 8 c over rc r and rcp r are distinct and both np complete b the satisfiability problems for rcc 8 c over rc r 2 and rcp r 2 are identical and np complete c the satisfiability problems for rcc 8 c over rc r 2 and rcp r 2 are distinct and the latter is np complete decidability of the satisfiability problem for rcc 8 c over rc r 2 is open for n 3 rcc 8 c and rcc 8 c are not interestingly different from rcc 8 we finish by answering the following question given that a set of rcc 8 c or rcc 8 c constraints is satisfiable over rc r n or rcp r n how complex is the simplest satisfying assignment in particular we exhibit for both languages a sequence of constraints n satisfiable over rcp r 2 such that the size of n grows polynomially in n while the smallest configuration of polygons satisfying n cuts the plane into a number of pieces that grows exponentially we further show that over rc r 2 rcc 8 c again requires exponentially large satisfying diagrams while rcc 8 c can force regions in satisfying configurations to have infinitely many components

combining qualitative and quantitative constraints in temporal reasoning abstract this paper presents a general model for temporal reasoning that is capable of handling both qualitative and quantitative information this model allows the representation and processing of many types of constraints discussed in the literature to date including metric constraints restricting the distance between time points and qualitative disjunctive constraints specifying the relative position of temporal objects reasoning tasks in this unified framework are formulated as constraint satisfaction problems and are solved by traditional constraint satisfaction techniques such as backtracking and path consistency new classes of tractable problems are characterized involving qualitative networks augmented by quantitative domain constraints some of which can be solved in polynomial time using arc and path consistency

combining interval based temporal reasoning with general tboxes while classical description logics dls concentrate on the representation of static conceptual knowledge recently there is a growing interest in dls that additionally allow to capture the temporal aspects of conceptual knowledge such temporal dls are based either on time points or on time intervals as the temporal primitive whereas point based temporal dls are well investigated this is not the case for interval based temporal dls all known logics either suffer from rather limited expressive power or have undecidable reasoning problems in particular there exists no decidable interval based temporal dl that provides for general tboxes one of the most important expressive means in modern description logics in this paper for the first time we define an interval temporal dl that is equipped with general tboxes and for which reasoning is decidable and more precisely exptime complete

automated complexity analysis based on ordered resolution we define order locality to be a property of clauses relative to a term ordering this property generalizes the subformula property for proofs where the terms appearing in proofs can be bounded under the given ordering by terms appearing in the goal clause we show that when a clause set is order local then the complexity of its ground entailment problem is a function of its structure e g full versus horn clauses and the ordering used we prove that in many cases order locality is equivalent to a clause set being saturated under ordered resolution this provides a means of using standard resolution theorem provers for testing order locality and transforming non local clause sets into local ones we have used the saturate system to automatically establish complexity bounds for a number of nontrival entailment problems relative to complexity classes which include polynomial and exponential time and co np

complexity classification in qualitative temporal constraint reasoning we study the computational complexity of the qualitative algebra which is a temporal constraint formalism that combines the point algebra the point interval algebra and allen s interval algebra we identify all tractable fragments and show that every other fragment is np complete

complexity and algorithms for reasoning about time a graph theoretic approach temporal events are regarded here as intervals on a time line this paper deals with problems in reasoning about such intervals when the precise topological relationship between them is unknown or only partially specified this work unifies notions of interval algebras in artificial intelligence with those of interval orders and interval graphs in combinatorics the satisfiability minimal labeling all solutions and all realizations problems are considered for temporal internal data several versions are investigated by restricting the possible interval relationships yielding different complexity results we show that even when the temporal data comprises of subsets of relations based on intersection and precedence only the satisfiability question is np complete

