symmetry and phaselocking in chains of weakly coupled oscillators weakly coupled chains of oscillators with nearest neighbor interactions are analyzed for phaselocked solutions it is shown that the symmetry properties of the coupling affect the qualitative form of the phaselocked solutions and the scaling behavior of the system as the number of oscillators grows without bound it is also shown that qualitative behavior of these solutions depends on whether the coupling is diffusive or i synaptic terms defined in the paper the methods include the demonstration that the equations for phaselocked solutions can be approximated by a singularly perturbed two point continuum boundary value problem that is easier to analyze the issue of convergence of the phaselocked solutions to solutions of the continuum equation is closely related to questions involving numerical entropy in computation schemes for a conservation law an application to the neurophysiology of motor behavior is discussed briefly

onset of cooperative entrainment in limit cycle oscillators with uniform all to all interactions bifurcation of the order function abstract the concept of order function was previously proposed as the key to a general theory of macroscopic mutual or cooperative entrainment in large populations of limit cycle oscillators with weak interactions such that every element is linked to all the other as well as with weakly dispersed intrinsic frequencies that is limit cycle oscillators that can be modeled by globally coupled phase oscillators with distributed frequencies following previous work a bifurcation theory of the order function is developed on the basis of its self consistent functional equation to elucidate in particular generic scaling behavior of such systems at the onset of cooperative entrainment among other results when the onset is not abrupt the critical exponent of fundamental order parameters turns out to generically differ from the conventional value 1 2 taken by the well studied sinusoidal coupling model as well as by typical mean fields models of thermodynamic phase transitions to which coupled oscillator models investigated here are analogous the theory also reveals what happens in nongeneric cases moreover a criterion is found of whether the bifurcation is normal or inverted all these analytical results and predictions are verified not only by numerically solving the equation of the order function but also by numerical simulations although this paper is mainly concerned with the critical behaviors noncritical regimes are also explored to demonstrate overall power of the order function theory by reproducing simulation results such as average frequency spectra the theory however keeps some room to be further generalized a finding which suggests this is put forth

an experimental study of belief learning using elicited beliefs this paper investigates belief learning unlike other investigators who have been forced to use observable proxies to approximate unobserved beliefs we have using a belief elicitation procedure proper scoring rule elicited subject beliefs directly as a result we were able to perform a more direct test of the proposition that people behave in a manner consistent with belief learning what we find is interesting first to the extent that subjects tend to belief learn the beliefs they use are the stated beliefs we elicit from them and not the empirical beliefs posited by fictitious play or cournot models second we present evidence that the stated beliefs of our subjects differ dramatically both quantitatively and qualitatively from the type of empirical or historical beliefs usually used as proxies for them third our belief elicitation procedures allow us to examine how far we can be led astray when we are forced to infer the value of parameters using observable proxies for variables previously thought to be unobservable by transforming a heretofore unobservable into an observable we can see directly how parameter estimates change when this new information is introduced again we demonstrate that such differences can be dramatic finally our belief learning model using stated beliefs outperforms both a reinforcement and ewa model when all three models are estimated using our data

indirect boundary force measurements in beam like structures using a derivative estimator this paper proposes a new method for the identification of boundary forces shear force or bending moment in a beam based on displacement measurements the problem is considered in terms of the determination of the boundary spatial derivatives of transverse displacements by assuming the displacement fields to be approximated by taylor expansions in a domain close to the boundaries the spatial derivatives can be estimated using specific point wise derivative estimators this approach makes it possible to extract the derivatives using a weighted spatial integration of the displacement field following the theoretical description numerical simulations made with exact and noisy data are used to determine the relationship between the size of the integration domain and the wavelength of the vibrations the simulations also highlight the self regularization of the technique experimental measurements demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method

order in two dimensional oscillator lattices we study phase and frequency ordering in a square lattice of limit cycle oscillators with randomly distributed natural frequencies we measure the cluster distribution in lattices of increasing size and we find that macroscopic frequency ordering is possible in two dimensions in contrast with previous results

