geological parameters affecting the marble production in the quarries along the southern flank of the menderes massif in sw turkey abstract the mugla province is one of the major marble producing regions located in the southern flank of the menderes massif in sw turkey the menderes massif is a regionally metamorphosed massif with an old pan african core and cover successions from the permo carboniferous to paleocene there are four major metamorphic carbonate horizons in the cover successions exploited for the marble production these horizons are located within the permo carboniferous triassic upper cretaceous and paleocene successions along the southern flank of the menderes massif here the world wide known marbles with names such as the mugla black the milas white veined pearl aubergine lilac and lemony the mugla white and the aegean bordeaux are found detailed geological studies were carried out in selected marble quarries representing the different stratigraphic levels to determine the geological parameters affecting the marble production in the southern flank of the menderes massif in sw turkey the geological parameters such as bedding joints schist interlayers and mica filled joints affecting the block production from the marble beds are considered to be primary features the presence of dolomite bands and lenses abnormal sized calcite crystals and emery minerals which affect the slab and the production qualities and appearances are considered to be secondary geological parameters the primary and secondary geological parameters affecting the marble productions at different stratigraphical levels in sw turkey are determined and the practical aspects of these findings are discussed

raw material quality and oldowan hominin toolstone preferences evidence from kanjera south kenya the role of raw material quality in oldowan technology has not been fully explored there are numerous studies suggesting oldowan hominins preferred certain types of stone for artifact manufacture previous studies of the artifact assemblage from the early pliocene oldowan locality of kanjera south south rachuonyo district kenya show that raw material selection and transport was an important aspect of late pliocene hominin adaptations yet the exact properties of stones that hominins were selecting remain enigmatic two potentially important features of artifact raw material are durability and fracture predictability we investigate fracture predictability through mechanical tests of stone and investigations of the affect of stone properties on fracture patterns in archaeological collections we investigate stone durability with actualistic studies of edge attrition combined with further mechanical tests of various lithologies oldowan hominins at kanjera appear to have selected raw materials based on their durability the ability for a stone to fracture consistently does not appear to be as important in hominin toolstone preference as previously assumed hominins that produced the assemblages at kanjera south appear to have incorporated an extensive understanding of various attributes of raw material in the transport and production of stone artifacts when combined with previous research on the transport patterns at kanjera the results of this study provide evidence for a more complex raw material acquisition strategy than has previously been suggested for late pliocene oldowan hominins

material properties of the menderes massif marbles from sw turkey marbles are extensively quarried at four different stratigraphical levels from permo carbonifereous to paleogene in the southern flank of the menderes massif in sw turkey these marbles differ in color texture and pattern depending on their stratigraphical levels and are well known in the international trade as the mugla black permo carbonifereous mugla white cretaceous milas lemon lilac aubergine pearl veined and white triassic and aegean bordeaux paleogene marbles the mineralogical chemical physical and mechanical properties of the representative marbles samples obtained from the quarries working in four major metamorphic carbonate horizons in the cover successions of the menderes massif s southern flank in sw turkey are determined and the results of over 1700 tests carried out on the selected marble samples are presented the mean test values of the physical and mechanical tests are in general found to be above the threshold acceptance values suggested by the american and turkish standards for the use of marbles as a building stone and in the same order as the properties of italian carrara and greek marbles reported in the literature additionally the mean test values of the marbles have given high correlations with one another and the relations obtained between the index test results determined by simple techniques requiring minimal sample preparation effort and the mean values of the more elaborate engineering tests results are presented as tables and graphs for wider use

dynamic response of existing tunnel under cylindrical unloading wave abstract when an underground tunnel is excavated suddenly in the high stress rock mass the unloading wave will generate from the tunnel boundary and propagate into the surrounding rock mass which can induce strong dynamic vibrations and even damage to the adjacent existing tunnel this study aims to investigate the dynamic response of existing tunnel induced by cylindrical unloading wave resulting from neighboring tunnel excavation a two dimensional mathematical physical model was first constructed based on the superposition principle of coupled static and dynamic loads in order to derive the formulas for calculating the dynamic stress velocity and displacement around existing tunnel induced by cylindrical unloading wave a two dimensional numerical model established by particle flow code pfc was then implemented to verify the theoretical analysis and further to investigate the failure characteristics of existing tunnel under coupled static in situ stress and dynamic unloading wave a series of parametric studies were conducted in the theoretical and numerical models to investigate the influence of unloading rate unloading path in situ stress and excavation radius on the dynamic response of existing tunnel the results show that the unloading wave induced by tunnel excavation in high stress rock mass can induce strong dynamic response in the surrounding rock mass of adjacent existing tunnel and the increase of stress level and unloading rate will aggravate the dynamic effect the peak value of velocity induced by nonlinear unloading is larger than that induced by linear unloading in addition the excavation induced unloading wave can induce dynamic failures in the surrounding rock mass of existing tunnel under high in situ stress therefore the unloading wave induced by adjacent tunnel excavation should be taken into consideration when evaluating the stability of deep tunnels

quantitative edxrf studies of obsidian sources in northern hokkaido quantitative trace element data from six obsidian sources on the japanese island of hokkaido is presented previous work by japanese scholars has utilized neutron activation analysis naa focusing on the rare earth elements or qualitative energy dispersive x ray fluorescence edxrf in this study non destructive edxrf is used to generate trace element data for 9 elements bivariate plots of the incompatible trace elements ba rb sr y and zr can be used to separate the obsidian sources in this study source separation was confirmed by using linear discriminant analysis stepwise discriminant analysis indicates that ba sr rb ti y and zr are the most discriminating elements

