seasonality of holocene hydroclimate in the eastern mediterranean reconstructed using the oxygen isotope composition of carbonates and diatoms from lake nar central turkey a positive shift in the oxygen isotope composition 18o of lake carbonates in the eastern mediterranean from the early to late holocene is usually interpreted as a change to drier reduced p e conditions however it has also been suggested that changes in the seasonality of precipitation could explain these trends here holocene records of 18o from both carbonates and diatom silica from lake nar in central turkey provide insights into palaeoseasonality we show how 18olakewater the difference between spring and summer reconstructed 18olakewater was minimal in the early holocene and for most of the last millennium but was greater at other times for example between 4 100 1 600 years bp we suggest that increased 18olakewater could have been the result of relatively more spring summer evaporation amplified by a decline in lake level in terms of change in annual mean 18o isotope mass balance modelling shows that this can be influenced by changes in seasonal p e as well as inter annual p e but lake level falls inferred from other proxies confirm there was a mid holocene transition to drier climatic conditions in central turkey

stable isotope composition of late pleistocene holocene eobania vermiculata muller 1774 pulmonata stylommatophora shells from the central mediterranean basin data from grotta d oriente favignana sicily abstract this paper presents stable isotopic results oxygen and carbon from both modern and late pleistocene holocene shells of the land snail eobania vermiculata muller 1774 from favignana island sicily it aims to contribute to the understanding of climate and vegetation history of this region during formation of upper palaeolithic mesolithic and meso neolithic deposits of grotta d oriente ort results from both an evaporative model fbm and an empirical regional isotopic model i e linear relation between oxygen isotopic composition of shells 18 os and those of local precipitation 18 op indicate that the 18 os values of modern specimens are mainly controlled by local temperature relative humidity and 18 op at the time of snail activity data also suggest that the modern snails are nocturnally active almost all year round in the study area the carbon isotopic compositions of shells 13 cs of the same specimens indicate a diet prevalently or exclusively composed of c3 vegetation the 18 os values of late pleistocene specimens suggest that climate conditions at 14 2 ka cal bp were similar to the present day in agreement with additional 18 os records from southern italy by contrast early middle holocene shells are notably 18 o depleted and suggest wetter conditions possibly combined with a decrease in isotopic composition of precipitation source compared to the present day when compared with regional palaeoclimatic records a large scale isotopic response to millennial scale changes in atmospheric and hydrological conditions e g enhanced rainfall in the central eastern mediterranean is observed during the early middle holocene the 13 cs of late pleistocene and holocene specimens are consistently higher than those of modern ones for the late pleistocene this could be reasonably explained in terms of water stressed vegetation on the other hand this seems to be less valid for holocene counterparts when the climate was wetter probably 13 cs values result from the combination of distinct competing factors involving atmospheric co 2 concentration seasonal water budget vegetation type cover and other carbon sources results reveal coherent relationships between regional 18 os and 13 cs demonstrating that late pleistocene holocene land snail shell remains from archaeological sites may provide useful snapshots of past seasonal climate conditions

late pleistocene landscape evolution in south central chile constrained by luminescence and stable cosmogenic nuclide dating landscapes in tectonically active regions develop in response to a complex interplay between rapid tectonic deformation and surface processes in order to understand the evolution of these environments and distinguish between the different factors it is fundamental to identify and quantify geomorphic processes and rates on different time scales the forearc of south central chile provides an ideal setting to elucidate the response of surface processes to climatic and tectonic forcing however in contrast to northern chile this region has attracted little attention due to difficulties in quantifying the age of geomorphic surfaces we use luminescence and stable cosmogenic nuclides 3 he 21 ne on conglomeratic units in the central depression and fluvial valley fills in the coastal cordillera to constrain exposure and burial ages of these units that form major landscape elements in the southern chilean forearc our data indicate that disturbances in the drainage network are controlled by local uplift which may be caused by deformation above an active blind thrust in the coastal cordillera local short term uplift rates reach a minimum of 0 27 mm a 1 and are on the same order as late quaternary minimum incision rates of 0 15 mm a 1 to 0 43 mm a 1 the valley fills in the coastal cordillera have depositional ages of 80 ka and 255 ka respectively exposure ages of the extensive alluvial surfaces in the central depression cluster between 135 ka and 175 ka and between 240 ka and 280 ka hence the deposition of these surfaces broadly coincides with marine isotope stages mis 6 and 8 and appears to be climatically driven

deep lithospheric structures along the southern central chile margin from wide angle p wave modelling p crustal and upper mantle structures of the subduction zone in south central chile between 42 degrees s and 46 degrees s are determined from seismic wide angle reflection and refraction data using the seismic ray tracing method to calculate minimum parameter models three profiles along differently aged segments of the subducting nazca plate were analysed in order to study subduction zone structure dependencies related to the age that is thermal state of the incoming plate the age of the oceanic crust at the trench ranges from 3 ma on the southernmost profile immediately north of the chile triple junction to 6 5 ma old about 100 km to the north and to 14 5 ma old another 200 km further north off the island of chiloe remarkable similarities appear in the structures of both the incoming as well as the overriding plate the oceanic nazca plate is around 5 km thick with a slightly increasing thickness northward reflecting temperature changes at the time of crustal generation the trench basin is about 2 km thick except in the south where the chile ridge is close to the deformation front and only a small 800 m thick trench infill could develop in south central chile typically three quarters 1 5 km of the trench sediments subduct below the decollement in the subduction channel to the north and south of the study area only about one quarter to one third of the sediments subducts the rest is accreted above similarities in the overriding plate are the width of the active accretionary prism 35 50 km and a strong lateral crustal velocity gradient zone about 75 80 km landward from the deformation front where landward upper crustal velocities of over 5 0 5 4 km s su 1 su decrease seaward to around 4 5 km s su 1 su within about 10 km which possibly represents a palaeo backstop this zone is also accompanied by strong intraplate seismicity differences in the subduction zone structures exist in the outer rise region where the northern profile exhibits a clear bulge of uplifted oceanic lithosphere prior to subduction whereas the younger structures have a less developed outer rise this plate bending is accompanied by strongly reduced rock velocities on the northern profile due to fracturing and possible hydration of the crust and upper mantle the southern profiles do not exhibit such a strong alteration of the lithosphere although this effect may be counteracted by plate cooling effects which are reflected in increasing rock velocities away from the spreading centre overall there appears little influence of incoming plate age on the subduction zone structure which may explain why the m w 9 5 great chile earthquake from 1960 ruptured through all these differing age segments the rupture area however appears to coincide with a relatively thick subduction channel

hydrological factors in the interpretation of stable isotopic proxy data present and past a european perspective in the context of this paper stable isotopic proxies are those preserving directly or via known or calculable fractionation factors a record of 18o 16o and or 2h 1h in the water which contributed to their growth suitable proxies include amongst others tree ring cellulose bone phosphate lake sediment minerals and speleothem fluid inclusions a principal aim of studying isotopic proxies is to gain more information about past climates through a knowledge of how rainfall isotope compositions have changed over time however converting back from proxy to rainfall is not necessarily straightforward because however well the isotopic fractionation due to proxy growth or formation is understood a variety of modifying processes may have intervened between this and the actual rainfall events three main reservoirs of environmental water may contribute to the isotopic compositions of terrestrial proxy indicators surface waters soil moisture and groundwater each of these can in principle be isotopically modified compared to rainfall in the locality this review examines these effects and how they may change under different european climate types at the present day it is concluded that while groundwater isotopic compositions typically represent closely the bulk composition of rainfall under a variety of climatic regimes soil and particularly lake waters require detailed study if their isotope systematics are to be adequately understood the review also finds that to a large extent the present is the key to the past in terms of recharge processes during the late pleistocene though glaciation may have had profound isotopic consequences in certain areas while a more general aridity led to the apparent absence of recharge in most areas for much of the late devensian

