landslide zoning analysis in zhouqu under different rainfall warning levels landslide zoning is crucial for disaster prevention and reduction in areas of rainfall triggered landslides a shallow layer landslide assessment model was established for zhouqu area simulation of the slope stability of extensive area was applied to predict the potential landslide fairly and evaluation of the migration and conversion laws were performed to determine quantitatively the effect of rainfall on landslide under different rainfall warning levels the results show that all 169 recorded landslide scars were classified as lower stability to defended by sinmap model and the susceptible landslide distribution in low lying area is consistent with that in areas with relatively high topographic precipitation with the rainfall intensity increases from 10 to 56 mm h the landslide and rainfall were found to exhibit a growing power function relation the potentially unstable region is always the highest highlighting a critical problem moreover as the basically stable region and potentially unstable region gradually transition into the unstable region and extremely unstable region respectively the landslide potential increases gradually and the hazard level becomes increasingly aggravated consequently the potential threat is more serious when the hourly rainfall exceeds 20 mm the slope stability is gradually weakened in the stable region which is gradually migrating into the unstable region thus triggering landslides debris slides and flows when the hourly rainfall exceeds 32 mm the hazard degree changes qualitatively caused by the quantitative change and the geological hazard degree increases significantly the study can provide a scientific basis for landslide zoning monitoring and early warning in the zhouqu area as well as other alpine gully area

36cl exposure dating of paleoearthquakes in the eastern mediterranean first results from the western anatolian extensional province manisa fault zone turkey based on historical and instrumental data societies in the eastern mediterranean and middle east have survived at least 150 large earthquakes generally m 6 during the past 2500 yr beyond this time span an earthquake chronology is mostly unknown which hampers the production of reliable long term earthquake models since the only remaining evidence of seismic activity is a bedrock scarp cosmogenic 36 cl is the only suitable nuclide to be applied in the determination of the seismic history and slip rate of an active limestone fault plane in this study

simulated effect of a forest road on near surface hydrologic response and slope stability forest management practices often result in significant changes to hydrologic and geomorphic responses at or near the earth s surface a well known but not fully tested hypothesis in hillslope hydrology geomorphology is that a near surface permeability contrast caused by the surface compaction associated with forest roads can result in diverted subsurface flow paths that produce increased up slope pore pressures and slope failure the forest road focused on in this study is located in a steep forested zero order catchment within the h j andrews experimental forest oregon a three phase modelling effort was employed to test the aforementioned hypothesis i two dimensional vertical slice steady state heterogeneous saturated subsurface flow simulations at the watershed scale for establishing the boundary conditions for the catchment scale boundary value problem in ii ii two dimensional vertical slice transient heterogeneous variably saturated subsurface flow simulations at the catchment scale for estimating near surface hydrologic response and pore pressure distributions and iii slope stability analyses using the infinite slope approach driven by the pore pressure distributions simulated in ii for assessing the impact of the forest road both observed and hypothetical rainfall events are used to drive the catchment scale simulations the results reported here support the hypothesis that a forest road can have an effect on slope stability the permeability contrast associated with the forest road in this study led to a simulated altering of slope parallel subsurface flow with increased pore pressures up slope of the road and for a large rainfall event a slope failure prediction copyright 2005 john wiley sons ltd

subsurface flow in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope a field rainfall simulation study abstract soil and epikarst co evolve resulting in complex structures but their coupled structural effects on hydrological processes are poorly understood in karst regions this study examined the plot scale subsurface flow characteristics from an integrated soil epikarst system perspective in a humid subtropical cockpit karst region of southwest china a trench was excavated to the epikarst lower boundary for collecting individual subsurface flows in five sections with different soil thicknesses four field rainfall simulation experiments were carried out under different initial moisture conditions dry and wet and rainfall intensities 114 mm h 1 high and 46 mm h 1 low on average the soil epikarst system was characterized by shallow soil overlaying a highly irregular epikarst surface with a near steady infiltration rate of about 35 mm h 1 the subsurface flows occurred mainly along the soil epikarst interface and were dominated by preferential flow the subsurface flow hydrographs showed strong spatial variability and had high steady state coefficients 0 52 and 0 36 for high and low rainfall intensity events irregular epikarst surface combining with high vertical drainage capacity resulted in high threshold rainfall depths for subsurface flows 67 mm and 263 mm for initial wet and dry conditions respectively the above results evidenced that the irregular and permeable soil epikarst interface was a crucial component of soil epikarst architecture and consequently should be taken into account in the hydrological modeling for karst regions

scale invariance of soil moisture variability and its implications for the frequency size distribution of landslides abstract power spectral analyses of soil moisture variability are carried out from scales of 100 m to 10 km on the microwave remotely sensed data from the washita experimental watershed during 1992 the power spectrum s k has an approximate power law dependence on wave number k with the exponent 1 8 this behavior is consistent with the behavior of a stochastic differential equation for soil moisture at a point and it has important consequences for the frequency size distribution of landslides we present the cumulative frequency size distributions of landslides induced by precipitation in japan and bolivia as well as landslides triggered by the 1994 northridge california earthquake large landslides in these regions despite being triggered by different mechanisms have a cumulative frequency size distribution with a power law dependence on area with an exponent ranging from 1 5 to 2 we use a soil moisture field with the above statistics in conjunction with a slope stability analysis to model the frequency size distribution of landslides in our model landslides occur when a threshold shear stress dependent on cohesion pore pressure internal friction and slope angle is exceeded this implies a threshold dependence on soil moisture and slope angle since cohesion pore pressure and internal friction are primarily dependent on soil moisture the cumulative frequency size distribution of domains of shear stress greater than a threshold value with soil moisture modeled as above and topography modeled as a brownian walk is a power law function of area with an exponent of 1 8 for large landslide areas this distribution is similar to that observed for landslides the effect of strong ground motion from earthquakes lowers the shear stress necessary for failure but does not change the frequency size distribution of failed areas this is consistent with observations this work suggests that remote sensing of soil moisture can be of great importance in monitoring landslide hazards and proposes a specific quantitative model for landslide hazard assessment

physically based and distributed approach to analyze rainfall triggered landslides at watershed scale abstract landslides are a serious threat to life and property throughout the world the causes of landslides are various since multiple dynamic processes are involved in driving slope failures one of these causes is prolonged rainfall which affects slope stability in different ways water infiltrating in a hillslope may cause a rise of the piezometric surface which in turn involves an increase of the pore water pressure and a decrease of the soil shear resistance for this reason knowledge of spatio temporal dynamics of soil water content infiltration processes and groundwater dynamics is of considerable importance in the understanding and prediction of landslides dynamics in this paper a spatially distributed and physically based approach is presented which embeds a slope failure method in a hydrological model the hydrological model here used is the tribs model triangulated irregular network real time integrated basin simulator that allows simulation of most of spatial temporal hydrologic processes infiltration evapotranspiration groundwater dynamics and soil moisture conditions that can influence landsliding slope stability is assessed by implementing the infinite slope model in tribs the model based on geotechnical and geomorphological characteristics classifies each computational cell as unconditionally stable or conditionally stable soil moisture conditions resulting from precipitation can trigger landslides at conditionally stable locations when a landslide occurs the model also computes the amount of detached soil and its possible path downslope model performance has been initially tested on a small catchment with very steep slopes located in the northern part of sicily italy after a sensitivity analysis concerning some model parameters

quaternary deposits of the buyuk menderes graben in western anatolia turkey implications for river capture and the longest holocene estuary in the aegean sea abstract the buyuk menderes graben is a seismically active depositional basin in the n s extensional tectonic region of western anatolia turkey it extends in an e w direction and is bounded by the aegean sea to the west the infill of this tectonic basin comprises ca 850 m and 245 m thick clastic sequences of neogene and quaternary respectively and the quaternary part of the basin fill is presented here by the help of seismic sections and boreholes results show that the studied succession was made of unconsolidated mostly fine grained clastic sediments of marine and continental sequences interfingered with each other the marine counterpart forms three relatively short approx 30 km and one long approx 100 km from modern coastline sediment wedges representing sea transgressions onto the graben the last one was a rapid incursion that occurred in the middle holocene forming the longest estuary of the aegean sea in western anatolia the filling of this estuary caused the decline of some historical harbours and settlements in the region while marine based events occurred in the west of the graben alluvial and fluvial processes produced marginal and axial deposits in the east of graben respectively in general the continental succession of quaternary is thinner than its marine equivalent probably due to sea level fluctuations in addition the sedimentation rate increased suddenly during deposition of the last marine sequence estuarine deposits in the holocene it is likely that this was the result of enlargement of the drainage area of the river buyuk menderes due to a river capture that occurred in the latest stages of pleistocene

simulated effect of soil depth and bedrock topography on near surface hydrologic response and slope stability this paper explores the effect of hillslope hydrological behavior on slope stability in the context of transient subsurface saturation development and landslide triggering we perform a series of virtual experiments to address how subsurface topography affects the location and spatial pattern of slip surface development and pore pressure dynamics we use a 3d darcy richards equation solver hydrus 3 d combined with a cellular automata slope stability model to simulate the spatial propagation of the destabilized area our results showed that the soil bedrock interface and in particular bedrock depressions played a key role in pore pressure dynamics acting as an impedance for the downslope drainage of perched water filling and spilling of depressions in the bedrock surface microtopography induced localized zones of increased pressure head such that the development of pore pressure fields not predictable by surface topography lead to rapid landslide propagation our work suggests that landslide models should consider the subsurface topography in order to include a connectivity component in the mathematical description of hydrological processes operating at the hillslope scale copyright 2012 john wiley sons ltd

hillslope storage and rainfall amount thresholds as controls of preferential stormflow summary shallow saturated subsurface flow is a dominant runoff mechanism on hillslopes of headwater catchments under humid temperate climate its timing and magnitude is significantly affected by the presence of preferential pathways reliable prediction of runoff from hillslope soils under such conditions remains a challenge in this study a quantitative relationship between rainfall stormflow and leakage to bedrock for hillslopes where lateral preferential runoff represents a dominant part of the overall response was sought combined effects of temporal rainfall distribution and initial hillslope saturation antecedent moisture conditions on stormflow leakage to bedrock and overall water balance were evaluated by conducting simulations with synthetic rainfall episodes a two dimensional dual continuum model was used to analyze hydrological processes at an experimental hillslope site located in a small forested headwater catchment long term seasonal simulations with natural rainfall indicated that leakage to bedrock occurred mostly as saturated flow during major runoff events the amount of rainfall needed to initiate stormflow appeared as a dynamic hillslope property depending on temporal rainfall distribution initial hillslope storage and the spatial distribution of soil water within the hillslope no single valued rainfall threshold responsible for triggering stormflow was found rainfall stormflow as well as rainfall leakage relationships were found highly nonlinear for low initial hillslope saturations temporal rainfall distribution affected the amount of rainfall necessary to initiate stormflow more than it did the amounts of stormflow or leakage to bedrock in spite of a simple hillslope geometry with constant slope and parallel soil atmosphere and soil bedrock interfaces considered in the analysis the applied model predicted a hysteretic behavior of storage discharge relationship the results showed a mutual interplay of components of hillslope water balance exposing a nonlinear character of the hillslope response the study provided a quantitatively coherent insight in the hydraulic functioning of hillslopes where preferential flow constitutes a dominant part of stormflow