geochemical and physical characterization of lithic raw materials in the olduvai basin tanzania abstract the invention and proliferation of stone tool technology in the early stone age esa marks a watershed in human evolution patterns of lithic procurement manufacture use and discard have much to tell us about esa hominin cognition and land use however these issues cannot be fully explored outside the context of the physical attributes and spatio temporal availability of the lithic raw materials themselves the olduvai basin of northern tanzania which is home to both a wide variety of potential toolstones and a rich collection of esa archaeological sites provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the relationship between lithic technology and raw material characteristics here we examine two attributes of the basin s igneous and metamorphic rocks spatial location and fracture predictability a total of 244 geological specimens were analyzed with non destructive portable xrf pxrf to determine the geochemical distinctiveness of five primary and secondary sources while 110 geological specimens were subjected to schmidt rebound hardness tests to measure fracture predictability element concentrations derived via pxrf show significant differences between sources and multivariate predictive models classify geological specimens with 75 80 accuracy the predictive models identify naibor soit as the most likely source for a small sample of three lithic artifacts from bed ii which supports the idea that this inselberg served as a source of toolstone during the early pleistocene clear patterns in fracture predictability exist within and between both sources and rock types fine grained volcanics show high rebound values associated with high fracture predictability while finer grained metamorphics and coarse grained gneisses show intermediate and low rebound values respectively artifact data from bed i and ii suggest that fracture predictability played a role in raw material selection at some sites but other attributes like durability expediency and nodule size and shape were more significant

in situ observation and evaluation of zonal disintegration affected by existing fractures in deep hard rock tunneling abstract zonal disintegration refers to the phenomenon whereby fractured zones and intact zones appear alternately in surrounding hard rocks under high stress conditions in this study zonal disintegration within hard surrounding rocks of deep tunnels at the china jinping underground laboratory phase ii cjpl ii was observed by using a digital borehole televiewer in pre drilled boreholes the results revealed that fractured zones within intact high strength marbles were small and exhibited a higher degree of fracturing whereas fractured zones within low strength low integrity marbles showed fewer yet larger fractures an evaluation method based on rock mass integrity index using digital borehole televiewer data rmibt has been proposed for the analysis of zonal disintegration process in the deep hard rocks surrounding the tunnels by using the method we were able to quantify the initiation and evolution of fractures during zonal disintegration the formation mechanism of the second and third fractured zones induced by the existing fractures was further investigated using numerical analysis the data provide an insight into the evolution of failures in and a basis for support design and stability control of deep engineering works in hard rock

provenancing of hominid and mammalian fossils from kanjera kenya using edxrf abstract we describe a rapid non destructive energy dispersive x ray fluorescence edxrf technique for provenancing fossil bone and apply it to surface collected fossils from kanjera kenya the locality is best known for its controversial anatomically modern human fossils potentially among the earliest from africa excavations of the 1987 1988 smithsonian expedition provided the in situ fossil sample necessary to provenance the previous finds relative sr y zr u rb rn and th concentrations were used to characterize 301 fossils from six stratigraphic units the sources of the surface fossils important fossils from past kanjera expeditions including the hominid and theropithecus oswaldi samples were analysed and their relative elemental values used to assign them to a reference sample the hominids post date kanjera formation deposition the t oswaldi fossils are largely attributable to the early pleistocene kanjera bed kn 2a secondary deposition of kanjera formation fossils into later strata was noted

mineralogical petrographic and geochemical study to identify the provenance of limestone from two archaeological sites in the sulmona area l aquila italy abstract mineralogical petrographic paleontological and geochemical studies were carried out in order to identify the limestone used to build the ercole curino sanctuary iv iii centuries b c and the foundation walls of a roman domus i century b c ii century a d which was brought to light during restoration works in 1991 in the s s annunziata complex xiv xv centuries a d at sulmona l aquila italy results identified the lithofacies of the stone used for these monuments most of the ercole curino sanctuary samples are calcareous dolomitic lithotypes from the dolomie di castelmanfrino formation lias dogger samples from the artistically more remarkable stone show features similar to those of the limestone of the calcari cristallini formation upper cretaceous paleocene samples from the s s annunziata complex show petrographic characteristics and fossil contents similar to those of the limestone of the terratta formation dogger lower cretaceous the provenance of the monuments stone from a quite small area is supported by the homogeneity of trace element contents being substantially close to those of samples collected from outcrops near the monument for the ercole curino sanctuary and at cave di introdacqua located at about 3 km sw sulmona for the s s annunziata complex carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions supply further support to the identity of provenance of the stone of the sanctuary on the contrary isotopic data of samples from the domus at the s s annunziata complex do not reveal any consistent or clear correspondence with the sampled geological formations the stone used in the artistically more valuable features of the sanctuary shows chemical characteristics similar to those of samples collected at the colle mitra outcrop about 5 km from the archaeological site

oldowan behavior and raw material transport perspectives from the kanjera formation the archaeological record of oldowan hominins represents a diverse behavioral system it has been suggested that exploitation of lithic resources by oldowan hominins was simplistic and represented mostly use of local sources of stone here we investigate the raw material selection and transport behaviors of oldowan hominins reflected in the stone artifact assemblages from the kanjera south formation south rachuonyo district kenya using geochemical methods ed xrf artifacts are linked to primary and secondary source outcrops throughout southwestern kenya these data show that hominins selected raw materials for transport at frequencies that are significantly different from their availability on ancient landscapes furthermore a substantial proportion of the assemblage represents transport over relatively long distances 10 km our study further suggests that in the early stages of stone tool use hominins used a wide variety of raw materials and selected these materials at some distance from their eventual discard locations early hominin behavior may have incorporated an understanding of raw material source distributions across a more extensive landscape than has been previously documented this supports the growing perspective that oldowan technology represents a more complex behavioral pattern than is usually associated with the beginnings of hominin tool use