sulfuric acid as an agent of carbonate weathering constrained by δ13cdic examples from southwest china abstract rock weathering by carbonic acid is thought to play an important role in the global carbon cycle because it can geologically sequestrate atmospheric co 2 current model of carbon cycle evolution usually assumes that carbonic acid is the major weathering agent and that other acids are not important here we use carbon isotopic evidence and water chemistry of springs and rivers from the beipanjiang river basin guizhou province southwest china to demonstrate that sulfuric acid is also an important agent of rock weathering the 13 c of dissolved inorganic carbon dic in the water samples ranges from 13 1 to 2 4 and correlates negatively to hco 3 ca 2 mg 2 ratios and positively to so 4 2 ca 2 mg 2 ratios these relationships are interpreted as mixing diagrams between two reactions of carbonate weathering using carbonic acid and sulfuric acid as a proton donor respectively mixing proportions show that around 42 of the divalent cations in the spring water from guizhou are originated from the interaction between carbonate minerals and sulfuric acid it is shown that 40 of this sulfuric acid is derived from the atmosphere and has an anthropogenic origin the remaining 60 are derived from the oxidative weathering of sulfide minerals in sedimentary rocks our results show the positive action of sulfuric acid on the chemical weathering of carbonate particularly we show that sulfuric acid generated by coal combustion has increased by almost 20 the weathering rates of carbonate in southwest china this is a clear evidence that human activities are changing the weathering rates of rocks and demonstrates a negative feedback on the acidification of the ocean by greenhouse gases because of the involvement of sulfuric acid in weathering reactions 63 of the alkalinity exported by rivers is derived from carbonate instead of 50 when atmospheric co 2 is the only acid involved in chemical weathering of carbonate in the guizhou province the weathering of carbonate is thus at least transiently a net source of co 2 to the atmosphere when extrapolated at global scale sulfuric acid induced carbonate weathering could counterbalance a significant part of the co 2 consumed by silicate weathering this paper highlights the competition between silicate weathering by carbonic acid and carbonate weathering by sulfuric acid for the regulation of the atmospheric co 2 level

holocene and eemian climatic optima in the korean peninsula based on textural and carbon isotopic records from the stalagmite of the daeya cave south korea abstract textural and stable isotopic records from the absolute dated stalagmite of the daeya cave dy 1 provide new insights into the climatic evolution of the korean peninsula during the holocene and eemian climatic optima the stalagmite yielded ages of 8572 227 to 5907 158 and 1 23 456 535 to 1 19 837 1089 years which coincide with the holocene and eemian climatic optima respectively the stalagmite s 13 c record closely resembles previously reported chinese speleothem 18 o data thus it can be suggested that textural and geochemical results of the dy 1 reflect east asian monsoon intensity which is forced by summer insolation patterns in the northern hemisphere lighter carbon isotopic compositions well developed fibrous calcite crystals and their relatively faster growth rate in the stalagmite sample are interpreted to reflect the warmest and wettest climate conditions of the holocene and eemian interglacials both climatic optima took place when insolation was decreasing from its maximum level temperature in greenland was highest and sea level approached its maximum level these climatic optima also coincide with decreasing antarctic temperatures compared the dy 1 data to other proxies it is suggested that the holocene and eemian climatic optima developed through a balance among boreal insolation monsoon intensity and sea level also continental ice volume which are the main climatic forcing factors in the northern hemisphere these trends also follow the bi polar seesaw mechanism as previously described

paleohydrological implications of late quaternary fluvial deposits in and around archaeological sites in syria abstract the importance of fluvial processes to the development of late quaternary landforms in arid regions is well established particularly for the american southwest in contrast much less information exists about past fluvial processes for other arid regions such as arabic countries in the middle east this paper reviews the characteristics of late quaternary fluvial deposits and landforms in syria an arid country with little previous quaternary geomorphic research relatively detailed information has been obtained from areas adjacent to archaeological sites because of collaborative activities with geomorphologists and other geoscientists such activities have resulted in intensive field surveys and associated results of complementary archaeological studies of lithic artifacts are useful for establishing the chronology of fluvial deposits although the number of existing studies is limited the available information points to marked changes in the mode of fluvial processes in response to late quaternary climatic change fluvial sedimentation was enhanced during the wet periods of mis 3 4 the pleistocene holocene transition and the mid holocene in contrast the lgm was characterized by limited fluvial sedimentation under a drier climate as well as enhanced carbonate precipitation near the land surface to form calcrete and oncoids

woodland vegetation and fuel exploitation at the prehistoric campsite of pinarbasi south central anatolia turkey the evidence from the wood charcoal macro remains this paper presents the results of the analysis of wood charcoal macro remains from the multi period prehistoric rock shelters of pinarbasi in the konya plain south central anatolia retrieval and analytical methods are also reported in detail together with some methodologies previously untested in the field of charcoal analysis aiming at the quantitative description of context related variation in the preservation status of archaeological wood charcoal assemblages the patterns observed in the charcoal record are interpreted as a reflection of the prehistoric strategies for firewood exploitation in their local and regional palaeoenvironmental context

foraminiferal records of bottom water oxygenation and surface water productivity in the southern japan sea during 160 15ka associations with insolation changes abstract analyses of the benthic and planktonic foraminiferal record were conducted to understand temporal variations in sea floor oxygenation and surface productivity during periods of dark layer deposition between 160 and 15 ka based on data from sediment core images md01 2407 water depth 932 m from the southern japan sea the dark layers in the core were classified into six types on the basis of benthic foraminiferal assemblages which reflect the nature and amount of organic material on the sea floor as well as the degree of oxygenation of bottom waters three of the dark layer types were deposited in conditions strongly associated with increased surface productivity which correlates with positive or negative peaks of summer insolation in the northern hemisphere during periods of insolation maxima summertime surface productivity was enhanced because of the inflow of nutrient rich surface waters associated with high precipitation in eastern asia caused by intensification of the east asian summer monsoon in contrast relatively sustained organic matter fluxes to the sea floor occurred during insolation minima possibly affected by active vertical mixing when the east asian summer and winter monsoons were both intensified in a given period well oxygenated bottom water environments combined with high surface productivity may have resulted in dark layer deposition because of a combination of strong wintertime water convection and increased summertime surface productivity it is likely that the organic carbon content of sediments underestimates surface productivity during depositional conditions favoring the sedimentary decomposition of organic matter

geological and land use control on δ34s and δ18o of river dissolved sulfate the moselle river basin france abstract the upper part of the moselle river basin northeastern france shows contrasting lithology and topography granitic formations upstream in the vosges mountains and carbonate platform downstream on the lorraine plateau we measured concentration and isotopic composition of dissolved so 4 in the moselle river and its main tributaries in order to identify the sources of sulfate rainwater lichens s fertilizers and natural gypsum were also analyzed as potential sulfate sources along the moselle river dissolved so 4 concentrations and s o isotopes display relationships which suggest two major sources of sulfates 1 a low concentration and low delta values 34 s of 6 9 and 18 o of 6 9 component upstream and 2 a high concentration and high delta values 34 s of up to 17 and 18 o of up to 13 these are likely 1 atmospheric s input with some retention time in forest soils as carbon bonded sulfur and 2 sulfates from the dissolution of evaporites from the muschelkalk and keuper formations of the lorraine plateau the madon tributary drains a basin largely used for agriculture 35 of the land surface and formed by carbonate and evaporite rocks deviation from the general 34 s 18 o trend for dissolved so 4 was found to be seasonal and related to land use and agricultural practices and are interpreted as a significant input of sulfates from fertilizers used in the area isotope mixing models indicate that between 1 1 10 7 and 1 9 10 7 mol of anthropogenic so 4 are annually exported through the madon river these values compared well with the expected annual fertilizer spreading rates in the area and demonstrate the powerful source tracing done by using s isotopes in dissolved sulfates this implies that combining isotopic fingerprinting approach to knowledge of the catchment i e land use agricultural practices river flow would provide key information for decision makers in the context of river basin management

multiple slope failures associated with neotectonic activity in the southern central andes 37 37 30 s patagonia argentina quaternary tectonic activity in the transition area between the central and patagonian andes is closely associated with an anomalous cluster of rockslides 19 rockslides with volumes up to 4 10 9 m 3 developed in plateau basalts we divided them into two groups a rockslides related to neotectonic activity and b rockslides not related to neotectonic activity thirteen rockslides with a total volume of 10 km 3 which lie on either folds or faults have been displaced parallel to the structures and perpendicular to the valley axis and they exhibit headscarps several kilometers away from the valley axis most of them are larger than 10 9 m 3 and are generally of rock avalanche type with a high degree of crushing of rocks although local relief in some cases does not exceed 200 m nine rockslides with a total volume of 8 9 km 3 are related to folds while four with a total volume of 1 3 km 3 are related to faults the six rockslides not related to neotectonic activity have a total volume of 0 25 km 3 of which the largest one accounts for 0 17 km 3 and are rotational slides and block topples with a low degree of rock fragmentation although local relief is up to 400 m the 3 he and 21 ne surface exposure ages for six of these slides as well as relative age assessment based on stratigraphic relation with glacial deposits and the drainage development on the rockslide deposit suggest that the rockslide ages spread rather randomly between pre glacial and mid holocene discarding climatic conditions as a common triggering factor the absence of structures that can represent ideal sliding planes shows that rock fracturing due to neotectonic activity is a major conditioning factor for failures and that the magnitude of landslides is strongly controlled by the type of deformation

