indicators of aqueous alteration in cm carbonaceous chondrites microtextures of a layered mineral containing fe s o and ni a petrographic and transmission electron microscopy study of the mighei murchison and murray cm carbonaceous chondrites shows that much of the cm matrix material was probably produced by aqueous alteration of olivine pyroxene sulfide and metal the amount of cm matrix appears to be proportional to the degree of alteration as suggested by mcsween 1979 and microtextures of pcp poorly characterized phase provide evidence of the progressive alteration pcp is divided into two major types one occurs in chondrules and aggregates and consists largely of an fe ni s o phase type i and the other occurs in matrix and consists of the fe ni s o phase and cronstedtite in various proportions type ii microtextures of pcp suggest that it resulted from a three stage alteration process 1 1 type i was produced by alteration of kamacite in chondrules and aggregates presumably early in the parent body regolith 2 2 as the alteration advanced olivine and pyroxene were converted to serpentine type i pcp separated from chondrules and aggregates into the matrix during regolith gardening simultaneously the fe ni s o phase reacted with si released by alteration of olivine and pyroxene producing well formed platy cronstedtite and coherent intergrowths of the fe ni s o phase and cronstedtite the fe ni s o phase also recrystallized into platy and pod like crystals fe s ni cr and p were leached out of type i pcp and were deposited as small grains of fe ni sulfides magnetite chromite and a mineral unidentified containing fe ni cr and p as a result pcp came to consist primarily of the fe ni s o phase and cronstedtite i e type ii pcp 3 3 during continued alteration the well formed crystals of the fe ni s o phase cronstedtite and their intergrowths in type ii pcp were replaced by poorly formed fibers in comparison to other cm chondrites mighei murchison and murray are relatively unaltered their matrices retain abundant amounts of the fe ni s o phase and cronstedtite commonly as distinctive pcp grains which account for a large proportion of the fe in these meteorite matrices in more altered cm chondrites much of the fe ni s o phase was probably consumed to produce cronstedtite magnetite and sulfides with further alteration cronstedtite itself reacted with the serpentine to form ferroan serpentine thus the cm matrix was increasingly enriched in mg with alteration and pcp was increasingly degraded and intimately mixed with the magnesian phyllosilicates

fluid evolution in cm carbonaceous chondrites tracked through the oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates the oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite grains in four cm carbonaceous chondrites have been determined by nanosims and results reveal that aqueous solutions evolved in a similar manner between parent body regions with different intensities of aqueous alteration two types of calcite were identified in murchison mighei cold bokkeveld and lapaz icefield 031166 by differences in their petrographic properties and oxygen isotope values type 1 calcite occurs as small equant grains that formed by filling of pore spaces in meteorite matrices during the earliest stages of alteration on average the type 1 grains have a 18o of 32 36 vsmow and 17o of between 2 and 1 most grains of type 2 calcite precipitated after type 1 they contain micropores and inclusions and have replaced ferromagnesian silicate minerals type 2 calcite has an average 18o of 21 24 vsmow and a 17o of between 1 and 3 such consistent isotopic differences between the two calcite types show that they formed in discrete episodes and from solutions whose 18o and 17o values had changed by reaction with parent body silicates as predicted by the closed system model for aqueous alteration temperatures are likely to have increased over the timespan of calcite precipitation possibly owing to exothermic serpentinisation the most highly altered cm chondrites commonly contain dolomite in addition to calcite dolomite grains in two previously studied cm chondrites have a narrow range in 18o 25 29 vsmow with 17o 1 to 3 these grains are likely to have precipitated between types 1 and 2 calcite and in response to a transient heating event and or a brief increase in fluid magnesium calcium ratios in spite of this evidence for localised excursions in temperature and or solution chemistry the carbonate oxygen isotope record shows that fluid evolution was comparable between many parent body regions the cm carbonaceous chondrites studied here therefore sample either several parent bodies with a very similar initial composition and evolution or more probably a single c type asteroid

aragonite breunnerite calcite and dolomite in the cm carbonaceous chondrites high fidelity recorders of progressive parent body aqueous alteration abstract carbonate minerals in cm carbonaceous chondrite meteorites along with the silicates and sulphides with which they are intergrown provide a detailed record of the nature and evolution of parent body porosity and permeability and the chemical composition temperature and longevity of aqueous solutions fourteen meteorites were studied that range in petrologic subtype from mildly aqueously altered cm2 5 to completely hydrated cm2 0 all of them contain calcite whereas aragonite occurs only in the cm2 5 cm2 2 meteorites and dolomite in the cm2 2 cm2 0 all of the aragonite crystals and most of the calcite and dolomite grains formed during early stages of parent body aqueous alteration by cementation of pores produced by the melting of tens of micrometre size particles of h2o rich ice aragonite was the first carbonate to precipitate in the cm2 5 to cm2 2 meteorites and grew from magnesium rich solutions in the least altered of these meteorites the aragonite crystals formed in clusters owing to physical restriction of aqueous fluids within the low permeability matrix the strong correlation between the petrologic subtype of a meteorite the abundance of its aragonite crystals and the proportion of them that have preserved crystal faces is because aragonite was dissolved in the more altered meteorites on account of their higher permeability and or greater longevity of the aqueous solutions dolomite and breunnerite formed instead of aragonite in some of the cm2 1 and cm2 2 meteorites owing to higher parent body temperatures the pore spaces that remained after precipitation of aragonite dolomite and breunnerite cements were occluded by calcite following completion of cementation the carbonates were partially replaced by phyllosilicates and sulphides calcite in the cm2 5 cm2 2 meteorites was replaced by fe rich serpentine and tochilinite followed by mg rich serpentine in the cm2 1 and cm2 0 meteorites dolomite breunnerite and calcite were replaced by fe rich serpentine and fe ni sulphide again followed by mg rich serpentine the difference between meteorites in the mineralogy of their replacive sulphides may again reflect greater temperatures in the parent body regions from where the more highly altered cms were derived this transition from fe rich to mg rich carbonate replacement products mirrors the chemical evolution of parent body solutions in response to consumption of fe rich primary minerals followed by the more resistant mg rich anhydrous silicates almost all of the cms examined contain a second generation of calcite that formed after the sulphides and phyllosilicates and by replacement of remaining anhydrous silicates and dolomite dedolomitization the ca and co2 required for this replacive calcite is likely to have been sourced by dissolution of earlier formed carbonates and ions may have been transported over metre plus distances through high permeability conduits that were created by impact fracturing

carbonates in cm2 chondrites constraints on alteration conditions from oxygen isotopic compositions and petrographic observations high precision measurements of the oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates calcite and dolomite from five cm2 chondrites are presented and put into context of the previously determined mineralogic alteration index mai which places these meteorites into an alteration sequence the carbonate oxygen isotopic compositions range from 20 0 to 35 7 for 18o 8 0 to 17 7 for 17o and 0 7 to 2 7 for 17o carbonate 17o values are inversely correlated with mai and track the evolution of fluid composition from higher to lower 17o values with increasing alteration on the cm parent body similar 17o values for calcite and dolomite fractions from the same splits of the same meteorites indicate that calcite and dolomite in each split precipitated from a single fluid reservoir however reversed calcite dolomite fractionations 18odol 18occ indicate that the fluid was subject to processes such as freeze thaw or evaporation that fractionated isotopes in a mass dependent way consideration of the carbonate isotopic data in the context of previously proposed models for aqueous alteration of carbonaceous chondrites has provided important insights into both the evolving alteration conditions and the utility of the models themselves the data as a whole indicate that the isotopic evolution of the fluid was similar to that predicted by the closed system two reservoir models but that a slightly larger matrix water fractionation factor may apply in the context of this model more altered samples largely reflect greater reaction progress and thus probably indicate more extended times of fluid exposure petrographic observations of carbonates reveal a trend of variable carbonate morphology correlated with alteration that is also consistent with changes in the duration of fluid rock interaction the data can also be reconciled with fluid flow models in a restricted region of the parent body which is consistent with assertions that the different types of carbonaceous chondrites derive from different regions of their parent bodies in this case the model results for a 9 km radius body and our data place the location of the cm chondrite formation in a 100 m thick zone 1 km from the surface the size of this zone could be increased if the model parameters were adjusted

finite faults and inverse theory with applications to the 1979 imperial valley earthquake abstract using a representation theorem from elastodynamics subsurface slip on a known fault is formulated as the solution to an inverse problem in which recorded surface ground motion is the data two methods of solution are presented the least squares method which minimizes the squared differences between theory and data and the constrained least squares method which simultaneously maintains a set of linear inequalities instabilities in the solution are effectively eliminated in both methods and the sensitivity of the solution to small changes in the data is quantitatively stated the inversion methodology is applied to 77 components of near field ground acceleration recorded during the 15 october 1979 imperial valley earthquake the faulting is constrained to propagate bilaterally away from the epicenter at an average velocity of 90 per cent of the shear wave speed on a vertical fault plane extending from the surface to 10 km depth inequality constraints are used to keep the faulting sequence physically reasonable by maintaining right lateral motion and positive slip velocity the preferred solution is stable and provides a good fit to the data it is also realistic and consistent with observed surface offsets and independent estimates of seismic moment

oxygen isotope studies of carbonaceous chondrites abstract the carbonaceous chondrites display the widest range of oxygen isotopic composition of any meteorite group as a consequence of the interaction of primordial isotopic reservoirs in the solar nebula these isotopic variations can be used to identify the reservoirs and to determine conditions and loci of their interactions we present a comprehensive set of whole rock analyses of cv co ck cm cr ch and ci chondrites as well as selected components of some of these meteorites a simple model is developed which describes the isotopic behavior during parent body aqueous alteration processes the process of thermal dehydration also produces a recognizable effect in the oxygen isotopic composition

