late mesozoic bimodal volcanic rocks in the jinniu basin middle lower yangtze river belt yrb east china age petrogenesis and tectonic implications abstract late mesozoic intrusive and volcanic rocks are widespread in the southeast hubei province middle lower yangtze river belt yrb east china detailed in situ zircon u pb and hf isotope elemental and sr nd pb isotopic data are presented in this paper for late mesozoic volcanic rocks from the jinniu basin yrb aiming to constrain their age petrogenesis and tectonic implications the jinniu volcanic rocks show a bimodal distribution in composition with dominant rhyolite and dacite and subordinate basalt and basaltic andesite new shrimp and la icpms zircon u pb ages indicate that the volcanic rocks of three formations in the jinniu basin were erupted at quite a short age range of about 5 ma during the early cretaceous 130 125 ma the mafic rocks are moderately enriched in large ion lithophile elements lile e g ba th u and pb and light rare earth elements lree and are characterized by negative nb ta and ti anomalies and relatively high tio2 0 72 2 06 and nb 9 20 26 5 ppm contents these analyses indicate that the geochemical characteristics of the mafic rocks in the jinniu basin are similar to worldwide phanerozoic nb enriched basalt and andesites neba new in situ zircon u pb ages and field geological relationships demonstrate that neba in the southeast hubei province are not spatially or temporally associated with high silica adakitic rocks but were most likely derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle with assimilation of minor crustal materials and then fractional crystallization during the evolution of the magma overall the felsic rocks in the jinniu basin have geochemical characteristics and sr nd pb signatures and in situ zircon hf isotopic compositions similar to those of the mafic rocks compared with the mafic rocks the felsic rocks are characterized by enriched and variable concentrations of lile and ree e g ba 33 3 1372 ppm y 11 4 33 6 ppm ybc 5 07 18 7 and negative eu anomalies eu 0 22 0 98 as well as a wide range of radiogenic nd pb isotopic values with end t 10 2 to 2 4 206pb 204pb i 17 659 18 705 207pb 204pb i 15 478 15 663 and 208pb 204pb i 37 654 38 935 and in situ zircon hf compositions of ehf t 12 7 to 1 8 these features indicate that the genesis of felsic magma in the jinniu basin is consistent with extensive fractional crystallization and large amounts of crustal contamination from an evolved mafic magma sio2 55 the bimodal volcanic rocks in this study provide convincing evidence that early cretaceous volcanic rocks in the yrb developed in a back arc extensional tectonic regime

petrogenesis of the laguna del maule volcanic complex chile 36 s from 33 42 s in central south chile there are numerous volcanoes which form part of the andean magmatic arc caused by subduction of the nazca plate beneath western south america the 0 3 m y old laguna del maule volcanic complex at 36 s is in a transition region between volcanoes at 33 34 s formed dominantly of hornblende bearing andesite and volcanoes south of 37 s dominantly composed of basalt and basaltic andesite the laguna del maule complex ranges in composition from basalt 0 3 m y to rhyolite post glacial although there is abundant evidence for magma mixing basalt and rhyolite have similar sr and nd isotopic ratios thereby requiring that the mixing members had the same isotopic ratios 87sr 86sr 0 70419 and 143nd 144nd 0 51274 in contrast dacitic dikes and a volcanic neck which also have evidence for magma mixing are isotopically distinct major and trace element abundances are consistent with a genetic relationship between the basalt and rhyolite either by low pressure plagioclase dominated fractional crystallization or by partial melting of a plagioclase rich assemblage there is no evidence that the rhyolites contain more of a crustal component than the associated basic volcanics

chemical models of vitrinite reflectance evolution a global kinetic model of vitrinite reflectance evolution is developed to illustrate a new approach to vitrinite reflectance modelling the method utilizes quantitative pyrolysisgas chromatographic data from isolated vitrinite kerogens to derive the concentrations of structurally specific moieties alkylphenol precursors in vitrinite kerogens as a function of rank this data set is used to calibrate a gaussian distributed activation energy model for phenol precursor loss from vitrinites using published burial histories phenol yield is then correlated with vitrinite reflectance the predictive vitrinite reflectance model based on this phenol system is tested against a well from the us gulf coast area the results being compared with a lopatin model of the same well this type of vitrinite reflectance model is numerically compatible with current generation kinetic models of hydrocarbon production from source rock kerogens and has a better heating rate independence than lopatin s method

tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone a thermomechanical numerical model we model evolution of a continent continent collision and draw some parallels with the tectonic evolution of the himalaya we use a large scale visco plasto elastic thermomechanical model that has a free upper surface accounts for erosion and deposition and allows for all modes of lithospheric deformation for quartz olivine rheology and 60 mm yr convergence rate the continental subduction is stable and the model predicts three distinct phases during the phase 1 120 km or 6 of shortening deformation is characterized by back thrusting around the suture zone some amount of delaminated lower crust accumulates at depth during phase 2 120 km 420 km or 6 22 of shortening this crustal root is exhumed medium to high grade rocks along a newly formed major thrust fault this stage bears similarities with the period of coeval activity of the main central thrust and of the south tibetan detachment between 20 16 myr ago during phase 3 420 km or 22 of shortening the crust is scraped off from the mantle lithosphere and is incorporated into large crustal wedge deformation is localized around frontal thrust faults this kinematics should produce only low to medium grade exhumation this stage might be compared with the tectonics that has prevailed in the himalaya over the last 15 myr allowing for the formation of the lesser himalaya the experiment is conducted at constant convergence rate which implies increasing compressive force considering that this force is constant in nature this result may be equivalent to a slowing down of the convergence rate as was observed during the india asia collision

the generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation the basalt rhyolite association at volcan alcedo galapagos archipelago