9th millennium plant subsistence in the central anatolian highlands new evidence from pinarbasi karaman province central anatolia plant macrofossil analysis phytolith analysis and ams radiocarbon dating at pinarbasi in central anatolia confirm the presence and continuity of plant gathering practice as a key subsistence strategy from c 9000 7700 cal bc results demonstrate the use of almond terebinth and hackberry as food plants similar to palaeolithic epipalaeolithic subsistence strategies in the antalya region crop and or crop progenitor use is unsupported with sporadic cereal macrofossils rare and shown by direct radiocarbon dating to be intrusive a conclusion supported by the phytolith analysis seed exploitation is also rejected results confirm the presence of sedentary foragers from 9000 cal bc in central anatolia contemporary with the levantine ppna early ppnb suggest a different plant subsistence focus to contemporary forager societies in the fertile crescent and indicate economic differences with contemporary sites in central anatolia which were already cultivating crops

stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage from the wiśniowka area south central poland abstract this paper presents the results of a current isotopic study of pyrite mineralization acid mine drainage amd and nearby rivers and farmer s wells located in the western part of the main range holy cross mountains south central poland the principal source of dissolved sulfates in acid lakes ponds and intermittent pools is the predominant microscopic grained and locally framboidal pyrite fes2 that tends to oxidize rapidly on exposed quarry walls and unvegetated historic and current tailings piles this process is expedited by the occurrence of arsenic in the pyrite crystal structure which greatly decreases its resistance to weathering the 34s signature of pyrite from the podwi niowka quarry mean of 24 0 3 1 was different from that of the wi niowka duza quarry mean of 17 4 7 2 these values fingerprinted two basic pyrite mineralization zones assigned to lowermost and middle upper cambrian rock series respectively the 34s fes2 differences also were reflected in dissolved sulfates that displayed distinctly different 34s values 15 3 1 0 podwi niowka and 10 0 1 7 wi niowka duza these negative 34s values stand in contrast to their positive equivalents of the cambrian main range as well as in the examined rivers and farmer s wells unaffected by amd processes the acid water bodies also displayed diverse seasonal variations of 34s so42 18o so42 and 18o h2o that were linked to surface area site topography exposition to radiation changing weather patterns especially temperature and a periodical influx of rainwater or meltwater the isotope data also suggest that evaporation occurred after pyrite oxidation without a direct contact with lake pond waters which is also evidenced by the occurrence of sulfate efflorescences on podwi niowka and wi niowka quarry faces the stable s o and h isotopes have been employed for fingerprinting different geochemical processes and for assessing a potential impact of amd waters on nearby rivers and local perched aquifers particularly in case of no visual indications the s isotope signatures of ponds and pools have also been used for determining the provenance of historic and recent mine waste material

reconstruction of woodland vegetation and firewood exploitation in nine mile canyon utah based on charcoal and pollen analysis abstract anthracological charcoal and pollen analysis conducted on samples from multiple sites in nine mile canyon utah western united states of america were used to reconstruct the woodlands of this region and interpret firewood exploitation during the formative period ad 200 1300 the pollen record identifies constituents of the paleoenvironment of this region reflecting species that grew in the vicinity of the site and in the broader area wood charcoal reflects various trees and shrubs that were used as fuel or for construction by the prehistoric occupants settled in nine mile canyon pollen results elucidate a portion of the spectrum of wood taxa which varies in different parts of the canyon depending on elevation and the canyon s topography while micro charcoal analysis has a long and rich tradition in association with pollen analysis anthracological analysis is different in that it focuses on macroscopic pieces of archaeological charcoal here anthracology using sem imagery helps define local woody taxa by identifying macroscopic pieces of archaeological charcoal these two analytical tools build a complementary record of local woodland vegetation through aerial pollen transport and fuel wood selection while the pollen record is affected by aerial transport the anthracological assemblages in most cases reflect species growing in the vicinity of the prehistoric settlements but can be affected by natural transport within the drainage recovery of douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii charcoal from the lower portions of the canyon containing steep walls and natural conditions not favorable for douglas fir growth indicates presence of drift wood or debris flow deposits

building an isotopic hydrogeochemical indicator of anthropogenic pressure on urban rivers this study provides evidence on the sources and pathways of trace metal contamination using isotopic tracers 34s of dissolved sulfate and 206pb 207pb of suspended particulate matter spm in an urban french river the trace metal contamination of the orge river watershed was correlated with a highly contrasted land use pattern with mainly forests and agricultural lands upstream and a highly dense urban area up to 8000 inhabitants km2 downstream in the suburbs of the parisian megacity the increase in the sulfate concentrations 0 25 1 mmol l of the dissolved compartment 0 45 m monitored during a hydrological year 2010 2011 correlated with the dissolved sulfate 34s and 18o ratios 2 to 12 and 6 to 13 respectively this result indicated that the runoff and sewage waters are important sources of water in the river particularly for the highly urbanized sites the lead enrichment factor in the spm was observed to increase according to the urbanization gradient 1 to 6 and the associated 206pb 207pb ratio indicated that the signature of the lead bearing particles transformed from a three endmember system 2001 samples to a two endmember one 2010 2011 samples over the last decade these results suggest that gasoline originated lead has disappeared from particulate fluxes since the lead additive prohibition in 2000 the lead bearing species in the orge river were also observed to originate mainly from urban activities and the reactivity of selected urban lead bearing species is discussed based on microscopic observations finally coupling the 34s and 206pb 207pb ratios provided a powerful indicator of urban influence as a function of both river hydrodynamics and physico chemical conditions

splay fault slip during the mw 8 8 2010 maule chile earthquake splay faults are thrusts that emerge from the plate boundaries of subduction zones such structures have been mapped at several convergent margins and their activity commonly ascribed to large megathrust earthquakes however the behavior of splay faults during the earthquake cycle is poorly constrained because typically these structures are located offshore and are difficult to access here we use geologic mapping combined with space and land geodesy as well as offshore sonar data to document surface fault ruptures and coastal uplift at isla santa maria in south central chile 37 s caused by the 27 february 2010 maule earthquake m w 8 8 during the earthquake the island was tilted parallel to the margin and normal faults ruptured the surface and adjacent ocean bottom we associate tilt and crestal normal faulting with growth of an anticline above a blind reverse fault rooted in the nazca south america plate boundary which slipped during the maule earthquake the splay fault system has formed in an area of reduced coseismic plate boundary slip suggesting that anelastic deformation in the upper plate may have restrained the 2010 megathrust rupture surface fault breaks were accompanied by prominent discharge of fluids our field observations support the notion that splay faulting may frequently complement and influence the rupture of subduction zone earthquakes