collective synchronization in spatially extended systems of coupled oscillators with random frequencies we study collective behavior of locally coupled limit cycle oscillators with random intrinsic frequencies spatially extended over d dimensional hypercubic lattices phase synchronization as well as frequency entrainment are explored analytically in the linear strong coupling regime and numerically in the nonlinear weak coupling regime our analysis shows that the oscillator phases are always desynchronized up to d 4 which implies the lower critical dimension d l p 4 for phase synchronization on the other hand the oscillators behave collectively in frequency phase velocity even in three dimensions d 3 indicating that the lower critical dimension for frequency entrainment is d l f 2 nonlinear effects due to the periodic nature of limit cycle oscillators are found to become significant in the weak coupling regime so called runaway oscillators destroy the synchronized ordered phase and there emerges a fully random disordered phase critical behavior near the synchronization transition into the fully random phase is unveiled via numerical investigation collective behavior of globally coupled oscillators is also examined and compared with that of locally coupled oscillators

frequency synchronization in a random oscillator network we study the frequency synchronization of a randomly coupled oscillators by analyzing the continuum limit we obtain a sufficient condition for the mean field type synchronization we especially find that the critical coupling constant k becomes 0 in the random scale free network p k ensuremath propto k ensuremath ensuremath gamma if 2l ensuremath gamma ensuremath leqslant 3 numerical simulations in finite networks are consistent with this analysis

experientia docet professionals play minimax in laboratory experiments we study how professional players and college students play zero sum twoperson strategic games in a laboratory setting we first ask professionals to play a 2x2 game that is formally identical to a strategic interaction situation that they face in their natural environment we find that these subjects play in the laboratory exactly as in the field that is as the equilibrium of the game dictates i their distribution of play is statistically no different from the equilibrium distribution and ii they generate sequences of choices that are serially independent in sharp contrast with them however we also find that college students play the game far from the equilibrium predictions we then study the behavior of professional players and college students in the classic o neill s 4x4 zero sum game a game that none of the subjects have encountered previously and fi nd the same drastic differences in behavior between these two subject pools the transfer of skills and experience from the familiar field to the unfamiliar laboratory observed for professional players is relevant from a methodological perspective to evaluate the circumstances under which behavior in a laboratory setting may be a reliable indicator of behavior in a naturally occurring setting from a cognitive perspective it is useful for research on recognition processes intuition and similarity as a basis for inductive reasoning

experimental synchronization of circuit oscillations induced by common telegraph noise experimental realization and quantitative investigation of common noise induced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations subject to random telegraph signals are performed using an electronic oscillator circuit based on our previous formulation k nagai et al phys rev e 71 036217 2005 dynamics of the circuit is described as random phase mappings between two limit cycles lyapunov exponents characterizing the degree of synchronization are estimated from experimentally determined phase maps and compared with linear damping rates of phase differences measured directly noisy on off intermittency of the phase difference as predicted by the theory is also confirmed experimentally

a poynting vector formulation for thin shells and plates and its application to structural intensity analysis and source localization part i theory this paper deals with a formulation of the poynting vector structural intensity for thin shells and plates and its application to structural intensity analysis and source localization the procedure begins with the insertion of a taylor series expansion of the displacement components about the middle surface of the shell directly into the three dimensional representation of the poynting vector from this representation an average power flow per unit length or equivalently an intensity resultant is derived whose form permits expressibility in terms of force and moment resultants the corresponding equations of continuity for energy are derived for both body and surface forces and the time integral of the net outflow is developed yielding a technique for source localization this technique offers a method for the determination of the structural intensity of thin elastic shells and plates and is successful for source localization

testing the minimax hypothesis a re examination of o neill s game experiment one re examines the data from o neill s experiment involving a repeated two person constant sum game one finds that there is less evidence in support of the minimax hypothesis than indicated by o neill there is strong evidence of serial correlation in players choices with several players displaying statistically significant dependence on the past moves of their opponents one interprets this finding as evidence that the players themselves rejected minimax play as the appropriate model for their opponents behavior one finds no evidence that players behavior approached minimax behavior as players became more experienced

analytical modelling of flexural vibration of arbitrary flat plates by the boundary forming approach abstract the approach described in this paper provides the flexural vibration response of a finite plate of arbitrary shape and arbitrary boundary conditions in terms of the known analytical response of an infinite plate the solution is obtained by superposing to the infinite plate two excitations an original and a secondary excitation the latter which is continuously distributed outside the contour line bounding the original plate has the role of creating at this line the boundary conditions proper to the targeted original plate the plate displacement is obtained in terms of continuous analytical functions which in turn enable comprehensive analysis of the dynamic variables such as stress energy density and energy flow the key advantage of the approach is the possibility to assess the computation error the accuracy of the method has been analysed indirectly by comparison with known modal solutions of rectangular plates and directly by assessing the boundary error the potential of the method is demonstrated using an example of a plate of complex shape and non homogeneous boundary conditions