thm coupled finite element analysis of frozen soil formulation and application a fully coupled thermo hydro mechanical thm finite element fe formulation is presented that considers freezing and thawing in water saturated soils the formulation considers each thermal hydraulic and mechanical process and their various interactions through fundamental physical laws and models by employing a combination of ice pressure liquid pressure and total stress as state variables a new mechanical model has been developed that encompasses frozen and unfrozen behaviour within a unified effective stress based framework important frozen soil features such as temperature and porosity dependence of shear strength are captured inherently by the model potential applications to geotechnics include analysis of frost heave foundation stability or mass movements in cold regions the model s performance is demonstrated with reference to the in situ pipeline frost heave tests conducted by slusarchuk et al detailed consideration is given to fe mesh design the influence of hydraulic parameters an

landsliding in partially saturated materials 1 rainfall induced landslides are pervasive in hillslope environments around the world and among the most costly and deadly natural hazards however capturing their occurrence with scientific instrumentation in a natural setting is extremely rare the prevailing thinking on landslide initiation particularly for those landslides that occur under intense precipitation is that the failure surface is saturated and has positive pore water pressures acting on it most analytic methods used for landslide hazard assessment are based on the above perception and assume that the failure surface is located beneath a water table by monitoring the pore water and soil suction response to rainfall we observed shallow landslide occurrence under partially saturated conditions for the first time in a natural setting we show that the partially saturated shallow landslide at this site is predictable using measured soil suction and water content and a novel unified effective stress concept for partially saturated earth materials

effects of soil depth and subsurface flow along the subsurface topography on shallow landslide predictions at the site of a small granitic hillslope shallow landslides are affected by various conditions including soil depth and subsurface flow via an increase in the pore water pressure in this study we evaluate the effect of soil depth and subsurface flow on shallow landslide prediction using the shallow landslide stability shalstab model three detailed soil depth data the average soil depth weathered soil depth and bedrock soil depth were collected using a knocking pole test at a small hillslope site composed of granite in the republic of korea the shalstab model was applied to a ground surface topographic digital elevation model dem using the three soil depths and upslope contributing area sca assuming subsurface flow calculated from four dems a ground surface topography gsto dem weathered soil topography wsto dem bedrock topography bsto dem and low level bedrock topography ebsto dem the model performance was measured using a receiver operating characteristic roc analysis while evaluating the effect of the soil depth with sca using gsto dem it was found that the bedrock soil depth had higher prediction accuracy compared to that of the average soil depth or weathered soil depth to evaluate the saturated subsurface flow between the soil and bedrock scas calculated using wsto and bsto dems were applied from these simulations we found that sca from bsto dem and the bedrock soil depth affect the shallow landslide prediction however these prediction effects are not significantly increased by large differences in the elevation between the lowest and highest elevation values therefore we considered the influence of the bedrock depression and sca from ebsto dem in applying sca from ebsto the prediction accuracy was significantly increased compared to the other predictions our results demonstrate that the influence of the bedrock topography on the prediction of shallow landslides may be particularly significant at the scale of a hillslope

fuzzy models for analysis of rock mass displacements due to underground mining in mountainous areas the displacement and deformations of rock mass due to underground mining has often resulted in major disasters throughout the world frequently inflicting heavy losses of life and damage to property and these disasters have motivated the development of rock mass mechanics the prediction of displacement of rock mass and their surface effects is an important problem of the rock mass mechanics in the excavation activities especially the coal and metal mining in mountainous areas based on results of the statistical analysis of a large amount of measured data in mining engineering the fundamental fuzzy model of displacements and deformations of rock mass is established by using the theory of fuzzy probability measures the theories of both two and three dimensional problems are developed and applied to the analysis of engineering problems in excavation and underground mining in mountainous areas the agreement of the theoretical results with the field measurements shows that our model is satisfactory and the formulae obtained are valid and thus can be effectively used for predicting the displacements and deformations and the safety evaluation of the buildings on the ground

spatio temporal variability of piezometric response on two steep alpine hillslopes information on the main drivers of subsurface flow generation on hillslopes of alpine headwater catchments is still missing therefore the dominant factors controlling the water table response to precipitation at the hillslope scale in the alpine bridge creek catchment northern italy were investigated two steep hillslopes of similar size soil properties and vegetation cover but contrasting topography were instrumented with 24 piezometric wells sixty three 63 rainfall runoff events were selected over three years in the snow free months to analyse the influence of rainfall depth antecedent moisture conditions hillslope topographic characteristics and soil depth on shallow water table dynamics piezometric response expressed as percentage of well activation and water peak magnitude was strongly correlated with soil moisture status as described by an index combining antecedent soil moisture and rainfall depth hillslope topography was found to be a dominant control only for the convex divergent hillslope and during wet conditions timing of water table response depended primarily on soil depth and topographic position with piezometric peak response occurring later and showing a greater temporal variability at the hillslope bottom characterized by thicker soil the relationship between mean hillslope water table level and standard deviation for all wells reflected the timing of the water table response at the different locations along the hillslopes the outcomes of this research contribute to a better understanding of the controls on piezometric response at the hillslope scale in steep terrain and its role on the hydrological functioning of the study catchment and of other sites with similar physiographic characteristics copyright 2014 john wiley sons ltd

seawater effect on consistency limits and compressibility characteristics of clays the reported results in the literature indicate that there is a discrepancy regarding seawater effect on the consistency limits and compressibility properties of clayey soils having relatively low and high plasticity to clarify this discrepancy consistency limits including liquid plastic and shrinkage limits sediment volume and compressibility characteristics of ten soils were tested using distilled water and natural seawater from the aegean sea the results indicate that the effect of seawater is negligible on the tested consistency limits and compressibility characteristics of soils when they have liquid limits up to 110 the seawater effect is most noticed on the consistency limits and compressibility of na bentonites the results of previous research were compiled and compared with those obtained in this study all reported data were normalized by dividing the index values obtained using seawater by those obtained using distilled water the comparison of data indicate that the compiled data and present study data are in good agreement i e when the normalized values are plotted as function of liquid limit all index properties plot along the unity line until the liquid limit of soils is about 110 then the normalized index values decrease almost linearly with liquid limit

ground zoning against seismic hazard in athens greece abstract the 1999 ms 5 9 athens earthquake caused serious structural damage to buildings in the western part of athens greece this paper presents the ground zoning against seismic hazard proposed shortly after the earthquake in order to aid reconstruction of the area existing engineering geological and geotechnical data were combined with local observations to provide a unified set of classification criteria consistent with provisions of the greek seismic code eak the accuracy and the possible limitations of this zoning procedure are addressed through comparison with observed damage distribution as well as results from seismic ground response analyses performed at sites with well established soil profiles there is clear evidence that the proposed zones correspond to geological formations exhibiting grossly different seismic response with regard to the design of common engineering structures however the mostly qualitative nature of the guidelines for ground categorisation provided by eak and the general lack of systematic site specific geotechnical data for the whole area induce uncertainties in the definition of the seismic design actions for the different zones these objective uncertainties certainly demand increased conservatism but do not limit application of the proposed methodology for first aid preliminary planning in the event of destructive earthquakes

study of automated top coal caving in extra thick coal seams using the continuum discontinuum element method abstract in order to investigate top coal drawing regularity and automated top coal caving technology in extra thick coal seams an approach coupling the particle element and the block element is presented based on the continuum discontinuum element method cdem then the constitutive model of hydraulic support is introduced into the cdem to simulate the top coal drawing process meanwhile the bergmark roos model for coal drawing of single support is extended into the collaborative coal drawing of multiple supports to optimize the automated top coal caving technology finally cdem models of hydraulic support armored face conveyer and coal rock strata are established according to the field conditions of the tongxin coal mine then the top coal drawing mechanism is analyzed and an automated top coal caving technology is proposed the results show that under the interaction between hydraulic support and surrounding rocks the final drawing body of initial top coal drawing appears as an irregular deflected ellipsoid shape during different support moving cycles the coal rock structure affects the coal drawing amount and support resistance a statistical comparison of the coal rock drawing amount based on 100 drawing openings indicates that the standard deviation of the coal drawing amount in automated one round coal caving is 1 83 m2 less than that in traditional coal caving 8 23 m2 and the coal drawing amount from each drawing window is more uniform for multi round coal caving techniques the average recovery rate remains at 79 4 and the rock mixed rate is less than 1 based on a comparison of several coal caving techniques automated four round coal caving technology is the optimal technology in which the change rate of the standard deviation of the coal drawing amount as well as the top coal recovery rate are both largest

gis based susceptibility mapping of karst depression in gypsum a case study from sivas basin turkey a method is presented for mapping of collapse susceptibility using geographical information system gis collapses in karst terrains are very serious geological hazards and can damage engineering structures and cause groundwater contamination preparation of collapse susceptibility maps will serve to successful urban planning in karst terrains susceptibility of collapses and the effects of collapse related factors such as geological and hydrological lithology tectonic activity drainage systems springs topographical slope angle slope aspect elevation land use distance from roads and settlement areas and vegetation cover were evaluated using gis field observations and remote sensing data of landsat thematic mapper tm satellite images a susceptibility map was constructed using the frequency ratio techniques as a result all factors had a relatively positive effect on the susceptibility map in the study area the validation of the susceptibility map was checked by considering actual collapses for this purpose degree of fit df was calculated and the values obtained indicated the high quality of map

soil liquefaction susceptibility and hazard mapping in the residential area of kutahya turkey this study presents the results of both field and laboratory tests that have been undertaken to assess liquefaction susceptibilities of the soils in kutahya city located in the well known seismically active fault zone liquefaction potentials of the sub surface materials at kutahya city were estimated by using the geological aspect and geotechnical methods such as spt method of field testing and the data obtained have been mapped according to susceptibility and hazard the susceptibility map indicated liquefable and marginally liquefable areas in alluvium and non liquefable areas in neogene unit for the magnitude of earthquake of m 6 5 whereas liquefaction hazard map produced by using of liquefaction potential index showed the severity categories from very low to high however a large area in the study area is prone to liquefy according to liquefaction susceptibility map the large parts of the liquefable horizon are mapped as low class of severity by the use of the liquefaction potential index it can be said that hazard mapping of liquefaction for a given site is crucial than producing liquefaction susceptibility map for estimating the severity both the susceptibility and hazard maps should be produced and correlated with each other for planning in an engineering point of view

the role of the flexural rotation rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the alasehir graben western turkey the alasehir graben is a well defined prominent extensional structure in western turkey generally trending e w and containing four sedimentary units at the beginning of graben formation during early middle miocene times the first fault system was active and responsible for the accumulation of the first and second sedimentary units in pliocene times a second fault system developed in the hanging wall of the first system and a third sedimentary unit was deposited the recently active third fault system separates older graben fill and a fourth sedimentary unit activity on each fault system caused the rotation and uplift of previous systems similar to the flexural rotation rolling hinge model but our field observations indicate that the rotated first fault system is also active allowing exhumation of larger amounts of rock units this paper documents that graben formation in western turkey is a sequential process its different periods are represented by three fault systems and associated sedimentation consequently recent claims using age data from only the second and or third sedimentary units to determine the timing of graben formation are misleading