mechanisms of continental subduction and exhumation of hp and uhp rocks abstract we discuss possible scenarios of continental collision and their relation to mechanisms of exhumation of hp and uhp rocks inferred from thermo mechanical numerical models accounting for thermo rheological complexity of the continental lithosphere due to this complexity mechanisms of continental convergence are versatile and different in many aspects from those that control oceanic subduction elucidating these mechanisms from conventional observations is difficult and requires additional constraints such as those derived from petrological data indeed exhumation of hp uhp rocks is an integral part of convergent processes and burial exhumation dynamics inferred from metamorphic p t t paths provides strong constraints on the collision scenarios metamorphic rocks also play an active role due to their contrasting physical properties rheology density fluid transport capacity numerical thermo mechanical experiments suggest that hp uhp exhumation can only be produced in subduction contexts as well as that long lasting 10 myr continental subduction can only occur in case of cold strong lithospheres t moho t e 50 km and of relatively high convergence rates 3 5 cm yr 1 in this case high density uhp material in the crustal part of subduction interface provides additional pull on the slab and is not always exhumed to the surface in case of slower convergence and or weaker lithosphere t e 1 is generally sufficient to drive continental subduction during the first several myr of convergence but pertinent subduction requires faster convergence rates 3 5 cm yr 1 we suggest that most continental orogenic belts could have started their formation from continental subduction but this process has been generally limited in time

characterization and origin of aluminous a type granites from the lachlan fold belt southeastern australia the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous a type granites of the lachlan fold belt are a distinctive group of igneous rocks on the basis of chemical and mineralogical criteria those granites that contain 65 72 sio2 can be distinguished from other types on the basis of higher abundances of fetotal fetotal mg high field strength elements trivalent rare earth elements ga and zn mineralogically they contain fe rich hydrous mafic minerals and primary ilmenite and hence are reduced relative to the ni nio buffer however the extremely felsic a type granites sio2 72 have the same chemical and mineralogical characteristics as felsic fractionated i type granites recent analyses indicate that the lachlan fold belt a type granites have sc f alkali element trace transition element and h2o contents similar to those of other unfractionated i type granites rb sr and nd sm isotopic compositions are highly variable probably reflecting source region heterogeneity the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous a type granites of the lachlan fold belt are distinct from peralkaline rocks in terms of chemical composition petrography and field associations although these rocks have been grouped together as a single type in current classification schemes we propose that the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous a type granites such as those of the lachlan fold belt should be defined as aluminous a type granites and should not be grouped with peralkaline granites the lachlan fold belt aluminous a type granites have relatively high calculated zircon saturation temperatures we suggest that these granites were produced by high temperature partial melting of a felsic infracrustal source

permian bimodal volcanism in the zhangguangcai range of eastern heilongjiang province ne china zircon u pb hf isotopes and geochemical evidence abstract in this paper we report on zircon u pb dating hf isotopes major and trace elements and sr nd isotope data with the aim of constraining the petrogenesis and regional tectonic evolution of late paleozoic volcanic rocks in the zhangguangcai range of eastern heilongjiang province ne china located in the eastern segment of the central asian orogenic belt caob between the siberian and north china cratons the late paleozoic volcanic rocks in the zhangguangcai range are composed mainly of basalt basaltic andesite rhyolite and minor dacite the results of la icp ms zircon u pb dating for two basaltic rocks three rhyolites and one dacite indicate that they formed in the early permian ca 292 ma the mafic rocks have sio2 50 13 53 80 wt k2o 0 98 2 28 wt mg 0 51 0 71 cr 144 541 ppm ni 74 260 ppm 87sr 86sr i 0 7044 and end t 4 28 whereas the felsic rocks have sio2 69 12 77 98 wt k2o 3 09 5 33 wt mg 0 17 0 36 87sr 86sr i 0 7032 and end t 4 32 these data are typical of bimodal volcanism the mafic volcanic rocks are characterized by a strong enrichment in large ion lithophile elements liles such as rb ba sr and pb depletion in high field strength elements hfses such as nb ta and ti depletion in heavy rare earth elements hrees and weak negative eu anomalies eu eu 0 88 0 94 on the other hand the felsic rocks show a strong depletion in nb ta sr p and ti enrichment in th u and k and relatively large negative eu anomalies eu eu 0 28 0 95 taken together these data suggest that the mafic magma was derived from the partial melting of a depleted lithospheric mantle modified by subducted slab derived fluids and that the felsic magma originated by partial melting of newly accreted crust the early permian bimodal volcanic rocks together with the coeval a type granites indicate an extensional environment similar to a back arc basin such a setting was possibly related to subduction of the paleo asian oceanic plate beneath the jiamusi and songnen zhangguangcai range massifs

magma sources for mesozoic anorogenic granites of the white mountain magma series new england usa the magma sources for granitic intrusions related to the mesozoic white mountain magma series in northern new england usa are addressed relying principally upon nd isotopes many of these anorogenic complexes lack significant volumes of exposed mafic lithologies and have been suspected of representing crustal melts sm nd and rb sr isotope systematics are used to evaluate magma sources for 18 felsic plutons with ages ranging from about 120 to 230 ma the possibility of crustal sources is further examined with analyses of representative older crust including paleozoic granitoids which serve as probes of the lower crust in the region multiple samples from two representative intrusions are used to address intrapluton initial isotopic heterogeneities and document significant yet restricted variations 1 in end overall mesozoic granite plutons range in end t from 4 2 to 2 3 with most 2 to 0 and in initial 87sr 86sr from 0 7031 to 0 709 the isotopic variations are roughly inversely correlated but are not obviously related to geologic geographic or age differences older igneous and metamorphic crust of the region has much lower nd isotope ratios with the most radiogenic paleozoic granitoid at end 180 ma of 2 8 these data suggest mid proterozoic separation of the crust in central northern new england moreover the bulk of the mesozoic granites cannot be explained as crustal melts but must have large mantle components the ranges of nd and sr isotopes are attributed to incorporation of crust by magmas derived from midly depleted mantle sources crustal input may reflect either magma mixing of crustal and mantle melts or crustal assimilation which is the favored interpretation the results indicate production of anorogenic granites from mantle derived mafic magmas