rcc8 binary constraint network can be consistently extended the rcc8 constraint language developed by randell et al has been popularly adopted by the qualitative spatial reasoning and gis communities the recent observation that rcc8 composition table describes only weak composition instead of composition raises questions about renz and nebel s maximality results about the computational complexity of reasoning with rcc8 this paper shows that any consistent rcc8 binary constraint network rcc8 network for short can be consistently extended given an rcc8 network and z a fresh variable suppose xty and t is contained in the weak composition of r and s this means that we can add two new constraints xrz and zsy to without changing the consistency of the network the result guarantees the applicability to rcc8 of one key technique theorem 5 of j renz b nebel on the complexity of qualitative spatial reasoning a maximal tractable fragment of the region connection calculus artificial intelligence 108 1999 69 123 which allows the transfer of tractability of a set of rcc8 relations to its closure under composition intersection and converse

bounded rationality in multiobjective games abstract in this paper we will establish the connections between bounded rationality and multiobjective games we obtain some new results for robustness to equilibria and structural stability of multiobjective games and generalized multiobjective games

maximal infinite valued constraint languages we systematically investigate the computational complexity of constraint satisfaction problems for constraint languages over an infinite domain in particular we study a generalization of the well established notion of maximal constraint languages from finite to infinite domains if the constraint language can be defined with an w categorical structure then maximal constraint languages are in one to one correspondence to minimal oligomorphic clones based on this correspondence we derive general tractability and hardness criteria for the corresponding constraint satisfaction problems

satisfiability problems on intervals and unit intervals abstract for an interval graph with some additional order constraints between pairs of non intersecting intervals we give a linear time algorithm to determine if there exists a realization which respects the order constraints previous algorithms for this problem known also as seriation with side constraints required quadratic time this problem contains as subproblems interval graph and interval order recognition on the other hand it is a special case of the interval satisfiability problem which is concerned with the realizability of a set of intervals along a line subject to precedence and intersection constraints we study such problems for all possible restrictions on the types of constraints when all intervals must have the same length we give efficient algorithms for several restrictions of the problem and show the np completeness of another restriction

a new class of generalized multiobjective games in bounded rationality with fuzzy mappings structural λ e stability and λ e robustness to e equilibria abstract in this paper we introduce a new class of generalized multiobjective games with fuzzy mappings and study the solution existence for this class of games the model of bounded rationality proposed by anderlini and canning 2001 and miyazaki and azuma 2013 is applied to a new class of generalized multiobjective games with fuzzy mappings in infinite dimensional spaces we introduce a related abstract rationality function for this model using the nonlinear scalarization method and we show that the structural stability i e e stability of this model implies its robustness i e e robustness to e equilibria

an initial study of time complexity in infinite domain constraint satisfaction abstract the constraint satisfaction problem csp is a widely studied problem with numerous applications in computer science and artificial intelligence for infinite domain csps there are many results separating tractable and np hard cases while upper and lower bounds on the time complexity of hard cases are virtually unexplored hence we initiate a study of the worst case time complexity of such csps we analyze backtracking algorithms and determine upper bounds on their time complexity we present asymptotically faster algorithms based on enumeration techniques and we show that these algorithms are applicable to well studied problems in for instance temporal reasoning finally we prove non trivial lower bounds applicable to many interesting csps under the assumption that certain complexity theoretic assumptions hold the gap between upper and lower bounds is in many cases surprisingly small which suggests that our upper bounds cannot be significantly improved

reasoning about temporal relations the tractable subalgebras of allen s interval algebra allen s interval algebra is one of the best established formalisms for temporal reasoning this article provides the final step in the classification of complexity for satisfiability problems over constraints expressed in this algebra when the constraints are chosen from the full allen s algebra this form of satisfiability problem is known to be np complete however eighteen tractable subalgebras have previously been identified we show here that these subalgebras include all possible tractable subsets of allen s algebra in other words we show that this algebra contains exactly eighteen maximal tractable subalgebras and reasoning in any fragment not entirely contained in one of these subalgebras is np complete we obtain this dichotomy result by giving a new uniform description of the known maximal tractable subalgebras and then systematically using a general algebraic technique for identifying maximal subalgebras with a given property