the effect of sample disturbance on laboratory properties of lac du bonnet granite laboratory properties of lac du bonnet granite samples collected at depths ranging from near surface to 1000 m were established the laboratory properties indicated that either the in situ properties were changing with depth or the samples were changing with depth comparison of p wave velocities in the samples and in situ confirmed the latter i e sample disturbance was affecting the laboratory properties the strength of the damaged samples indicated that sample disturbance affected the cohesion of the material not the frictional properties and that the cohesion loss cannot be accounted for by applying a confining stress sample disturbance started to affect the laboratory properties of lac du bonnet granite when the maximum far field in situ stress exceeded about 10 of the unconfined compression strength key words sample disturbance core discing cohesion brittle rocks damage microcracks stress dependent young s modulus

engineering geological studies and tunnel support design at sulakyurt dam site turkey abstract this paper presents the results of engineering geological investigations and tunnel support design studies carried out at the sulakyurt dam site northeast of ankara turkey the sulakyurt dam will be used for flow control and water storage for irrigation projects studies were carried out both in the field and the laboratory field studies include engineering geological mapping intensive discontinuity surveying core drilling and sampling for laboratory testing the diversion tunnel will be driven in rock mass consisting of granite and diorite empirical analytical and numerical methods were combined for safe tunnel design rock mass rating rmr rock mass quality q and geological strength index gsi systems were used for empirical rock mass quality determination site characterization and support design the convergence confinement method was used as analytical method and software called phase 2 a 2d finite element program was utilized as numerical method according to the results acquired from the empirical analytical and numerical methods tunnel stability problems were expected in both granite and diorite rock masses the support system suggested by empirical methods was applied and the performance of suggested support system was evaluated by means of numerical modelling it was concluded that the suggested support systems were adequate since after applying the suggested support system to granite and diorite tunnel deformation and the yielded elements around the tunnel decreased significantly thus it is suggested that for more reliable support design empirical numerical and analytical methods should be combined

rupture of veined granite in polyaxial compression insights from three dimensional discrete element method modeling granite formations have been frequently involved in subsurface energy related activities such as radioactive waste disposal oil and gas storage this is principally because of their mechanical stability low permeability and high corrosion resistance these favorable properties however can be compromised by the addition of mineral veins which tend to occur ubiquitously in upper crustal rock formations evaluation of the impact of veins on the integrity and rupture characteristics of granite especially under true triaxial stresses is therefore important yet currently underemphasized this study examines the rupture of veined granite in polyaxial compression via a discrete element method model in the model with soft veins the rupture is localized along the fabricated inclined veins 45 relative to the horizontal with strike running in the 2 direction under low confining stresses 2 67 mpa in contrast a combined rupture of veins and granite matrix is observed when 2 is increased to 141 6 mpa shear sliding along the inclined veins is revealed by examining the displacement field shear induced volumetric dilation is suspected in the soft veined models in relatively low confining stresses 2 67 mpa with sliding and dilation behavior apparently suppressed at 2 141 6 mpa hard veins impede local rupture resulting in conjugate shear bands the well recognized 2 effect is observed for the hard veined models while no pronounced 2 effect is noticed for the soft veined models this study also reveals that vein thickness has a negligible impact on rupture characteristics which is however profoundly affected by vein orientation

provenancing hornfels in the dingcun industry the exploitation of the vicinity source in this paper we attempt to determine the source of the hornfels used to make the famous late middle pleistocene lithic industry from dingcun in north china by combining geological mapping and geochemical fingerprinting xrf we demonstrate that the source of the hornfels was around the dagudui mountain 7 km east of dingcun taking into consideration the gujiao site which is also located along the fenhe river the palaeolithic inhabitants of the fenhe river drainage basin had a good knowledge of the local rock sources and used them over a very long period from the middle pleistocene to the neolithic our geochemical data not only helps us to establish the source of the dingcun industry but also provides a reliable basis for the sub classification of the hornfels that is more accurate than that resulting from visual inspection in addition our research initiates a new method for studying raw material sources of chinese paleolithic sites

in situ monitoring of tunnel deformation evolutions from auxiliary tunnel in deep mine abstract deformation caused by excavation is of great effects on tunnel stability and tunnel support design monitoring using instruments that are installed in place within the examined tunnel cannot record a large amount of surrounding rock deformation that usually takes place ahead and close to the tunnel face for this important reason the overall deformation process was observed using instruments installed prior to excavation from auxiliary tunnel in a 900 m deep coal mine tunnel two monitoring methods i e multipoint extensometers and wave velocity tomography were used at two monitoring sections with different rock lithology the results showed that a large amount of deformation at both monitoring sections had already been occurred when the excavation face passed the monitoring sections at a very small distance the size of the plastic zone at monitoring section 1 is identified as 1 8 m 0 36 d d denotes the diameter of the examined tunnel and the velocities within this zone decreased from 4 5 km s to 2 km s the primary deformation was generated in a distance from 0 8 d ahead the excavation face to 2 3 d behind the excavation face the induced deformation was also observed after the primary deformation period and some additional deformation was still occurred in the plastic zone although the size of plastic zone remains constant the displacements and p wave velocities at the two monitoring sections showed little differences

archaeological carved slabs of the langobard art in churches of peligna valley and spoleto italy provenance of the stones abstract in this study we investigate the provenance of the limestone and marble used to made carved slabs today placed in three churches located in raiano and vittorito peligna valley abruzzo italy and in spoleto umbria italy the slabs representative examples of the langobard art middle ages are dated approximately from 8th to 9th centuries a d and have the same pattern in terms of decoration suggesting a progressive expansion of langobards in central and southern italy after the foundation of the pavia kingdom a multi analytical approach including petrographic characterization chemical carbon and oxygen isotope composition was used for the complete characterization of these stones the comparison of the results of the limestone slabs with those of the geological units outcropping in the area proves a local quarrying from the calcari cristallini formation conversely the carved marble slab has petrographic and isotopic signatures comparable to those of carrara marble and presumable was imported from this famous locality