mesozoic and cenozoic volcanic rocks from central and southern tibet 39ar 40ar dating petrological characteristics and geodynamical significance field relations radiometric ages and mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the orogenic volcanic rocks from the lhasa block tibet are studied volcanic activity started before the deposition of the albian aptian sedimentary units takena formation and xigaze group volcanism is volumetrically limited in the northern part of the lhasa block basalts andesites and dacites are present while ignimbrites are scarce radiometric ages of these rocks range between 110 and 80 ma conversely in the southern part of the lhasa block volcanism is largely developed gangdese belt there paroxysmal activity occurred later than in the north between 60 and 50 ma lingzizong formation this volcanism is mainly represented by andesites and ignimbrites a younger episode at about 15 10 ma took place in this southern region the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics indicate that as a whole the volcanic rocks from the lhasa block belong to a calc alkaline continental margin series enriched in k20 and other incompatible elements subordinate potassic alkaline lavas are present in the northern margin of the gangdese belt some basalts exhibit a tholeiitic affinity daquin area southern region the geodynamic significance of these cenozoic volcanic rocks lies in the relative motion of india and the lhasa block after accretion of the latter to the northern qantang block a geodynamic model based on changes of the type of subduction of the indian oceanic crust beneath the lhasa block for the period 120 40 ma is proposed to account for the abundance age and magmatic affinity of the volcanic products

time and temperature in petroleum formation application of lopatin s method to petroleum exploration n v lopatin in the soviet union has developed a method for taking both time and temperature into account as factors in thermal maturation of kerogen lopatin s time temperature index of maturity tti values correlate with the thermal regimes corresponding to generation and preservation of hydrocarbons because such information is potentially of great interest for oil exploration a calibration and evaluation have been made of lopatin s method within the limitations of the data presently available the following statements can be made 1 the rate of the chemical reactions involved in thermal maturation of organic material appears to double with every 10 c 18 f rise in temperature 2 threshold values of lopatin s time temperature index of maturity tti are 15 onset of oil generation 75 peak oil generation 160 end oil generation 500 40 oil preservation deadline 1 000 50 oil preservation deadline 1 500 wet gas preservation deadline 65 000 dry gas preservation deadline 3 tti values calculated from lopatin reconstructions consistently agree with other maturation parameters commonly used by petroleum geochemists potential applications of lopatin s method for oil exploration include timing of oil generation calculation of volume of hydrocarbons generated within a basin and determination of economic deadlines

a hybrid origin for the qianshan a type granite northeast china geochemical and sr nd hf isotopic evidence abstract major and trace element whole rock sr and nd isotope and zircon hf isotope data are reported for a suite of a type granites and mafic microgranular enclaves from the early cretaceous 126 2 ma qianshan pluton liaodong peninsula northeast china with the aim of investigating the sources and petrogenesis of a type granites the qianshan pluton includes hornblende alkali feldspar granite graphic biotite granite and mafic microgranular enclaves the hornblende alkali feldspar granites have high sio 2 fe 2 o 3t mgo k 2 o na 2 o rb zr and lree contents and low ba and sr concentrations with strongly negative eu anomalies their high rb sr 87 rb 86 sr 16 76 24 15 and initial 87 sr 86 sr ratios 0 7215 to 0 7283 negative e nd t values 14 1 to 16 5 and zircon e hf t values 18 9 to 11 5 indicate they were mainly derived from a crustal source but with involvement of high e nd t and e hf t materials graphic biotite granites have similar geochemical features and sr nd hf isotopic compositions to enclaves indicating they were the result of crystal fractionation of evolved mafic magmas but with involvement of low e nd t and e hf t materials the mafic enclaves have an igneous texture and contain acicular apatite suggesting quenching of mafic magmas that have co mingled with the host granites they have low initial 87 sr 86 sr ratios 0 7097 0 7148 negative e nd t 14 5 to 11 9 and zircon e hf t 17 1 to 6 9 values and are enriched in liles and lrees and depleted in hfses when coupled with the high mgo mg up to 54 this indicates derivation from an enriched lithospheric mantle source but contaminated by crustal materials geochemical and sr nd and zircon hf isotopic compositions rule out simple crystal liquid fractionation or restite unmixing as the major genetic link between enclaves and host rocks instead magma mixing of mantle derived mafic and crustal derived magmas coupled with crystal fractionation is compatible with the data this example shows that at least some a type granites formed through a complex process involving mantle and crustal derived magma mixing crystal fractionation and infracrustal melting