tractable disjunctions of linear constraints basic results and applications to temporal reasoning we study the problems of deciding consistency and performing variable elimination for disjunctions of linear inequalities and disequations with at most one inequality per disjunction this new class of constraints extends the class of generalized linear constraints originally studied by lassez and mcaloon we show that deciding consistency of a set of constraints in this class can be done in polynomial time we also present a variable elimination algorithm which is similar to fourier s algorithm for linear inequalities finally we use these results to provide new temporal reasoning algorithms for the ord horn subclass of allen s interval formalism we also show that there is no low level of local consistency that can guarantee global consistency for the ord horn subclass this property distinguishes the ord horn subclass from the pointizable subclass for which strong 5 consistency is sufficient to guarantee global consistency and the continuous endpoint subclass for which strong 3 consistency is sufficient to guarantee global consistency copyright 2001 elsevier science b v

a semi dynamical approach for solving qualitative spatial constraint satisfaction problems in this paper we solve the problem of determining a consistent instantiation of any finite path consistent and atomic network of rcc8 base relations we already know that such networks that contain a finite number of variables have a realization in any dimension d 1 the novelty of our work is that given any path consistent and atomic constraint rcc8 network we are able to construct in polynomial time a realization that satisfies it for this purpose we suitably instantiate the variables of such a network by associating to them some regular closed sets of the set of real numbers

building tractable disjunctive constraints many combinatorial search problems can be expressed as constraint satisfaction problems this class of problems is known to be np hard in general but a number of restricted constraint classes have been identified which ensure tractability this paper presents the first general results on combining tractable constraint classes to obtain larger more general tractable classes we give examples to show that many known examples of tractable constraint classes from a wide variety of different contexts can be constructed from simpler tractable classes using a general method we also construct several new tractable classes that have not previously been identified

temporal reasoning based on semi intervals abstract a generalization of allen s interval based approach to temporal reasoning is presented the notion of conceptual neighborhood of qualitative relations between events is central to the presented approach relations between semi intervals rather than intervals are used as the basic units of knowledge semi intervals correspond to temporal beginnings or endings of events we demonstrate the advantages of reasoning on the basis of semi intervals 1 semi intervals are rather natural entities both from a cognitive and from a computational point of view 2 coarse knowledge can be processed directly computational effort is saved 3 incomplete knowledge about events can be fully exploited 4 incomplete inferences made on the basis of complete knowledge can be used directly for further inference steps 5 there is no trade off in computational strength for the added flexibility and efficiency 6 for a natural subset of allen s algebra global consistency can be guaranteed in polynomial time 7 knowledge about relations between events can be represented much more compactly

temporal reasoning about fuzzy intervals traditional approaches to temporal reasoning assume that time periods and time spans of events can be accurately represented as intervals real world time periods and events on the other hand are often characterized by vague temporal boundaries requiring appropriate generalizations of existing formalisms this paper presents a framework for reasoning about qualitative and metric temporal relations between vague time periods in particular we show how several interesting problems like consistency and entailment checking can be reduced to reasoning tasks in existing temporal reasoning frameworks we furthermore demonstrate that all reasoning tasks of interest are np complete which reveals that adding vagueness to temporal reasoning does not increase its computational complexity to support efficient reasoning a large tractable subfragment is identified among others generalizing the well known ord horn subfragment of the interval algebra extended with metric constraints

on binary constraint problems the concepts of binary constraint satisfaction problems can be naturally generalized to the relation algebras of tarski the concept of path consistency plays a central role algorithms for path consistency can be implemented on matrices of relations and on matrices of elements from a relation algebra we give an example of a 4 by 4 matrix of infinite relations on which on iterative local path consistency algorithm terminates we give a class of examples over a fixed finite algebra on which all iterative local algorithms whether parallel or sequential must take quadratic time specific relation algebras arising from interval constraint problems are also studied the interval algebra the point algebra and the containment algebra

a unifying approach to temporal constraint reasoning abstract we present a formalism disjunctive linear relations dlrs for reasoning about temporal constraints dlrs subsume most of the formalisms for temporal constraint reasoning proposed in the literature and is therefore computationally expensive we also present a restricted type of dlrs horn dlrs which have a polynomial time satisfiability problem we prove that most approaches to tractable temporal constraint reasoning can be encoded as horn dlrs including the ord horn algebra by nebel and burckert and the simple temporal constraints by dechter et al thus dlrs is a suitable unifying formalism for reasoning about temporal constraints