in situ strength and failure mechanisms of migmatitic gneiss and pegmatitic granite at the nuclear waste disposal site in olkiluoto western finland abstract the primary goals of the experimental work described in this paper were to establish the in situ spalling damage strength of the intact rock to establish the state of the in situ stress and for the work to act as a prediction outcome exercise within the context of confirmatory underground site investigations being conducted at the nuclear waste disposal site at olkiluoto in western finland to establish the in situ mechanical properties posiva the finnish implementer formulated the in situ posiva olkiluoto spalling experiment pose in 2009 the outcome of this experiment was that rock failure mainly occurred due to structurally controlled factors rather than being dictated solely by the expected location of the maximum stress the pose experiment also showed that the onset of fracture initiation in the olkiluoto rock occurs at 40 mpa and the rock mass strength is ca 90 mpa compared to the mean laboratory value of 104 mpa in view of these observations made at the projected disposal depth the vertical disposal concept ksb 3v will involve initiation of new fractures although the horizontal disposal concept would be less affected by such fracture initiation however neither of the disposal concepts is expected to suffer any major rock mass failure and the vertical disposal holes are not particularly sensitive to fracture initiation if the disposal tunnels are oriented within 30 trend of the major principal stress direction

tectonic significance of mafic volcanic rocks in a mesozoic sequence of the menderes massif west turkey the mesozoic platform sequence of the menderes massif consists of thick succession of detrital and carbonate rocks in this sequence there are mafic metavolcanic rocks at two different levels the first level of mafic metavolcanic intercalations is in the late triassic detrital rich series located in the caltasi formation which is the lowermost unit of the mesozoic platform the second level of the mafic metavolcanic rocks is located in the late cretaceous paleocene selcuk formation laying on top of the platform sequence the caltasi formation which is composed of mica schists thinly bedded cherts calc schist and mafic volcanic intercalations unconformably overlie the bayindir formation which consists of mica schists phyllites and white quartzites of palaeozoic or probably older age the mafic volcanic rocks in the caltasi formation are alkaline basalts with within plate characteristics and are formed during an intraplate extension the caltasi formation is conformably overlain by the kayaalti formation represented by calc schists dolomitic marbles and rudist and emery bearing massive marbles in ascending order the selcuk formation overlies the kayaalti formation and consists of a mica schist matrix with allochthonous blocks of mafic volcanic rocks metaperidotites metagabbros and massive marbles the mafic volcanic rocks in the selcuk formation are tholeiitic basalts and are petrologically similar to mid oceanic basalts the geological and geochemical characteristics of the mafic metavolcanic rocks in the caltasi formation indicate that during the late triassic the menderes platform was segmented probably by the opening of a branch of the neotethyan ocean between the late triassic and the late cretaceous the menderes carbonate platform was built up during the latest cretaceous early paleocene a slab of oceanic crust obducted on this platform and provided slices of mafic metavolcanic rocks into the selcuk formation

predictions and observations of convergence in shallow tunnels case histories in greece abstract convergence of shallow tunnels 30 120 m overburden thickness constructed in greece in different types of rock masses has been assessed as a function of the geological strength index gsi classification predictions of maximum vertical and horizontal convergence during or shortly after tunnel excavation were made using finite element modeling fem and the characteristic line theory and were found to be in good agreement with geodetic observations of convergence collected during a period of approximately 2 months after the section excavation the results from fem were found to adequately and reliably predict the expected deformation during tunnel excavation the theory of the characteristic line on the other hand seems to offer a realistic and reliable upper bound estimate of the convergence

a multiple graph technique for preliminary assessment of ground conditions for tunneling abstract a novel multiple graph technique has been proposed for the preliminary assessment of the ground conditions in the himalayan region this technique has been developed based on the sequential estimation of three quantities viz rock mass strength competency factor and the ground condition rock mass strength is estimated from rock mass quality q moreover two empirical ground classifications have been suggested based on many case histories for separately defining ground condition in soft rocks and hard rocks a graphical work flow chart and practical illustration of this method has been presented using two sets of examples the proposed technique is an efficient tool for quick estimation of the ground condition in the primary phase of design of tunnels and also during the excavation of tunnels

proposed support design kaletepe tunnel turkey abstract in this paper preliminary support design of kaletepe tunnel located on bilecik istanbul highway turkey was analyzed by empirical and numerical methods the rock mass rating rmr and rock mass quality q systems were employed for empirical rock mass quality determination numerical analysis for the stress strain distribution of the tunnel excavation and support systems was also carried out the applied support performance was investigated at different sections of the tunnel route it was seen that empirical and numerical approaches showed similar results this indicates that when the empirical method is supported by numerical method the preliminary support design will be more reliable

melrose green rhyolite its geologic setting and petrographic and geochemical characteristics abstract fine grained lithic material called melrose green is common in middle archaic to late woodland period archaeological sites in southeastern new england a quarried source of this material crops out on a hillside in melrose massachusetts at this site a crystal rich volcanic tuff is intruded by three fine grained felsic dikes composed of rock similar to archaeological materials identified as melrose green locally parts of the dikes are pockmarked and saddle shaped in cross section due to removal of quarried material the aphanitic dike rock is characterized by sparse feldspar microphenocrysts in a matrix of granular quartz and feldspar epidote titanite opaque minerals and calcite are accessory minerals flow bands and relict shard texture are also present the rock is of rhyolitic dacitic composition some previous workers interpreted melrose green artifacts as chert or argillite field relationships petrography and geochemistry demonstrate that melrose green is of igneous parentage while geochemistry shows that melrose green is similar to felsic volcanic rocks of the nearby lynn mattapan volcanics the trace element composition of the dikes distinguish them from most other known prehistoric quarry sites within the lynn mattapan complex chipping debris from the dikes is widespread at the melrose quarry site demonstrating that the dikes were extensively worked for sources of raw material three artifacts macroscopically similar to melrose green rhyolite were collected from three coastal sites within boston harbor analyses showed that two of these are of igneous origin and generally similar to rocks of the lynn mattapan complex only one of these yielded data consistent with a source from the dike outcrops in melrose the third artifact is most likely a non igneous argillite these examples show the importance of using petrographic and geochemical analysis to correctly characterize macroscopically similar lithic material