potential for landsliding dependence on hyetograph characteristics 1 this paper examines the effect of hyetograph shape on the potential for landsliding in soil mantled landscapes an existing pore pressure response model iverson 2000 is used to study the effects of unsteady rainfall infiltration in hillslopes and the effect of slope and convergent topography is expressed using a steady state model of slope parallel subsurface flow slope stability is assessed using an infinite slope analysis this theoretical framework is coupled with simple hyetograph models and to intensity duration frequency functions to determine the return period of landslide triggering rainfall results also show that hyetographs with a peak at the end of a rainfall event have a stronger destabilizing effect than hyetographs with a constant rainfall or with a peak at the beginning of a storm thus the variability of hyetograph shapes adds uncertainty to the assessment of landsliding triggered by rainfall

utilization of engineering geology in geo tourism few case studies of subsidence influence on historical churches in ostrava karvina district czech republic this article studies a set of historical churches influenced by subsidence induced by underground coal mining in the karvina part of the upper silesian coal basin in the czech republic the research made use of engineering geological tools to assess the influence of underground mining on the ground in the cases of the churches in question variations in time of the existing subsidence have also been evaluated the herein applied method in determination of the building site categories transforms the measured macroscopically visible vertical tilts of buildings churches into horizontal tilts and it is new horizontal tilts are important characteristics expressing differential settlement however these are not measurable as the building begins in the foundation soil and the foundations would have to be exposed building site categories i e categories of hazard to determine the mining influence on buildings based on horizontal tilt were used to determine the influence of underground mining onto a building due to the fact that the churches under observation find themselves at diverse stages of subsidence we identified a great variability of subsidence and building site categories this way the churches become unique landmarks in the cultivated landscape as they frequently remain the only historical buildings in the subsidence trough thanks to rehabilitation and repeated repairs churches survive as the memorials of human life in subsidence troughs induced by underground coal mining for example in the ostrava karvina coal district coal has been mined for 200 years the fundamental argument for the nomination of the church set onto the unesco world heritage list is the fact that historical churches may remain the only traces left by people living in localities affected by underground coal mining the article would also like to point at the application of engineering geology for other than construction or environmental purposes geo tourism has this scientific and economic potential for the future

unique documentation analysis of origin and development of an undrained depression in a subsidence basin caused by underground coal mining kozinec czech republic this article aims to explain and demonstrate the origin and development of a subsidence basin caused by coal mining as well as to point out important aspects of this phenomenon in engineering geology engineering geology needs to deal with a number of issues related to the origin and development of subsidence basins in areas affected by deep coal mining an interesting case study from the upper silesian basin in the northeast of the czech republic near the polish border is presented in this paper there is a clear time chronological succession in the ground surface changes manifested by a ground subsidence gradation both in their absolute values as well as in their spatial distribution the phenomenon is documented by aerial photo time series which optimally depict the origin and development of the subsidence in the study area there are changes in the landscape elements and it is essential to be considered in future land use plans the marginal conditions of the quaternary geological structure and hydrogeological conditions are responsible for an unconfined aquifer which manifests there as a water body in an undrained depression in the course of the ground subsidence

stratigraphic structural and geochemical features of the ne sw trending neogene volcano sedimentary basins in western anatolia implications for associations of supra detachment and transtensional strike slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setting western anatolia has been the focus of many geological studies of the classical extensional tectonics in the region the ne sw trending neogene volcano sedimentary basins that characterize western anatolia are mainly located on the northern part of the menderes massif a progressively exhumed mid crustal metamorphic unit that has undergone neogene extensional tectonics in the area the ne sw trending basins are the bigadic gordes demirci selendi emet gure and u ak basins although many studies have been carried out in these basins the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the ne sw trending volcano sedimentary basins remains controversial and hence different evolutionary models have been proposed by various authors recent studies concluded that there was a close relation in both space and time between the basin formation and the progressive exhumation of the menderes massif in this study we present new stratigraphic geochemical and tectonic observations from the gordes demirci and emet basins and couple them with data from the other ne sw trending basins to produce a tectono stratigraphic evolutionary model for the area gordes basin was opened by strike to oblique slip movements on the basin bounding faults as a result of dextral transtension such that the transtensional gordes basin formed where extension is oblique to the margin that bounded the basin the demirci selendi emet and gure basins have similar stratigraphic and tectonic features and began to develop as supra detachment extensional basins on an early miocene corrugated detachment fault the simav detachment fault sdf in these basins deposition of a middle miocene volcano sedimentary succession was controlled by ne sw trending strike to oblique slip faults which developed as accommodation faults in the hanging wall of a second detachment fault located further south the gediz detachment fault gdf these data suggest that the menderes massif was exhumed through basin formation in the upper plate that arose from successive detachment faulting accommodated by kinematically linked dextral strike to oblique slip motion to the west strike slip faulting is linked to a previously described crustal scale zone of weakness on which the gordes basin was formed the zmir bal kesir transfer zone the ne sw trending basins were also deformed by ne sw trending dextral and nw se trending sinistral strike slip faulting under pure shear during the late miocene and by e w trending dip slip normal faulting in the pliocene quaternary the data indicate that the region has been extended in a not vert similarn s direction since at least the early miocene and that this extension occurred episodically in several phases

a physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding a model for the topographic influence on shallow landslide initiation is developed by coupling digital terrain data with near surface through flow and slope stability models the hydrologic model topog o loughlin 1986 predicts the degree of soil saturation in response to a steady state rainfall for topographic elements defined by the intersection of contours and flow tube boundaries the slope stability component uses this relative soil saturation to analyze the stability of each topographic element for the case of cohesionless soils of spatially constant thickness and saturated conductivity the steady state rainfall predicted to cause instability in each topographic element provides a measure of the relative potential for shallow landsliding the spatial distribution of critical rainfall values is compared with landslide locations mapped from aerial photographs and in the field for three study basins where high resolution digital elevation data are available tennessee valley in marin county california mettman ridge in the oregon coast range and split creek on the olympic peninsula washington model predictions in each of these areas are consistent with spatial patterns of observed landslide scars although hydrologic complexities not accounted for in the model e g spatial variability of soil properties and bedrock flow control specific sites and timing of debris flow initiation within areas of similar topographic control

threshold relations in subsurface stormflow 2 the fill and spill hypothesis analysis of subsurface stormflow from 147 storms at the 20 m long trench in the panola mountain research watershed by tromp van meerveld and mcdonnell 2006a showed that there was a distinct 55 mm precipitation threshold for significant subsurface stormflow production this second paper in the series investigates the processes responsible for this threshold response we installed a dense spatial array of maximum rise crest stage gauges and recording wells on the hillslope and studied the temporal and spatial patterns of transient saturation at the soil bedrock interface and its relation to subsurface stormflow measured at the trench face results show that while transient groundwater developed on parts of the hillslope during events smaller than 55 mm it was not until more than 55 mm of rain fell before bedrock depressions on the hillslope were filled water spilled over microtopographic relief in the bedrock surface and the subsurface saturated areas became connected to the trench when connectivity was achieved the instantaneous subsurface stormflow rate increased more than fivefold compared to before the subsurface saturated areas were connected to the trench face total subsurface stormflow was more than 75 times larger when connectivity was achieved compared to when connectivity was not achieved the fill and spill hypothesis presented in this paper is a process explanation for the observed threshold behavior of tromp van meerveld and mcdonnell 2006a thereby linking patterns and processes

urban geology a case study of tongchuan city shaanxi province china abstract urban geology is the study of urban geologic environments to provide a scientific basis for rational land use planning and urban development this paper examines the major geotechnical and environmental geologic problems arising from the characteristics topography geology and soil types including their properties and areal distribution and human engineering activities slope excavation underground mining of tongchuan city the main factors restricting urban development are steep slopes landslides the wide distribution of problematic soils flooding and surface subsidence caused by underground mining information theory has been applied to predict the slope susceptibility the area of surface subsidence caused by mining at present and in the future is delimited using a finite element method the factors closely related to land use planning are slope susceptibility and landslides flooding collapsible soils surface subsidence related to mining and the low bearing capacity of a bearing layer these are combined to produce uniform engineering geological units the result of a suitability assessment of the study area is illustrated in the form of a rational land use planning map

modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using geotop fs this paper describes a coupled distributed hydrological geotechnical model geotop fs which simulates the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and debris flows we use a hydrological distributed model geotop which models latent and sensible heat fluxes and surface runoff and computes soil moisture in 3 d by solving richards equation numerically together with an infinite slope geotechnical model geotop fs the combined model allows both the hydraulic and geotechnical properties of soil to be considered and realistically modelled in particular the model has been conceived to make direct use of field surveys geotechnical characteristics and soil moisture measurements in the model the depth of available sediments is also used to characterize the hydraulic properties of the area examined to account for the uncertainty related to the natural variability in the factors influencing the stability of natural slopes the safety factor is computed with a probabilistic approach in order to determine the likelihood of slope failures soil parameters are assigned distributions instead of single deterministic values the analysis presented was carried out for an alpine watershed located in the friuli region italy for which some geological and geotechnical data were available in the past this watershed experienced landslides and debris flows during intense storms following long and moderate intensity rainfall events the distributed coupled geotop fs model was calibrated by reproducing some of these events and validated in order to map future failure probabilities

hillslope threshold response to rainfall 1 a field based forensic approach summary hillslope threshold response to storm rainfall is poorly understood basic questions regarding the type location and flow dynamics of lateral subsurface flow remain unanswered even at our most intensively studied field sites here we apply a forensic approach where we combined irrigation and excavation experiments at the well studied maimai hillslope to determine the typology and morphology of the primary lateral subsurface flowpaths and the control of bedrock permeability and topography on these flowpaths the experiments showed that downslope flow is concentrated at the soil bedrock interface with flowpath locations controlled by small features in the bedrock topography lateral subsurface flow is characterized by high velocities several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by darcy s law using measured hydraulic conductivities at the site we found the bedrock to be moderately permeable and showed that vertical percolation of water into the bedrock is a potentially large component of the hillslope water balance our results suggest that it is the properties of the bedrock topography and permeability that control subsurface flow at maimai and the soil profile plays a less significant role than previously thought a companion paper incorporates these findings into a conceptual model of hydrological processes at the site to explore the generalities of whole hillslope threshold response to storm rainfall

collapse dolines in miocene gypsum an example from sw sivas turkey this study investigated the formation mechanism of dolines dolines are caused by dissolution of gypsum in the study area 50 220 m in diameter two systems were applied to determine the support necessary for natural underground opening of given span in a given rock mass from the characteristics of the rock mass a 5 m wide unsupported span in the gypsum can be expected to stand up for over 9 years the designed span of an artificial opening would normally be considerably less than the span of a collapsed natural opening in the same rock dolines in the study area play an important role in the groundwater flow system