a mantle derived bimodal suite in the hercynian belt nd isotope and trace element evidence for a subduction related rift origin of the late devonian brevenne metavolcanics massif central france in the brevenne series ne massif central a low grade bimodal association of metabasalts and metarhyolites is exposed together with intrusive trondhjemite bodies zircon u pb dating constrains their magmatic emplacement at 366 5 ma and 358 1 ma respectively the metabasalts are characterized by a distinct enrichment in incompatible elements e g th and lree and positive ndi from 5 to 8 combined isotope and trace element systematics rule out crustal contamination of mafic melts as a suitable cause of the lile large ion lithophile element enrichment rather a mixing process between a component similar to mid ocean ridge basalts and an enriched end member with ndi 5 is suggested an enriched mantle source of ocean island basalt affinity is precluded by the relative depletion of high field strength elements especially nb which shows negative anomalies in chondrite normalized patterns on the contrary a subduction related origin for the lile enrichment would be more consistent it may be inferred that arc like melts enriched in th and lree light rare earth elements and depleted in nb with ndi 5 were produced through partial melting of a depleted mantle source to which a small amount of crustally derived component had been added the metarhyolites are enriched in lile and have a close genetic relationship with the metabasalts as evidenced by their high ndi from 4 7 to 6 8 although the chemical evidence remains ambiguous it is suggested that fractional crystallization accompanied by subordinate assimilation is the petrogenetic process most consistent with the data the trondhjemites are isotopically distinct from the metarhyolites their ndi values from 1 0 to 2 2 reflect an important contribution of continental crust to their genesis and disprove their inferred cogenetism with the felsic volcanics a review of modern environments in which such bimodal suites are exposed shows that settings involving incipient rifting of a volcanic arc fringing a continental margin or built upon young thin continental crust might provide suitable analogues geodynamic reconstructions are complicated by subsequent tectonic events which disrupted the initial patterns and by mesozoic cenozoic sedimentary cover however this subduction related magmatism enlarges the growing body of evidence for southward subduction processes until the late devonian during the evolution of the northern flank of the european variscides as a general implication it is suggested that the combined use of the sm nd system with incompatible elements relatively resistant during alteration and low grade metamorphism ree th zr nb may provide diagnostic criteria for recognizing the tectonic setting of bimodal metaigneous suites in ancient orogenic belts

generation of metaluminous a type granites by low pressure melting of calc alkaline granitoids melting experiments on two calc alkaline rocks a tonalite and a granodiorite demonstrate that shallow dehydration melting of hornblende and biotite bearing granitoids generates metaluminous a type granitic melts profuse crystallization of calcic plagioclase orthopyroxene during low pressure p 4 kbar incongruent melting explains all of the major and trace element characteristics of a type granites e g their low al ca mg sr and eu contents and high ga al and k na ratios as well as their common association with anorthositic and mangeritic rocks the residual assemblage produced during melting of the same rocks in the deep crust p 8 kbar is dominated by clinopyroxene and as a consequence most of the chemical features diagnostic of a type granites are lost the high temperatures 900 c and low h 2 o contents 4 wt that are characteristic of a type magmas are adequately explained by the h 2 o poor nature of the granitoid source materials and require neither a granulitic nor a f rich source previous attempts to explain the origin of a type granites have focused on the nature of the source material these experiments show that pressure of melting is at least as important as source composition in engendering a type melts

continental plate collision p t t z conditions and unstable vs stable plate dynamics insights from thermo mechanical modelling there was much debate recently on the mechanisms of continental convergence and related pressure temperature p t conditions both in modeling and petrologic community depending on the mechanisms of convergence subduction collision folding or rt instability one can argue about the possibility of large scale deviations of pressure and temperature in the accretion prism and below it from reference i e lithostatic conditions commonly used for petrologic reconstructions of evolution of exhumed metamorphic rocks these deviations can be caused for example by tectonic overpressure that as suggested in some studies may be responsible for formation of uhp ultra high pressure rocks however overpressure in exhumation zones can be built only in specific collision scenarios associated with plate coupling pure shear folding in this study we analyze conditions that define various mechanisms of convergence and consequently of exhumation these mechanisms can be represented as a superposition of 1 simple shear subduction 2 pure shear collision 3 folding and 4 rayleigh taylor instability we study these scenarios using a thermo mechanical model that accounts for brittle elastic ductile rheology surface processes and metamorphic changes it appears that stable oceanic type subduction may occur in the case of cold lithospheres tmohob550 c and relatively high convergence rates n3 5 cm yr depending on the lower crustal rheology strong or weak either the whole upper and lower crust or only the lower crust can be involved in subduction in case of weak metamorphic rheologies phase changes improve chances for stable subduction pure shear becomes a dominant mechanism when tmohon550 c or convergence rates are lower than 3 cm yr large scale folding is favored in case of tmoho 500 650 c and is more effective in the case of mechanical coupling between crust and mantle e g strong lower crust gravitational rayleigh taylor instabilities overcome other mechanisms for very high values of tmoho n800 c and may lead to development of subvertical cold spots however it is reasonable to assume that in most cases continental collision is initiated at oceanic subduction rate which is rarely slower than 5 cm yr this rate is sufficient to drive continental subduction during the first several myr of collision in this case the subduction channel is characterized by nearly lithostatic pressure conditions large scale zones of tectonic overpressure may be built outside the channel but do not affect the exhumed rocks overpressure may be built inside the channel in the short moment of its closure we suggest that most continental orogenic belts could have started their formation from continental subduction this evokes small tectonic overpressures and thus deep origin of the uhp rocks that may be brought to the surface via the suggested multi level mechanism of exhumation

continental plate collision unstable vs stable slab dynamics we study possible scenarios for the evolution of continental collision zones by using a dynamic thermomechanical model that includes brittle elastic ductile rheology surface erosion and explicit metamorphic changes this paper focuses primarily on the influence of four key parameters 1 geotherm or thermotectonic age which controls the rheological profile 2 lower crustal composition weak or strong rheology 3 convergence rate and 4 metamorphic changes in the downgoing crust the experiments suggest that de pending on these parameters plate convergence is accommodated by four distinct mech anisms stable subduction shortening by pure shear thickening or folding and rayleigh taylor instabilities it appears that stable oceanic type subduction can only occur in the case of cold lithospheres moho temperature tmoho 550 8c and basically needs high convergence rates 4 5 cm yr depending on the lower crustal rheology strong or weak either the whole upper and lower crust or only the lower crust can be involved in subduction it appears that in the case of weak metamorphic rheologies phase changes only slightly improve chances for stable subduction lithospheric shortening becomes a dominant mechanism when tmoho 550 8c or convergence rates are 4 5 cm yr pure shear thickening becomes important in all cases of hot lithospheres tmoho 650 8c large scale folding is favored in the case of tmoho 5 500 650 8c and is more effective in the case of mechanical coupling between crust and mantle e g strong lower crust grav itational rayleigh taylor instabilities overcome other mechanisms for very high values of tmoho 800 8c and may lead to development of subvertical cold spots