charles lyell and the great 1855 earthquake in new zealand first recognition of active fault tectonics abstract the geological effects of the 1855 wairarapa new zealand earthquake with an estimated magnitude of m w 8 2 8 4 provided charles lyell with direct evidence of the relationship between earthquakes fault rupturing regional uplift and subsidence the scientific importance of the earthquake is that it was the breakthrough event that led to the first recognition of active fault tectonics and therefore changed the course of geological thinking and understanding following the observations by darwin of coastal uplift during the 1835 chilean earthquake the 1855 event in new zealand also provided further crucial evidence for the uniformitarian principle promulgated by lyell in that geological features of the landscape could be explained as the cumulative sum of small incremental changes rather than cataclysmic events involving much larger amounts of crustal movement thus laying the foundations for future understanding of regional seismotectonics and geomorphological changes accompanying an earthquake details of the effects of the 1855 earthquake derived from lyell9s unpublished notes and correspondence and the inferences he made from them are presented and discussed comparison is made with the results of subsequent work that although in broad agreement with lyell9s account also indicate greater localized uplift less subsidence variable vertical displacement along lyell9s9 fault the nature of the fault contact and horizontal displacement on the fault

using uplifted holocene beach berms for paleoseismic analysis on the santa maria island south central chile major earthquakes m 8 have repeatedly ruptured the nazca south america plate interface of south central chile involving meter scale land level changes earthquake recurrence intervals however extending beyond limited historical records are virtually unknown but would provide crucial data on the tectonic behavior of forearcs we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of holocene earthquakes on santa maria island smi 37 degrees s located 20 km off the chilean coast and approximately 70 km east of the trench smi hosts a minimum of 21 uplifted beach berms of which a subset were dated to calculate a mean uplift rate of 2 3 0 2 m ky and a tilting rate of 0 022 0 002 degrees ky the inferred recurrence interval of strandline forming earthquakes is similar to 180 years combining coseismic uplift and aseismic subsidence during an earthquake cycle the net gain in strandline elevation in this environment is similar to 0 4 m per event

role of sea level forced sedimentary processes on the distribution of organic carbon rich marine sediments a review of the late quaternary sapropels in the mediterranean sea abstract the 124 ka to present sapropel s5 s1 series in the eastern mediterranean sea correspond to the last glacial interglacial period and permit detailed investigation of 5th order sedimentary frequencies the sapropel layers are clustered in high frequency milankovian cycle that occur within sequence stratigraphic 4th order cycles of late pleistocene holocene sea level oscillations the sea level changes had an amplitude exceeding 120 m and have been correlated to the glacial interglacial cycles modulated by the 100 ka eccentricity using published data we examined occurrences of the complete s5 s1 series in the mediterranean sea and then we focussed on two stratigraphic sequences in the central adriatic shelf and middle adriatic depression where sapropels s5 and s1 were deposited during periods of sea level rise recorded by the transgressive systems tract marine isotopic stage 5 and 1 respectively sapropels s4 and s3 were deposited during the highstand systems tract that developed throughout mis 5 of the late pleistocene sequence sapropel s2 should have been deposited during the warm mis 3 3 and followed the mis 4 sea level drop when sediment supply was enhanced during the late highstand and falling stage of sea level of the late pleistocene sequence the pronounced mis 2 cold stage led to a lowstand and to the regional erosional surface sequence boundary we also compared the adriatic sapropel s5 s2 sequence 4th order to the mid pliocene cluster o sequence 3rd order in both cases sapropels are well formed before the increase of sediment supply due to progradation of the shelf wedge that occurs in the late high stand and initial falling stage in sea level finally we considered the influence of sea level lowering which could cause a weakening of north adriatic deep water formation therefore influencing the mediterranean deep water circulation this condition would favour oxygen depletion but it does not correspond to a well developed sapropel as in the case of s2 based on the assumption that productivity increases related to insolation play a dominant role in their sedimentation sapropel s2 is the result of low amplitude insolation maxima that were unable to generate a productivity increase leading to the burial of conspicuous amount of organic matter therefore in the adriatic sea the absence of the s2 sapropel is correlated to the high sedimentation rate diluting the signal whereas in the eastern mediterranean basin this sapropel is virtually absent because of a weak orbital forcing combined with oxidation that erased its record

holocene paleoseismic history of upper plate faults in the southern hikurangi subduction margin new zealand deduced from marine terrace records abstract the formation and uplift of holocene marine terraces along a 160 km long stretch of the wairarapa coast in the southern hikurangi subduction margin north island new zealand are interpreted in terms of causative faults and associated large earthquakes during the past circa 7000 cal yr b p distinctive stepped terrace morphology the clustering of radiocarbon ages on each uplifted terrace and the historic occurrence of coseismic uplift in other parts of eastern and southern north island support the contention that coastal uplift occurred suddenly and repeatedly during large magnitude earthquakes the rupture of five west dipping reverse or reverse oblique faults within the australian plate whose surface traces lie a short distance seaward of the present shoreline are inferred to be responsible for coastal uplift individual structures range in length from 25 to 60 km these lengths together with uplift events in the range of 1 4 m suggest earthquakes in the range of m w 7 7 5 approximately 20 of the radiocarbon ages are anomalously young for their elevations but many have ages indistinguishable from accepted ages for terrace uplift we infer that many of the anomalous ages are from samples deposited by tsunami that occurred in association with offshore fault rupture on adjacent sections of the coast

hydrogeochemical characteristics of streams with and without acid mine drainage impacts a paired catchment study in karst geology sw china summary a paired catchment study was used to assess hydrochemical characteristics of streams in amd acid mine drainage impacted and non amd impacted catchments in a karstic region sw china the catchments shared similar geology slope aspect area and climate but different land use since one encompassed mining activities as a result hydrogeochemical characteristics of the amd impacted water were dominantly controlled by oxidation of pyrite while that of non amd impacted were influenced by water rock reactions it is also coincident with the source of 34 s so4 in both waters upstream unit ion fluxes of the amd impacted catchment for ca mg h fe and so 4 were 17 g m 2 yr 2 g m 2 yr 0 0002 g m 2 yr 17 g m 2 yr and 136 g m 2 yr respectively while unit ion fluxes of the non amd impacted catchment were much lower than that of the amd impacted catchment along the flow fluxes of h ca mg fe and so 4 decreased in the amd impacted water but increased in the non amd impacted water the observation was coincident with variations of ion concentrations in both waters along the flow supported by phreeqc modeling of minerals such as goethite jarosite ss melanterite scorodite calcite and dolomite it suggests that the transport of constituents of interest except for ca and mg is dramatically different in these catchments results provide important information on karst system response to amd together with the baseline data to understand the degree and type of impairment

sulphur cycling in the drinking water catchment area of torgau mockritz germany insights from hydrochemical and stable isotope investigations the hydrochemical composition of groundwater and the isotopic composition of sulphur compounds in sediments 3 4 s of sulphide inorganic sulphate and groundwater 3 4 s 1 8 o of dissolved sulphate have been investigated to reveal the reasons for elevated concentrations of dissolved groundwater sulphate in the drinking water catchment area of torgau mockritz germany the three most important anthropogenic sources of sulphate identified in this study are historic atmospheric sulphate deposition predominantly of anthropogenic origin inorganic fertilization and dissolution of gypsum from waste dumps owing to their overlapping isotopic range no clear differentiation between the individual anthropogenic sources is possible sulphate from the oxidation of sedimentary sulphides however was recognized by its negative sulphur isotope signature 3 4 s 5 the mobilization of sulphate from different soil sulphur species is closely connected with variable isotopic fractionations resulting in a wide isotopic variation range for the sulphate entering the saturated zone generally sulphur and oxygen isotope ratios of the dissolved groundwater sulphate range from 19 to 37 vienna canon diablo troilite and from 2 to 19 vienna standard mean ocean water respectively sulphate from the majority of groundwater samples can be assigned to anthropogenic sources sulphate from sulphide oxidation is especially present in samples from the upper sampling level and the groundwater surface sulphate concentrations above 700 mg l 1 are mostly caused by the oxidation of sulphide sulphate that occurs in low and moderate concentrations dominantly originates from anthropogenic sources 3 4 s distribution patterns were used to locate the sources for the elevated sulphate concentrations in the raw water it was shown that the sulphate is not mobilized in the immediate vicinity of the production wells rather it originates in an area 1 5 km west of the intake the main mobilization mechanism there is the oxidation of reduced sedimentary sulphur species beyond its local significance this study presents a general example how changes in the sulphur cycle indicate major anthropogenically induced alterations of the hydrochemical situation in catchment areas