tectono stratigraphic evolution of the ne sw trending superimposed selendi basin implications for late cenozoic crustal extension in western anatolia turkey abstract selendi basin is located in the eastern part of western anatolia that is the easternmost part of the aegean extensional province in western anatolia crustal extension resulted in exhumation of the mid crustal units the menderes massif synchronously with volcano sedimentary basin formation the stratigraphic and tectonic features of the volcano sedimentary succession reflect the exhumation processes and the modes of extension we present new stratigraphical sedimentological structural and 40ar 39ar age data from the neogene volcano sedimentary fill of the ne sw trending selendi basin the data show that crustal extension in the region occurred in four distinct episodes and accommodated the exhumation of the menderes massif and the basin formation throughout the late cenozoic late oligocene to early miocene detachment faulting the simav detachment fault sdf is attributed to the first episode clastic sedimentation and bimodal volcanism of 20 0 17 5 ma the hacibekir group age was formed in the hanging wall of the sdf during the exhumation of northern menderes massif in the footwall during second episode the menderes collapse occurred and was manifest by formation of the gediz detachment fault gdf during the middle miocene activity on the gdf has resulted in the exhumation of the central menderes massif in the bozdag area during this period the hanging wall of the gdf was dissected by ne sw trending high angle oblique slip cross faults and accommodated clastic to lacustrine carbonate deposition and syn sedimentary bimodal volcanism of 16 15 ma the inay group the third episode is represented by formation of nw se trending sinistral and ne sw trending dextral strike to oblique slip faults and associated dip to oblique slip normal faults during the late miocene indicating that the area was deformed under a strike slip tectonic regime the faults localized alluvial sedimentation the kocakuz formation and basaltic volcanism of 7 8 ma the kabaklar basalt in the selendi basin the last episode commenced by the start of the plio quaternary this period is represented by the currently active n s extensional tectonic regime that resulted in the formation of e w trending high angle normal faults that controls the present day e w trending graben type basin formation e g gediz and simav grabens and the quaternary 1200 60 ka basaltic volcanism

investigation of non explosive expansion material in roof caving field application abstract effective roof caving plays a significant role in mining safety a spatiotemporal coupling fracturing method using a non explosive expansion material neem is proposed in this paper this method depends on the high fracturing capacity of the neem and a change from vertical charging to inclined charging aimed at producing new free surfaces step by step until the integrity of the entire rock is destroyed from a space time perspective the expansion stress and water adsorption of the neem were studied to determine the optimum stress increase interval and soak time with respect to the space aspect the charging sequence of boreholes was negatively correlated to their incline angles bringing the neem s superiority into full play based on the generation of new free surfaces in steps with respect to the time aspect the charging intervals of the inclined boreholes were designed to obtain the best stress compensation and highest fracturing efficiency a field trial was carried out in pingdingshan no 2 mine the results of which showed that some radial cracks were produced around the charging boreholes and that they propagated to the pilot boreholes moreover four main cracks were formed and were approximately parallel to the direction of the borehole rows in a fracturing group a fracture network was eventually generated which verified the expansion capacity of the neem and the feasibility of the spatiotemporal coupling fracturing method for field application

geological characteristics of strata in chongqing china and mitigation of the environmental impacts of tunneling induced geo hazards this study investigated the geological characteristics of strata in chongqing and the tunneling induced geo hazards therein the urban area of chongqing contains six syncline anticline pairs and is bounded by the huayingshan basement fault to the west and by the changshou zunyi basement fault to the east the bedrock containing sandstone and mudstone of the upper shaximiao formation resulting from middle triassic strata is occasionally outcropped during urbanization many valleys in chongqing require to be backfilled to create more flat ground thus the extent and thickness of the loose backfill layer varied from place to place while tunneling in chongqing the following geological characteristics may cause geo hazards 1 backfill with a loose structure poor gradation high permeability and large void ratio 2 highly or moderately weathered mudstone and sandstone that can easily become softened once subjected to groundwater seepage and 3 syncline folding containing perched water or confined fissure water the potential geo hazards include groundwater ingress ground surface settlement and strata collapse while tunneling within backfill synclines sandstone synclines or weak fractured rock significant amount of groundwater may be encountered thus leading to a high risk of groundwater ingress ground surface settlement can be triggered due to the disturbances of tunnel construction to the backfill or consolidation effect after groundwater ingress strata collapse can be caused by the blasting induced disturbances to poor surrounding geology or by inadequate overburden thickness or by an increase in the effective stress resulting from groundwater loss caused by leakage to mitigate the environmental impacts of the tunneling induced geo hazards a series of countermeasures that is advance geological drilling advance ground improvement including full face grouting and grouting of the surrounding geologic media and advance pipe umbrella use are proposed in this paper the results from a case study indicate that the proposed countermeasures can greatly decrease the ground surface settlement and amount of groundwater ingress during tunneling in chongqing verifying the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasures

evaluation of engineering geological conditions for conurbation of ostrava czech republic within gis environment the main aim of the presented study was to create a new type of engineering geological maps for relative costs for foundation engineering the newly proposed map in this paper can replace the formerly used maps of the suitability for foundation engineering which shows only the suitable and or unsuitable sites and suggests the use of suitable areas for construction only however there are developed technologies that they can overcome the potential problems in unsuitable areas by relatively high costs it means that unsuitable areas can also be used as construction areas therefore the use of the newly proposed map of relative costs which reflects the complexity of geo factors by proportional category of larger or smaller relative costs is satisfactory another part of this research was to assess various geo factors engineering geological zones workability of rocks pre quaternary bedrock flood land radon hazard mining subsidence and slope movements which affect the foundation of future buildings this study was carried out in the large industrial city of ostrava in the czech republic with complicated engineering geological conditions and high anthropogenic influence factors including undermining the use of complicated relationships is also generally difficult to be taken into account by the planners therefore the use of the newly created synthetic map by planners is simple even planners who are not geologists will be able to apply it easily

influence of mineralogy on swelling and consolidation of soils in eastern saudi arabia the mineral calcium sulphate transforms from anhydrite through bassanite to gypsum and then can convert back to bassanite and anhydrite this transformation of calcium sulphate causes volume change that adds to the poten tial hazards with indigenous soils containing expansive clay minerals heave and settlement are the most important geotechnical problems associated with many argillaceous soils in eastern saudi arabia mineralogical evolution and engineering behaviour of such soils are governed by local geology and severe climatic and environmental conditions prevalent in the region based on laboratory investigations this paper discusses the influence of mineralogy on swelling and consolidation of expansive clay calcium sulphate forms and their mixtures mineralogy is investigated using geotechnical index properties and thermal and x ray diffraction analyses swelling and consolidation characteristics are directly determined and are studied in conjunction with microstructural assessment results indicate that under the hot and humid climate prevalent in eastern saudi arabia form changes in calcium sulphate can take place in the time frame of engineering importance the volume change behaviour of local expansive clay depends on the form and amount of calcium sulphate present in the soil

liquefaction potential and susceptibility mapping in the city of yalova turkey this study presents results of both field and laboratory tests that have been used to asses liquefaction susceptibilities of the soils in yalova city located in the well known seismically active north anatolian fault zone liquefaction potentials of the sub surface materials in yalova city were estimated by using the standard penetration test spt method of field testing the data obtained have been mapped according to susceptibility and the susceptibility maps based on the geotechnical data indicated a moderate to high susceptibility to liquefaction for the magnitude of earthquake of m 7 4 both the high groundwater level and the grain size of the soils in conjunction with the active seismic features of the region result in conditions favourable to the occurrence of liquefaction when the surface and near surface geological conditions were taken under consideration it was seen that the study area s geology is prone to liquefaction having a moderate liquefaction susceptibility if geologic and geomorphological criteria are considered it should be understood that the study area as discussed under the region s geology is susceptible to liquefaction the geotechnical data largely support the geologic based liquefaction susceptibility of the study area

determination of actual limit angles to the surface and their comparison with the empirical values in the upper silesian basin czech republic abstract this study deals with the determination of the actual limit angles in the long term formed subsidence basin in the czech part of the upper silesian basin the remaining part lays in poland here there was the most extensive underground exploitation of black coal in the north east of the czech republic a limit angle is absolutely decisive in the determination of deep mining influences in relation to the current and future utilisation of this territory the two csm and paskov mine localities on the edge of the subsidence basin were selected for this study since they could not have been affected by mining in neighbouring mines on the grounds of the long term levelling monitoring of points on the surface which started prior to mining the horizontal distance between the mined out area and the undisturbed ground surface was identified the impact of limit angle on the surface was calculated by means of the horizontal distance and the established mining depth such identified actual limit angles reached the values of 36 at the csm mine and 25 for the paskov mine the calculated values are significantly lower when compared with the currently applied empirical values of 57 for the csm mine and 56 for the paskov mine this means that the extent of the undermining effects is unambiguously wider by 611 m at the csm mine and by 883 m at the paskov mine this study thus establishes the existence of a significantly vaster area influenced by coal deep mining than previously expected the identified facts lead to the conclusion that regular revisions and follow up updates of the empirically determined parameters are recommended

physical modeling investigation of rainfall infiltration in steep layered volcanoclastic slopes abstract infiltration processes in layered slopes can be strongly affected by the different hydraulic properties of the soils constituting the layers with potential downslope flow diversion that can have effects on slope stability as well as on runoff generation and groundwater recharge in this respect volcanoclastic soil covers represent a typical example as layers with strongly contrasting textures are deposited during the various eruptive phases in this paper the results of a transient infiltration test carried out in a densely instrumented physical model of a layered volcanoclastic sloping cover are presented the soil cover was constituted by a layer of gravelly pumices interbedded between two layers of finer ashes sandy loams even with such an extreme contrast in texture capable of significantly delaying the advancement of infiltration through the layer of pumices flow diversion occurred only temporarily at the interface between the upper layer of ashes and the pumices in fact although a long lasting intense rainfall was applied into an initially dry soil profile the downslope diverted water volume in form of a subsurface runoff was just a small fraction of the total applied rainfall in fact the accumulation of water above the upper edge of the pumices responsible of the subsurface runoff soon led to the establishment of a large water potential gradient which redirected the infiltrating flow through the pumices and stopped the downslope flow diversion

geochemistry of marmara lake sediments implications for holocene environmental changes in western turkey abstract beginning from the early holocene marked environmental changes have been revealed by a multi proxy study of two radiocarbon dated sediment cores from lake marmara both cores are composed of fine clastic sediments deposited over the last 1845 years the core taken from the western depocentre supplementary consists of a 20 cm thick interval which represents a time period of 10 28 to 8 28ka yrbp a desiccation event caused 6435 year hiatus in the sedimentary record the lake was established again at 1 85ka yrbp after a transitional humid phase at the beginning of the late holocene overall arid conditions were continuously effective especially the difference between the geochemical composition of early and late holocene sediments indicates distinctive environmental conditions respective humid phases took place in between 10 28 and 8 28ka yrbp early holocene and 1 85 to 1 72ka yrbp late holocene the early holocene phase is characterized by higher fluvial activity controlled by the humid climate and active tectonics right after the middle holocene droughts a short termed tendency to relatively fresh and oxic conditions prevailed however the small surface area of the lake and its shallow conditions caused fast variations of hydrology oxidation level salinity and organic productivity during the last 1850 years we suggest that a combination of the instability of the eastern mediterranean climate and local conditions is the main control on the changing paleo environment during the study period