the estimation of green s function from local earthquake recordings and the modelling of the site response abstract a method is presented for the modelling of the site response from the deconvolution of local earthquake recordings the green s function for the propagation medium is obtained by using the assumption of minimum phase propagation for a stratified absorptive earth model as deconvolution criterion the application of this technique to theoretical data shows that local synthetic seismograms can be deconvolved with high accuracy the site response for an actual site bhb in the swabian jura southwest germany has been estimated by integrating over a number of green s functions obtained for different incidence angles thus enhancing the effects of the superficial layers and reducing the effects of the deeper structure the comparison between accelerograms modelled with the obtained average site response and an observed accelerogram yields a good fit in peak and rms acceleration and strong motion duration

the oxygen isotope record in murchison and other carbonaceous chondrites the ranges of 18o and 17o in components of the murchison c2 chondrite exceed those in all other meteorites analyzed previous authors have proposed that c2 chondrites are the products of aqueous alteration of anhydrous silicates a model is presented to determine whether the isotopic variations can be understood in terms of such alteration processes the minimum number two of initial isotopic reservoirs is assumed two major stages of reservoir interaction are required one at high temperature to produce the16o mixing line observed for the anhydrous minerals and another at low temperature to produce the matrix minerals the isotopic compositions severely constrain the conditions of the low temperature process requiring temperatures 44 extension of the model to the data on c1 chondrites requires aqueous alteration in a warmer wetter environment

temperatures of aqueous alteration and evidence for methane generation on the parent bodies of the cm chondrites aqueous alteration of primitive meteorites was among the earliest geological processes during the evolution of our solar system clumped isotope thermometry of carbonates in the cm chondrites cold bokkeveld murray and murchison demonstrates that they underwent aqueous alteration at 20 71 c from a fluid with 18 o vsmow of 2 0 to 8 1 and 17 o vsmow of 0 1 to 3 0 the 13 c vpdb values of these carbonates exhibit a negative correlation with the 18 o vsmow of their formation waters consistent with formation and escape of 13 c depleted ch 4 during aqueous alteration methane generation under these conditions implies that the alteration fluid was characterized by an eh 0 67 and ph 12 5 or lower at the highest alteration temperatures our findings suggest that methane generation may have been a widespread consequence of planetesimal and planetary aqueous alteration perhaps explaining the occurrence of methane on titan triton pluto and other kuiper belt objects

episodic carbonate precipitation in the cm chondrite alh 84049 an ion microprobe analysis of o and c isotopes we have determined the o and c isotope compositions of dolomite grains and the c isotope compositions of calcite grains in the highly altered cm1 chondrite alh 84049 using secondary ion mass spectrometry sims chemically zoned dolomite constitutes 0 8 volume percent vol of the sample and calcite 0 9 vol thirteen separate dolomite grains have 13c values that range from 37 to 60 2 18 o values from 25 to 32 3 and 17 o values from 10 to 16 3 vsmow intragrain 13 c values in dolomite vary up to 10 the 13 c values of three calcite grains are distinct from those of dolomite and range from 10 to 13 2 pdb calcite and dolomite appear to record different precipitation episodes carbon isotope values of both dolomite and calcite in this single sample encompass much of the reported range for cm chondrites our results imply that bulk carbonate c and o isotope analyses may oversimplify the history of carbonate precipitation multiple generations of carbonates with variable isotope compositions exist in alh 84049 and perhaps in many cm chondrites this work shows that one should exercise caution when using a clumped isotope approach to determine the original temperature and the isotopic compositions of water for cm chondrite carbonates less altered cm meteorites with more homogeneous c isotope compositions however may be suitable for bulk carbonate analyses but detailed carbonate petrologic and isotopic characterization of individual samples is advised

the vertical partition of oceanic horizontal kinetic energy to produce an interpretation of the surface kinetic energy as measured by altimeters a survey is made of the vertical structure of kinetic energy profiles in a large number of globally distributed long current meter records although the data are geographically confined primarily to a latitude band in the north pacific to the north atlantic and to a few moorings in the south atlantic the results show generally speaking that most regions are dominated by the barotropic and first baroclinic modes because of the near surface intensification of baroclinic modes altimeters primarily reflect the first baroclinic mode and thus the motion of the main thermocline there is good quantitative agreement with a few exceptions with estimates of the surface kinetic energy obtained from the topex poseidon altimeter and from vertical extrapolations to the surface of the mooring profiles these results are consistent with previous suggestions that barotropic models have little skill in depicting variability as seen in the altimeter data an eof analysis is shown to produce fictitious mode coupling unless the dynamical modes have very different energy levels

temporal variability of the subarctic front near the charlie gibbs fracture zone we document temporal variability of the northernmost branch of the north atlantic current known as the north subarctic front nsaf for the period 1976 1985 the front s location and temperature salinity t s parameters were determined from 120 repeat transects along three standard sections occupied by russian ships 1 ocean weather station ows c 52 75 n 35 5 w to st john s newfoundland 2 along 35 w from 52 n to 36 5 n and 3 ows c to cape st vincent portugal the nsaf exhibits significant interannual variability of its location shifting 200 km to 300 km in a few months along the ows c st john s section the front reached its southernmost location in 1976 1977 then experienced two 250 to 300 km northward shifts in 1978 1979 and 1980 1981 all of the three shifts peaked in wintertime these events nearly coincide with events of the opposite sign along the ows c cape st vincent section the northernmost location in 1976 1977 and two 200 km southward shifts in 1978 1979 and 1980 1981 the nsaf s behavior is thus coherent near the charlie gibbs fracture zone at the 500 km scale frontal time series associated with the moving front of t and s at the 200 m level for the cold side of the nsaf reveal two events an s200 minimum in the winter of 1976 1977 which might be a manifestation of the great salinity anomaly of the 1970s and a sharp drop of s200 in early 1984 which might signal the arrival of another large salinity anomaly the great salinity anomaly of the 1980s

physical and biogeochemical transports structure in the north atlantic subpolar gyre 1 physical mass heat and salt and biogeochemical nutrients oxygen alkalinity total inorganic carbon and anthropogenic carbon transports across the transoceanic world ocean circulation experiment woce a25 section in the subpolar north atlantic 4x line obtained previously alvarez et al 2002 2003 are reanalyzed to describe their regional and vertical structure the water mass distribution in the section is combined with the transport fields to provide the relative contribution from each water mass to the final transport values the water mass circulation pattern across the section is discussed within the context of the basin scale thermohaline circulation in the north atlantic eastern north atlantic central influenced antarctic intermediate mediterranean and subarctic intermediate waters flow northward with 10 3 5 6 1 7 and 2 9 sv respectively the total flux of lower deep water ldw across the section is 1 sv northward a portion of ldw flowing northward in the iberian basin recirculates southward within the eastern basin and about 0 7 sv flow into the western north atlantic about 7 sv of labrador seawater lsw from the labrador sea cross the 4x section within the north atlantic current and 12 sv of lsw from the irminger sea flow southward within the east greenland current denmark strait overflow water flows over the western flank of the irminger basin 1 5 sv and iceland scotland overflow water isow is mainly transported in the charlie gibbs fracture zone 6 sv isow remnants flow southward to the eastern basin contributing to the eastern basin deep ventilation lsw and the overflows transport cant southward across the section this southward cant transport is overcome by the northward transport in upper layers finally cant is injected into the subpolar gyre where it accumulates

the hydrology of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies and the evolution of planet progenitors oxygen isotope ratio data from carbonaceous chondrites are explained if aqueous fluids flowed from high to low temperatures within the parent objects of these primitive meteorites recognition of ancient hydrological activity on primitive asteroid precursors affords a new class of constraints on the heat sources ages and sizes of planet precursors in the early solar system based on the geological evolution of planetesimals

sofar floats reveal midlatitude intermediate north atlantic general circulation part i a lagrangian descriptive view quasi lagrangian trajectories of 26 sound fixing and ranging sofar floats have been collected near a depth of 700 m in the central north atlantic between 1983 and 1989 aiming at studying the influence of the mid atlantic ridge on the large scale intermediate circulation launched as tight clusters 18 km near neighbor distance on either side of the mid atlantic ridge the floats dispersed quickly over a few months jumping from one mesoscale eddy to the next by and large cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy motions are equipartitioned apparently the mid atlantic ridge remains a barrier even at that shallow depth since only one float from either side drifted across the ridge after a few years floats have circulated through most of the western basin west of the mid atlantic ridge between 30 and 45 n while east of the ridge and south of the azores plateau floats advected east of the great meteor et al seamounts by the azores current wandered more sluggishly on this timescale float dispersion is much more efficient zonally than meridionally an anisotropy mainly seen west of the ridge where floats spread westward over 30 longitude while no float penetrated south of 30 n and only two crossed 45 n northward