the tempo of holocene climatic change in the eastern mediterranean region new high resolution crater lake sediment data from central turkey this study presents results from a multi proxy analysis of cores taken in a crater lake sequence from eski acigol in central turkey which cover the period from pre c 16000 cal yr bp to the present the sediments comprise an upper unit of generally non laminated banded to massive silts and peats of mid to late holocene age overlying a laminated unit of late pleistocene to early mid holocene age the laminae comprising mainly aragonite amorphous silica diatom frustules and organic matter were formed in a relatively deep dilute meromictic lake pollen data indicate an abrupt replacement of artemisia chenopod steppe by grass oak terebinth parkland during the period of laminae deposition marking the start of the holocene a gradual increase in tree pollen during the early holocene came to an end c 6500 cal yr bp u series and adjusted c 14 timescale when mesic deciduous taxa declined at the same time as lake levels fell human impact on regional vegetation is inferred from a sharp decline in oak around 4500 4000 cal yr bp diatom isotopic and mineralogical data indicate that during the second half of the holocene the lake became relatively shallow and oscillated between fresh and brackish evaporated water conditions the contrast between wetter early and drier late holocene climatic conditions is matched by other eastern and central mediterranean proxy climate data while the eski acigol sequence resembles holocene hydroclimatic changes in the saharo arabian zone and was also apparently linked to orbital forcing it is unlikely to have had the same direct cause i e an expansion and subsequent retreat of monsoon rainfall

origin of brines in the upper silesian coal basin poland inferred from stable isotope and chemical data brines in the miocene formations of the upper silesian coal basin have isotopic composition close to smow which identifies them as the connate marine water however controversies exist on the origin of brines in the carboniferous formations isotopic and hydrochemical data exclude any relationship to marine water and enrichment by evaporation the most common brine which occurs at great depths can be identified as the oldest infiltration in a very hot climate 18o 2 d 20 cl content 34 to 140 g l this brine is free of so42 and u and rich in ba2 and226ra its salinity is probably related to the leaching of evaporites and intensive weathering of rocks during the rotliegendes other brines are difficult to identify because their isotopic contents are within the range of mixing between the oldest brine and the quaternary waters 18o 10 d 70 isotopic and hydrochemical data allow identification of several occurrences of brine formed by meteoric water of a warm tertiary climate after the last marine transgression in the tortonian that brine is rich in so42 and contains moderate contents of226ra and u its salinity is thought to result from leaching of miocene evaporites two other identified types of brines can be related to some infiltration periods before the last marine transgression the sources in salinity of these 2 types remain unknown mining activity results in a common occurrence of mixed brines when the quaternary component dominates its identification is easy from the isotopic composition whereas the end brine component can ususally be identified by chosen ion ratios and the presence or lack of sulphates

reassessment of lake victoria upper nile river paleohydrology from oxygen isotope records of lake sediment cellulose reconstruction of lake water 1 8 o from analysis of cellulose 1 8 o in two sediment cores from lake victoria east africa shows a large shift to lower values during the terminal pleistocene this shift records the transition from closed to open basin conditions following desiccation at the last glacial maximum although oxygen isotope analysis of cellulose from one core had placed this overflow at 8 ka 7200 1 4 c yr b p reevaluation of the age model for this core in addition to new stratigraphic and chronological evidence from a second core suggests that basin overflow was established much earlier ca 13 ka our refined view of the timing of lake victoria overflow inferred from the oxygen isotope records is consistent with other paleolimnological studies indicating that lake sediment cellulose is an effective and sensitive isotopic archive of major hydrologic events in this region

environmental conditions of boreal springs explained by capture zone characteristics summary springs are unique ecosystems but in many cases they are severely threatened and there is an urgent need for better spring management and conservation to this end we studied water quality and quantity in springs in oulanka national park north east finland multivariate statistical methods were employed to relate spring water quality and quantity to hydrogeology and land use of the spring capture zone this revealed that most springs studied were affected by locally atypical dolostone limestone bedrock resulting in high calcium ph and alkalinity values using ward s hierarchical clustering the springs were grouped into four clusters based on their water chemistry one cluster consisted of springs affected by past small scale agriculture whereas other clusters were affected by the variable bedrock e g springs only 1 km from the dolostone limestone bedrock area were beyond its calcium rich impact zone according to a random forest model the best predictors of spring water chemistry were spring altitude and the stable hydrogen isotope ratio of the water 2h thus stable water isotopes could be widely applicable for boreal spring management they may also provide a rough estimate of groundwater flow route i e whether it is mainly local or regional which largely determines the chemical characteristics of spring water our approach could be applied in other boreal regions and at larger spatial scales for improved classification of springs and for better targeted spring management

assessing the impact of serwis mine tailings site on farmers wells using element and isotope signatures holy cross mountains south central poland this paper presents the results of a geochemical and isotopic study of technogenic soils and acid pool waters in the abandoned mine tailings pile and its potential impact on the adjacent farmers wells at the village of serwis south central poland the acid tailings pools showed strong trace element and ree signals these acid pools were featured by the predominance of medium rare earth elements mree with a strong positive gd anomaly the technogenic soils also revealed a mree roof shaped pattern but with distinct positive excursions in gd sm eu and ce the 34s so42 signatures of acid pool waters mean of 1 3 were close to those of soils and pyrite means of 2 3 and 3 2 respectively the waters of four farmers wells exhibited nearly the same 34s so42 values 0 7 4 0 as the nearby acid pool waters 0 3 3 1 the similar 34s isotope signatures combined with the highest contents of dissolved so42 181 577 mg l in these wells suggest that the tailings pile is a potential source of so42 derived from pyrite weathering this relationship may also be evidenced by a spatial site variable dendrogram that groups these four wells into one cluster at the linkage distance dlink dmax 100 53

fragmentary evidence of great earthquake subsidence during holocene emergence valdivia estuary south central chile a reconnaissance of holocene stratigraphy beneath fringing marshes of the valdivia estuary where an m 9 5 earthquake caused 1 2 m of regional coseismic subsidence in 1960 shows only fragmentary evidence of prehistoric coseismic sub sidence in most of the 150 hand driven cores that were examined a distinct uncon formity separates 0 5 1 5 m of late holocene tidal and floodplain mud peat and sand from underlying middle holocene subtidal mud and sand at the las coloradas site where stratigraphy is best preserved two a horizons of marsh and meadow soils abruptly overlain by sand and mud probably record coseismic subsidence shortly fol lowed by tsunamis the amount of subsidence during the earthquakes proved difficult to reconstruct with a diatom transfer function because of differences between modern and fossil diatom assemblages maximum 14 c ages on macrofossils from the two a horizons at the las coloradas site of 1 7 1 3 ka and 2 7 1 7 ka allow correlation of the younger horizon with either of two of six 14 c dated a horizons buried by tsunami sand or post tsunami tidal sand 200 km to the south at maullin and with a lake wide mass wasting event in lago puyehue 100 km to the southeast tidal records of prehistoric coseismic subsidence at valdivia are scarce because of a sea level fall of 3 8 m over the past 6000 years erosion of marsh and meadow soils during subsidence induced flooding of the estuary and largely complete land level recovery during cycles of coseismic subsidence and postseismic uplift online material diatom species data from the las coloradas site valdivia estuary

a dynamic explanation for the origin of the western mediterranean organic rich layers the eastern mediterranean sapropels are among the most intensively investigated phenomena in the paleoceanographic record but relatively little has been written regarding the origin of the equivalent of the sapropels in the western mediterranean the organic rich layers orls orls are recognized as sediment layers containing enhanced total organic carbon that extend throughout the deep basins of the western mediterranean and are associated with enhanced total barium concentration and a reduced diversity dysoxic but not anoxic benthic foraminiferal assemblage consequently it has been suggested that orls represent periods of enhanced productivity coupled with reduced deep ventilation presumably related to increased continental runoff in close analogy to the sapropels we demonstrate that despite their superficial similarity the timing of the deposition of the most recent orl in the alboran sea is different than that of the approximately coincident sapropel indicating that there are important differences between their modes of formation we go on to demonstrate through physical arguments that a likely explanation for the origin of the alboran orls lies in the response of the western mediterranean basin to a strong reduction in surface water density and a shoaling of the interface between intermediate and deep water during the deglacial period furthermore we provide evidence that deep convection had already slowed by the time of heinrich event 1 and explore this event as a potential agent for preconditioning deep convection collapse important differences between heinrich like and deglacial like influences are highlighted giving new insights into the response of the western mediterranean system to external forcing