a distributed slope stability model for steep forested basins a distributed physically based slope stability model dslam based on an infinite slope model a kinematic wave groundwater model and a continuous change vegetation root strength model is presented it is integrated with a contour line based topographic analysis and a geographic information system gis for spatial data extraction and display the model can be run with either individual rainfall events or long term sequences of storms these inputs can be either actual storm records or synthesized random events based on monte carlo simulation the model is designed to analyze rapid shallow landslides and the spatial distribution of safety factor fs in steep forested areas it can investigate the slope stability problem in both temporal and spatial dimensions for example the impact of timber harvesting on slope stability either at a given time or through an extended management period the probability of landslide occurrence for a given year and the delivery of landslide sediments to headwater streams the dslam model was applied in a steep forested drainage of cedar creek in the oregon coast ranges using actual spatial patterns of timber harvesting and measured rainfall during a major storm which triggered widespread landslides in that area in 1975 simulated volume and number of failures were 733 m3 and 4 respectively these values agreed closely with field measurements following the 1975 storm however the effect of parameter uncertainty may complicate this comparison for example when soil cohesion values of 2 0 and 3 0 kpa were used the failure volume changed by factors of 2 04 and 0 41 respectively compared with the average condition of 2 5 kpa used in the simulation for soil depths 30 higher and lower than the standard condition the failure volume changed by factors of 2 0 and 0 27 respectively when maximum root cohesion changed from 12 5 kpa average condition to 10 kpa the failure volume increased 1 73 fold for the case of 15 kpa the failure volume changed by a factor of 0 55 the simulated failures caused by the storm were mostly in hollows the simulations show that the spatial distribution of fs is controlled mainly by topography and timber harvesting patterns and is greatly affected by groundwater flow patterns during major rainstorms most areas with fs 3 0 corresponded with the distribution of blocks clear cut in 1968 and all elements with fs 2 0 were in areas clear cut in 1968 areas with low fs 1 0 1 6 expanded dramatically during the rainstorm and decreased at a slow rate after the storm factors of safety in hollows declined sharply during the storm

model for the prediction of shear strength with respect to soil suction experimental studies on unsaturated soils are generally costly time consuming and difficult to conduct shear strength data from the research literature suggests that there is a nonlinear increas

engineering geological mapping developed in the fortaleza metropolitan region state of ceara brazil abstract engineering geological mapping was carried out at a scale of 1 100 000 in the fortaleza metropolitan region located in northeastern brazil to provide engineering geological information as an aid in planning land use and occupation in this study eight basic maps were produced drawing urban areas lithology unconsolidated materials in addition to geomorphological map showing slopes water resources engineering geological zoning and distribution of geological geotechnical environmental problems based on information collected through field and laboratory investigations the region was divided into nine engineering geological zones analyzed in terms of geohazard susceptibility and foundation excavation and waste disposal conditions

hydrology of subarctic canadian shield soil filled valleys the canadian shield landscape includes bedrock uplands and valleys infilled with soil a site near yellowknife in subarctic canada was studied to elucidate the hydrological behaviour of soil filled valleys a suite of hydrological processes was found to be important in the studied valley including snowmelt and rainfall ground frost development evaporation infiltration lateral inflow from adjacent uplands and surface and subsurface flows valley storage requirements during snowmelt are met by local meltwater infiltration but lateral inflows in the summer are needed to satisfy the storage before runoff can be generated from the valley the valleys perform three functions of collecting vertical and lateral water inputs retaining and losing the water held in storage and transferring water down the valley and generating local outflow unlike channel flows in humid areas runoff from the upper valley has to meet the storage demands of the lower valley segments often causing seepage loss along flow paths to render the flows intermittent a fill and spill runoff system is proposed in which the valley physiography results in a series of segments with varying storage conditions as water is supplied to the valley each segment has to be filled until its storage threshold for runoff is exceeded then subsurface or surface flows will be generated but these flows may be arrested to furnish water to satisfy the storage requirements of the segments downstream such a flow system applies also to other valleys in the shield environment

does hydrological connectivity improve modelling of coarse sediment delivery in upland environments modelling the delivery of landslide generated sediment to channel networks is challenging due to uncertainty in the magnitude frequency distribution of failures connected to the channel network here we investigate a simplified treatment of hydrological connectivity as a means for improving identification of coarse sediment delivery to upland rivers sediment generation from hillslopes and channel banks and its delivery to the channel network are modelled based on a modified form of shalstab coupled to a network index version of topmodel the network index treatment has two important hydrological effects a it only allows saturated areas to connect to the hydrological network when there is full saturation along the associated flow path and 2 overland flow associated with unconnected but saturated zones is assumed to remain within the catchment and to contribute to a reduction in the catchment averaged saturation deficit we use this hydrological treatment to restrict sediment delivery to situations where there is surface hydrological connection i e saturation along the complete flow path that connects failure areas to the drainage network this represents an extreme restriction on the possibility of connected failure as it does not allow for failed material to connect if failures are associated with partial saturation or where delivery involves runout across areas where hydrological connection is not maintained the impact of this restriction is assessed by comparing model predictions with field mapping of connected failures and data from continuously recording coarse sediment sensors for two storm events the hydrological connection requirement restricted connected failures to zones closer to the drainage network and resulted in a better level of agreement with the field mapped failures simulations suggested that in the study catchment the majority of sediment inputs occur from hydrologically connected areas close to the channel network during moderate sized rainstorms that occur relatively frequently 2007 elsevier b v all rights reserved

tectonic geomorphology of the spildagi high ranges western anatolia abstract the spildagi high ranges represent the footwall block of the manisa fault zone mfz which is one of the nw se to e w trending active dip slip normal fault systems in western anatolia the spildagi high ranges were uplifted by approximately 1500 m with respect to the lowland manisa basin following the late miocene the plio quaternary active tectonics was interpreted through a detailed geomorphic study of the fault generated mountain fronts and drainage pattern of the spildagi high ranges the combined geomorphic and morphometric data provide evidence for relative variations in tectonic activity along the mfz morphometric measures such as axial river profiles drainage basin geometry triangular facets and mountain front lineament patterns document the impact of active tectonics on the landscape evolution of the mfz which resulted in the subdivision of western central and eastern sectors an axial river flowing in the manisa basin is represented by the gediz river that exhibits a meandering braided transition pattern the relative positions of the palaeochannels and oxbows evidence the south westward migration of the gediz river towards the mfz we infer that the source of axial river migration is tilting of the manisa plain due the listric nature of the mfz quantitative measurement of geomorphic indices such as mountain front sinuosity s mf 1 11 1 14 valley floor width to height ratios v f 0 033 0 947 facet heights 25 1060 m and facet slopes 5 77 40 21 suggest a relatively high degree of tectonic activity along the mfz hypsometric curves for all sector slopes mostly exhibit straight or concave shapes indicating the presence of the young and weakly eroded mountain front of the spildagi high ranges the combined geomorphic indices and field data suggest that the analysed dip slip normal fault segments are linear and highly active

numerical analysis of a large landslide induced by coal mining subsidence mining induced subsidence is one of the challenging problems in geotechnical engineering the surface topography of the ground over mining excavations plays a key role in the mechanism of subsidence when a mining operation is performed beneath mountainous or hilly terrain it may trigger landslides this study therefore aims to analyse the impacts of underground mining on the stability of slopes by using numerical modelling a coal mining induced landslide at nattai north australia is investigated as a typical case study in this area mining operations beneath the sydney basin escarpments initiated the largest contemporary landslide and mass movement known in australia cunningham 1988 discontinuous numerical modelling is employed to analyse the mechanisms of the ground movements leading to this landslide the role of geological and geotechnical factors such as rock mass characteristics bedding and joints are discussed through the numerical modelling the outcomes of the analyses reveal that mining induced stresses lead to the shear and compressive failure of weak strata at the escarpment base particularly around its toe the failure of the base materials as well as the caving of the overlaying bedded rocks into the extracted panel facilitated the detachment of the massive sandstone this rock column ahead of the escarpment was overlaying the weak strata the numerical results also indicate that the aforementioned rock column remained almost unaffected during mining however the failure of the weak strata at the toe of the escarpment initiated the simultaneous forward sliding and toppling of the rock column this mode of failure which is known as ski jump type of failure was previously observed and explained by pells et al 1987

incorporating geology and geomorphology in land management decisions in developing countries a case study in southern costa rica the fast and uncontrolled expansion of industries agriculture and settlements in developing countries implies a definite need to develop strategies for effective land management for this reason we carried out a case study in southern costa rica within an area of high vulnerability for landslides and seismic hazards aiming at the development of a gis based system for the analysis of the physical environment that is of practical use for land management decisions in developing regions with limited financial technical and data resources our concept is based upon the assessment of five so called geofactors reflecting the most important aspects for land management planning 1 lithology petrophysics 2 geomorphology 3 hydrogeology 4 slope stability and 5 seismic hazards in order to take as much advantage as possible of the limited existing base data and efficient tools for data collection evaluation of data quality and data analysis were developed second degree normalization of all database attributes guarantees extensive data query and access possibilities the application of geofactor terrain analysis for land management is discussed on the basis of a land use plan for the town of rio claro located in the ne of the study area

application of the geomechanical facies approach and comparison of exploration and evaluation methods used at soultz sous forets france and spa urach germany geothermal sites earth reservoirs are increasingly exploited today with the extraction of resources such as heat and hydrocarbons and the large scale emplacement of waste such as co2 sequestration the characterization site investigation predictive modeling and long term monitoring are dependent on the processes being investigated and modeled in most cases complex coupled processes have to be addressed in a geologically complex rock mass system in this paper we present a conceptual holistic framework known as geomechanical facies linking all the scales of investigation characterization and reservoir development methods we demonstrate this concept on the work undertaken during the design and development of the enhanced geothermal systems egs systems at the forefront of european hot dry rock hdr technology soultz sous forets france and spa urach germany soultz sous forets is situated within granitic rocks and an active tectonic graben system in the central part of the rhine graben it presents conditions of lithology temperature stress hydraulics and geochemistry that are very different from those at spa urach located in a very dense gneiss formation in the south german crystalline complex spa urach exhibits more elastic behavior and is set tectonically within an almost inactive strike slip stress field described in more detail in sects drill core analysis and hydraulic stimulation at spa urach this paper compares the exploration and field development methods used at these two sites against the back drop of the geomechanical facies concept issues addressed include the key parameters for flow and heat transport properties coupled hydro mechanical process identification the success of the hdr reservoir as a heat exchanger and exploration techniques applicable to the different facies identification of the key geomechanical facies gives an indication as to which technologies will prove more efficient in the application of hdr technology the results of this study will hopefully help in developing heat recovery schemes for the long term economical operation of future hdr plants and egs as well as assist in the understanding of engineered geosystems