modal mineralogy of cm2 chondrites by x ray diffraction psd xrd part 1 total phyllosilicate abundance and the degree of aqueous alteration abstract cm carbonaceous chondrites are samples of incompletely serpentinized primitive asteroids using position sensitive detector x ray diffraction psd xrd and a pattern stripping technique we quantify the modal mineralogy of cm2 chondrites mighei murray murchison nogoya and cold bokkeveld there is a narrow range in the combined modal volume vol of the most abundant phases mg serpentine 25 33 and fe cronstedtite 43 50 cold bokkeveld is anomalous in containing more mg serpentine 49 59 than fe cronstedtite 19 27 even including cold bokkeveld the range in modal total phyllosilicate is 73 79 average 75 total phyllosilicate abundance provides a non ambiguous measure of the degree of aqueous alteration and indicates that these meteorites have all experienced essentially the same degree of aqueous alteration this reflects pervasive hydration of matrix across cm2 samples apparent differences in the alteration of chondrules observed in petrographic studies represent various stages in the progression towards complete hydration of all components but are not manifest in significant differences in modal mineralogy for all samples there is a limited range in olivine 6 9 and pyroxene 5 abundances modal abundances of the remaining identified phases also show a limited range calcite 0 1 3 gypsum 0 1 6 magnetite 1 1 2 4 pentlandite 0 2 1 and pyrrhotite 1 3 8 as expected we observe a strong negative correlation in the modal abundance of anhydrous fe mg silicates olivine pyroxene and total phyllosilicate mg serpentine fe cronstedtite consistent with the idea that phyllosilicate is forming by aqueous alteration of the anhydrous components the negative correlation in the modal abundance between mg serpentine and fe cronstedtite indicates a mineralogic transformation of fe cronstedtite to mg serpentine by fluid driven recrystallisation or b that these meteorites had different initial abundances of olivine and pyroxene the observed positive correlation in the relative proportion of mg serpentine with increasing total phyllosilicate abundance reflects the evolution of increasingly mg rich phyllosilicate during aqueous alteration fe cronstedtite is the dominant phyllosilicate while cm chondrule olivines are forsteritic and will form mg serpentine during aqueous alteration this implies that matrix olivine was more fe rich than chondrule olivine prior to aqueous alteration

minor and trace element concentrations in carbonates of carbonaceous chondrites and implications for the compositions of coexisting fluids abstract abundances of fe mg mn sr na b and ba in meteoritic calcites and dolomites have been determined using the ion microprobe the compositions of these carbonates are consistent with their precipitation from or recrystallization in equilibrium with aqueous solutions at low temperatures coexisting calcites and dolomites in cm chondrites are not in equilibrium and presumably formed in distinct events calculated molar element ca ratios for fluids in equilibrium with these carbonates suggest that dolomites in cm and cl chondrites formed from compositionally similar brines calcite solutions were also saline but lower in mg fe and mn calculations suggest that these solutions became more like dolomite solutions with increasing alteration of the host cm meteorite reflecting progressive evolution of solution compositions asteroid brines may have formed by membrane nitration after the formation of compacted phyllosilicates lowered permeability by addition of components to fluids during phyllosilicate forming reactions or through low pressure boiling occurrences of vein filling calcite followed by dolomite and later by sulfates in carbonaceous chondrites represent the final stages of a protracted aqueous alteration sequence

the formation and alteration of the renazzo like carbonaceous chondrites i implications of bulk oxygen isotopic composition abstract to better understand the role of aqueous alteration on the cr chondrite parent asteroid a whole rock oxygen isotopic study of 20 meteorites classified as renazzo like carbonaceous chondrites cr was conducted the cr chondrites analyzed for their oxygen isotopes were dhofar 1432 elephant moraine eet 87770 eet 92042 eet 96259 gao guenie b graves nunataks gra 95229 gra 06100 grosvenor mountains gro 95577 gro 03116 lapaz ice field lap 02342 lap 04720 meteorite hills met 00426 north west africa nwa 801 pecora escarpment pca 91082 queen alexandra range que 94603 que 99177 and yamato 793495 y 793495 three of the meteorites asuka 881595 a 881595 gra 98025 and met 01017 were found not to be cr chondrites the remaining samples concur petrographically and with the well established oxygen isotope mixing line for the cr chondrites their position along this mixing line is controlled both by the primary oxygen isotopic composition of their individual components and their relative degree of aqueous alteration combined with literature data and that of this study we recommend the slope for the cr mixing line to be 0 70 0 04 2 with a 17 o intercept of 2 23 0 14 2 thin sections of al rais shisr 033 renazzo and all but 3 samples analyzed for oxygen isotopes were studied petrographically the abundance of individual components is heterogeneous among the cr chondrites but feo poor chondrules and matrix are the most abundant constituents and therefore dominate the whole rock isotopic composition the potential accreted ice abundance physico chemical conditions of aqueous alteration e g temperature and composition of the fluid and its duration control the degree of alteration of individual cr chondrites combined with literature data we suggest that lap 02342 was exposed to lower temperature fluid during alteration than gra 95229 with only two falls terrestrial alteration of the cr chondrites complicates the interpretation of their whole rock isotopic composition particularly in the most aqueously altered samples and those with relatively higher matrix abundances we report that que 99177 is the isotopically lightest whole rock cr chondrite known 18 o 2 29 17 o 4 08 possibly due to isotopically light unaltered matrix which shows that the anhydrous component of the cr chondrites is isotopically lighter than previously thought although it experienced aqueous alteration que 99177 provides the best approximation of the pristine cr chondrite parent body s oxygen isotopic composition before aqueous alteration took place using this value as a new upper limit on the anhydrous component of the cr chondrites water rock ratios were recalculated and found to be higher than previously thought ratios now range from 0 281 to 1 157 we also find that according to their oxygen isotopes a large number of cr chondrites appear to be minimally aqueously altered although sample heterogeneity complicates this interpretation

abundances of presolar silicon carbide grains in primitive meteorites determined by nanosims abstract it has been suggested that the matrices of all chondrites are dominated by a common material with ivuna like ci abundances of volatiles presolar grains and insoluble organic matter iom e g alexander 2005 however matrix normalized abundances of presolar silicon carbide sic grains estimated from their noble gas components show significant variations in even the most primitive chondrites huss and lewis 1995 huss et al 2003 in contradiction to there being a common chondrite matrix material here we report presolar sic abundances determined by nanosims raster ion imaging of iom extracted from primitive members of different meteorite groups we show that presolar sic abundance determinations are comparable between nanosims instruments located at three different institutes between residues prepared by different demineralization techniques and between microtomed and non microtomed samples our derived sic abundances in cr chondrites are comparable to those found in the ci chondrites 30 ppm and are much higher than previously determined by noble gas analyses the revised higher cr sic abundances are consistent with the crs being amongst the most primitive chondrites in terms of the isotopic compositions and disordered nature of their organic matter similar abundances between cr1 cr2 and cr3 chondrites indicate aqueous alteration on the cr chondrite parent body has not progressively destroyed sic grains in them a low sic abundance for the reduced cv3 rbt 04133 can be explained by parent body thermal metamorphism at an estimated temperature of 440 c minor differences between primitive members of other meteorite classes which did not experience such high temperatures may be explained by prolonged oxidation at lower temperatures under which sic grains formed outer layers of sio2 that were not thermodynamically stable leading to progressive degassing destruction of sic

open ocean regimes of relative dispersion as two fluid particles separate in time the entire spectrum of eddy motions is being sampled from the smallest to the largest scales in large scale geophysical systems for which the earth rotation is important it has been conjectured that the relative diffusivity should vary respectively as d2 and d4 3 for distances respectively smaller and larger than a well defined forcing scale of the order of the internal rossby radius with d the r m s separation distance particle paths data from a mid latitude float experiment in the central part of the north atlantic appear to support these statements partly two particles initially separated by a few km within two distinct clusters west and east of the mid atlantic ridge statistically dispersed following a richardson regime d2 t3 asymptotically for r m s separation distances between 40 and 300 km in agreement with a d4 3 law at early times and for smaller separation distances an exponential growth in agreement with a d2 law was briefly observed but only for the eastern cluster with an e folding time around 6 days after a few months or separation distances greater than 300 km the relative dispersion slowed down naturally to the taylor absolute dispersion regime

assimilation of altimetric data and mean sea surface height into an eddy permitting model of the north atlantic this paper shows that the mean flow of an eddy permitting model can be altered by assimilation of surface height variability providing that information about the mean sea surface is included using an adaption of a statistical dynamical method devised by oschlies and willebrand we show that for a restricted depth range about 1000 m dynamical knowledge can make up for the null space present in surface data whose temporal extent may be too short to distinguish between vertical modes the lack of an accurate geoid has meant that most assimilation methods while representing variability well have been unable to modify the mean flow to any extent however we show that by including several approximate forms for the mean sea surface the mean interior flow in the upper kilometer can be rapidly adjusted towards reality by the assimilation with the location of major current systems moved by hundreds of kilometers

seismic imaging of the site response using microearthquake recordings part i method abstract microearthquake signals from widely distributed geographical regions have been noticed repeatedly to be strongly affected by local site effects the corresponding seismograms contain important information on the individual propagation path a single station inversion method is presented which allows the imaging of the subsurface impedance structure from locally recorded sh waves records the technique is based on the kunetz claerbout equation which in its original form states the relationship between the transmission response and the reflection response for p waves in a horizontally layered medium and vertical incidence claerbout 1968 by adapting claerbout9s formulation to the transmission problem for sh waves under oblique incidence microearthquake recordings can be used to calculate corresponding pseudo reflection seismograms which in turn can be inverted for the impedance structure by exploiting levinson recursion limitations in the high frequency content of the signals due to the combined effects of absorption recording system and bandlimited source signals as well as the influence of noise drastically reduce the resolutional power of the inversion procedure a number of different deconvolution techniques have been tested with synthetic seismograms for the applicability to reduce these effects good results have been obtained with the blind deconvolution technique of scherbaum and stoll 1985 utilizing the minimum phase property of the green9s function from the analysis of synthetic data it can be expected that for realistic source receiver situations and short period recording systems the main reflectors down to a depth of several hundreds of meters could be resolved

radar enabled recovery of the sutter s mill meteorite a carbonaceous chondrite regolith breccia doppler weather radar imaging enabled the rapid recovery of the sutter s mill meteorite after a rare 4 kiloton of tnt equivalent asteroid impact over the foothills of the sierra nevada in northern california the recovered meteorites survived a record high speed entry of 28 6 kilometers per second from an orbit close to that of jupiter family comets tisserand s parameter 2 8 0 3 sutter s mill is a regolith breccia composed of cm mighei type carbonaceous chondrite and highly reduced xenolithic materials it exhibits considerable diversity of mineralogy petrography and isotope and organic chemistry resulting from a complex formation history of the parent body surface that diversity is quickly masked by alteration once in the terrestrial environment but will need to be considered when samples returned by missions to c class asteroids are interpreted