the origin of pyrite mineralization implications for late cambrian geology of the holy cross mountains south central poland abstract this paper presents results of a petrographic mineralogical and geochemical study of ore gangue and rock forming minerals that occur within the upper cambrian furongian age siliciclastic rocks of the wi niowka massif western part of the main range holy cross mountains south central poland this area is characterized by the presence of ubiquitous pyrite that makes up two stratiform mineralization zones assigned to the early and middle late cambrian giving rise to acid mine drainage the oldest zone comprises additionally sedimentary breccias with intraclast supported pyrite cement the predominant microscopic colloform and partly framboidal pyrite typically shows high concentrations of as up to 8 23 wt and a distinct enrichment in the light sulfur isotope 34s from 41 4 to 23 6 the occurrences of large amounts of as rich pyrite showing strongly negative 34s values are rather uncommon in paleozoic sedimentary formations worldwide that exhibit distinctly smaller amounts of as and mostly enrichments in heavier sulfur isotope 34s up to 63 another specific feature of the wi niowka rock series is the presence of ree bearing aluminophosphate and phosphate minerals that occur primarily in clayey silty shales and bentonites based on the results obtained a sequence of hydrothermal index minerals was discriminated including pyrite whose grains are usually made of alternating arsenic rich and arsenic poor bands as well as paragenetic assemblages of dickite nacrite xenotime and the crandallite series of aluminum phosphate sulfate minerals both mineral composition and specific microtextures are indicative of multistage hydrothermal activity that took place in the wi niowka depositional basin during the late cambrian time this is in distinct contrast to the remaining part of the main range which is devoid of the hydrothermal pyrite imprint moreover the results of this study give insight into the complex sedimentary and early diagenetic history of the southwestern passive margin of the baltica craton this currently makes up a part of the ysogory block terrane that borders on the trans european suture zone separating the precambrian east european craton from the paleozoic platform of central europe this study is important because we still lack the full knowledge about the hydrothermal processes that took place in early paleozoic depositional basins

local holocene environmental indicators in upper mesopotamia pedogenic carbonate record vs archaeobotanical data and archaeoclimatological models abstract it has been suggested that pedogenic carbonate coatings on stones in archaeological sites can be used to reconstruct late quaternary environmental changes in the area of the fertile crescent this research compares a pedogenic carbonate record from southeastern turkey with three other local or regional sources of palaeoenvironmental information in order to evaluate the correlation of this new proxy with other independent data from the area 1 ancient plant macroremains from archaeological sites as ecological indicators 2 stable carbon isotope composition of ancient plant macroremains available in the literature and from our own investigations in six mid holocene archaeological sites and 3 modelled holocene precipitation and temperature changes in the northern fertile crescent comparison involved selected palynological and isotopic data from lacustrine sediments as well as speleothem isotopic records in near eastern locations available in the literature although the data show a certain amount of variation of proxy records on the regional scale for the northern fertile crescent upper mesopotamia they suggest three pronounced features of the holocene environmental history 1 a trend toward warmer temperatures may have affected the area during the early holocene between ca 10 000 6000 cal bp 2 increased moisture availability and relatively high temperatures in the mid holocene ca between 5000 and 4000 cal bp and 3 a significant decrease in moisture availability around 4000 cal bp further research is needed to enhance the chronological resolution of both pedogenic carbonate and plant macrofossil records this study stresses the complexity of the holocene palaeogeography of the near east and underlines the need for careful analysis of local sources of palaeonvironmental information in the region

orbital signatures and long term vegetation patterns in the mediterranean abstract an attempt is made to explore the relation between vegetation phases and orbital configurations by comparing long pollen sequences from the mediterranean region and astronomical curves on the basis of their independent chronologies three recurring patterns emerge from this comparison i all intervals with perihelion passage occurring during northern winter were associated with significant contractions of tree populations ii all temperate stage expansions of certain mediterranean vegetation elements occurred when perihelion passage was in summer and iii temperate stage forests reached maximum extent at times of autumn perihelion of these patterns the first corresponds to extreme dry cold episodes culminating at times of march perihelion and the second to maximum summer temperature and evaporation regimes following june perihelion the third associated with the occurrence of september perihelion appears to be more diffuse both in time and space possibly reflecting local variations in hydrological regimes the consistency of at least the first two cases provides some support for the notion that certain recurring vegetation patterns appear to be a result of climate changes linked to specific orbital signatures this could eventually lead to the development of improved terrestrial chronologies through astronomical tuning

the holocene climatic optimum and pollen records of sapropel 1 in the eastern mediterranean 9000 6000 bp abstract the most recent sapropel in the deep eastern mediterranean sea has been deposited between 9 and 6 ka bp climate conditions as revealed by the pollen records of this sapropel in marine cores were most favorable for temperate deciduous trees which is in agreement with the inferences from records of peripheral land pollen sites the abundance of deciduous oak pollen is much higher than that of artemisia sage brush indicating that annual precipitation in the mid elevation borderlands was at least 550 mm without summer drought but more probably in the range 800 1300 mm the pollen of pistacia which formed a savanna at low elevations is also at its highest abundance and signals the absence of frost in winter while being capable of withstanding summer drought the early holocene therefore appears as the post glacial climatic optimum with the highest moisture and mildest winters in southwest asia this is also the time of the neolithic population explosion with incipient domestication of cereals possibly following natural selection of the tough rachis mutation in wheat and barley by the extreme aridity of the preceding younger dryas

geomorphic responses to long term land use changes in eastern macedonia greece distinct phases of stream aggradation soil erosion and landscape stability in the basin of drama eastern macedonia greece over the past 7000 years can be tied directly to long term land use changes during the middle and late holocene 1 4 m of alluvial fill accumulated in the centre of the basin and along the angithis valley low levels of alluvial aggradation were recorded during the late neolithic and the early bronze age 7400 4000 cal bp in the centre of the basin along the lower course of the river xeropotamos the rate of aggradation has doubled since the late bronze age 0 5 0 6 mm year 1 compared to the holocene as a whole 0 25 mm year 1 moderate rates of alluvial fill were experienced during the late bronze age 3600 3000 cal bp but the most significant destabilisation of the soils occurred later than in many regions of greece two historical phases of alluvial aggradation and soil erosion are identified in the antique and the early byzantine era 3rd century bc 7th century ad and more significantly in the ottoman period beginning of the 15th to the 20th century ad in the latter period the rate of accumulation was three to five times greater than in the late holocene almost three millennia intervened between the arrival of the first farmers and the onset of erosion this is mainly explained by the settlement pattern during the neolithic and the early bronze age it seems that the early farmers preferred to cultivate the more stable soils on the gentle slopes at the centre of the basin during the late bronze age the land use pattern changed the soils then under cultivation on the foothills were less stable and the steeper slopes were more susceptible to erosion this limited the potential for forest restoration after the first noticeable land clearance and probably explains the extent of alluvial aggradation since the antique era the intensity of land use has increased the two phases of accelerated alluviation in historical times are clearly linked to land use changes particularly with the upstream progression of cropping and grazing onto more sensitive lands in foothills and mountainous areas though this was also influenced by climatic fluctuations the major period of aggradation in the ottoman period is clearly associated with both climatic and anthropogenic factors it seems that the early historic deforestation and agricultural activities rendered river systems more sensitive to relatively modest changes in climate

stable sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of the świetokrzyski national park spring waters generated by natural and anthropogenic factors south central poland abstract this paper presents the results of an isotopic study of spring waters in wietokrzyski holy cross mountain national park np south central poland the 34 s v cdt and 18 o v smow of soluble sulfates n 40 varied from 0 5 to 18 1 and from 3 5 to 12 2 respectively the average 34 s values are closely similar to those of rainwater soils and rocks comprising scattered pyrite this suggests that soluble sulfates in the springs originated from mixing of recent and historic deposition sulfates derived from pyrite oxidation and cs mineralization in soils and debris an additional anthropogenic sulfur input inorganic fertilizer occurs in the water of spring s 61 located in the wietokrzyski national park buffer zone the 18 o v smow of spring waters n 4 were in the range of 10 6 to 10 2 indicating that they are derived from vadose groundwater in np this was the first isotope study of spring waters in the national parks of poland it enabled the determination of sulfur pathways and discrimination between natural and anthropogenic sources of this element in a relatively pristine area