relationship between groundwater flow estimated by soil temperature and slope failures caused by heavy rainfall shikoku island southwestern japan most of the slope failure disasters in a humid area such as that of japan are caused by heavy rain however even for the case of heavy rainfall that occurs once in every 10 years total area of slope failures seldom exceeds 10 of a watershed from this background we focused on the vein like groundwater flows that increase pore water pressure and clarified the relationship between distributions of slope failures and groundwater veins in this study a 1 m depth ground temperature survey and water chemistry analyses at springs and boreholes were conducted in zentoku area of shikoku island southwestern japan to grasp the distribution of groundwater veins and their sources subsequently slope stability was analyzed to investigate the relationship between groundwater veins and slope failures at study sites these results lead to the following conclusions the slope failures appear to concentrate around shallow groundwater veins and groundwater veins rising from deep layers this means that slope failures caused by these groundwater veins in addition to rainfall two types of groundwater originate in the deep layers one has short storage time as indicated by the fact that dissolved substances are low the other is stored for a lengthy period as noted by a high concentration of dissolved substances by combining the results of stability analyses and distribution of groundwater veins it is suggested that prediction of zones with high potential for slope failure can be more accurate

a leaning historical monument formed by underground mining effect an example from czech republic abstract as causes of underground mining activities subsidences and slope deformations are very important problems in most countries if the slope deformation or subsidence cannot be effectively controlled then it will cause damages on buildings particularly tall buildings and even a disaster however surface impact of underground mining activity is very well known and reasonably well understood as a result of the effect of underground mining activities many hazards undesired structural and environmental problems on the surface are being addressed in many countries in this article deformations on the church of st peter of alcantara which is one of the most dominant monuments of karvina city czech republic were identified and discussed by means of the effect of underground mining activities on the buildings the results of this article will be useful in order to better understand the nature and magnitude of displacements that can affect surface infrastructures

infinite slope stability under steady unsaturated seepage conditions 1 we present a generalized framework for the stability of infinite slopes under steady unsaturated seepage conditions the analytical framework allows the water table to be located at any depth below the ground surface and variation of soil suction and moisture content above the water table under steady infiltration conditions the framework also explicitly considers the effect of weathering and porosity increase near the ground surface on changes in the friction angle of the soil the factor of safety is conceptualized as a function of the depth within the vadose zone and can be reduced to the classical analytical solution for subaerial infinite slopes in the saturated zone slope stability analyses with hypothetical sandy and silty soils are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the framework these analyses indicate that for hillslopes of both sandy and silty soils failure can occur above the water table under steady infiltration conditions which is consistent with some field observations that cannot be predicted by the classical infinite slope theory a case study of shallow slope failures of sandy colluvium on steep coastal hillslopes near seattle washington is presented to examine the predictive utility of the proposed framework

influence of underground mining activities on the slope deformation genesis doubrava vrchovec doubrava ujala and staric case studies from czech republic abstract one the most important manifestation of underground mining activities is its potential influence on the initiation and reactivation of the slope movements however an adequate attention has not yet been paid to these problems the goal of this study is to analyze the possible influence of present and former mining activities on the selected set of model slope deformations in the ostrava karvina coalfield and also to describe a methodology for their observation for the application to similar conditions and influence three different methodologies applied in three different case studies of slope deformations where the subsidences are still active in the first case study doubrava vrchovec inclinometer was not used in the second doubrava ujala case study only one inclinometer was installed in landslide body and in the third case study sta ic two inclinometers were installed as one of them was inside of the landslide body while the other inclinometer was outside for evaluation of the impact isocatabase maps terrain deformation parameters calculated for the point lying on the slope deformation surface length measurement by zone extensometer and dilatometer measurement in cracks was also provided in order to show that inclination of both boreholes is an evidence of underground mining impact localization of inclinometer measurement on boreholes in the active part as well as in the near vicinity was found as very important thus the study contributed to a more objective knowledge of these problems of interest for the professional public and also for the state administration to solve problems associated with the utilization and settlement of such affected areas

variations in the building site categories in the underground mining region of doubrava czech republic for land use planning abstract in terms of demands and needs of ground investigation and foundation engineering the engineering geological conditions in the underground mining territories represent anthropogenically influenced areas in the most complicated manner since they suffer the impacts from the underground mining of mineral resources the subjects of observation are the so called building site categories which represent a certain risk factor that must be taken into consideration during foundation engineering and engineering geological studies in the undermined territories it is necessary to realise that underground mining is an anthropogenic geodynamic process which significantly varies over time due to mining change and consequently with variations in the position shape and size of subsidence in a subsidence basin all the above mentioned variations should be mandatory knowledge for land use planners engineering geologists geotechnicians foundation engineers and designers because of the evident logicality of these needs this work presents a case study ostrava karvina coal district in the north east of the czech republic of variations in the building site categories over time and the results show that the chronology of the changes has a very significant influence in this area of interest the results of the building site category evaluation imply that the majority of the interest area falls within relatively good conditions for founding all kinds of structures however it was then necessary to consider variations over time in the surface area of less suitable building site categories a trend certainly confirmed the existence of the previously presumed mutual relationship between building site categories and subsidence size distribution it is apparent from the analytic results of the relationship between building site categories and planned development that the negative impacts of mining have been only partly considered or completely disregarded in the development planning process consequently future land use planners should carefully consider these particular building site categories as the most important and significant factors in the undermining of a region in this manner development can be successfully planned for present and future safety

effects of slope gradient on hydro erosional processes on an aeolian sand covered loess slope under simulated rainfall the aeolian sand covered loess slope of the wind water erosion crisscross region of the loess plateau in china may play a key role in contributing excessive sediment to the yellow river understanding its hydro erosional processes is crucial to assessing controlling and predicting soil and water losses in this region and maintaining the ecological sustainability of the yellow river simulated rainfall intensity 90 mm h 1 was used to investigate the runoff and soil loss from loess slopes with different slope gradients 18 27 36 47 and 58 and overlying sand layer thicknesses 0 5 and 10 cm as compared with uncovered loess slopes an overlying sand layer delayed runoff production reduced cumulative runoff and increased cumulative soil loss as well as enhancing variations among slope gradients cumulative runoff and soil loss from the sand covered loess slopes increased with increasing slope gradients and then slightly decreased with a peak at about 47 gradient they both were greater from the 10 cm sand covered loess slope than from the 5 cm except for with 18 slope gradient in general differences in cumulative runoff between sand layer thicknesses became smaller while those in cumulative soil loss became larger with increasing slope gradient runoff and soil loss rates on the sand covered loess slopes exhibited unimodal distributions during the rainstorms maximum values tended to occur at the same rain duration and increased considerably with increasing slope gradient and sand layer thickness on slopes that were less than 47 liquefaction process might occur on the lower loess slopes covered with thinner sand layers but failures similar to shallow landslides might occur when the sand layer was thicker on steeper slopes the presence of an overlying sand layer changed the relationship between runoff and soil loss rates during intense rainstorms and this change varied with different slope gradients our results demonstrated that the effects of slope gradient on hydro erosional processes on the sand covered loess slopes were important and vary with changing sand thickness these effects should be considered when assessing and predicting soil losses from such slopes in the study region and from similar slopes elsewhere

runoff and soil loss characteristics on loess slopes covered with aeolian sand layers of different thicknesses under simulated rainfall abstract in the wind water erosion crisscross region of the northern loess plateau parts of loess slopes have been covered by layers of aeolian sand of different thicknesses knowledge of soil erosion processes and magnitudes on these slopes is essential to understanding the coupled water wind erosion processes and to address the resulting downstream coarse sediment problems in the yellow river simulated rainfall intensity 90 mm h 1 was performed to explore the effects of sand layer thickness on runoff and soil loss from loess slopes covered with different sand layer thicknesses 0 0 5 2 5 10 15 20 and 25 cm initial runoff time increased with increasing sand layer thickness with greater changes occurring for the increases in the thinner 0 5 cm than for the thicker layers 5 25 cm total runoff yield from the sand covered loess slopes was 18 55 lower than from the uncovered loess slope and decreased with increasing sand layer thickness in contrast total sediment yield was up to 14 times greater from the sand covered loess slopes than from the uncovered loess slope and rapidly increased with increasing sand layer thickness during the rainstorm runoff and soil loss rates exhibited unimodal distributions and they were related by a positive linear function both before and after the maximum soil loss rate that had a high determination coefficient r2 0 8 p

application and comparison of shallow landslide susceptibility models in weathered granite soil under extreme rainfall events landslide susceptibility maps are important for risk management and land use planning in mountainous countries such as korea many of the slopes of the mountainous areas of korea are composed of residual soils that originate from weathering of the granite bedrock the purpose of this study was to compare the application of the shalstab and sinmap models to slope stability evaluation in deokjeok ri creek the sinmap and shalstab models are terrain stability models that are based on a steady state hydrologic model coupled with an infinite slope stability equation a digital elevation model based on lidar data was used to calculate the slope and wetness indices in situ and laboratory tests were performed to find the geotechnical parameters a geographic information system based landslide inventory map of 748 landslide locations was prepared using data from previous reports aerial photographs and extensive field work this inventory of landslide scars was used to document sites of instability and to provide an evaluation of model performance by comparing the observed landslide locations with predictions from the models both shalstab and sinmap models identified the northern part of the catchment as the most unstable area receiver operator curve plots were used to show that the susceptibility maps produced using shalstab had better prediction accuracy 82 4 than the sinmap model 62 58 had it is concluded that shalstab was relatively successful in delineating slopes where shallow landslides have been observed previously shalstab is therefore more applicable to weathered granite soil

fill and spill hillslope runoff representation with a richards equation based model integrated surface subsurface hydrological models isshms are well established numerical tools to investigate water flow and contaminant transport processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales however their ability to correctly reproduce the response of hydrological systems to natural and anthropogenic forcing depends largely on the accuracy of model parameterization including the level of detail in the representation of the bedrock this latter is typically incorporated in some way via the bottom boundary of the model domain issues of bedrock topography variable soil depth and the resulting hillslope storage distribution representation in isshms are vitally important but to date have received little attention a standard treatment of the bottom boundary especially in large catchment and continental scale applications is to model it as a flat or inclined e g parallel to the surface impermeable base sometimes with some simple leakage term this approach does not allow the model to correctly reproduce bedrock controlled threshold responses such as the fill and spill process as observed across many hillslope and catchment scale field studies it is still unclear whether richards equation based numerical models are actually able to generate such responses here we use a richards equation based model cathy to simulate internal transient subsurface stormflow dynamics observed at the well characterized panola experimental hillslope in georgia usa soil and bedrock properties were calibrated starting from values reported in previous studies at the site our simulation results show that the model was able to reproduce threshold mechanisms which in turn affected both the integrated and distributed hydrologic responses of the panola hillslope we then developed a set of virtual experiments with modified boundary conditions and base topography at the soil bedrock interface to explore the bedrock boundary control on transient groundwater flow patterns our results show that accurate representation of the lower boundary is crucial for isshm simulations of hillslope scale storm runoff and for connectivity of transient groundwater we summarize our findings with the development of a new bedrock topographic wetness index that takes into account the unsaturated infiltration dynamics the index is able to help represent the spatial variability of water table response over the bedrock surface compared to standard surface topography based indices this new index may be useful in larger scale isshm applications where an exact bedrock topography representation is not feasible or possible