lower critical dimension for populations of oscillators with randomly distributed frequencies a renormalization group analysis it is argued by way of a renormalization group analysis that the lower critical dimension of macroscopic mutual entrainment in a class of populations of oscillators satisfies a certain inequality which is sensitive to the tail of the distribution of native frequencies this result is supported in part by numerical simulations as well as a proof of the absence of long range order in one dimension

phase transition to frequency entrainment in a long chain of pulse coupled oscillators a long chain of pulse coupled oscillators was studied the oscillators interacted via a phase response curve similar to those obtained from pacemaker cells in the heart the natural frequencies were random numbers from a distribution with finite bandwidth stable frequency entrained states were shown always to exist above a critical coupling strength below the critical coupling the probability to have such states was shown to be zero if the number of oscillators is infinite this discontinuity establishes the existence of a phase transition in the thermodynamic limit for weak coupling clusters of frequency entrained oscillators emerged the cluster sizes were exponentially distributed even when the critical coupling was approached at this coupling the mean cluster size diverged to infinity according to a power law the standard deviation of the distribution of mean frequencies in the chain converged to zero also according to a power law

phase locking and critical phenomena in lattices of coupled nonlinear oscillators with random intrinsic frequencies abstract we study phase locking in a network of coupled nonlinear oscillators with local interactions and random intrinsic frequencies the oscillators are located at the vertices of a graph and interact along the edges they are coupled by sinusoidal functions of the phase differences across the edges and their intrinsic frequencies are independent and identically distributed with finite mean and variance we derive an exact expression for the probability of phase locking in a linear chain of such oscillators and prove that this probability tends to zero as the number of oscillators grows without bound however if the coupling strength increases as the square root of the number of oscillators the probability of phase locking tends to a limiting distribution the kolmogorov smirnov distribution this latter result is obtained by showing that the phase locking problem is equivalent to a discretization of pinned brownian motion the results on chains of oscillators are extended to more general graphs in particular for a hypercubic lattice of any dimension the probability of phase locking tends to zero exponentially fast as the number of oscillators grows without bound we also consider a less stringent type of synchronization characterized by large clusters of oscillators mutually entrained at the same average frequency it is shown that if such clusters exist they necessarily have a sponge like geometry

synchronization of coupled rotators josephson junction ladders and the locally coupled kuramoto model we show that the resistively shunted junction rsj equations describing a ladder array of overdamped critical current disordered josephson junctions that are current biased along the rungs of the ladder can be mapped onto a kuramoto model with nearest neighbor sinusoidal couplings this result is obtained by an averaging method in which the fast dynamics of the rsj equations are integrated out leaving the dynamics which describe the time scale over which neighboring junctions along the rungs of the ladder phase and frequency synchronize we quantify the degree of frequency synchronization of the rung junctions by calculating the standard deviation of their time averaged voltages ensuremath sigma ensuremath omega and the phase synchronization is quantified by calculating the time average of the modulus of the kuramoto order parameter r we test the results of our averaging process by comparing the values of ensuremath sigma ensuremath omega and r for the original rsj equations and our averaged equations we find excellent agreement for dc bias currents of i b i c ensuremath gtrsim 3 where i c is the average critical current of the rung junctions and critical current disorders of up to 10 we also study the effects of thermal noise on the synchronization properties of the overdamped ladder finally we find that including the effects of junction capacitance can lead to a discontinuous synchronization transition as the strength of the coupling between neighboring junctions is smoothly varied

a judging principle of crucial vibrational transmission paths in plates abstract this paper developed a judging principle of crucial vibrational transmission path vtp in plates novel generalized definitions of vtps are given referred to the meaning of streamlines and by comparing governing equations the similarity between energy flow and fluid motion is firstly found so that an analytic method of vtps in plates is proposed by analogy with fluid motion hereafter the crucial vtp is defined for energy flows at objective points and relative judging criteria is given finally based on two numerical experiments of passive control the judging principle is indirectly verified by comparing the reduction effects of energy flows at focused points and relative judgment results of crucial vtps this paper is meaningful for analyzing and applying the vtps in plates to guide the control design in future