petrology and geochronology of eclogites from the western segment of the altyn tagh northwestern china abstract the eclogites from the western segment of the altyn tagh occur as lens or boundins within quartzofeldspathic gneisses or pelitic gneisses characterized by amphibolite facies parageneses the petrographic features and reaction textures testify to three main metamorphic stages 1 the peak eclogite facies stage p 15 kbar t 665 880 c 2 the granulitic facies stage p 11 14 kbar t 670 800 c and 3 the amphibolite facies stage p 6 3 9 5 kbar t 619 738 c during decompression the trace element rare earth element and sm nd isotopic data suggest that most of the eclogites have protolith features resembling transitional type t type mid ocean ridge basalt morb the well preserved eclogite was selected for sm nd and u pb isotopic dating the sm nd isotopic data yield a whole rock garnet omphacite isochron of 500 10 ma age the u pb isotopic measurement of zircons from the same eclogite shows that the four grain populations are near concordant and are well plotted on concordia giving a weighted mean age of 503 9 5 3 ma the two different geochronological methods yield a similar age which is interpreted as the peak metamorphic age of eclogites and reflects the existence of a mountain root related to continental subduction during early paleozoic moreover based on the comparison with similar rocks in the northern margin of the qaidam basin a displacement of 350 400 km for the altyn tagh fault have been estimated

geochemical constraints on the origin of bimodal magmatism at the okinawa trough an incipient back arc basin abstract the magmatism at the axial zone of the middle okinawa trough a young continental back arc basin comprises a bimodal basaltic rhyolitic suite accompanied by minor intermediate rocks we report major and trace element and sr nd isotopie data for the intermediate to silicic suites to provide constraints on their petrogenesis the rhyolites recovered as lava and pumice fall into three geochemical groups type 1 2 and 3 rhyolites type 1 rhyolites have 87sr 86sr 0 7040 0 7042 and 143nd 144nd 0 5128 0 5129 identical to those of associated basalts and are characterized by highly fractionated ree patterns petrogenesis of type 1 rhyolites is explicable in terms of fractional crystallization of the associated basalt in contrast type 2 rhyolites and andesite have slightly higher 87sr 86sr 0 7044 0 7047 but similar 143nd 144nd 0 5128 compared to those of the basalts the compositions of type 2 rhyolite and andesite can be explained by assimilation and fractional crystallization afc processes of the basalt magma quantitative analysis suggests assimilation fractional crystallization ma mc ratios of 0 05 hybrid andesite generated by mixing of evolved basalt and type 1 rhyolite is also present we emphasize that mechanical extension in this part of the okinawa trough involves gabbro ic lower crust that resulted from fractionation of mantle derived basaltic magmas type 3 rhyolite occurs only as pumice which makes its derivation questionable this rhyolite has major and trace element compositions and sr nd isotopie ratios which suggests that it may be derived from volcanic activity on the southern ryukyu volcanic front and arrived in the okinawa trough by drifting on the kuroshio current

petrogenesis of the linxi granitoids northern inner mongolia of china constraints on basaltic underplating five representative granitoid plutons in the linxi area northern inner mongolia of china divided into two suites are mainly granodiorite and syenogranite and correspond to i and a type granites respectively zircon u pb dating yields an age of 230 ma but most ages range from 149 ma to 111 ma for intrusion of the five plutons suite 1 granitoids show lower sio2 66 1 72 51 and k2o higher al2o3 cao mgo feo and tio2 higher sr ba and eu and lower sm gd nb y and yb than suite 2 granitoids 71 73 78 14 sio2 modeling of major and trace elements shows that fractional crystallization of hornblende and lesser amounts of feldspars for suite 1 and plagioclase and alkali feldspar for suite 2 with overprint of magmatic hydrothermal fluids can explain the geochemical variations the linxi granitoids have initial end t values varying between 5 60 and 2 89 and initial 87 sr 86 sr t ratios ranging from 0 701764 to 0 707654 geochronology of inherited zircons coupled with the nd sr isotopic comparison between granitoids late jurassic basalts and proterozoic gneisses indicates that the linxi granitoids derive from a mixed source of dominantly underplated material or mafic magma with various amounts of the proterozoic gneiss basaltic underplating provides both material and heat to produce the late jurassic to early cretaceous granitoids variation of end t and 87 sr 86 sr t with age suggests involvement in the melting of increasingly greater amounts of the old lower crustal rock our refined equation yields less scattered nd isotope depleted mantle model ages the least fractionated granitoids from each suite have low ca sr rb sr rb ba and k ba ratios and hence represent parental magmas suite 1 parent magma is produced by dehydration melting or derives principally from the fluid metasomatized mantle melting of the underplated tholeiites and their differentiated products generates suite 2 parent magma d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

temporal moment analysis for stochastic advective vertical solute transport in heterogeneous unsaturated soils summary temporal moment analysis of solute transport in unsaturated soils subjected to rainfall events is typically achieved by the numerical solution of the flow field from the richards equation followed by a numerical solution of the advection dispersion equation before computing moments these numerical solutions are computationally very intensive and may not provide the insights that are possible from simpler analytical representations in this study temporal moments of solute transport for unsteady unsaturated flows under rainfall conditions at the soil surface are presented for the first time a local scale model for water movement is derived from a sharp front approximation and is combined with a model for transport of solute particles along the main characteristics of the flow field expressions for travel times from the local scale model are first presented for pre and post ponding conditions these local solutions are upscaled to field scale solute transport by adopting a log normally distributed spatial hydraulic conductivity field semi analytical expressions are developed for temporal moments of travel times these expressions are compared to 1 d monte carlo simulation results and to 3 d numerical results for model corroboration the model is used to investigate the behavior of macroscopic eulerian effective velocities and dispersion at the field scale expressions for asymptotic effective properties show that effective velocity achieves a constant value while effective dispersion increases linearly with depth the roles of pre ponding and post ponding conditions in determining field scale dispersion are described