the complexity of temporal constraint satisfaction problems a temporal constraint language is a set of relations that has a first order definition in q an extended abstract of this article appeared in the proceedings of stoc 08

reasoning about qualitative temporal information abstract representing and reasoning about incomplete and indefinite qualitative temporal information is an essential part of many artificial intelligence tasks an interval based framework and a point based framework have been proposed for representing such temporal information in this paper we address two fundamental reasoning tasks that arise in applications of these frameworks given possibly indefinite and incomplete knowledge of the relationships between some intervals or points i find a scenario that is consistent with the information provided and ii find the feasible relations between all pairs of intervals or points for the point based framework and a restricted version of the interval based framework we give computationally efficient procedures for finding a consistent scenario and for finding the feasible relations our algorithms are marked improvements over the previously known algorithms in particular we develop an o n2 time algorithm for finding one consistent scenario that is an o n improvement over the previously known algorithm where n is the number of intervals or points and we develop an algorithm for finding all the feasible relations that is of far more practical use than the previously known algorithm for the unrestricted version of the interval based framework finding a consistent scenario and finding the feasible relations have been shown to be np complete we show how the results for the point algebra aid in the design of a backtracking algorithm for finding one consistent scenario that is shown to be useful in practice for planning problems

the computational structure of monotone monadic snp and constraint satisfaction a study through datalog and group theory this paper starts with the project of finding a large subclass of np which exhibits a dichotomy the approach is to find this subclass via syntactic prescriptions while the paper does not achieve this goal it does isolate a class of problems specified by monotone monadic snp without inequality which may exhibit this dichotomy we justify the placing of all these restrictions by showing essentially using ladner s theorem that classes obtained by using only two of the above three restrictions do not show this dichotomy we then explore the structure of this class we show that all problems in this class reduce to the seemingly simpler class csp we divide csp into subclasses and try to unify the collection of all known polytime algorithms for csp problems and extract properties that make csp problems np hard this is where the second part of the title a study through datalog and group theory comes in we present conjectures about this class which would end in showing the dichotomy

the complexity of query evaluation in indefinite temporal constraint databases abstract in previous work we have developed the scheme of indefinite l constraint databases where l the parameter is a first order constraint language this scheme extends the constraint database proposal of kanellakis et al 1990 1995 to include indefinite or uncertain information in the style of imielinski and lipski 1984 in this paper we study the complexity of query evaluation in an important instance of this abstract scheme indefinite temporal constraint databases our results indicate that the data combined complexity of query evaluation does not change when we move from queries in relational calculus over relational databases to queries in relational calculus with temporal constraints over temporal constraint databases this fact remains true even when we consider query evaluation in relational databases with indefinite information vs query evaluation in indefinite temporal constraint databases in the course of our work we provide precise bounds on the complexity of decision quantifier elimination for a subtheory of presburger arithmetic and a subtheory of real addition with order the bounds for the latter theory are original and of independent interest

towards a general theory of action and time abstract a formalism for reasoning about actions is proposed that is based on a temporal logic it allows a much wider range of actions to be described than with previous approaches such as the situation calculus this formalism is then used to characterize the different types of events processes actions and properties that can be described in simple english sentences in addressing this problem we consider actions that involve non activity as well as actions that can only be defined in terms of the beliefs and intentions of the actors finally a framework for planning in a dynamic world with external events and multiple agents is suggested