complex ginzburg landau equation with nonlocal coupling a ginzburg landau type equation with nonlocal coupling is derived systematically as a reduced form of a universal class of reaction diffusion systems near the hopf bifurcation point and in the presence of another small parameter the reaction diffusion systems to be reduced are such that the chemical components constituting local oscillators are nondiffusive or hardly diffusive so that the oscillators are almost uncoupled while there is an extra diffusive component which introduces effective nonlocal coupling over the oscillators linear stability analysis of the reduced equation about the uniform oscillation is also carried out this revealed that new types of instability which can never arise in the ordinary complex ginzburg landau equation are possible and their physical implication is briefly discussed

energy flow models from finite element analysis computationally efficient methods are described by which the results of a finite element analysis of a system may be post processed to form energy flow models yielding time and perhaps frequency average subsystem energies as well as input and dissipated powers the methods are particularly efficient for excitation which is spatially distributed or broadband e g rain on the roof or if the frequency average response is required first a method based on a global finite element analysis is presented this involves a global modal decomposition and a reordering of the subsequent numerical calculations the properties of the distribution of the excitation and the system s mass and stiffness lead to subsystem force distribution mass distribution and stiffness distribution matrices the response is given by a sum of terms involving the interaction of a pair of global modes the contribution of each pair depending on the appropriate elements of the distribution matrices frequency averaging is performed by separating the resulting frequency dependent terms and integrating in most practical cases this integration can be done analytically next an alternative method involving component mode synthesis is described in this individual finite element analyses are performed for each subsystem using here the fixed interface method these are then assembled to perform a global modal analysis with the order of the model being much reduced the consequent results are then post processed in the same way finally a system comprising three coupled plates is presented as a numerical example

effect of distributive mass of spring on power flow in engineering test abstract mass of spring is always neglected in theoretical and simulative analysis while it may be a significance in practical engineering this paper is concerned with the distributive mass of a steel spring which is used as an isolator to simulate isolation performance of a water pipe in a heating system theoretical derivation of distributive mass effect of steel spring on vibration is presented and multiple eigenfrequencies are obtained which manifest that distributive mass results in extra modes and complex impedance properties furthermore numerical simulation visually shows several anti resonances of the steel spring corresponding to impedance and power flow curves when anti resonances emerge the spring collects large energy which may cause damage and unexpected consequences in practical engineering and needs to be avoided finally experimental tests are conducted and results show consistency with that of the simulation of the spring with distributive mass

power flow paths in stiffened plates the structural intensity of a rectangular plate with stiffeners attached is calculated using the finite element method the power flow behaviors for the plate with stiffeners attached at various positions are investigated the effects of geometrical properties of stiffeners on the changes of power flow are quantitatively analyzed by numerical integration for the structural intensities a series of calculation results showed that the total amount of injected or transmitted power flow is dependent on the natural vibration frequency of the whole structure and the relative percentage of power flowing through the cross section of the plate or the stiffener depends on the ratio of their relative flexural rigidity

flexural intensity measurement on finite plates using modal spectrum ideal filtering abstract flexural intensities on various plate like structures with arbitrary boundary conditions are calculated using measured and fem yielded mobility in doing so a two dimensional spatial fourier transform has been implemented along with a refined k spectral filtering concept intensity is decomposed into individual contributions from bending moments twisting moments and shear forces the source and energy sink localization and energy flow have been analyzed through these contributions the effect of reflections from the plate edges and that of the uncorrelated noise on the intensity are discussed it is shown that the width of the k filters may have a non negligible influence on the shape of the intensity field damping in the structure can efficiently control the edge reflections and therefore help to localize the energy sources and sinks a link has been found at certain excitation conditions between the radiated acoustic intensity and the active flexural intensity it is also observed that the classical method of studying the vibration transmission using vibration amplitude measurements does not reflect the transmitted vibration energy but rather provides information on non propagating reactive energy the fem study further explains some of the experimental observations and suggests the possibility of applying intensity to complex analytical models