engineering geological model of the segura river flood plain se spain a case study for engineering planning this article presents a sedimentological and geotechnical study of the surficial sediments in the segura river valley se spain we formulate an engineering geological model consisting of four zones each characterized by its geotechnical properties and by various geotechnical problems namely low bearing capacity significant ground settlement and liquefaction of sandy sediments the model quantifies the geotechnical properties and potential problems in each zone it serves as a useful tool for preliminary geotechnical investigations the model also enables a better design of field surveys as well as optimal selection of geotechnical investigation techniques for future civil engineering works

assessment of frozen ground conditions for engineering geology along the qinghai tibet highway and railway china abstract the qinghai tibet highway and railway the corridor across the qinghai tibet plateau traverses 670 km of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground in the interior of the plateau which is sensitive to climatic and anthropogenic environmental changes the frozen ground conditions for engineering geology along the corridor is complicated by the variability in the near surface lithology and the mosaic presence of warm permafrost and talik in a periglacial environment differential settlement is the major frost effect problem encountered over permafrost areas the traditional classification of frozen ground based on the areal distribution of permafrost is too generalized for engineering purposes and a more refined classification is necessary for engineering design and construction a proposed classification of 51 zones sub zones and sections of frozen ground has been widely adopted for the design and construction of foundations in the portion of the corridor studied the mean annual ground temperature magt near surface soil types and moisture content and active faults and topography are most commonly the primary controlling factors in this classification however other factors such as local microreliefs drainage conditions and snow and vegetation covers also exert important influences on the features of frozen ground about 60 of the total length of the corridor studied possesses reasonably good frozen ground conditions which do not need special mitigative measures for frost hazards however other sections such as warm and ice rich or saturated permafrost particularly in the sections in wetlands ground improvement measures such as elevated land bridges and passive or proactive cooling techniques need to be applied to ensure the long term stability of thermally unstable thick permafrost subsoils and or refill with non frost susceptible soils due to the long history of the construction and management of the corridor by various government departments adverse impacts of construction and operation on the permafrost environment have been resulted it is recommended that an integrated executable plan for the routing of major construction projects within this transportation corridor be established and long term monitoring networks installed for evaluating and mitigating the impact from anthropogenic and climatic changes in frozen ground conditions

simulation of the parma river blockage by the corniglio landslide northern italy abstract near the village of corniglio in the northern apennines about 40 km sw of parma a big landslide was recently 1994 1996 subjected to reactivation damaging many buildings and partially obstructing the parma river in this work we have carried out a quantitative analysis of the recent evolution of the landslide with the help of a geographic information system gis in order to predict the most plausible future developments then various simulations of landslide descent were carried out and above all to evaluate the possibility of blockage formation to this purpose two computer programs that simulate the material descent through a cellular automata model and define blockage characteristics were written many different simulations were carried out 16 of which are presented here for each of them the computer output consists of a table defining the quantity of displaced material area and volume of the dam and lake and of a map showing the areas involved in the landslide movement and upstream flooding in order to assess the probability of blockage formation and dam stability we applied the simulation results to some empirical rules defined by preceding authors through statistical analysis carried out on a high number of analogous phenomena these rules suggest that it is very unlikely that blockage takes place as the result of very slow landslide velocity riverbed width and high erodibility of the material if it were to occur the size and shape of the dam seem sufficient to guarantee a considerable degree of stability making a sudden failure improbable

late quaternary evolution of the gediz and buyuk menderes grabens western anatolia turkey abstract the gediz and the buyuk menderes graben basins two of the most important structural elements of western anatolia markedly differ in their palaeogeographic evolution during the holocene on the basis of the study of the facies and the geomorphological characteristics of the youngest sedimentary fills it is suggested that the evolution of the buyuk menderes basin has a simple progradational history while the gediz river basin has shown a complex evolution mainly controlled by intense tectonic periods comparison between the palaeogeographic evolution of these basins points to the fact that tectonism has been more effective in the gediz basin during the holocene

engineering geological studies of the diversion tunnel focusing on stabilization analysis and support design iran abstract in this paper a detailed engineering geological assessment of rock masses and support design studies at garmi chay dam site has been carried out this project is located in the northwest of iran and will be used for flow control and water storage the diversion tunnel of the dam has a diameter of 5 5 m and a length of 420 m and will be driven in slightly to highly weathered micaschist and trachy andesite rock units the geological studies include field and laboratory investigations that based on the results for more exact investigation tunnel alignment was divided into three geotechnical zones these zones consist mainly of highly weathered gray micaschists dark red trachy andesites and slightly weathered gray micaschists respectively then for every zone support capacity of rock masses was evaluated by means of empirical and numerical methods the rock mass classification systems rmr q gsi rsr src and rmi the convergence confinement method and a 2d finite element computer software phase2 were used for empirical and numerical method respectively according to the results acquired from these methods some stability problems were expected in the tunnel especially in highly weathered micaschist zone so that in practice two big collapses occurred because of high weathering low constants of rock masses and their soil like behavior the stability analysis by analytical method does not give illogical results in lightly weathered micaschist zone the support system suggested by empirical method was applied and its performance was evaluated by means of numerical modeling after installation the support suggested by phase2 program the thickness of plastic zone and deformations around the tunnel decreased significantly consequently the agreement of these methods with each other was resulted and using combination of them was recommended for more reliable support design

monitoring of heat transmission from buildings into geological environment and evaluation of soil deformation consequences in foundation engineering in engineering geology a number of factors affecting foundation conditions are taken into consider ation during engineering geological investigations this article deals with the factor of heat sourced from a structure brick kiln as a restrictive factor in foundation engineering in clay soils and introduces a documentation of soil deformation observations as an impact of the heat trans mission into the geological environment it was carried out in southern moravia in the czech republic where the dominant foundation soils are neogeneous clays where differential settlements of a tunnel kiln structure occurred as a result of ignoring the boundary conditions of tem perature changes in the soil environment the brick kilns caused heterogeneous spatial changes in the subsoil tem peratures this consequently resulted in differential set tlements due to temperature changes originating from the kilns the differential settlements reached as much as 150 mm the major objective of the article is to highlight the importance of the heat transmission from buildings into the geological environment as a factor which should be considered in engineering geology and its application in planning a new procedure for reducing or elimination of ground movements sourced from underlying clayey soils depending on the heat changes was also suggested in this context

the variability of root cohesion as an influence on shallow landslide susceptibility in the oregon coast range decades of quantitative measurement indicate that roots can mechanically reinforce shallow soils in forested landscapes forests however have variations in vegetation species and age which can dominate the local stability of landslide initiation sites to assess the influence of this variability on root cohesion we examined scarps of landslides triggered during large storms in february and november of 1996 in the oregon coast range and hand dug soil pits on stable ground at 41 sites we estimated the cohesive reinforcement to soil due to roots by determining the tensile strength species depth orientation relative health and the density of roots 1 mm in diameter within a measured soil area we found that median lateral root cohesion ranges from 6 8 23 2 kpa in industrial forests with significant understory and deciduous vegetation to 25 6 94 3 kpa in natural forests dominated by coniferous vegetation lateral root cohesion in clearcuts is uniformly 10 kpa some 100 year old industrial forests have s

a network index based version of topmodel for use with high resolution digital topographic data this paper describes the preliminary development of a network index approach to modify and to extend the classic topmodel application of the basic beven and kirkby 1979 form of topmodel to high resolution 2 0 m laser altimetric data based upon the u k environment agency s light detection and ranging lidar system to a 13 8 km 2 catchment in an upland environment identified large areas of saturated areas that remained unconnected from the drainage network even during an extreme flood event this is shown to be a particular problem with using high resolution topographic data especially over large spatial scales to deal with the hydrological consequences of disconnected areas we present a simple network index modification in which saturated areas only connect when the topographic index is sufficient for there to be zero or negative saturation deficits along a complete flow path this is combined with an enhanced method for dealing with the problem of pits and hollows which is shown to become more acute with higher resolution topographic data the paper concludes by noting the implications of the research as presented for both methodological and substantive research that is currently under way

estimating the timing and location of shallow rainfall induced landslides using a model for transient unsaturated infiltration 1 shallow rainfall induced landslides commonly occur under conditions of transient infiltration into initially unsaturated soils in an effort to predict the timing and location of such landslides we developed a model of the infiltration process using a two layer system that consists of an unsaturated zone above a saturated zone and implemented this model in a geographic information system gis framework the model links analytical solutions for transient unsaturated vertical infiltration above the water table to pressure diffusion solutions for pressure changes below the water table the solutions are coupled through a transient water table that rises as water accumulates at the base of the unsaturated zone this scheme though limited to simplified soil water characteristics and moist initial conditions greatly improves computational efficiency over numerical models in spatially distributed modeling applications pore pressures computed by these coupled models are subsequently used in one dimensional slope stability computations to estimate the timing and locations of slope failures applied over a digital landscape near seattle washington for an hourly rainfall history known to trigger shallow landslides the model computes a factor of safety for each grid cell at any time during a rainstorm the unsaturated layer attenuates and delays the rainfall induced pore pressure response of the model at depth consistent with observations at an instrumented hillside near edmonds washington this attenuation results in realistic estimates of timing for the onset of slope instability 7 h earlier than observed landslides on average by considering the spatial distribution of physical properties the model predicts the primary source areas of landslides

modeling the stability of terraced slopes an approach from valtellina northern italy this study focuses on the relationships between hydrological processes and the stability of terraced slopes emphasis is given to the presence of dry stone retaining walls and how to explicitly consider them when performing a distributed stability analysis valtellina an alpine valley of northern italy is selected as study area in detail the slope uphill the village of tresenda affected by several superficial landslides since 1983 is studied dry stone walls heavily influence the hydrological and geotechnical processes at the slope scale and it is therefore crucial to consider them when performing a stability analysis on mountainous terraced areas walls are usually 0 60 1 00 m wide and therefore base maps digital elevation models and soil depth map with a horizontal resolution of 1 m have been appositely derived working at this horizontal resolution leads to the failure of some basic assumptions of the infinite slope method usually applied for distributed stability analysis in this study we propose an alternative approach based on the global method of equilibrium applied to sections of single terraces one cell wide a specific sensitivity analysis allowed to fix some constrains to the model in order to improve the reliability of the results under different mechanical and hydrological conditions the proposed stability model was calibrated and evaluated on recorded past rainfall events it resulted to be a good instrument for the identification of the most unstable areas when stressed with high pore water pressure conditions