geohydromechanical processes in the excavation damaged zone in crystalline rock rock salt and indurated and plastic clays in the context of radioactive waste disposal abstract the creation of an excavation disturbed zone edz or excavation damaged zone edz is expected around all man made openings in geologic formations macro and micro fracturing and in general a redistribution of in situ stresses and rearrangement of rock structures will occur in this zone resulting in drastic changes of permeability to flow mainly through the fractures and cracks induced by excavation the edz may have significant implications for the operation and long term performance of an underground nuclear waste repository various issues of concern need to be evaluated such as processes creating fractures in the edz the degree of permeability increase and the potential for sealing or healing with permeability reduction in the zone in recent years efforts along these lines have been made for a potential repository in four rock types crystalline rock salt indurated clay and plastic clay and these efforts have involved field laboratory and theoretical studies the present work involves a synthesis of the ideas and issues that emerged from presentations and discussions on edz in these four rock types at a cluster conference and workshop held in luxembourg in november 2003 first definitions of excavation disturbed and edzs that may be applicable to all four rock types are proposed then an approach is suggested for the synthesis and intercomparison of geohydromechanical processes in the edz for crystalline rock salt indurated clay and plastic clay comparison tables of relevant processes associated factors and modelling and testing techniques are developed a discussion of the general state of the art and outstanding issues is also presented a substantial bibliography of relevant papers on the subject is supplied at the end of the paper

support capacity estimation of a diversion tunnel in weak rock abstract this paper presents the results of the support capacity estimation for the diversion tunnel of the urus dam site in highly weathered tuff and weak zone tunneling in weak rock requires some special considerations since misjudgment in support design results in costly failures there are several ways of estimating rock support pressure and selecting support however all systems suffer from their characteristic limitations in achieving objectives thus it is more useful to use different methods for estimating support pressure and type of support the support pressure pi was established by three different methods these methods are the 1 empirical methods based on rock mass rating rmr and rock mass quality index q classification systems 2 ground support interaction analysis gsia and 3 numerical methods namely phase2 finite element fem program rock masses were characterized in terms of rsr rmr q system and gsi drill core samples were tested in the rock mechanics laboratory to determine physico mechanical properties rock mass strength was estimated by empirical methods finally the required support system is proposed and evaluated by different methods in the highly weathered tuff and weak zone of the diversion tunnel

geochronology and physical context of oldowan site formation at kanjera south kenya oldowan sites in primary geologic context are rare in the archaeological record here we describe the depositional environment of oldowan occurrences at kanjera south kenya based on field descriptions and granulometric analysis excavations there have recovered a large oldowan artefact sample as well as the oldest substantial sample of archaeological fauna the deposits at kanjera south consist of 30 m of fluvial colluvial and lacustrine sediments magneto and bio stratigraphy indicate the kanjera south member of the kanjera formation was deposited between 2 3 and 1 92 million years ago ma with 2 0 ma being a likely age for the archaeological occurrences oldowan artefacts and associated fauna were deposited in the colluvial and alluvial silts and sands of beds ks 1 to ks 3 in the margins of a lake basin field descriptions and granulometric analysis of the sediment fine fraction indicates sediments from within the main archaeological horizon were emplaced as a combination of tractional and hyperconcentrated flows with limited evidence of debris flow deposition this style of deposition is unlikely to significantly erode or disturb the underlying surface and therefore promotes preservation of surface archaeological accumulations hominins were repeatedly attracted to the site locale and rapid sedimentation minimal bone weathering and an absence of bone or artefact rounding further indicate that fossils and artefacts were quickly buried

in situ stress amplification due to geological factors in tunnels the case of pajares tunnels spain geological and geomechanical anisotropies can significantly increase the magnitude of in situ stress in a rock mass excavated for tunnelling purposes four tunnels for the new high speed railway lines in pajares in the cantabrian mountains n spain were analysed and significant deformations was found to have occurred in forty specific zones of these tunnels during excavation requiring much more support than envisaged before construction local factors influencing in situ stress have been identified in these zones of the tunnels related to geological structures of high compressive tectonic stress regimes including thrust faults folds with steep flank dip orwith geomechanical anisotropies in contact zones between rock formations of different strengths amethodological procedurewas applied to four tunnels to assess the influence of the geological anisotropies on the insitu stress magnitudes this procedure is based on the analysis of tunnel deformations and the support pressure needed to stabilise the excavations affected by geological anisotropies the increase of in situ stress due to local factors is expressed by the stress amplification factor saf defined by the ratio between the k h v local value estimated in a particular rock mass tunnel zone and the mean k h v regional value representative of the whole rock mass tunnel kregional was estimated from hydrofracture tests and from the tsi index klocal was calculated from the back analysis of the support pressure required to stabilise the deformed tunnel zones saf values for the forty specific tunnel zones ranged from 1 1 to 2 5 this significant increase in the magnitude of in situ stress emphasises the influence of geological and geomechanical anisotropies in tunnel stability and support design the results provide a quantitative approach for assessing structural stresses in rock masses for tunnelling excavations