binary choice panel data models with predetermined variables we present a class of binary choice models for panel data with the following features i the explanatory variables are predetermined but not strictly exogenous this includes lagged dependent variables as well as other forms of unspecified feedback ii individual effects are allowed to be correlated with the explanatory variables dependence is specified through the conditional expectation of the effects which is let to be non parametric we also present a gmm estimator for these models which is consistent and asymptotically normal for fixed t and large n we study its finite sample properties in an autoregressive model by means of monte carlo simulations finally as an empirical illustration we estimate a female labour force participation equation with predetermined children using psid data

nonmetric test of the minimax theory of two person zerosum games abstract as an experimental test of the minimax theory for two person zerosum games subjects played a game that was especially easy for them to understand and whose minimax prescribed solution did not depend on quantitative assumptions about their utilities for money players average relative frequencies for the moves and their proportions of wins were almost exactly as predicted by minimax but subject to subject variability was too high these results suggest that people can deviate somewhat from minimax play since their opponents have limited information processing ability and are imperfect record keepers but they do not stray so far that the difference will be noticed and their own payoffs will be diminished

a finite element method for computation of structural intensity by the normal mode approach abstract a method for numerical computation of structural intensity in thin walled structures is presented the method is based on structural finite elements beam plate and shell type enabling computation of real eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the undamped structure which then serve in evaluation of complex response the distributed structural damping is taken into account by using the modal damping concept while any localized damping is treated as an external loading determined by use of impedance matching conditions and eigenproperties of the structure emphasis is given to aspects of accuracy of the results and efficiency of the numerical procedures used high requirements on accuracy of the structural response displacements and stresses needed in intensity applications are satisfied by employing the swept static solution which effectively takes into account the influence of higher modes otherwise inaccessible to numerical computation a comparison is made between the results obtained by using analytical methods and the proposed numerical procedure to demonstrate the validity of the method presented

coarse graining the dynamics of heterogeneous oscillators in networks with spectral gaps we present a computer assisted approach to coarse graining the evolutionary dynamics of a system of nonidentical oscillators coupled through a fixed network structure the existence of a spectral gap for the coupling network graph laplacian suggests that the graph dynamics may quickly become low dimensional our first choice of coarse variables consists of the components of the oscillator states their complex phase angles along the leading eigenvectors of this laplacian we then use the equation free framework circumventing the derivation of explicit coarse grained equations to perform computational tasks such as coarse projective integration coarse fixed point and coarse limit cycle computations in a second step we explore an approach to incorporating oscillator heterogeneity in the coarse graining process the approach is based on the observation of fast developing correlations between oscillator state and oscillator intrinsic properties and establishes a connection with tools developed in the context of uncertainty quantification

strong effects of network architecture in the entrainment of coupled oscillator systems random networks of coupled phase oscillators representing an approximation for systems of coupled limit cycle oscillators are considered entrainment of such networks by periodic external forcing applied to a subset of their elements is numerically and analytically investigated for a large class of interaction functions we find that the entrainment window with a tongue shape becomes exponentially narrow for networks with higher hierarchical organization however the entrainment is significantly facilitated if the networks are directionally biased i e closer to the feedforward networks furthermore we show that the networks with high entrainment ability can be constructed by evolutionary optimization processes the neural network structure of the master clock of the circadian rhythm in mammals is discussed from the viewpoint of our results

a pulsing model of advertising competition a game theoretic approach part a theoretical foundation abstract in this paper and its sequel we present a theoretical model supported by both numerical and empirical analyses to evaluate the advertising policies of pulsation versus uniform constant spending using a static continuous lanchester competitive model of two rival firms the modeling effort is shown to be adaptable to a wide variety of realistic rivalry situations and its related derived main conclusions are robust for a broad set of assumptions following a game theoretic approach it is found that uniform advertising policy uap is optimal for a firm having a concave or linear response function competing against another having a concave or linear response function and thus generalizing known results for a monopoly to a duopoly when at least one of the response functions is convex the study demonstrates that generalizing monopolistic results might not be adequate for such situations the optimal policy of the firm may involve the advertising pulsing maintenance policy apmp replacing the monopolistic advertising pulsing policy app optimal when the response function is convex or the monopolistic uap optimal when the response function is concave or linear for the competitive situations involving convex response function s the advertising game is solved using linear programming the lanchester model is empirically estimated with considerable success using the ready to eat cereal data in the us in the application reported both response functions are found to be linear implying the superiority of uap for the application reported