slab breakoff a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens we present a model proposing that oceanic lithosphere detaches from continental lithosphere during continental collision slab breakoff allowing an explanation of syn to post collisional magmatism and metamorphism continental collisions are preceded by subduction of dense oceanic lithosphere and followed by attempted subduction of buoyant continental lithosphere this situation of opposing buoyancy forces leads to extensional deformation in the subducted slab a narrow rifting mode of deformation will result if there is strain localization slab breakoff results we have assessed the plausiblity of this process by quantitatively evaluating an upper bound for the strength of the lithosphere and have compared it with the change in buoyancy force during continental sbduction whether breakoff will occur and the depth at which it will occur is a strong function of temperature and hence the subduction velocity for a subduction velocity of 1 cm yr breakoff could occur at depths of between 50 and 120 km while at higher velocities it is still likely to occur but at deeper depths as a result of the rifting during breakoff the asthenosphere upwells into the narrow rift and following breakoff it impinges on the mechanical lithosphere of the overriding plate the resulting conducted thermal perturbation leads to melting of the metasomatised overriding mantle lithosphere producing basaltic magmatism that leads to granitic magmatism in the crust dry asthenospheric mantle will melt only if breakoff occurs at a depth shallower than ca 50 km breakoff removes the force at the downdip side of the continental crust while the enhanced heating leads to a reduction of the strength of the underlying crust both effects facilitate the freeing of buoyant crustal sheets which can then rise towards the surface leading to the rapid exhumation of eclogite facies continental crust the cessation of subduction and replacement of the cold oceanic lithosphere by asthenosphere leads to rapid uplift of the orogen we have tested the variety of predicted expressions of slab breakoff in the geological record of the alps the aegean islands and the dabie shan a comparison of the various belts highlights 1 that the magmatism and metamorphism are found near the suture and the centre of the orogen demonstrating the general steepening of suture during collision 2 that a vague inverse correlation exists between maximum depth of metamorphism and volume of syn orogenic magmatism and 3 that the melts can be emplaced in both compressive and extensional environments we suggest that slab breakoff is an important step in the evolution of many orogenic belts and it allows an explanation for the combined presence in collisional orogens of magmatism with a mantle parentage and ultra high pressure metamorphics

collision of continental corner from 3 d numerical modeling abstract continental collision has been extensively investigated with 2 d numerical models assuming infinitely wide plates or insignificant along strike deformation in the third dimension however the corners of natural collision zones normally have structural characteristics that differ from linear parts of mountain belt we conducted 3 d high resolution numerical simulations to study the dynamics of a continental corner lateral continental oceanic transition zone during subduction collision the results demonstrate different modes between the oceanic subduction side continuous subduction and retreating trench and the continental collision side slab break off and topography uplift slab break off occurs at a depth 100 km to 300 km that depends on the convergence velocity the numerical models produce lateral extrusion of the overriding crust from the collisional side to the subduction side which is also a phenomenon recognized around natural collision of continental corners for instance around the western corner of the arabia asia collision zone and around the eastern corner of the india asia collision zone modeling results also indicate that extrusion tectonics may be driven both from above by the topography and gravitational potentials and from below by the trench retreat and asthenospheric mantle return flow which supports the link between deep mantle dynamics and shallower crustal deformation

geochemical and nd pb isotopic characteristics of the tethyan asthenosphere implications for the origin of the indian ocean mantle domain abstract it is unclear why the pb nd and sr isotopic composition of the modern mid ocean ridge basalts morb from the indian ocean is different from that of the north atlantic and pacific oceans a possible explanation for this is that the indian morb type isotopic signature is a long lived regional feature of the mantle as evidently shown by the isotopic composition of the 350 ma morb like mian lue northern ophiolite which was formed in the same region presently occupied by the indian ocean however this hypothesis is in conflict with the lack of indian morb type isotopic signature in a number of 150 ma tethyan and indian ocean crusts to further constrain the origin of the indian morb type isotopic signature we analyze the geochemical and pb nd and sr isotopic composition of representative mafic rocks from four tethyan ophiolites ranging in age from 90 to 360 ma the sr isotopic composition of the samples is unreliable due to alteration but the age corrected nd and pb isotopic ratios and geochemical data indicate that these tethyan rocks were derived from a geochemically depleted asthenospheric source that had a clear indian morb type isotopic signature we therefore conclude that the bulk of the indian suboceanic mantle was most probably inherited from the tethyan asthenosphere a few regions in both the tethyan and indian oceans however are most probably underlain by pacific and north atlantic morb type mantle and vice versa because of the flow of the asthenosphere in response to tectonic plate reorganizations that lead to openings and closures of ocean basins the indian morb type isotopic signature of the western pacific marginal basin crusts could be due to either flow of the indian ocean mantle into the western pacific or to endogenous production of such an isotopic signature from delaminated east asian sublithospheric materials during closure of the tethys ocean