an experimental approach to distinguishing different stone artefact transport patterns from debitage assemblages this paper experimentally demonstrates the ability of a set of indices to distinguish between different stone artefact transport patterns represented in debitage assemblages stone artefacts were transported extensively in the past and this is an important component of technological organisation however most stone artefacts occur as part of debitage assemblages from these assemblages where mostly non transported artefacts remain it can be challenging to identify what artefacts if any were transported in anticipation of future use a series of indices the cortex ratio volume ratio flake to core ratio non cortical to cortical flake ratio and flake core diminution tests are presented to meet this challenge these are tested on an experimental assemblage where three different transport scenarios are simulated results suggest that the indices are sensitive to artefact transport and are capable of empirically distinguishing between the three transport scenarios even when raw material form varies the results also indicate that artefact transport is capable of exerting a significant influence on stone artefact assemblage formation

revision of leptite gneisses in the menderes massif a supracrustal metasedimentary origin the pan african basement of the menderes massif comprises a regular lithological succession that reaches a thickness of 8 km the oldest units of which are in ascending order so called leptite gneisses a quartzite sequence transition zone and mica schists new findings suggest that the protoliths for the leptite gneisses proposed to be of volcanic origin in previous studies were predominantly clastic sediments of litharenitic composition geochemical data indicate that the protoliths for the leptite gneisses were of cratonic provenance because they have undergone pan african polymetamorphism and are intruded by approximately 550 ma gneisses of granitic origin it is believed that the time of deposition of their protoliths was late proterozoic relict parageneses indicate that the pan african metamorphism reached granulite facies conditions in the leptite gneisses supracrustal sedimentary origin of these rocks require that these rocks formerly termed leptite and or leptite gneiss should be renamed sillimanite garnet gneiss and or paragneiss

emplacement age and direction of the lycian nappes in the soke selcuk region western turkey in the soke selcuk region western turkey the northernmost exposures of the lycian nappes are found as tectonic slices on the menderes massif the menderes massif is represented by a continuous platform sequence and a blocky unit the lower parts of the menderes platform sequence is composed of triassic jurassic marbles and an alternation of calcschists and micaschists however the upper parts are composed of emery and rudist bearing massive marbles along a gradational boundary a blocky unit is found on top of the platform sequence and it comprises blocks of metaophiolite and emery bearing marble set in garnet micaschists matrix along a low angle fault marked by thin slices of red green phyllites tectonic slices of the lycian nappes overlay garnet micaschists of the massif the lycian nappes are represented mainly by a carbonate sequence which consists of dolomites oncoidal limestones intraformational limestone conglomerates and cherty limestones in the carbonate sequence of the lycian nappes undeformed primary structures are clearly observed just several meters above the sole fault indicating a metamorphic break between the lycian nappes and the menderes massif the linear fabric in red green phyllites at the sole of the lycian nappes trends nne ssw gently plunges to ssw and nne and is parallel to the linear fabric of the neotectonic period in the western turkey s c relation suggests top to the ssw sense of shear in red green phyllites the deformation localized along the sole of the tectonic slices indicates that the red green phyllites acted as a decollement surface the deformational features stratigraphic relations orientation of linear fabric and metamorphic break reveal that lycian nappes were emplaced on the menderes massif along a low angle normal fault after the early to middle eocene main menderes metamorphism and prior to the deposition of the middle miocene sedimentary cover

considerations and observations of stress induced and construction induced excavation damage zone in crystalline rock abstract bsed on the recent observations from two underground laboratories the construction induced excavation damage zone edz ci caused by explosion or by mechanical excavation and stress induced excavation damage zone edz si are distinguished the key location for in situ testing of edz and method development has been the tbm tunnel in aspo hard rock laboratory in sweden since the 1990s the research and development has been continued between 2010 and 2012 with in situ stress measurement campaign and in 2013 with ground penetrating radar investigations with new gpr edz method the new gpr edz method based on frequency analysis of the reflected signal indicates mean depth for edz ci of 120 mm the same zone is indicated also by various other geophysical and laboratory methods and is distinguished as construction induced and continuous around the tunnel perimeter fracture mechanics modelling suggests a lowered hydraulic conductivity of 1 8 10 13 m s in edz si and 4 0 10 11 m s in edz ci biaxial testing suggests a zone in which young s modulus values are lowered and which is not continuous around the tunnel this zone is distinguished as an observable part of stress induced edz si

effects of joint surface roughness and orientational anisotropy on characteristics of excavation damage zone in jointed rocks abstract investigating the mechanical behavior of the excavation damage zone edz in jointed rocks is essential for underground openings in this numerical study the effects of joint surface roughness and orientational anisotropy on the size and shape of edz in jointed rocks were examined based on a diversion tunnel excavated in columnar jointed rocks at the baihetan hydropower station the results showed that failure zones are usually at the two ends of the tunnel roof both open and shear zones are dependent on the jrc joint roughness coefficient averages and standard deviations with increasing standard deviations of jrc the depths and areas of both open and shear zones generally increase as the jointed rocks changing from anisotropic to isotropic the shapes of edz are similar but rotate in jointed rocks under effects of water pressures larger open zones appear in the lateral tunnel walls and the depths of shear zones increase

performance based support design for horseshoe shaped rock caverns using 2d numerical analysis abstract excavation in rock may change the stress field and induce excavation damaged zones edz in the surrounding rock mass to consider the development of the edz the support design could be evaluated using the convergence confinement method ccm in this paper an efficient approach is proposed to evaluate the support design based on rock cavern performance 2d plane strain models are adopted to simulate the excavation effects of horseshoe cross section rock caverns using the progressive core replacement method the performance of rock cavern is investigated using ccm parameteric studies are carried out to analyze the effects of rock condition and sequential excavation it shows the roof displacement is not changing significantly during excavation if q 10 it also presents the sequencial excavation can reduce the range of the edz but there are no obvious relationships for different subdivision methods using the data from numerical analysis the relationships among the rock conditions the sequential excavation parameters and the cavern performances are mapped using artificial neural network ann an evaluation chart for the support design of a rock cavern is proposed by integrating the ann models into excel software a case study is presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed method it illustrates the feasibility of the proposed approach for practical applications with much less computing time