quaternary marine terraces sea level changes and uplift history of patagonia argentina comparisons with predictions of the ice 4g vm2 model of the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment abstract quaternary marine terraces have been investigated along a 1000 km stretch of the coast of argentinian patagonia fossil mollusc shells most in living position and collected from raised beaches were dated using the u series esr and 14 c methods our analyses show that holocene sea level in this region culminated 7000 to 8000 bp at 6 7 m amsl this beach slightly increases in altitude southward the last interglacial stage 5e was identified at 16 17 m amsl whereas the highest and morphologically most distinctive radiometrically dated terrace at 250 000 to 330 000 bp exists at an elevation of 33 35 m amsl we estimate a constant rate of tectonic uplift of 0 09 m 1000 yr since the middle pleistocene using this estimate of the local rate of tectonic uplift we correct relative sea level r s l observations for the holocene epoch in turn the inferred holocene sea level histories are compared with those predicted using the ice 4g vm2 model of the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment this model accurately predicts r s l history from all sites along the northern part of the east coast of the south american continent venezuela brazil however along the southern part of the coast of argentinian patagonia there is evidence of an influence that is not accurately represented in this version of the model of the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment we suggest that this influence could be connected to the presence of the broad continental shelf that is located offshore of this region but the influence of significant neotectonic uplift cannot be dismissed

chronology and stratigraphy of late quaternary sediments in the konya basin turkey results from the kopal project abstract the late quaternary environmental history of the konya plain in south central turkey is used to examine sediment facies changes in a shallow non outlet basin which has experienced major climatically driven changes in lake extent two principal types of sedimentary archive are used to reconstruct a palaeoenvironmental record namely alluvial sequences on the carsamba alluvial fan and sediments from residual lakes the latter have been used to investigate broader climatic and vegetational histories via palaeolimnological techniques including pollen diatom and stable isotope analysis these changes are dated here by radiometric techniques including radiocarbon ams and conventional osl and u th chronological agreement is generally good between the different dating techniques although typically there is greatly reduced precision beyond ca 25 ka lake sediment cores investigated have basal ages beyond the range of 14c dating but contain hiatuses as a result of subsequent alternation between phases of lacustrine sedimentation and aeolian deflation in contrast to most deepwater non outlet lake systems the konya basin may have been occupied by a single extensive lake for as little as 10 of late quaternary time mainly around the time of the lgm this lake highstand was followed by an important arid interval in the absence of unbroken chronostratigraphic sequences palaeohydrological investigation of shallow non outlet lakes may require analysis of basin wide changes in sedimentation rather than reliance on single core records stratigraphic continuity in such sedimentary environments cannot be assumed and requires independent chronological control through radiometric dating

splay fault slip during the mw 8 8 2010 maule chile earthquake comment over the past decade the isla santa maria south central chile has provided one of the most exquisitely detailed records of deformation and tectonically controlled sea level change anywhere along the andean margin bookhagen et al 2006 1 melnick et al 2006 2 2009 3 2012 4

magnetic properties and geochemistry of the active oxidation front and the youngest sapropel in the eastern mediterranean sea summary magnetic properties irm arm xin s ratio at 0 3 t room temperature rt hysteresis and thermomagnetic curves and geochemical data fe s mn al ti organic c were studied in two eastern mediterranean boxcores abc26 and bc19 at a resolution of 3 5 mm the boxcores contain sapropel s1 9 6 kyr bp at a few decimetres below seafloor the magnetic fraction consists predominantly of single domain sd to pseudo singledomain psd magnetite in the entire cores the original input of magnetic grains comes from two sources aeolian dust both cores and volcanic ash from the minoan eruption of santorini core bc19 only non steady state diagenesis has changed the magnetic mineralogy considerably in these alternating organic rich organic poor sediments during deposition of sapropel s1 reductive diagenesis and pyritization in and just below the sapropel caused lower magnetic intensities coarser magnetic grain sizes and partial maghemitization in thermomagnetic curves two types of pyrite can be identified one oxidizes below 450 uc and the other above 450 uc the higher oxidation temperature is predominantly found below the sapropel this may be related to the microtexture of pyrite which is euhedral below sapropels and mainly framboidal within sapropels since the end of sapropel deposition a downward moving oxidation front has oxidized the upper half c 5 cm of the sapropel the oxidized part of the sapropel is enriched in diagenetically formed fe oxides with relatively high coercivity and arm the maximum coercivity is found in a distinct layer between the present day mn and fe redox boundaries at the top of the unoxidized sapropel the freshly precipitated fe oxides in this centimetre thick layer contain a mixture of superparamagnetic sp grains and high coercivity sd magnetite higher in the oxidized zone the freshly precipitated fe oxides have aged into generally slightly lower coercivity sd grains with relatively high arm in addition to the diagenetic formation of fe oxides at the top of the sapropel formation of a ferrimagnetic fe monosulphide may have occurred within the sapropel during later stages of diagenesis which may have enhanced the arm signal in the organic rich interval in particular

anthropogenic sulfate loads in the rio grande new mexico usa abstract the sources of so 4 along a 550 km stretch of the rio grande in new mexico and western texas were investigated using stable s isotopes during 2007 and 2008 the 34 s of dissolved so 4 in the rio grande surface water varied over a narrow range from 1 6 to 0 9 which was consistent with the 34 s of local fertilizers 2 1 to 1 6 and was not consistent with paleozoic evaporite sources of so 4 in regional bedrock 7 6 to 12 9 this is likely due the fact that so 4 is the major component of n p k fertilizers used in the rio grande valley constituting about half of the total fertilizers by mass the so 4 cl ratios of the groundwater system are relatively low 0 06 to 3 compared to the fertilizer source suggesting that more cl is added to the rio grande from geological sources as compared to so 4 in the mesilla basin in southern new mexico we identified zones of mixing between recharging irrigation water with groundwater within the depth range of 50 200 m below the ground surface for this aquifer principal component analysis pca indicated that na k cl concentrations were largely attributable to geological sources and so 4 mg ca concentrations to anthropogenic sources here an additional anthropogenic source of so 4 with a 34 s of 2 7 was linked to anaerobic decomposition of manure on a horse farm in this case so 4 concentrations 800 mg l increased by about three times compared to background so 4 concentrations in groundwater 2 so 4 in fertilizer manufacturing anthropogenic so 4 fluxes to rivers and shallow aquifers from irrigation waters can be significant worldwide

drought induced pulses of so42 from a canadian shield wetland use of δ34s and δ18o in so42 to determine sources of sulfur abstract following summer drought periods pulses of elevated so 4 2 concentrations are frequently observed in streams draining forested catchments that contain wetlands delays in the recovery of freshwater streams and lakes in eastern canada from historically high levels of acidic precipitation have been partially ascribed to these periodic pulses of so 4 2 climate in eastern canada has also changed within the last 25 a with a documented increase in summer dryness and duration of droughts in small forested catchments in the turkey lakes watershed tlw so 4 2 concentrations in streams draining wetlands can be elevated by up to a factor of 7 during post drought discharge events compared to the annual average two neighbouring catchments one with a series of cascading wetlands and one without any wetlands were selected for comparison stable s and o isotope ratios were analyzed in samples of bulk precipitation streams and groundwaters to examine sources of so 4 2 in post drought pulses 34 s so 4 2 in the streams and groundwaters show that so 4 2 is retained in the wetland via so 4 2 reduction and stored in the upper peat profile nitrate is elevated in soil and groundwaters at tlw due to high rates of nitrification in forest soils and the presence of no 3 can be used to identify piezometers unaffected by so 4 2 reduction 18 o so 4 2 shows that higher concentrations of so 4 2 in deeper groundwater are likely due to oxidation of organic s and not a geologic source of reduced s following drought the low 34 s so 4 2 in streams is consistent with wetland retention by so 4 2 reduction and much lower than so 4 2 released by weathering in deep glacial till and bedrock high so 4 2 groundwaters and geologic sources do not contribute to the so 4 2 pulses in streams isotopic patterns over 6 a were similar pulses of so 4 2 in the wetland catchments following drought are a result of the oxidation of s previously reduced and stored in the wetland