dynamics of a semiconductor laser array with delayed global coupling we study the dynamics of an array of single mode semiconductor lasers globally but weakly coupled by a common external feedback mirror and by nearest neighbor interactions we seek to determine the conditions under which all lasers of the array are in phase whether in a steady periodic quasiperiodic or chaotic regime in order to maximize the output far field intensity we show that the delay may be a useful control parameter to achieve in phase synchronization for the in phase steady state there is a competition between a delay induced hopf bifurcation leading to an in phase periodic regime and a delay independent hopf bifurcation leading to an antiphased periodic regime both regimes are described analytically and secondary hopf bifurcations to quasiperiodic solutions are found close to the stable steady state the array is described by a set of kuramoto equations for the phases of the fields above the first hopf bifurcation these equations are generalized by the addition of second and third order time derivatives of the phases

synchronization of coupled oscillators on small world networks abstract we investigate the synchronous dynamics of kuramoto oscillators and van der pol oscillators on watts strogatz type small world networks the order parameters to characterize macroscopic synchronization are calculated by numerical integration we focus on the difference between frequency synchronization and phase synchronization in both oscillator systems the critical coupling strength of the phase order is larger than that of the frequency order for the small world networks the critical coupling strength for the phase and frequency synchronization diverges as the network structure approaches the regular one for the kuramoto oscillators the behavior can be described by a power law function and the exponents are obtained for the two synchronizations the separation of the critical point between the phase and frequency synchronizations is found only for small world networks in the theoretical models studied

measurement based determination of the irrotational part of the structural intensity by means of test functional series expansion the irrotational part of the structural intensity for flexural wave motion in plate like structures is calculated from measurement data of kinematic quantities such as out of plane velocities by a new method that makes use of a test functional series expansion the computation of the structural intensity and its irrotational part which allows to effectively assess vibrational sources and sinks is less sensitive to measurement noise as compared to standard approaches

renormalization of oscillator lattices with disorder a real space renormalization transformation is constructed for lattices of nonidentical oscillators with dynamics of the general form dvarphi k dt omega k g summation operator l f lk varphi l varphi k the transformation acts on ensembles of such lattices critical properties corresponding to a second order phase transition toward macroscopic synchronization are deduced the analysis is potentially exact but relies in part on unproven assumptions numerically second order phase transitions with the predicted properties are observed as g increases in two structurally different two dimensional oscillator models one model has smooth coupling f lk varphi l varphi k phi varphi l varphi k where phi x is nonodd the other model is pulse coupled with f lk varphi l varphi k delta varphi l phi varphi k lower bounds for the critical dimensions for different types of coupling are obtained for nonodd coupling macroscopic synchronization cannot be ruled out for any dimension d 1 whereas in the case of odd coupling the well known result that it can be ruled out for d 3 is regained less

does experience teach professionals and minimax play in the lab does expertise in strategic behavior obtained in the field transfer to the abstract setting of the laboratory palacios huerta and volij 2008 argued that the behavior of professional soccer players in mixed strategy games conforms closely to minimax play while the behavior of students who are presumably novices in strategic situations requiring unpredictability does not we reexamine their data showing that the play of professionals is inconsistent with the minimax hypothesis in several respects i professionals follow nonstationary mixtures with action frequencies that are negatively correlated between the first and the second half of the experiment ii professionals tend to switch between under and overplaying an action relative to its equilibrium frequency and iii the distribution of action frequencies across professionals is far from the distribution implied by minimax in each respect the behavior of students conforms more closely to the minimax hypothesis

on the application of b spline approximation in structural intensity measurement evaluation of structural intensity in engineering structures is a field of increasing interest in connection with vibration analysis and noise control in contrast to classical techniques such as modal analysis structural intensity indicates the magnitude and direction of the vibratory energy travelling in the structures which yields information about the positions of the sources sinks as well as the energy transmission path since structural intensity is directly related to the energy level proper damping treatments and mechanical modifications can then be adopted to dissipate or divert the structure borne sound efficiently and effectively 1 since the first introduction and early developments of structural intensity concept 2 4 many measurement methods and numerical prediction approaches have been proposed for measurement on plate like structures plates shells and their assemblies etc the determination of structural intensity requires the information of surface velocity and stress as well as the associated phase relationship between them the initial works 2 4 on structural intensity measurement are mainly conducted with contact transducers such as accelerometers and strain gauges later to overcome the obvious drawbacks of such method e g additional weight introduced by the sensors non contact measurement method is proposed based on near field acoustic 5 currently optical measurement using laser doppler vibrometer ldv or scanning