strong motion prediction using mathematical modeling techniques abstract the parkfield california earthquake of 1966 produced the first recording of ground motion in the immediate vicinity of an earthquake fault the simplicity of displacement pulse observed at station 2 aroused great interest among seismologists working in the area of earthquake source mechanism since then numerous theoretical works on simulating strong motion have been carried out starting with the use of a simple kinematic model assuming a uniform slip over a fault plane the assumption of uniform slip had to be modified to explain the strong motion observed during the parkfield earthquake of 1966 the borrego mountain earthquake of 1968 the san fernando earthquake of 1971 the imperial valley earthquake of 1979 the el asnam earthquake of 1980 and others through these studies the simulation technique has been advanced to include a more realistic medium in the beginning most methods used green9s function for an unbounded homogeneous medium then the free surface effect the effect of a sedimentary layer as well as laterally heterogeneous basin structure have been included in the simulation the above simulation studies were however restricted to relatively low frequency waves represented in a displacement or velocity seismogram in order to predict an acceleration seismogram dominated by high frequency waves hybrid models have been proposed in which gross features of rupture propagation are specified deterministically but the details of the process are described by a stochastic model specified by a small number of parameters the application of these models to several california earthquakes revealed encouraging results that some of the key parameters of the model are stable among earthquakes mathematical modeling techniques will play an important role in the prediction of strong motion for a great earthquake in california as well as for major earthquakes outside california based on the records of moderate earthquakes already acquired in california

source parameters and scaling laws of the 1978 swabian jura southwest germany aftershocks the 3 september 1978 swabian jura southwest germany earthquake mwa 5 7 was followed by a large number of aftershocks which have been recorded with a local network of five portable seismic stations the seismic moments fault radii and the static stress drops have been determined from the sh displacement spectra using the brune 1970 source model the data set is consistent with the gutenberg richter energy magnitude relation below a wood anderson magnitude of about 4 the corner frequencies increase only slowly with decreasing magnitudes no corner frequency higher than 15 hz has been observed in the magnitude range down to 0 8 correspondingly the high frequency decay slopes show a strong increase when the corner frequencies are approaching the maximum frequency this prevents the use of slope data for q determinations in terms of the madariaga 1977 crack model the data show a strong influence of source complexities on the smaller events

carbonate compositions in cm and ci chondrites and implications for aqueous alteration abstract carbonate minerals in fourteen cm chondrites and two ci chondrites have been analyzed by electron microprobe to provide a better understanding of the aqueous processes that affected carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies calcites in cm chondrites and dolomites and magnesites in ci chondrites display the compositions expected of stable phases formed at low temperatures dolomites in cm chondrites identified here for the first time in five members of the group have small amounts of excess ca which may reflect metastable growth the distribution of fe between dolomite and coexisting serpentine differs in the two chondrite groups if the distributions reflect an approach to chemical equilibrium then the difference implies higher alteration temperatures for the ci group than the cm group in agreement with the results of previously published oxygen isotope thermometry and mineral solubility modeling of the alteration process dolomite fe contents are relatively uniform in the two chondrite groups dolomite mn contents by contrast vary widely the variations may reflect transport controlled coprecipitation of mn resulting from a heterogeneous distribution of the element in the anhydrous precursor material if this interpretation is correct then the altering fluids were essentially immobile while hydration reactions proceeded on the meteorite parent bodies the near closed system character of the alteration process long known from bulk chemical analyses of the meteorites is a direct consequence of the limited mobility of dissolved species

progressive aqueous alteration of cm carbonaceous chondrites abstract cm chondrites are aqueously altered rocks that contain 9 wt h 2 o i e indigenous water bound in phyllosilicates also present are clumps of serpentine tochilinite intergrowths previously called poorly characterized phases or pcp pentlandite and ni bearing pyrrhotite we studied 11 cm chondrites that span the known range from least altered to most altered we used various petrologic properties many previously identified that provide information regarding the degree of aqueous alteration there are no known unaltered or slightly altered cm chondrites e g rocks containing numerous chondrules with primary igneous glass some cm properties result from processes associated with early and intermediate stages of the alteration sequence i e hydration of matrix alteration of chondrule glass and production of large pcp clumps other petrologic properties reflect processes active throughout the alteration sequence these include oxidation of metallic fe ni alteration of chondrule phenocrysts changes in pcp composition reflecting an increase in the phyllosilicate sulfide ratio and changes in carbonate mineralogy reflecting the development of dolomite and complex carbonates at the expense of ca carbonate on the basis of these parameters we propose a numerical alteration sequence for cm chondrites because there are no known cm samples that display only incipient alteration the least altered sample was arbitrarily assigned to subtype 2 6 the most altered cm chondrites currently classified cm1 are assigned to subtype 2 0 these highly altered rocks have essentially no mafic silicates they contain chondrule pseudomorphs composed mainly of phyllosilicate however their bulk compositions are cm like and they are closer in texture to other c2 chondrites than to ci1 chondrites which lack chondrule pseudomorphs using several diagnostic criteria we assigned petrologic subtypes 0 1 to every cm chondrite in our study que 97990 cm2 6 murchison cm2 5 kivesvaara cm2 5 murray cm2 4 2 5 y 791198 cm2 4 que 99355 cm2 3 nogoya cm2 2 cold bokkeveld cm2 2 que 93005 cm2 1 lap 02277 cm2 0 met 01070 cm2 0 the proposed cm numerical alteration sequence improves upon the existing scheme of browning et al 1996 in that it does not require a complicated algorithm applied to electron microprobe data to determine the average matrix phyllosilicate composition the new sequence is more comprehensive and employs petrologic subtypes that are easier to use and remember than mineralogic alteration index values new neutron activation analyses of que 97990 que 93005 met 01070 murchison and crescent together with literature data confirm the compositional uniformity of the cm group different degrees of alteration among cm chondrites do not lead to resolvable bulk compositional differences this suggests that the textural differences among individual cm chondrites reflect progressive alteration of similar hypothetical cm3 0 starting materials in different regions of the same parent body with minimal aqueous transport of materials over appreciable e g meters distances

isotopic composition of carbonate in eeta 79001 and its relation to parent body volatiles calcite a probable extraterrestrial weathering product in the shergottite eeta 79001 has 13c 9 7 and 18o 21 0 in order to account for the large excess of 18o relative to the silicate substrate 18o 4 2 a parent body surface reservoir containing both water and carbon dioxide is required the inferred h2oco2 ratio is consistent with estimates for the degassed reservoir on mars

chondritic lithic clasts in the cb ch like meteorite isheyevo fragments of previously unsampled parent bodies the cb ch like chondrite isheyevo is characterized by the absence of fine grained interchondrule matrix material the only present fine grained material is found as chondritic lithic clasts in contrast to the pristine high temperature components of isheyevo these clasts experienced extensive aqueous alteration in an asteroidal setting hence the clasts are foreign objects that either accreted together with the high temperature components or were added later to the final isheyevo parent body during regolith gardening in order to constrain the origin and secondary alteration of the clasts in isheyevo we studied their mineralogy petrography structural order of the polyaromatic carbonaceous matter and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates three main groups of clasts were defined based on mineralogy and petrology group i clasts consist of phyllosilicates carbonates magnetite and lath shaped fe ni sulfides group ii clasts contain different abundances of anhydrous silicates embedded in a hydrated matrix sulfides magnetite and carbonates are rare with only a few exceptions groups i and ii clasts did not experienced significant thermal metamorphism group iii clasts are characterized by the absence of magnetite and the presence of fe ni metal in addition to aqueous alteration they experienced thermal metamorphism as reflected by the structure of their polyaromatic carbonaceous matter while there are some similarities between the isheyevo clasts ci chondrites and the matrices of cm and cr chondrites on the whole the characteristics of the clasts do not match those of any of these aqueously altered meteorite classes nor do they match those of similar material in various types of chondritic clasts present in other meteorite groups we conclude that the isheyevo clasts represent fragments of previously unsampled parent bodies

strong motion seismology although this is the first review on this topic to appear in a quadrennial report the roots of strong motion seismology extend back to at least 1932 when far sighted engineers in the seismological field survey of the u s coast and geodetic survey installed rugged fieldworthy instruments designed to make on scale recordings of large earthquakes carder 1964 these instruments are called accelerographs for their output closely mimics ground acceleration hudson 1979 the original instruments and their offspring have provided a wealth of information about ground motions of direct use to engineers due in large part to the continued devotion of the seismological field survey now part of the branch of engineering seismology and geology at the u s geological survey the number of recordings has increased substantially particularly in the last two decades and multiple recordings of a few california earthquakes have provided the data necessary to begin to unravel the complexities of the ground motions and to predict these motions on an empirical basis although seismologists used accelerograph records in studies of earthquake energy and ground motion attenuation as long ago as 1942 gutenberg and richter 1942 1956 widespread seismological use of the records began with aki s 1968 analysis of the 1966 parkfield earthquake