development of the cambazli turgutlu manisa fissure ridge type travertine and relationship with active tectonics gediz graben turkey abstract travertine occurrences in the cambazli village area exist at the western edge of the gediz graben comprising the turgutlu neogene basin the cambazli travertine was classified into two main groups based on physical mineralogical and petrographic properties occurrences of travertine are probably due to faulting between the paleozoic units of menderes massif and the pliocene kanlitepe formation group i travertine is horizontal and oriented ne sw and nw se whereas group ii travertine occurrences are oriented e w direction the cambazli travertine is a fissure ridge type travertine continues to develop both in fissures and on the topographic surface as bedded deposits layered travertine is deposited on both surfaces of fissures it develops either symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the centre of the fissure kinematical analyses of listric normal fault measurements demonstrate that nne ssw extension occurred the cambazli travertine in the gediz graben has been deposited by hydrothermal waters rising through fracture systems probably related to an active listric normal fault developed in the north of the study area

first simulations of the sarno debris flows through cellular automata modelling abstract cellular automata ca can be efficiently applied in the simulation of complex natural processes they represent an alternative approach to classical methods based on the resolution of differential equations in this paper the general frame and the latest developments of the cellular automata model sciddica simulation through computational innovative methods for the detection of debris flow path using interactive cellular automata for simulating debris flow phenomena are presented landslides characterised by a dominant flow type e g earth flows debris flows debris avalanches can be considered as dynamical systems subdivided into elementary parts that evolve exclusively as a consequence of local interactions in sciddica space and time are discrete in particular the space in which the phenomenon evolves is represented by square cells whose states describe the considered physical characteristics time is implicit in the steps of model computation the peculiarities of the structure permitted to extend sciddica first release in order to progressively account for more complex phenomenological aspects of the considered landslides in this paper examples of application of sciddica to three real landslide events are presented after briefly describing earlier simulations of the 1992 tessina italy earth flow and of the 1984 mt ontake japan debris avalanche first attempts at modelling a debris flow that occurred in 1998 at sarno italy are discussed the model has been validated through the reconstruction of the initial topographic and geomorphological conditions of a selected typical phenomenon which occurred at chiappe di sarno curti on may 1998 and by successively comparing the simulation results with the actually observed debris flow path even though improvements to the algorithms are still needed and further testing of parameters on a more representative sample of phenomena desirable first simulations of the curti landslide have demonstrated the reliability of sciddica in the assessment of debris flow susceptibility

magnetostratigraphy of early middle miocene deposits from east west trending alasehir and buyuk menderes grabens in western turkey and its tectonic implications

research on the surface movement in a mountain mining area a case study of sujiagou mountain china landslides caused by underground mining are very common in mountain mining areas and thus threaten human lives and assets under the superposed influence of underground mining and landslides surface movement in mountain areas is different from that in flat areas further understanding of the law of surface movement in mountain mining areas can protect the locals and their assets in this study an improved survey technique called spherical fitting real time kinematic was employed to monitor surface movement regularly and similar material simulation was used as a supplement to reveal the process of strata failure results showed that the ground would uplift during underground mining in the valley bottom areas an action that caused the subsidence velocity curve to appear as a skewed distribution instead of a gaussian distribution to improve the prediction accuracy the prediction model of surface subsidence in mountain mining areas was updated the mountain surface subsidence prediction system was developed using visual basic finally the mechanism of mining landslide was studied this work is of general interest to the professional public and it will contribute to a more objective knowledge of understanding the surface movement in mountain mining areas

analysis of topographic and climatic control on rainfall triggered shallow landsliding using a quasi dynamic wetness index abstract a model for the prediction of both topographic and climatic control on shallow landslide initiation processes in hilly mountainous terrain is proposed the model develops upon a theory for coupled shallow subsurface flow and landsliding of the soil mantle previously proposed by montgomery and dietrich water resour res 30 1994 1153 the model uses a quasi dynamic wetness index to predict the spatial distribution of soil saturation in response to a rainfall of specified duration the rainfall predicted to cause instability in each topographic element is characterised by duration and frequency of occurrence the incorporation of a rainfall frequency duration relationship into assessment of landslide hazard provides a practical way to include climate information into estimation of the relative potential for shallow landsliding the model is applied to a mountain experimental basin where high resolution digital elevation data are available the cordon catchment 5 km2 in north eastern italy an inventory of landslide scars is used to document sites of instability and to provide a test of model performance by comparing observed landslide locations with model predictions the model reasonably reproduces the observed distribution of landslides although spatial variability of soil properties and hydrologic complexities not accounted for by the model complicate prediction of where landslides occur within areas of similar topographic climatic control model predictions from the quasi dynamic model are compared with those provided by the steady state model water resour res 30 1994 1153 these results suggest that the quasi dynamic model offers significant improvement over the steady state model in predicting existing landslides as represented in the considered landslide inventory

space time landslide predictive modelling abstract landslides are nearly ubiquitous phenomena and pose severe threats to people properties and the environment in many areas investigators have for long attempted to estimate landslide hazard in an effort to determine where when or how frequently and how large or how destructive landslides are expected to be in an area this information may prove useful to design landslide mitigation strategies and to reduce landslide risk and societal and economic losses in the geomorphology literature most of the attempts at predicting the occurrence of populations of landslides by adopting statistical approaches are based on the empirical observation that landslides occur as a result of multiple interacting conditioning and triggering factors based on this observation and under the assumption that at the spatial and temporal scales of our investigation individual landslides are discrete point events in the landscape we propose a bayesian modelling framework for the prediction of the spatio temporal occurrence of landslides of the slide type caused by weather triggers we build our modelling effort on a log gaussian cox process lgcp by assuming that individual landslides in an area are the result of a point process described by an unknown intensity function the modelling framework has two stochastic components i a poisson component which models the observed random landslide count in each terrain subdivision for a given landslide intensity i e the expected number of landslides per terrain subdivision which may be transformed into a corresponding landslide susceptibility and ii a gaussian component used to account for the spatial distribution of the local environmental conditions that influence landslide occurrence and for the spatio temporal distribution of unobserved latent environmental controls on landslide occurrence we tested our prediction framework in the collazzone area umbria central italy for which a detailed multi temporal landslide inventory covering the period from before 1941 to 2014 is available together with lithological and bedding data we subdivided the 79 km2 area into 889 slope units sus in each su we computed the mean and standard deviation of 16 morphometric covariates derived from a 10 m 10 m digital elevation model for 13 lithological and bedding attitude covariates obtained from a 1 10 000 scale geological map we computed the proportion of each thematic class intersecting the given su we further counted how many of the 3 379 landslides in the multi temporal inventory affect each su and grouped them into six periods we used this complex space time information to prepare five models of increasing complexity our baseline model mod1 carries the spatial information only through the covariates mentioned above it does not include any additional information about the spatial and temporal structure of the data and it is therefore equivalent to the predominantly used landslide susceptibility model in the literature the second model mod2 is analogous but it allows for time interval specific regression constants our next two models are more complex in particular our third model mod3 also accounts for latent spatial dependencies among neighboring sus these are inferred for each of the six time intervals to explain variations in the landslide intensity and susceptibility not explained by the thematic covariates by contrast our fourth model mod4 accounts for the latent temporal dependence separately for each su disregarding neighboring influences ultimately our most complex model mod5 contextually features all these relations it contains the information carried by morphometric and thematic covariates six time interval specific regression constants and it also accounts for the latent temporal effects between consecutive slope instabilities at specific sus as well as the latent spatial effects between adjacent sus we also show that the intensity is strongly related to the aggregated landslide area per su because of this our most complex model largely fulfills the definition of landslide hazard commonly accepted in the literature at least for this study area we quantified the spatial predictive performance of each of the five models using a 10 fold cross validation procedure and the temporal predictive performance using a leave one out cross validation procedure we found that mod5 performed better than the others we then used it to test a novel strategy to classify the model results in terms of both landslide intensity and susceptibility which provides more information than traditional susceptibility zonations for land planning and management hereafter we use the term traditional simply to refer to the majority of modelling procedures in the literature we discuss the advantages and limitations of the new modelling framework and its potential application in other areas making specific and general hazard and geomorphological considerations we also give a perspective on possible developments in landslide prediction modelling and zoning we expect our novel approach to the spatio temporal prediction of landslides to enhance the currently limited ability to evaluate landslide hazard and its temporal and spatial variations we further expect it to lead to better projections of future landslides and to improve our collective understanding of the evolution of complex landscapes dominated by mass wasting processes under multiple geophysical and weather triggers

subsidence versus natural landslides when dealing with property damage liabilities in underground coal mines abstract this paper presents a case study in the town of boo asturias spain where land subsidence due to underground coal mining has been observed in the past along with landslides and natural ground settling the confluence of these phenomena represents a liability for mining companies any property damage caused by ground movements is considered by those affected to be a direct result of mining induced subsidence this has led to numerous property damage liability claims against mining companies even many years after the mining activities have stopped based on the analysis of geotechnical studies subsidence simulations developed with hundef and 3dec software and ground movement measurements together with research developed within the research fund for the coal and steel merida project the authors investigated the landslide and slope instability phenomena that are occurring in the town of boo moreover they determined the geographical and temporal limits to distinguish damages for which mining activity may be responsible from natural or human induced damages unrelated to mining this research will allow underground coal mining companies to manage property damage liability claims from a clearer perspective and may help researchers reconsider some studies that focused only on mining induced subsidence to explain ground movements within similar environments

an advanced process based distributed model for the investigation of rainfall induced landslides the effect of process representation and boundary conditions extreme rainfall events are the major driver of shallow landslide occurrences in mountainous and steep terrain regions around the world subsurface hydrology has a dominant role on the initiation of rainfall induced shallow landslides since changes in the soil water content affect significantly the soil shear strength rainfall infiltration produces an increase of soil water potential which is followed by a rapid drop in apparent cohesion especially on steep slopes of shallow soils this loss of shear strength can lead to failure even in unsaturated conditions before positive water pressures are developed we present hydrolisthisis a process based model fully distributed in space with fine time resolution in order to investigate the interactions between surface and subsurface hydrology and shallow landslides initiation fundamental elements of the approach are the dependence of shear strength on the three dimensional 3 d field of soil water potential as well as the temporal evolution of soil water potential during the wetting and drying phases specifically 3 d variably saturated flow conditions including soil hydraulic hysteresis and preferential flow phenomena are simulated for the subsurface flow coupled with a surface runoff routine based on the kinematic wave approximation the geotechnical component of the model is based on a multidimensional limit equilibrium analysis which takes into account the basic principles of unsaturated soil mechanics a series of numerical simulations were carried out with various boundary conditions and using different hydrological and geotechnical components boundary conditions in terms of distributed soil depth were generated using both empirical and process based models the effect of including preferential flow and soil hydraulic hysteresis was tested together with the replacement of the infinite slope assumption with the multidimensional limit equilibrium analysis the results show that boundary conditions play a crucial role in the model performance and that the introduced hydrological preferential flow and soil hydraulic hysteresis and geotechnical components multidimensional limit equilibrium analysis significantly improve predictive capabilities in the presented case study