the influence of raw material size on stone artefact assemblage formation an example from bone cave south western tasmania this paper specifically examines the influence of raw material size on stone artefact assemblage formation in conjunction with two behavioural assemblage formation processes reduction intensity and artefact transport the aim is to establish whether raw material size can influence the way in which reduction intensity and artefact transport form a stone artefact assemblage and should a significant influence be established whether this has any bearing on human behavioural reconstructions this is first investigated in an experimental setting followed by an archaeological setting using a quartzite and chert assemblage from bone cave in south western tasmania reduction intensity and artefact transport are respectively measured using the scar density index flake to core ratio non cortical to cortical flake ratio and cortex ratio while tool blank sizes are also reconstructed the combined experimental and archaeological analyses find that raw material size variation is capable of exerting a substantial influence on stone artefact assemblage formation this particularly with reference to the nature of change in stone artefact assemblages both reduction intensity and artefact transport will alter assemblage composition at faster rates when nodule sizes are smaller this can have significant implications for intra and inter site reconstructions of past human behaviour

estimation of rock mass properties in excavation damage zones of rock slopes based on the hoek brown criterion and acoustic testing abstract when slopes are excavated in rock masses with the blasting method blasting and stress relaxation will produce an excavation damage zone edz in the remaining rock mass this study presents an estimation of the rock mass properties in the edz based on the generalized hoek brown failure criterion and the varying disturbance factor in this estimation the disturbance factor is quantified by using the acoustic p wave velocities tested in undamaged and damaged rock masses instead of a single constant value chosen from the descriptive guidelines statistical analysis of the acoustic test data shows that with an increase in depth behind the slope face the disturbance factor declines from 1 0 to 0 almost in a linear manner for blasting excavation of slopes in weaker rock masses the zone in the immediate vicinity of the slope face is fully damaged and thus over this range the disturbance factor remains the constant value of 1 0 as the disturbance factor linearly decreases within the edz the deformation modulus uniaxial compressive strength and equivalent cohesive strength of the damaged rock mass linearly increase to the undamaged values by assigning the varying parameters to the rock mass in the edz a numerical calculation based on the flac program is conducted to assess the slope stability it is found that using the varying rock mass parameters within the edz will yield completely different failure surfaces and factors of safety from that uses the constant parameters therefore it is significant to develop such an approach to quickly estimate the varying rock mass properties in the edz particularly when in situ tests are not available

investigating the use of 3 d full waveform inversion to characterize the host rock at a geological disposal site the u k government has a policy to dispose of higher activity radioactive waste in a geological disposal facility gdf which will have multiple protective barriers to keep the waste isolated and to ensure no harmful quantities of radioactivity are able to reach the surface currently no specific gdf site in the united kingdom has been chosen but once it has the site is likely to be investigated using seismic methods in this study we explore whether 3 d full waveform inversion fwi of seismic data can be used to map changes in physical properties caused by the construction of the site specifically tunnel induced fracturing we have built a synthetic model for a gdf located in granite at 1000 m depth below the surface since granite is one of the candidate host rocks due to its high strength and low permeability and the gdf could be located at such a depth we use an effective medium model to predict changes in p wave velocity associated with tunnel induced fracturing within the spatial limits of an excavated disturbed zone edz modelled here as an increase in fracture density around the tunnel we then generate synthetic seismic data using a number of different experimental geometries to investigate how they affect the performance of fwi in recovering subsurface p wave velocity structure we find that the location and velocity of the edz are recovered well especially when data recorded on tunnel receivers are included in the inversion our findings show that 3 d fwi could be a useful tool for characterizing the subsurface and changes in fracture properties caused during construction and make a suite of suggestions on how to proceed once a potential gdf site has been identified and the geological setting is known

tertiary volcanism of the galatia province north west central anatolia turkey abstract large volumes of trachyandesitic dacitic lava flows and pyroclastics of miocene age are associated with small volumes of alkali basalt lava flows in the galatia volcanic province northwest central anatolia turkey the volcanism postdates continental collision occurring in a transtensional tectonic setting associated with movement along the north anatolian fault zone major and trace element including ree and sr nd isotope data and k ar ages for representative samples of mafic intermediate volcanic rocks have been obtained from a series of localities within the province the k ar age data indicate that alkali basalts were erupted during two distinct time periods in the early miocene 17 19 ma and late miocene

characterising and modelling the excavation damaged zone in crystalline rock in the context of radioactive waste disposal this paper describes current knowledge about the nature of and potential for thermo hydro mechanical chemical modelling of the excavation damaged zone edz around the excavations for an underground radioactive waste repository in the first part of the paper the disturbances associated with excavation are explained together with reviews of workshops that have been held on the subject in the second part of the paper the results of a decovalex demonstration of coupled models and their validation against experiment research funded by an international consortium of radioactive waste regulators and implementers http www decovalex com research programme on modelling the edz are presented four research teams used four different models to simulate the complete stress strain curve for avro granite from the swedish aspo hard rock laboratory subsequent research extended the work to computer simulation of the evolution of the repository using a wall block model and a near field model this included assessing the evolution of stress failure and permeability and time dependent effects during repository evolution as discussed all the computer models are well suited to sensitivity studies for evaluating the influence of their respective supporting parameters on the complete stress strain curve for rock and for modelling the edz