the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of meteoritic carbonates the 13c12c and 18o16o isotopic ratios of carbonates from carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites have been measured on co2 released by the action of h3po4 on whole rock samples carbonates from ci cm and cr carbonaceous chondrites exhibit a range in 18o of ca 15 20 5 to 35 1 relative to smow limited data from co2 water equilibration experiments suggest that meteoritic carbonates do not possess grossly anomalous 17o isotopic compositions therefore they are truly enriched in 13c with 13c between 23 7 and 80 7 relative to pdb large internal variations in 13c and 18o were found in individual meteorites and suggest that two or more isotopically distinct carbonates of different origin may be present the abundance 13c and 18o of carbonate in cm2 chondrites may be related to the extent of aqueous alteration of the meteorites carbonates in ci and cr chondrites have a median 13c ca 50 to 60 whereas 13c of cm meteorites lie in the range 40 to 50 although exceptions exist in both sets of samples cv3 and co3 carbonaceous chondrites and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites release small amounts of co2 on acid treatment which might be from carbonate dissolution but which is not enriched in 13c exhibiting 13c values ca 0 10 the exception to this is bishunpur with 13c ca 23 5 the difference in 13c of the ci cm and cr vs cv co and ordinary chondrite carbonates may be a result of the progressive enrichment in 13c of percolating fluids brought about by increasing solubilization of exotic 13c enriched grains

carbonates in cm chondrites complex formational histories and comparison to carbonates in ci chondrites cm chondrites are primitive solar system materials that have undergone high degrees of aqueous alteration resulting in the formation of secondary minerals including carbonates two different carbonate minerals calcite aragonite and dolomite together constitute 1 4 2 8 vol of cm chondrites in contrast ci chondrites contain four different carbonate minerals calcite aragonite dolomite breunnerite and siderite ci chondrites have abundant dolomite a mineral that seems to be absent in the most aqueously altered cm chondrites in this study carbonates in seven cm chondrites y 791198 lapaz icefield 04796 cold bokkeveld nogoya queen alexandra range 93005 allan hills 83100 and meteorite hills 01070 were studied petrographically and by electron microprobe the results indicate that carbonate formation in cm chondrites differs from that in ci chondrites and is more complex than previously recognized our studies of cm chondrites indicate that 1 carbonates formed on the parent asteroid in an aqueous environment that gradually changed in composition 2 at some stage ca and mg activities in the environment were high enough to form metastable dolomite and 3 dolomites disappeared in the most aqueously altered cm chondrites

late quaternary sea surface conditions in the laurentian fan evidence from coccolith and dinocyst assemblages abstract the analyses of coccoliths and dinocysts from the images core md95 2033 collected on the laurentian fan 44 39 87n 55 37 21w water depth 1412 m in the northwest north atlantic provide a new dataset to assess the magnitude of climatic changes during the holocene with a millennial time resolution coccolith and dinocyst data were combined to reconstruct changes in past sea surface conditions in addition the dinocyst assemblages were used to reconstruct the sea surface temperature sst and salinity sss based on the modern analog technique the distribution of the coccolith and dinocyst assemblages suggests a succession of climatic events during the late quaternary and early holocene linked to change in the influence of the labrador current and or the st lawrence river discharge the dinocyst assemblages recorded a thermal optimum during the mid holocene in the late holocene coccolith concentrations show two peaks at 2 3 and 1 1 ky which coincide with the presence of species with different ecological properties likely due to the localized influence of the slope water jet swj current the presence of this current has played a role in the development of the coccolith and dinocyst assemblages and sst fluctuations especially in the last 2 ky overall the interaction between the st lawrence river the swj the lc and the nac has all controlled the sss ssts and the development of the coccolith and dinocyst assemblages confirming a significant regionalism of the entire area

the oxygen isotope evolution of parent body aqueous solutions as recorded by multiple carbonate generations in the lonewolf nunataks 94101 cm2 carbonaceous chondrite abstract the cm2 carbonaceous chondrite lon 94101 contains aragonite and two generations of calcite that provide snapshots of the chemical and isotopic evolution of aqueous solutions during parent body alteration aragonite was the first carbonate to crystallize it is rare heterogeneously distributed within the meteorite matrix and its mean oxygen isotope values are 18o 39 9 0 6 17o 0 3 1 0 1 calcite precipitated soon afterwards and following a fall in solution mg ca ratios to produce small equant grains with a mean oxygen isotope value of 18o 37 5 0 7 17o 1 4 1 1 1 these grains were partially or completely replaced by serpentine and tochilinite prior to precipitation of the second generation of calcite which occluded an open fracture to form a millimetre sized vein and replaced anhydrous silicates within chondrules and the matrix the vein calcite has a mean composition of 18o 18 4 0 3 17o 0 5 0 5 1 petrographic and isotopic results therefore reveal two discrete episodes of mineralisation that produced calcite generations with contrasting 18o and mean 17o values the aragonite and equant calcite crystallized over a relatively brief period early in the aqueous alteration history of the parent body and from static fluids that were evolving chemically in response to mineral dissolution and precipitation the second calcite generation crystallized from solutions of a lower 17o and a lower 18o and or higher temperature as two generations of calcite whose petrographic characteristics and oxygen isotopic compositions are similar to those in lon 94101 occur in at least one other cm2 multiphase carbonate mineralisation could be the typical outcome of the sequence of chemical reactions during parent body aqueous alteration it is equally possible however that the second generation of calcite formed in response to an event such as impact fracturing and concomitant fluid mobilisation that affected a large region of the common parent body of several cm2 meteorites these findings show that integrated petrographic chemical and isotopic studies can provide new insights into the mechanisms of parent body alteration including the spatial and temporal dynamics of the aqueous system

observation of the circulation in the newfoundland basin in winter 1997 a hydrographic survey was performed in january february 1997 to document the winter circulation of the north atlantic current system in the newfoundland basin as part of the fronts and atlantic storm tracks experiment fastex eighty seven conductivity temperature depth ctd stations were occupied along a foursection trapezoid which spanned the northwest corner and the branching of the north atlantic current along 358w realistic sea surface temperature analyses were produced every 15 days using all available data collected in this area during the two months of the fastex experiment these maps were combined with sea level anomaly fields from the topex poseidon anders 2 satellites at the same time intervals to analyze the features of the main currents in the area and their evolution these combined analyses providing a coherent overview of the fronts and jets identified along the ship track and the ctd stations are further used to estimate their transports the general pattern is a 15 sv sv 106 m3 s21 transport by the north atlantic current at 478n 438w the existence of a recirculating gyre inside the northwest corner and a complex branching of the circulation associated with significant surface fronts the recirculating gyre forms a closed circulation in which a very deep warm eddy 100 km wide was sampled at the end of february its mixed layer was 800 m deep and its transport was 27 sv along 358w three fronts were identified between 458 and 528n the northern subarctic front the southern subarctic front and the mid atlantic front whose origins are precisely located the currents associated with these fronts transport 26 sv toward the east before crossing the mid atlantic ridge and supplying the eastern part of the north atlantic basin an important transport 14 sv was calculated near 46 8n 378w which mostly fed the current associated with the mid atlantic front

fluid flow and chemical alteration in carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies abstract carbonaceous chondrites are a class of primitive meteorites that likely represent early solar system materials thus providing critical insights about planetary evolution however evidence shows that they have undergone considerable processing elucidating the complex formation history of aqueously altered chondrite groups has been a principal objective of cosmochemistry fulfilling this objective requires understanding the nature of the water rock interactions involved many current alteration models are generally founded upon an assumption of uniform alteration in a closed system in these models different chondrite groups must originate on separate parent bodies contrary to this common view we show that chondrite data are consistent with non uniform alteration in a convecting system so that multiple chondrite groups can form within a single body

levinson inversion of earthquake geometry sh transmission seismograms in the presence of noise the kunetz claerbout equation for the acoustic transmission problem in a layered medium in its original form establishes the relation between the transmission and the reflec tion response for p waves in an horizontally layered medium and with vertical incidence it states that the reflection seismogram due to an impulsive source at the surface is one side of the autocorrelation of the seismogram due to an impulsive source at depth and a surface receiver by adapting claerbout s formulation to the transmission of sh waves the kunetz claerbout equation also holds for reflection and transmission coefficients dependent on the incident angle thus earthquake geometry sh transmission seismograms can be used to caculate corresponding pseudoreflection seismograms which in turn can be inverted for the impedance structure using the levinson algorithm if the average incidence angle is known a geometrical correction on the resulting impedance model can improve the resolution of layer thicknesses in contrast to the inversion of reflection seismograms the levinson algorithm is shown to yield stable results for the inversion of transmission seismograms even in the presence of additive noise this noise stabilization is inherent to the kunetz claerbout equation results of inverted sh wave microearthquake seismograms from the swabian jura sw germany seismic zone obtained at recording site hausen im tal have been compared with sonic log data from nearby exploration drilling at trochtelfingen the agreement of the main structural elements is fair to a depth of several hundred metres

seasonal variation of the north atlantic current the seasonal circulation of the upper 1000 m of the north atlantic between 408 558n and 208 4 08w is calculated using the traditional dynamic method and a circulation model with a density field that evolves with the flow the model is of finite difference form and is based on dynamics that describe the nonlinear evolution of the ocean at low rossby number the model is controlled by initial and boundary conditions that include air sea buoyancy and momentum fluxes the model is run in two ways with controls specified directly from observations and with controls inferred by the assimilation of all available data these data include surface drifter trajectories sea levels from the topex poseidon altimeter bunker air sea fluxes and the levitus climatological monthly means of temperature and salinity we conclude that the north atlantic current transport is 40 6 18 sv with seasonal variations of the order of 2 sv the mean vertical transport out of the region is 2 6 9 sv and is subject to seasonal variations of 2 sv overall these estimates are in good agreement with integral north atlantic current features derived from independent long term measurements made in the region over the past decade the optimal ocean state has a volume transport across the western boundary of 51 6 3 sv with a maximum transport of 61 6 5 sv in april may and a minimum of 42 6 3s v in october november this western inflow is compensated by mean outflows of 28 6 2 east 16 6 2 north 5 6 2 south and 1 8 6 0 4 sv out of the domain at 1000 m sensitivity studies show that nonlinear mixing and seasonality are important in determining the overall circulation specifically steady boundary forcing leads to annual mean transports that are 15 25 smaller than transports obtained with seasonal forcing winter convection is also shown to play a significant role in determining the overall circulation pattern