experience weighted attraction learning in normal form games in experience weighted attraction ewa learning strategies have attractions that reflect initial predispositions are updated based on payoff experience and determine choice probabilities according to some rule e g logit a key feature is a parameter that weights the strength of hypothetical reinforcement of strategies that were not chosen according to the payoff they would have yielded relative to reinforcement of chosen strategies according to received payoffs the other key features are two discount rates and which separately discount previous attractions and an experience weight ewa includes reinforcement learning and weighted fictitious play belief learning as special cases and hybridizes their key elements when 0 and 0 cumulative choice reinforcement results when 1 and levels of reinforcement of strategies are exactly the same as expected payoffs given weighted fictitious play beliefs using three sets of experimental data parameter estimates of the model were calibrated on part of the data and used to predict a holdout sample estimates of are generally around 50 around 8 1 and varies from 0 to reinforcement and belief learning special cases are generally rejected in favor of ewa though belief models do better in some constant sum games ewa is able to combine the best features of previous approaches allowing attractions to begin and grow flexibly as choice reinforcement does but reinforcing unchosen strategies substantially as belief based models implicitly do

what happens in the field stays in the field exploring whether professionals play minimax in laboratory experiments the minimax argument represents game theory in its most elegant form simple but with stark predictions although some of these predictions have been met with reasonable success in the field experimental data have generally not provided results close to the theoretical predictions in a striking study palacios huerta and volij 2008 presented evidence that potentially resolves this puzzle both amateur and professional soccer players play nearly exact minimax strategies in laboratory experiments in this paper we establish important bounds on these results by examining the behavior of four distinct subject pools college students bridge professionals world class poker players who have vast experience with high stakes randomization in card games and american professional soccer players in contrast to palacios huerta and volij s results we find little evidence that real world experience transfers to the lab in these games indeed similar to previous experimental results all four subject pools provide choices that are generally not close to minimax predictions we use two additional pieces of evidence to explore why professionals do not perform well in the lab i complementary experimental treatments that pit professionals against preprogrammed computers and ii post experiment questionnaires the most likely explanation is that these professionals are unable to transfer their skills at randomization from the familiar context of the field to the unfamiliar context of the lab

global synchronization in two dimensional lattices of discrete belousov zhabotinsky oscillators abstract macroscopic synchronization was investigated experimentally in the belousov zhabotinsky reaction with a two dimensional lattice arrangement of coupled chemical oscillators the natural frequency of each oscillator was distributed randomly and the spacing distance d between beads was varied where the coupling strength between two oscillators was controlled by changing d at small d beyond a certain critical value the oscillators synchronized spontaneously with each other global synchronization in the lattice was described as a function of d the critical coupling strength for global synchronization depends on the total number of oscillators when noisy light was applied uniformly to whole oscillators the order of synchronization was maximized at optimal noise intensity noise synchronization was observed

perturbation analysis of the kuramoto phase diffusion equation subject to quenched frequency disorder the kuramoto phase diffusion equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation which describes the spatiotemporal evolution of a phase variable in an oscillatory reaction diffusion system synchronization manifests itself in a stationary phase gradient where all phases throughout a system evolve with the same velocity the synchronization frequency the formation of concentric waves can be explained by local impurities of higher frequency which can entrain their surroundings concentric waves in synchronization also occur in heterogeneous systems where the local frequencies are distributed randomly we present a perturbation analysis of the synchronization frequency where the perturbation is given by the heterogeneity of natural frequencies in the system the nonlinearity in the form of dispersion leads to an overall acceleration of the oscillation for which the expected value can be calculated from the second order perturbation terms we apply the theory to simple topologies like a line or sphere and deduce the dependence of the synchronization frequency on the size and the dimension of the oscillatory medium we show that our theory can be extended to include rotating waves in a medium with periodic boundary conditions by changing a system parameter the synchronized state may become quasidegenerate we demonstrate how perturbation theory fails at such a critical point