the world s oldest stone artefacts from gona ethiopia their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2 6 1 5 million years ago the systematic archaeological and geological survey and excavations at gona between 1992 1994 led to the discovery of well flaked stone artefacts which are currently the oldest known from anywhere in the world more than 3000 surface and excavated artefacts were recovered at 15 localities documented east and west of the kada gona river based on radioisotopic dating 40 ar 39 ar and magnetostratigraphy the artefacts are dated between 2 6 2 5 million years ago ma eg10 and eg12 from east gona are the most informative with the highest density providing the best opportunity for characterizing the oldest assemblages and for understanding the stone working capability of the earliest tool makers slightly younger artefact occurrences dated to 2 4 2 3 ma are known from hadar and omo in ethiopia and from lokalalei in kenya cut marked bones dated to 2 5 ma from bouri in ethiopia are now providing important clues on the function of these artefacts in addition australopithecus garhi known from contemporary deposits at bouri may be the best candidate responsible for the oldest artefacts surprisingly the makers of the gona artefacts had a sophisticated understanding of stone fracture mechanics and control similar to what is observed for oldowan assemblages dated between 2 0 1 5 ma this observation was corroborated by the recent archaeological discoveries made at lokalalei because of the similarities seen in the techniques of artefact manufacture during the late pliocene early pleistocene it is argued here that the stone assemblages dated between 2 6 1 5 ma group into the oldowan industry the similarity and simplicity of the artefacts from this time interval suggests a technological stasis in the oldowan 2000 academic press

preliminary support design for ankara subway extension tunnel this paper presents the results of preliminary support design of the subway tunnel for ankara subway project in accordance with some empirical and numerical methods using the phase 2d finite element method fem the 5 m diameter subway tunnel will advance through slightly to moderately weathered dacite and weak zones rock masses were characterized in terms of rock mass rating rmr geological strength index gsi and q system core samples were tested in the rock mechanics laboratory to determine uniaxial compressive strength deformability parameters unit weight tensile strength and triaxial compressive strength properties finally rock mass strengths were determined by empirical and numerical methods required support system was suggested

are obsidian subsources meaningful units of analysis temporal and spatial patterning of subsources in the coso volcanic field southeastern california archaeologists frequently assign artifacts to chemically discrete subsignatures of major obsidian sources while the technical ability to do so has been demonstrated it remains to be shown that such information is behaviorally meaningful indeed some analysts choose not to make such determinations under the presumption that the data are not anthropologically relevant using a case study from the coso volcanic field which has at least four distinct subsignatures we examine this problem and conclude that subsource identification can be useful and quite interesting this is particularly so when large datasets encompassing spatially expansive areas can be assembled and statistically analyzed

combined finite discrete element modelling of rock fracture and fragmentation induced by contour blasting during tunnelling with high horizontal in situ stress a combined finite discrete element method fdem parallelized on the basis of gpgpu is implemented to model the rock fracture and fragmentation process and the resultant excavation damaged zone edz development induced by the controlled contour blasting which was conducted in the tasq tunnel with high in situ stresses in the aspo hard rock laboratory in sweden the combination of in situ stress field equation of state based blast loading fracturing in tension and shear with gas flow loading of fractures enables the modelling of complex dynamic interactions from multiple blast rounds for the contour blasting under high horizontal in situ stresses blasting induced fractures initially propagate horizontally even though the holes are decoupled later these fractures coalesce into larger cracks which prevents the formation of smooth tunnel walls and increases the edz smoother surfaces are created at the crown and invert by the propagation of long fractures in the horizontal direction due to the combined effect of the free surfaces provided by the adjacent blast holes and the maximum principal stress induced by in situ stresses the fractures at the lower part of the tunnel sidewalls have the tendency to propagate upwards with a diagonal direction about 60 relative to vertical in accordance with the field test results removing the in situ stresses results in smoother sidewall fracturing with more damage in the crown and invert increase in rock heterogeneity above a threshold induces more fractures increasing the detonation timing between blast holes induces more damage into the rock mass and fragmentation in the burden outcomes of this study show that the gpgpu parallelized y hfdem ide provides a powerful tool to replicate the mechanisms of rock fracture and fragmentation induced by blasting

excavation induced damage studies at the underground research laboratory the underground research laboratory url is situated in the lac du bonnet granite batholith in southeastern manitoba canada the url was developed to study issues related to the deep geologic disposal of used fuel from nuclear reactors and has developed into an international atomic energy agency recognized geotechnical center of excellence extensive rock mechanics research has been conducted including work to understand the character and extent of excavation damage experience at the url has shown that damage exists around underground openings and that the damage develops from the energy imparted to the rock by the excavation method and by redistribution of the in situ stress field around the excavated openings subsequent near by excavations removal of loose material from the existing tunnel thermal loads and pore pressure changes will all influence the development and extent of rock damage as does the rock type and its fabric studies at the url have shown that in highly stressed rock damage will develop around underground openings even when a low energy excavation method is used and that properly designing the excavation geometry and orientation plays a major role in constructing stable openings two zones of excavation affected rock have been shown to exist from studies at the url 1 a zone of irreversibly damaged rock surrounding the excavation which may include failed zones inner and outer damage zones and 2 a zone of excavation disturbance where the in situ stresses are influence by the excavation no damage is measurable measurements of the properties of the damaged rock ultrasonic velocity transmissivity using a variety of instruments have shown that a less intensively damaged outer zone surrounds a more highly damaged inner zone the inner damage zone may have zones of failed rock depending on stress concentrations relative to rock strength and damage imparted by excavation method the inner damage zone is attributed to the effects of the excavation method and stress redistribution and the outer damage zone is attributed to the effects of stress redistribution alone in lower stressed rock the extent of the outer zone is much less than for an opening in highly stressed rock with the same excavation shape and orientation relative to in situ stresses the excavation disturbed zone describes the volume of rock surrounding the damage zone where the stress redistribution is too small to permanently change rock properties unless some other stress increase such as thermal loading is added and it is also characterized non permanent but potentially long term changes in hydraulic head