the petrogenesis of a type magmas from the amram massif southern israel the 550 530ma alkaline magmatic suite of the amram massif southern israel was emplaced during the transition from an orogenic to an intra plate tectonic setting in the northeastern arabian nubian shield ans the suite ranges from 45 6t o 788 wt sio2 and consists of rhyolites alkali quartz syenites quartz syenites monzonites and co magmatic mafic to felsic alkaline dikes these rocks define a continuous chemical evolutionary trend and reveal a correlation between decreasing stratigraphic age and increasing silica content the felsic members of the suite display a type characteristics and are genetically linked through fractionation to the more mafic ones moderately positive initial end values a2 05 low initial 87 sr 86 sr values 07036 2 high mgo and fe2o3 concentrations 410 895 and 100 125 wt respectively and relatively flat rare earth element patterns la yb na 64 09 in the amram mafic dikes 456 495 wt sio2 suggest their derivation from the sub continental lithospheric mantle above the garnet stability zone the melts program was used to quantitatively model the chemical evolution of the suite extensive anhydrous fractionation 490 of plagioclase alkali feldspar clinopyroxene olivine and minor timagnetite and apatite from parental mafic magmas represented by the amram mafic dikes produced the rhyolitic compositions as well as the intermediate members of the suite this suggests the presence of a large unexposed body of cumulate rocks at depth as well as fusion of a large source region equivalent to an 5km layer in the lithospheric mantle regarded as a representative example for similar a type outcrops in this region this petrogenetic model further suggests that neoproterozoic early cambrian a type magmatism in the northeastern ans represents a significant post orogenic addition of mantlederived material to the juvenile crust this magmatic episode was of a similar magnitude to that of the cenozoic extensionrelated alkaline volcanism of the arabian plate

early ordovician continental break up in variscan europe ndsr isotope and trace element evidence from bimodal igneous associations of the southern massif central france abstract the high grade marvejols group and the low grade albigeois cevennes sedimentary sequence contain bimodal igneous rocks of early ordovician age which are representative of a widespread thermal event in the european variscides comparison of their nd sr isotope and trace element characteristics provides additional evidence for their origin in an ensialic extensional setting as an alternative to the back arc model proposed by previous authors we propose that these associations record a continental break up episode unrelated to contemporaneous subduction in this model the widespread early paleozoic bimodal magmatism marks the birth of a mid european oceanic arm we propose that the break up was controlled by both transtensional processes and mantle plume activity high grade associations such as the marvejols group and low grade bimodal associations such as the albigeois cevennes might be regarded as representing opposite rifted passive margins the northern marvejols type margin was involved in a late ordovician silurian subduction like process with hp ht metamorphism in contrast the southern albigeois cevennes margin remained largely unaffected possibly as part of the overriding plate of the subduction zone pseudo calc alkaline signatures unrelated to subduction processes may occur in magmatic rocks associated with continental break up episodes in this case negative nb anomalies are produced by the addition of crustal components enriched in th and lree relative to nb this inferred alternative origin of nb anomalies has important bearing on the paleogeodynamic settings based on geochemical data

volcanism in nascent back arc basins behind the shichito ridge and adjacent areas in the izu ogasawara arc northwest pacific evidence for mixing between e type morb and island arc magmas at the initiation of back arc rifting mineral chemistry major and trace elements and 87sr 86sr ratios are presented for 29 igneous rocks dredged from the northern portion of the izu ogasawara arc these rocks are compositionally bimodal basement gabbro and trondhjemite from the arc are extremely poor in k2o 0 05 0 19 and rb 0 48 0 62 ppm and their ree patterns and sr isotope ratios indicate that there are island arc tholeiites quaternary volcanic rocks from the present volcanic front shichito ridge active arc back arc seamounts east side inactive arc and torishima knoll between the two back arc depressions incipient back arc basins behind the active arc have the same geochemical characteristics as the above plutonic rocks though they are not as depleted in k and rb rhyolite pumice from the backarc depression is also the depleted island arc tholeiite whereas basalts from the depression have compositions that are transitional between morb and island arc tholeiites in trace element ti ni cr v y and zr and mineral chemistries the back arc depression basalts have relatively high ban cen 0 66 1 24 cen ybn 1 1 1 9 and k ba 45 105 and low 87sr 86sr 0 70302 0 70332 and ba sr 0 1 0 2 which are similar to other back arc basin basalts and e type morb but are quite unlike the depleted island arc tholeiites the diverse trace element and sr isotope compositions of basalt andesite from the back arc depressions imply the interplay between e type morb and island arc tholeiite these chemical characteristics and the relationships of ce yb n vs ba ce n and ce yb n vs 87sr 86sr suggest that the back arc depression magmas are generated by mixing of e type morb and depleted island arc tholeiite magmas geochemical characters of the associated rhyolite from the depression are compatible with partial melting of lower crust

geochemical and geochronologic constraints for paleozoic magmatism related to the orogenic collapse in the qimantagh south altyn region northwestern china abstract voluminous and discrete early paleozoic bimodal magmatic suites are thought to be the result of post collisional extension following the amalgamation of east kunlun and altyn tagh in this paper four representative magmatic units were studied for their geochemical fingerprint in conjunction with geochronological studies the 467 445 ma mangya mafic suite shows e morb type rare earth element ree patterns that are the result of asthenospheric interaction with a metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere high k calc alkaline granodiorites intruded at ca 450 ma are characterized by high mg the least fractionated ree pattern without an eu anomaly as well as high sr and low rb sr ratio we interpret these geochemical signals to result from lower crustal melting of garnet amphibolite at pressures between 16 and 22 kbar a 430 420 ma a type granite is interpreted to result from the melting of metaigneous rocks at middle to lower crustal depths lastly a late magmatic pulse occurs between 400 and 380 ma and is represented by the alk granite the alk granite is interpreted to be a product of metapelite melts and is associated with a smaller volume of mafic melts u pb zircon geochronology of paleozoic igneous rocks of the qimantagh south altyn reveals that most of the magmatic episodes are either coeval with or post extensional deformation this phase of extension is supported by the exhumation of hp uhp metamorphic rocks and crustal anatexis collectively the evolutionary stages documented in this study correspond to a succession of post collisional postorogenic and ultimately within plate magmatic episodes the overall features support orogenic collapse via removal of a thickened lithospheric root beneath the east kunlun altyn tagh collisional orogen during early paleozoic