extended chronologies of aqueous alteration in the cm2 carbonaceous chondrites evidence from carbonates in queen alexandra range 93005 abstract the antarctic cm2 carbonaceous chondrite que 93005 contains four compositionally distinct carbonates namely breunnerite calcite dolomite and a ca poor dolomite these carbonates can form monomineralic grains or may be intergrown as bimineralic grains consisting of dolomite plus breunnerite and dolomite plus calcite or polymineralic grains containing an intergrowth of breunnerite ca poor dolomite and calcite carbonates in all grain types have inclusions of fe ni sulphides and or mg fe phyllosilicates in the bimineralic grains dolomite crystallised first to be overgrown by breunnerite or partially replaced by calcite polymineralic grains are concentrically layered with breunnerite crystallising first on pore margins to be later etched then overgrown and partially replaced by ca poor dolomite that was itself partly dissolved prior to being overgrown by calcite calcite and dolomite have also cemented fractures that cross cut the fine grained rims to aqueously altered chondrules and were formed by expansion of the chondrules during their hydration overall the sequence of mineralisation in que 93005 was 1 dolomite 2 breunnerite 3 ca poor dolomite then 4 calcite this secular change in carbonate composition and mineralogy reflects changing solution composition and probably also provenance mg fe phyllosilicates replaced dolomite breunnerite and ca poor dolomite prior to calcite crystallisation and most or all of the sulphides formed after both the phyllosilicates and calcite following sulphide crystallisation the edges of carbonate grains were abraded either by impact gardening or as a consequence of fluidisation of the matrix during rapid loss of gas or vapour determination of the crystallisation age of dolomite via the mn cr system indicates that aqueous alteration of que 93005 began on or before 3 93 0 23 ma after the formation of the oldest solar system solids overall the water rock ratio and fo2 during alteration of que 93005 was similar to that of the cm1s and cr1s but the lower degree of alteration of que 93005 overall suggests that alteration timescales were shorter possibly due to loss of intergranular liquid water during fluidisation

an oxygen isotope dichotomy in cm2 chondritic carbonates a sims approach abstract we present petrologic and secondary ion mass spectrometry sims oxygen isotope analyses of ca carbonate within a group of paired antarctic cm2 chondrites the carbonates can be grouped into two isotopically and morphologically distinct populations type 1 grains small matrix grains possess average 18 o of 33 7 2 3 1 and average 17 o of 0 81 0 90 1 type 2 grains calcite aggregates possess distinct oxygen isotopic compositions average 18 o of 19 4 1 5 1 and average 17 o of 1 98 0 9 1 these differences are interpreted to indicate that the two populations of calcite formed under different conditions at different times the carbonates have textural features that suggest an extraterrestrial origin the data presented here fall within error of a previously measured array for carbonates from cm falls benedix et al 2003 the presence of two generations of carbonate suggests carbonate formation in two discrete events on the parent body of these meteorites the oxygen isotopic data presented here deviate from prior bulk carbonate measurements undertaken for these meteorites most likely this deviation is because bulk carbonate analyses included vein carbonate which formed during terrestrial weathering

oxygen isotope constraints on the alteration temperatures of cm chondrites abstract we report a systematic oxygen isotopic survey of ca carbonates in nine different cm chondrites characterized by different degrees of alteration from the least altered known to date paris 2 7 2 8 to the most altered alh 88045 cm1 our data define a continuous trend that crosses the terrestrial fractionation line tfl with a general relationship that is indistinguishable within errors from the trend defined by both matrix phyllosilicates and bulk o isotopic compositions of cm chondrites this bulk matrix carbonate bmc trend does not correspond to a mass dependent fractionation i e slope 0 52 as it would be expected during fluid circulation along a temperature gradient it is instead a direct proxy of the degree of o isotopic equilibration between 17 18 o rich fluids and 16 o rich anhydrous minerals our o isotopic survey revealed that for a given cm no carbonate is in o isotopic equilibrium with its respective surrounding matrix this precludes direct calculation of the temperature of carbonate precipitation however the o isotopic compositions of alteration water in different cms inferred from isotopic mass balance calculation and direct measurements define another trend cmw for cm water parallel to bmc but with a different intercept the distance between the bmc and cmw trends is directly related to the temperature of cm alteration and corresponds to average carbonates and serpentine formation temperatures of 110 c and 75 c respectively however carbonate o isotopic variations around the bmc trend indicate that they formed at various temperatures ranging between 50 and 300 c with 50 of the carbonates studied here showing precipitation temperature higher than 100 c the average 17 o and the average carbonate precipitation temperature per chondrite are correlated revealing that all cms underwent similar maximum temperature peaks but that altered cms experienced protracted carbonate precipitation event s at lower temperatures than the least altered cms our data suggest that the 17 o value of ca carbonates could be a reliable proxy of the degree of alteration experienced by cm chondrites

the origin and evolution of chondrites recorded in the elemental and isotopic compositions of their macromolecular organic matter extraterrestrial organic matter in meteorites potentially retains a unique record of synthesis and chemical thermal modification by parent body nebular and even presolar processes in a survey of the elemental and isotopic compositions of insoluble organic matter iom from 75 carbonaceous ordinary and enstatite chondrites we find dramatic variations within and between chondrite classes there is no evidence that these variations correlate with the time and or location of chondrite formation or with any primary petrologic or bulk compositional features that are associated with nebular processes e g chondrule and volatile trace element abundances nor is there evidence for the formation of the iom by fischer tropsch type synthesis in the nebula or in the parent bodies the elemental variations are consistent with thermal maturation and or oxidation of a common precursor for reasons that are unclear there are large variations in isotopic composition within and between chondrite classes that do not correlate in a simple way with elemental composition or petrologic type nevertheless because of the pattern of elemental variations with petrologic type and the lack of any correlation with the primary features of the chondrite classes at present the most likely explanation is that all iom compositional variations are the result of parent body processing of a common precursor if correct the range of isotopic compositions within and between chondrite classes implies that the iom is composed of several isotopically distinct components whose relative stability varied with parent body conditions the most primitive iom is found in the cr chondrites and bells cm2 isotopically the iom from these meteorites resembles the iom in interplanetary dust particles chemically their iom resembles the chon particles of comet halley despite the large isotopic anomalies in the iom from these meteorites it is uncertain whether the iom formed in the interstellar medium or the outer solar system although the former is preferred here

nonlinear seismic response of soft clay sites a nonlinear stress strain model utilizing ramberg osgood idealization of backbone curve and allowing for its progressive degradation due to cyclic loading is used to conduct site response studies at two soft clay sites the sites selected are 1 southern pacific building san francisco and 2 station no 119 site tokyo japan the subsurface conditions and the material properties used in analyses are presented the computer program dcharm used for nonlinear analysis allows for progressive degradation of the backbone curve for comparison the results obtained from program shake using equivalent linear idealization are also presented the program dcharm is shown to provide ground response results closer to the recorded data than shake the results obtained indicate that substantially higher accelerations and durations of earthquakes are needed to cause significant degradation of soft clay

on tsunami nucleation ii an instantaneous modulated line source abstract tsunami generation on a spherically symmetric self gravitating and elastic earth is investigated using normal mode summations and moment tensor line sources wave cancellation in a line source of length l substantially eliminates tsunamis whose horizontal wavenumber component along the fault exceeds 3 l this results in a preferential beaming of tsunami radiation perpendicular to the fault strike beaming from a source of fixed length occurs in the same fashion irrespective of slip mechanism tsunami radiation patterns from finite sources are thus more uniform than those from point sources the largest far field sea waves from any long shallow fault are likely to be found within 20 azimuth of the perpendicular bisecting great circle although line sources subordinate distinctions in radiation patterns focal mechanism is still a critical element in determining the extent of tsunami excitation the ratio of maximum tsunami amplitude from strike and dip slips of equal moment are 1 10 for faults 400 km in length finite faulting weakens strike slip tsunamis relative to dip slip tsunamis because the beaming and natural radiation directions of strike slips are severely misaligned using an empirical relation linking source process time fault length and moment i predict tsunami energies in the range 1010 1017 j for earthquake moments spanning 2 1018

correlated alteration effects in cm carbonaceous chondrites three parameters are proposed to determine the relative extent of alteration in cm chondrites the mineralogic alteration index monitors the relative progress of coupled substitutions in the progressive alteration of cronstedtite to mg serpentine and increases with increasing alteration to calculate values of this index an algorithm has been developed to estimate the average matrix phyllosilicate composition in individual cm chondrites the second parameter is the volume percent of isolated matrix silicates which decreases with progressive alteration due to mineral hydration finally the volume percent of chondrule alteration monitors the extent of chondrule phyllosilicate production and increases as alteration proceeds these parameters define the first cm alteration scale that relies on multiple indicators of progressive alteration the following relative order of increasing alteration is established by this model murchison bells pollen murray mighei nogoya cold bokkeveld the relative degree of aqueous processing cochabamba and boriskino experienced is less precisely constrained although both fall near the middle of this sequence a comparison between the mineralogic alteration index and literature values for the whole rock chemistry of cm chondrites reveals several correlations a positive nearly linear correlation between bulk h content and progressive cm alteration suggests an approximately constant production rate of new phyllosilicates relative to the mineralogical transition from cronstedtite to mg serpentine the abundance of trapped planetary 36ar decreases systematically in progressively altered cm chondrites suggesting the wholesale destruction of primary noble gas carrier phase s by aqueous reactions because low temperature fluid rock reactions are generally associated with large isotopic mass fractionation factors we also compared our model predictions with 18o values for bulk cm samples although some of these data are poorly resolved the order of increasing 18o values approximates the order of increasing alteration predicted by our model parameters multiple correlations between diverse alteration parameters strongly suggest that a different cm chondrites experienced similar kinds of processes and conditions and b cm materials experienced in situ alteration on the cm parent body or bodies