giant earthquakes in south central chile revealed by holocene mass wasting events in lake puyehue abstract very high resolution reflection seismic profiling 3 5 khz revealed nine holocene mass wasting events in lake puyehue south central chile these events are made up of numerous coeval mass wasting deposits and some homogenites which are radiocarbon dated the two youngest mass wasting events could be attributed to the giant ad 1960 and ad 1575 valdivia earthquakes the most extensive event took place around 1660 cal yr bp evaluation of all possible slope failure processes led us to infer that giant earthquakes roughly comparable to the ad 1960 valdivia earthquake mw 9 5 are the most likely trigger mechanisms of all mass wasting events in lake puyehue these occurred with a mean recurrence rate of 1000 yr although relatively aperiodically ranging between 500 and 2000 yr quantitative comparison of mass wasting events related to historically reported earthquakes ad 1960 and ad 1575 showed significant differences although these earthquakes are assumed to have had a comparable strength a lowered background sedimentation rate could be responsible for this variable earthquake recording which highlights the importance of a thorough assessment of the depositional history before using lacustrine records for quantitative paleoseismic analysis

constructing forearc architecture over megathrust seismic cycles geological snapshots from the maule earthquake region chile we present new field structural data from the chilean coastal cordillera located above the northern and central parts of the interplate contact ruptured by the a d 2010 m w 8 8 maule earthquake the northern study area contains the northwest striking pichilemu normal fault an intraplate structure reactivated after the megathrust event by crustal earthquakes up to m w 7 0 the structural style of this region is dominated by kilometer scale normal faults that have been active at least throughout the quaternary the orientations of these main faults define three structural systems 1 northeast and 2 northwest striking margin oblique faults and 3 north to north northeast striking margin parallel faults from north to south these three systems vary in their predominant occurrence starting with bimodal orientations of groups 1 and 2 followed by predominantly single north to north northeast orientations of group 3 reverse faults coexist in time and space with the normal structures but are scarce and display variable apparently random orientations the shallow crustal normal faults including the pichilemu fault show a persistent kinematic history probably spanning thousands of subduction seismic cycles though historically smaller in magnitude than those of the triggered normal faults interseismic forearc thrust events were recorded above the rupture area prior to the maule earthquake the quaternary reverse faults identified in our study regions may be preserving interseismic slow strain rate permanent deformation signature in the structural grain analogous observations along the a d 2011 tohoku earthquake rupture in japan imply that such a link between the short and long term deformation patterns of the forearc is not exclusive of the maule earthquake region

subduction zone recycling processes and the rock record of crustal suture zonesthis article is one of a series of papers published in this special issue on the theme lithoprobe parameters processes and the evolution of a continent offshore observations at modern ocean margin subduction zones omszs reveal that bodies of accreted material are commonly volumetrically small or missing that crustal thinning and subsidence 3 5 km has occurred and that most trench axes lie close 5 30 km to the seaward tapering edge of coastal basement rock onshore mapping commonly documents missing or only narrow terranes of former forearc rock and the inboard migration of the arc magmatic front these observations are evidence that subduction is accompanied by the removal of sediment and crustal material from the submerged forearc by the kindred tectonic processes respectively of sediment subduction and subduction erosion subduction erosion truncates the margin migrates the trench inboard at 2 5 km ma onshore observations at ancient crust suturing subduction zones csszs imply that collisional suturing is accompanied by sediment subduction and truncation of both upper and lower plates during a protracted period of suturing 20 50 millio

sulfur cycling in an acid mining lake and its vicinity in lusatia germany the sulfur cycle plays a key role in the hydrochemical development of lignite and coal mining districts which are often characterized by acid mine drainage identification of sulfur sources and transformations is essential if we are to understand the current status of acid lakes and propose successful remediation strategies we utilized stable isotope 34ssulfate 18osulfate 34sdissolved sulfide 18owater and hydrochemical data of lake and groundwater samples as well as the concentrations and isotope ratios of various sedimentary sulfur compounds acid soluble sulfate ass acid volatile sulfur avs chromium reducible sulfur crs in aquifer and lake sediments for assessing the biogeochemical sulfur cycle in a lusatian acidic mining lake ml111 and the surrounding area pyrite oxidation is the dominant source of sulfate and iron in the two aquifers west and east of mining lake ml111 concentration and isotope data for dissolved sulfate suggest that bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction became an increasingly important process in the flow direction of the western aquifer thereby improving water quality in contrast bacterial sulfate reduction was only of local importance in the dump aquifer on the eastern side of the lake oxygen isotope ratios of the lake water sulfate and mass and isotope balances demonstrate that 80 of the sulfate in mining lake ml111 is derived via groundwater influx from the dump aquifer with the remainder contributed by the western aquifer in lake pyrite oxidation or bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column are insignificant the latter process is restricted to the monimolimnion which represents less than 1 of the lake volume hence the potential for natural generation of alkalinity by bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction is presently low for successful remediation of ml111 it is essential to reduce significantly the continuous input of sulfate and acidity from inflowing dump groundwater

geochemistry and stable sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of the podwiśniowka pit pond water generated by acid mine drainage holy cross mountains south central poland abstract the paper presents the results of a geochemical and isotopic study of acidic pond water in the abandoned podwi niowka quarry poland the scope of investigations also encompassed mineralogical and isotopic studies of pyrite and related supergene minerals compared to similar sites throughout the world the pit pond water examined is characterized by a very low ph averaging 2 64 0 33 and simultaneously very low concentrations of so 4 2 geometric mean of 237 57 mg l 1 fe ii 4 8 3 4 mg l 1 fe iii 10 0 6 2 mg l 1 and other trace elements this acidity has been generated by complex processes of as rich pyrite oxidation combined primarily with hydrolysis precipitation and transformation of fe oxyhydroxysulfates and oxyhydroxides into goethite the specific mineralogy of ore and gangue minerals but especially the lack of acid buffering constituents has additionally contributed to the very low ph and element concentrations of the toxic elements the high content of as 1111 1879 mg kg 1 in the western part of pit pond sediment may be of great concern especially when using lime as a neutralizing agent of the acidic water the 34s of soluble so4 varied from 19 8 to 11 1 and was different from that of efflorescent sulfates 25 7 to 25 4 and host pyrite 25 4 2 5 the comparison of the 18o so 4 2 2 0 1 2 and 18o h2o 6 2 3 5 values indicated that the pyrite underwent bacterially catalyzed oxidation by two natural oxidants primarily by fe3 and to a lesser extent o2

isotope geochemistry of drainage from an acid mine impaired watershed oakland california abstract oxidation of sulfides at the leona heights sulfur mine has resulted in the liberation of acid so4 and metals to leona creek previous research at the site has indicated fe ii oxidation at rates faster than would be predicted by abiotic oxidation alone particularly in the segment of stream between the adit and leona street sample stations in order to assess the mechanisms responsible for sulfide oxidation samples were collected for isotopic analysis of water and so4 the results of which were used to develop a stoichiometric isotope balance model this exercise indicated that the percentage of water derived oxygen in so4 increased spatially from between 56 and 64 at the adit to between 71 and 72 at leona street illustrating that increased sulfide oxidation via fe iii was occurring within or as water flows over the waste rock relative to water emanating directly from the former mine the incorporation of water derived oxygen in so4 during pyrite oxidation is a process controlled by fe oxidizing bacteria such as a ferrooxidans at low ph the role of bacteria was further supported by estimates of the rate constant for fe oxidation between sampling stations yielding values that were approximately 106 faster than abiotic fe oxidation alone stable isotopic analysis of water further indicates a close correlation of adit spring water to the local meteoric water line while 3h data indicate a groundwater apparent age or time of travel from its primary zone of recharge of