exp time tableaux for alc abstract the last years have seen two major advances in knowledge representation and reasoning first many interesting problems ranging from semi structured data to linguistics were shown to be expressible in logics whose main deductive problems are exptime complete second experiments in automated reasoning have substantially broadened the meaning of practical tractability instances of realistic size for pspace complete problems are now within reach for implemented systems still there is a gap between the reasoning services needed by the expressive logics mentioned above and those provided by the current systems indeed the algorithms based on tree automata which are used to prove exptime completeness require exponential time and space even in simple cases on the other hand current algorithms based on tableau methods can take advantage of such cases but require double exponential time in the worst case we propose a tableau calculus for the description logic alc for checking the satisfiability of a concept with respect to a tbox with general axioms and transform it into the first simple tableau based decision procedure working in single exponential time to guarantee the ease of implementation we also discuss the effects that optimizations propositional backjumping simplification semantic branching etc might have on our complexity result and introduce a few optimizations ourselves

reasoning about causality between distributed nonatomic events abstract the complex events in distributed applications such as industrial process control avionics navigation planning robotics diagnostics virtual reality and temporal and geographic databases are realistically modeled by nonatomic events this paper derives and studies causality relations between nonatomic distributed events in the execution of a complex distributed application such causality relations are useful because they provide a fine level of discrimination in the specification of the relative timing relations and synchronization conditions between the nonatomic events the paper then proposes a set of axioms on the proposed causality relations the set of axioms provides a mechanism for temporal and spatial reasoning with the set of relations and can be used to derive all possible implications from any valid predicate on the proposed relations

backtracking algorithms for disjunctions of temporal constraints abstract we extend the framework of simple temporal problems studied originally by dechter meiri and pearl to consider constraints of the form x 1 y 1 r 1 x n y n r n where x 1 x n y 1 y n are variables ranging over the real numbers r 1 r n are real constants and n 1 this is a wide class of temporal constraints that can be used to model a variety of problems in temporal reasoning scheduling planning and temporal constraint databases we have implemented several progressively more efficient algorithms for the consistency checking problem for this class of temporal constraints backtracking backjumping three variations of forward checking and forward checking with backjumping we have partially ordered the above algorithms according to the number of visited search nodes and the number of performed consistency checks although our problem is non binary our results agree with the results of kondrak and van beek who consider only binary constraints we have also studied the performance of the above algorithms experimentally using randomly generated sets of data and job shop scheduling problems the experiments with random instances allowed us to locate the hard region for this class of problems the results show that hard problems occur at a critical value of the ratio of disjunctions to variables

determining the consistency of partial tree descriptions we present an efficient algorithm that decides the consistency of partial descriptions of ordered trees the constraint language of these descriptions was introduced by cornell in computational linguistics the constraints specify for pairs of nodes sets of admissible relative positions in an ordered tree cornell asked for an algorithm to find a tree structure satisfying these constraints this computational problem generalizes the common supertree problem studied in phylogenetic analysis and also generalizes the network consistency problem of the so called left linear point algebra we present the first polynomial time algorithm for cornell s problem which runs in time o mn where m is the number of constraints and n the number of variables in the constraint

reasoning about cardinal directions between extended objects direction relations between extended spatial objects are important commonsense knowledge recently goyal and egenhofer proposed a relation model known as the cardinal direction calculus cdc for representing direction relations between connected plane regions the cdc is perhaps the most expressive qualitative calculus for directional information and has attracted increasing interest from areas such as artificial intelligence geographical information science and image retrieval given a network of cdc constraints the consistency problem is deciding if the network is realizable by connected regions in the real plane this paper provides a cubic algorithm for checking the consistency of complete networks of basic cdc constraints and proves that reasoning with the cdc is in general an np complete problem for a consistent complete network of basic cdc constraints our algorithm returns a canonical solution in cubic time this cubic algorithm is also adapted to check the consistency of complete networks of basic cardinal constraints between possibly disconnected regions

reasoning about temporal relations a maximal tractable subclass of allen s interval algebra we introduce a new subclass of allen s interval algebra we call ord horn subclass which is a strict superset of the pointisable subclass we prove that reasoning in the ord horn subclass is a polynomial time problem and show that the path consistency method is sufficient for deciding satisfiability further using an extensive machine generated case analysis we show that the ord horn subclass is a maximal tractable subclass of the full algebra assuming p np in fact it is the unique greatest tractable subclass amongst the subclasses that contain all basic relations