oxygen isotope fractionation during synthesis of camg carbonate and implications for sedimentary dolomite formation hydrous camg carbonate was synthesized at temperatures of 40 degrees 60 degrees and 80 degrees c in the laboratory this material has very similar mineralogical characteristics to natural disordered dolomite from the coorong region in south australia besides the dolomite variable amounts of amorphous carbonate are present in all samples the oxygen isotope compositions of synthesized bulk carbonate samples e g amorphous carbonate plus dolomite plot significantly lower than the northrop and clayton 1966 dolomite water equilibrium fractionated degassing of the samples however revealed relatively low oxygen isotope values for fast reacting using 100 h3po4 amorphous carbonate in contrast slow reacting dolomite has more positive oxygen isotope values and calculated carbonate water oxygen isotope fractionation values are close to strongest known dolomite water oxygen isotope fractionation published earlier on variations of reaction stabilization temperatures during synthesis gave evidence for dolomite formation from hypersaline solutions by a dissolution reprecipitation process it is likely that amorphous carbonate has been a problem in defining the dolomite water fractionation in the past moreover dolomite associated amorphous carbonate contents probably led to incorrect speculations about lower oxygen isotope fractionation in a so called protodolomite water system copyright c 2005 elsevier ltd

seismic imaging of the site response using microearthquake recordings part ii application to the swabian jura southwest germany seismic network the subsurface site structure of the swabian jura southwest germany seismic network has been modeled from the inversion of locally recorded sh wave microearthquake seismograms the observed records have been deconvolved from the effects of apparent source pulse broadening due to the combined influence of frequency bandlimited source signals absorption peg leg multiple reflections and the recording system following the procedure of scherbaum and stoll 1985 corresponding pseudo reflection seismograms were calculated based on the kunetz claerbout relation for sh waves and inverted using a levison recursion algorithm the final structural models have been optimized in terms of numbers of layers and depth resolution using ferber s 1985 noise stabilization technique the resulting impedance models for the swabian jura southwest germany seismic network show some strongly correlated reflectors in the uppermost layers which are well understood in terms of the local stratigraphy the comparison of the inverted impedance model hsn with the p wave velocity log from a nearby exploration drilling trochtelfingen beb shows a high degree of similarity of the dominating reflectors down to a depth of several hundred meters as a consequence the coda generating process for the early part of the coda of the observed swabian jura microearthquake seismograms wood anderson magnitude mwa 3 0 can be completely interpreted as an effect of the local subsurface structure

microstructure of calcite in the cm2 carbonaceous chondrite lon 94101 implications for deformation history during and or after aqueous alteration the microstructure of calcite in the cm2 carbonaceous chondrite lon 94101 has been characterized using electron backscatter diffraction ebsd analysis to reconstruct the parent body deformation history during and or after aqueous alteration the results suggest that at least two events of calcite crystallization have taken place during aqueous alteration and at least three episodes of deformation are recorded by the calcite the first event of calcite crystallization produced calcite grains scattered throughout the matrix and the second event formed a calcite vein via localized fluid flow the first episode of deformation is recorded in the crystallographic preferred orientations of the calcite grains and occurred via a directed stress probably induced by compaction in shallow crustal levels of the parent body the second episode of deformation is recorded in an e twin microstructure and it suggests a deformation induced via directed stress by impact processing also in shallow crustal levels the third episode of deformation generated subgrains in the calcite vein and in some calcite grains and fragmented and disrupted the calcite vein this could have been a result of a relatively forceful deformation event perhaps when the meteorite was released from its parent body this study shows that carbonate microstructures in carbonaceous chondrites is a powerful and versatile tool for reconstructing the history of deformation during and or after aqueous alteration

cm chondrites exhibit the complete petrologic range from type 2 to 1 we have characterized the most phyllosilicate rich members of the cm chondrite group based upon petrographic and compositional factors we conclude that these particular meteorites have experienced pervasive aqueous alteration far beyond that witnessed by typical cms the lack of anhydrous silicates cai and except as relicts chondrules merits the classification of type cmi for three meteorites eet 83334 alh 88045 and one kaidun lithology still other cms notably alh 83100 eet 90047 and yamato 82042 are clearly intermediate between types 1 and 2 brecciated cm chondrites like cold bokkeveld contain all of these varied lithologies the cm chondrites thus exhibit the complete petrologic range from 2 through 1 our results show that progressive aqueous alteration on the parent cm asteroid s was locally accompanied by significant increases in temperature to a peak of 450 c for the kaidun lithology fo2 and locally degree of chemical leaching all well beyond the conditions recorded by typical cm2s the most altered cms also are commonly deformed displaying a distinct lineation probably due to static rather than dynamic forces

drifting buoy in the field of flow of two eddies on east thulean rise northeast atlantic the track of an argos buoy drogued at a depth of 70 m over a year s deployment from april 18 1989 to april 18 1990 in the ne atlantic is described the mean speed of the buoy over a year s period was 1 4 cm s 1 to the ne for 320 days there was little net movement and during this time the buoy spent 66 days in a cyclonic eddy and 130 days in an anticyclonic eddy the anticyclonic eddy diameter was about 200 km and the buoy completed 21 complete revolutions around the eddy center at a radius of 55 km the rotation rate was 10 days in the eye of the anticyclonic eddy the rotation rate was 36 hours the inertial period for the latitude 51 5 n was 15 3 hours and inertial motions were occasionally marked in the anticyclonic eddy the observed inertial period was about half an hour longer than the inertial period corresponding to the latitude both eddies appeared to be partially trapped to east thulean rise water depth 3000 m and moved at a mean speed of about 1 cm s 1 to the nw along the rise following water depth contours though the anticyclonic eddy was stationary for about 50 days over the more central region of the rise the track of an imperfectly drogued buoy in a circular eddy field is then examined analytically a simple balance of stress forces on the drogued assembly is assumed and commonly adopted assumptions for the stress forces are made with assumptions the idealized study shows that under conditions of a steady surface stress a surface wind or current for example a buoy can remain trapped within an eddy field and show no tendency for steady translation in the direction of the surface stress for a clockwise eddy the displacement of the buoy s track is to the right of the surface stress direction for larger surface stresses or time varying winds the buoy may be blown out of an eddy of limited extent

carbonate abundances and isotopic compositions in chondrites we report the bulk c abundances and c and o isotopic compositions of carbonates in 64 cm chondrites 14 cr chondrites 2 ci chondrites lew 85332 c2 kaba cv3 and semarkona ll3 0 for the unheated cms the total ranges of carbonate isotopic compositions are 13c 25 75 and 18o 15 35 and bulk carbonate c contents range from 0 03 to 0 60 wt there is no simple correlation between carbonate abundance and isotopic composition or between either of these parameters and the extent of alteration unless accretion was very heterogeneous the uncorrelated variations in extent of alteration and carbonate abundance suggests that there was a period of open system behavior in the cm parent body probably prior to or at the start of aqueous alteration most of the ranges in cm carbonate isotopic compositions can be explained by their formation at different temperatures 0 130 c from a single fluid in which the carbonate o isotopes were controlled by equilibrium with water 18o 5 and the c isotopes were controlled by equilibrium with co and or ch4 13c 33 or 20 for co or ch4 dominated systems respectively however carbonate formation would have to have been inefficient otherwise carbonate compositions would have resembled those of the starting fluid a quite similar fluid composition 18o 5 5 and 13c 31 or 17 for co or ch4 dominated systems respectively can explain the carbonate compositions of the cis although the formation temperatures would have been lower 10 40 c and the relative abundances of calcite and dolomite may play a more important role in determining bulk carbonate compositions than in the cms the cr carbonates exhibit a similar range of o isotopes but an almost bimodal distribution of c isotopes between more 13c 65 80 and less altered samples 13c 30 40 this bimodality can still be explained by precipitation from fluids with the same isotopic composition 18o 9 25 and 13c 21 or 8 for co or ch4 dominated systems respectively if the less altered crs had higher mole fractions of co2 in their fluids semarkona and kaba carbonates have some of the lightest c isotopic compositions of the meteorites studied here probably because they formed at higher temperatures and or from more co2 rich fluids the fluids responsible for the alteration of chondrites and from which the carbonates formed were almost certainly accreted as ices by analogy with cometary ices co2 and or co would have dominated the trapped volatile species in the ices the chondrites studied are too oxidized for co dominated fluids to have formed in their parent bodies if ch4 was the dominant c species in the fluids during carbonate formation it would have to have been generated in the parent bodies from co and or co2 when oxidation of metal by water created high partial pressures of h2 the fact that the chondrite carbonate c h2o mole ratios are of the order predicted for co co2 h2o ices that experienced temperatures of 50 100 k suggests that the chondrites formed at radial distances of 4 15 au

direct observations of the mean circulation at 48 n in the atlantic ocean abstract eulerian velocity measurements carried out along 48 n in the atlantic ocean provide averaged velocities with definite large scale structure this warrants an analysis of these mean velocity vectors within the framework of steady and large scale dynamics the dominant part played by the bottom forcing in the planetary vorticity balance is demonstrated combined use of vertical velocities derived from fills balance and the mean velocity spirals allows us to estimate advection in the heat equation and residual cros isopycnal velocities at the westernmost mooring site 35 w heat losses to the atmosphere account for these residuals while at the other sites 20 25 and 30 w lateral heat fluxes induced by mesoscale eddues must be invoked the hydrology of the region provides elements of comparison with the set of averaged velocities qualitative through our knowledge of the motions of watermasses at this latitude then more quantitative using geostrophic calculations beta spiral inversions are ca

terrestrial alteration of carbonate in a suite of antarctic cm chondrites evidence from oxygen and carbon isotopes the oxygen 18o 17o and carbon 13c fmod14c the fraction of modern 14c isotopic compositions of carbonate were measured for a set of paired antarctic cm chondrites eet 96006 eet 96016 eet 96017 and eet 96019 while the oxygen isotopic compositions do not plot on the terrestrial fractionation line and indicate that a component of the carbonate minerals has an extraterrestrial origin they also do not fall on the array defined for carbonates by cm falls and are thus consistent with the presence of a terrestrial carbonate component the 13c and fmod14c measurements of carbonate suggest the presence of at least two carbon sources carbonate derived from atmospheric co2 that is inferred to have been produced as a result of silicate weathering reactions and carbonate derived from another carbon source that is either old or non atmospheric the relationships between oxygen and carbon isotope data provide additional constraints on the weathering process and allow the possibility that rock dominated weathering of the meteorite caused the oxygen isotopic composition of antarctic water added to the meteorite to evolve away from the terrestrial mass fractionation array leading to formation of low temperature terrestrial alteration products that do not lie on the terrestrial fractionation line

organic thermometry for chondritic parent bodies abstract a unique spectroscopic feature has been identified in a study of twenty five different samples of meteoritic insoluble organic matter iom spanning multiple chemical classes groups and petrologic types using carbon x ray absorption near edge structure xanes spectroscopy the intensity of this feature a 1s exciton appears to provide a precise measure of parent body metamorphism the intensity of this exciton is also shown to correlate well with a large negative paramagnetic shift observed through solid state 13c nmr experiments reveal that upon heating primitive iom is transformed into material that is indistinguishable from that in thermally processed chondrites including the development of the 1s exciton a thermo kinetic expression is derived from the experimental data that allows the intensity of the 1s exciton to be used to estimated the effective temperature integrated over time a good correlation is observed between the intensity of the 1s exciton and previously published microraman spectral data these data provide a self consistent organic derived temperature scale for the purpose of calibrating raman based thermometric expressions

aragonite in the murray cm2 carbonaceous chondrite implications for parent body compaction and aqueous alteration the matrix of the cm2 carbonaceous chondrite murray contains rare micrometer sized prismatic crystals of aragonite that formed during late stage parent body aqueous alteration the aragonite was identified by x ray microanalysis coupled with electron backscatter diffraction ebsd tem selected area electron diffraction and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy the sixteen crystals found all occur within loose and elongate submillimeter sized clusters and one cluster is present in each of the two thin sections studied orientation determinations using ebsd show that the c axes of aragonite crystals within each cluster lie roughly in a plane itself aligned approximately parallel to the long axis of the host cluster aragonite is inferred to have crystallized after calcite but before completion of static impact related compaction the clusters developed by growth of aragonite within films of aqueous fluids that had a relatively high mg ca ratio these fluids were focused within zones of high porosity and permeability along a weak compactional fabric in the matrix and this fabric is also likely to have influenced the orientations of aragonite crystals as they grew these results suggest that aragonite probably occurs in most of those carbonaceous chondrites that have undergone moderate degrees of parent body aqueous alteration and may provide further insights into the evolution of pore fluid compositions and volumes and the chronology of asteroidal evolution

investigating the variations in carbon and nitrogen isotopes in carbonaceous chondrites the carbonaceous chondrites contain significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen bearing components the most abundant of which is organic matter stepped combustion data of whole rock and hf hcl residues of carbonaceous chondrites reveal that the organic material can be subdivided operationally into three components 1 free organic matter fom which is readily extractable from whole rock meteorites and is enriched in 13c and 15n 2 labile organic matter lom which has a macromolecular structure but is liberated by hydrous pyrolysis lom is the parent structure for some fom and is also enriched in 13c and 15n and 3 refractory organic matter rom which is also macromolecular but is virtually unaffected by hydrous pyrolysis and is relatively depleted in 13c and 15n the macromolecular entities lom and rom are by far the most abundant organic components present and as such the relative abundances of the 13c and 15n enriched lom and the 13c and 15n depleted rom will have a major influence on the overall isotopic composition of the whole rock meteorite laboratory experiments designed to simulate the effects of parent body aqueous alteration indicate that this form of processing removes lom from the macromolecular material allowing rom to exert a stronger influence on the overall isotopic compositions hence aqueous alteration of macromolecular materials on the meteorite parent body may have a significant control on the stable isotopic compositions of whole rock carbonaceous chondrites the enstatite chondrites are also carbon rich but have been subjected to high levels of thermal metamorphism on their parent body stepped combustion data of hf hcl residues of enstatite chondrites indicate that if they and carbonaceous chondrites inherited a common organic progenitor metamorphism under reducing conditions appears to incorporate and preserve some of the 13c enrichments in lom during graphitisation however when metamorphism is at its most extreme the 15n enrichments in lom are lost

source dynamics of the 1979 imperial valley earthquake from near source observations of ground acceleration and velocity two sets of observations obtained during the 15 october 1979 imperial valley earthquake ms 6 9 are presented the data suggest different dynamic characteristics of the source when viewed in different frequency bands the first data set consists of the observed residuals of the horizontal peak ground accelerations and particle velocity from predicted values within 50 km of the fault surface the residuals are calculated from a nonlinear regression analysis of the data campbell 1981 to the following empirical relationships pga a 1 r c 1 d 1 pgv a 2 r c 2 d 2 in which r is the closest distance to the plane of rupture the so calculated residuals are correlated with a positive scalar factor signifying the focusing potential at each observation point the focusing potential is determined on the basis of the geometrical relation of the station relative to the rupture front on the fault plane the second data set consists of the acceleration directions derived from the windowed time histories of the horizontal ground acceleration across the el centro differential array ecda the horizontal peak velocity residuals and the low pass particle acceleration directions across ecda require the fault rupture to propagate northwestward the horizontal peak ground acceleration residuals and the high frequency particle acceleration directions however are either inconclusive or suggest an opposite direction for rupture propagation the inconsistency can best be explained to have resulted from the incoherence of the high frequency radiation which contributes most effectively to the registration of pga a test for the sensitivity of the correlation procedure to the souce location is conducted by ascribing the observed strong ground shaking to a single asperity located 12 km northwest of the hypocenter the resulting inconsistency between the peak acceleration and velocity observations in relation to the focusing potential is accentuated the particle velocity of delta station mexico in either case appears abnormally high and disagrees with other observations near the southeastern end of the fault trace from the observation of a nearly continuous counterclockwise rotation of the plane of p wave particle motion at ecda the average rupture velocity during the first several seconds of source activation is estimated to be 2 0 to 3 0 km sec a 3 km upper bound estimate of barrier dimensions is tentatively made on the basis of the observed quasiperiodic variation of the polarization angles

simulation of ground accelerations for the may 1980 mammoth lakes california earthquakes abstract strong motion accelerograms from the may 1980 mammoth lakes earthquake sequence are used to support the technique of estimating near source ground motion by the summation of existing records an sma 1 record recovered 3 km from the epicenter of the first magnitude m l 6 earthquake in the mammoth lakes sequence 25 may 16 33 44 utc is simulated by the summation of records from later events the source time history on which this summation is based comes from a study of the teleseismic p waves the summation method has several distinct advantages it is easy to apply inexpensive costly wave propagation codes are not needed and source to receiver propagation effects are automatically included the method however requires a good data base from which to perform the summation

pseudoreflection profiling method an efficient complement to cdp method1 a method for pseudoreflection profiling prp is presented by using transmission seismograms this method produces time sections similar to those obtained using the common depth point cdp method pseudoreflection profiles are obtained using the following procedure equivalent transmission responses at sites on soft deposits are derived by wiener filter estimation using seismograms acquired on the sites and on the basement rock these responses are substituted into the claerbout kunetz equation to obtain the pseudoreflection profiles a 3d subsurface model is produced when the prp method is applied to explosion seismograms the time sections thus obtained are consistent with those obtained using the cdp method in a neighbouring area the maximum station interval for obtaining coherent profiles with this method is estimated to be one quarter of the wavelength of the transmitted waves this technique should be used in combination with another method such as the cdp method because it has two weak points the velocity structure cannot be obtained directly and undesirable waves cannot be eliminated through processing

the origin of chondritic macromolecular organic matter a carbon and nitrogen isotope study the n and c abundances and isotopic compositions of acid insoluble carbonaceous material in thirteen primitive chondrites five unequilibrated ordinary chondrites three cm chondrites three enstatite chondrites a ci chondrite and a cr chondrite have been measured by stepped combustion while the range of c isotopic compositions observed is only delta 13c 30 the n isotopes range from delta 15n approximately 40 to 260 after correction for metamorphism presolar nanodiamonds appear to have made up a fairly constant 3 4 wt of the insoluble c in all the chondrites studied the apparently similar initial presolar nanodiamond to organic c ratios and the correlations of elemental and isotopic compositions with metamorphic indicators in the ordinary and enstatite chondrites suggest that the chondrites all accreted similar organic material this original material probably most closely resembles that now found in renazzo and semarkona these two meteorites have almost m shaped n isotope release profiles that can be explained most simply by the super position of two components one with a composition between delta 15n 20 and 40 and a narrow combustion interval the other having a broader release profile and a composition of delta 15n approximately 260 although isotopically more subdued the ci and the three cm chondrites all appear to show vestiges of this m shaped profile how and where the components in the acid insoluble organics formed remains poorly constrained the small variation in nanodiamond to organic c ratio between the chondrite groups limits the local synthesis of organic matter in the various chondrite formation regions to at most 30 the most 15n rich material probably formed in the interstellar medium and the fraction of organic n in renazzo in this material ranges from 40 to 70 the isotopically light component may have formed in the solar system but the limited range in nanodiamond to total organic c ratios in the chondrite groups is consistent with most of the organic material being presolar