the geological evolution of the tibetan plateau the geological evolution of the tibetan plateau is best viewed in a context broader than the india eurasia collision zone after collision about 50 million years ago crust was shortened in western and central tibet while large fragments of lithosphere moved from the collision zone toward areas of trench rollback in the western pacific and indonesia cessation of rapid pacific trench migration 15 to 20 million years ago coincided with a slowing of fragment extrusion beyond the plateau and probably contributed to the onset of rapid surface uplift and crustal thickening in eastern tibet the latter appear to result from rapid eastward flow of the deep crust probably within crustal channels imaged seismically beneath eastern tibet these events mark a transition to the modern structural system that currently accommodates deformation within tibet

some geodynamic and compositional constraints on postorogenic magmatism postorogenic magmatic suites are common to many orogens in many cases apparently just postdating the cessation of deformation they differ from preceding orogenic suites in that they have higher temperatures more primitive isotopic signatures and bimodal natures and thus are compositionally similar to suites found in extensional regimes we propose that thinning of the lithospheric mantle which may be an automatic response to orogenic lithospheric thickening is responsible for these magmatic suites mantle lithospheric thinning moves the asthenospheric lithospheric thermal boundary higher in the lithospheric column thereby raising the overall thermal budget of the orogen and the likelihood of basaltic magmatism this removal of much of the dense lithospheric mantle root of the orogen also invokes uplift capable of producing horizontal orogenic buoyancy forces that will oppose and potentially terminate deformation extreme fractionation of the magmas is promoted by high temperatures and a noncompressional or tensional lithospheric stress regime to produce accompanying felsic a type magmas this model explains why the cessation of deformation is coincident with high temperature bimodal magmatism and inferred uplift as well as the long noted similarity and confusion between postorogenic and extensional magmatic suites this arises because both reflect thinning of the lithospheric mantle not because both reflect extensional tectonics we suggest that these magmatic episodes may be important in transferring lithospheric mantle material and its compositional signatures into the crust

chronostratigraphic correlation through reflectance data in the broach depression cambay basin india abstract this paper attempts a time stratigraphic correlation with the available data on maturity of vitrinite for some selected wells in the broach depression of the cambay basin applying some modifications in the kinetic model of first orderreaction the change in r o with time and temperature has been found to follow the equation ln ln k r o ln at e rt where t is the temperature t the time and r o the reflectance a e and r are parameters in the arrhenius equation this principle is used to correlate three key wells on the western rising flank of the broach depression for evaluating time planes the results have been found to be in consonance with the paleontological data

a petrogenetic study of anorogenic felsic magmatism in the cretaceous paresis ring complex namibia evidence for mixing of crust and mantle derived components abstract paresis is one of a group of cretaceous ring complexes extending from the coast some 350 km ne across the damara belt it consists of over 90 rhyolites and comendites with subordinate intrusions of quartz syenite and alkali feldspar syenite these felsic units are accompanied by very minor amounts of silica undersaturated basalt phonolite and lamprophyre located near the edge of the congo craton paresis is the farthest inland of any felsic complex in the cretaceous ring complex group the other ring complexes in the vicinity consist of carbonatites and undersaturated alkaline rocks e g okorusu kalkfeld etaneno ondurakorume geochemical and isotopic data provide evidence for both mantle and crustal components in the sources of the paresis magmas the alkaline basalts phonolite and lamprophyre have overlapping sr and nd isotopic initial ratios which plot within the mantle array close to bulk earth values e nd 0 9 to 2 8 and 87 sr 86 sr i 0 7042 0 7054 and may indicate a mantle plume component the rhyolite units comprise metaluminous feldspar rhyolites and peraluminous more differentiated quartz feldspar rhyolites both units show prominent negative nb and ta anomalies on mantle normalized multielement diagrams and have extremely nonradiogenic nd ratios e nd 21 and sr initial ratios of 0 7117 0 7138 these isotopic values suggest a crustal origin from pre damara early precambrian gneisses and granitoids which are exposed in the congo craton and related inliers in northern namibia the comendites are peralkaline highly differentiated rocks in contrast to the rhyolites comendites lack mantle normalized nb and ta anomalies have higher hfse and lree contents extreme negative eu anomalies and e nd values of 11 like the comendites alkali feldspar syenites are peralkaline lack nb and ta anomalies have negative eu anomalies and high hfse concentrations their e nd values are 6 5 to 8 the quartz syenites overlap with the peralkaline units in isotopic composition but they are chemically very different they are metaluminous have a low degree of differentiation and have prominent negative mantle normalized nb and ta anomalies like the rhyolites the sr nd isotopic composition and incompatible element ratios of the comendites quartz syenites and alkali feldspar syenites are intermediate between those of the rhyolites and basalts precluding a simple origin by basalt fractionation or crustal melting instead the data indicate that the comendite and syenites formed from hybrid magmas with both crustal and mantle derived components the metaluminous quartz syenites can be modelled by assimilation of pre damara crust by basaltic magma the peralkaline nature and trace element characteristics of comendite and alkali feldspar syenites on the other hand require an alkaline and hfse enriched basic endmember whose fractionated equivalent may be the paresis phonolite

reduced rapakivi type granites the tholeiite connection reduced rapakivi type granites are the most iron enriched and reduced i e least oxidized of the anorogenic granite association the low oxygen fugacity and chemical composition of these granites severely limit their sources in this paper we argue that reduced rapakivi type granites and their eruptive equivalents high potassium fayalite rhyolites are derived from mafic sources because tholeiitic magmas and their derivatives have the required low oxygen fugacity reduced rapakivi type granites are produced either by extreme differentiation of basaltic melts or by partial melting of underplated basalts and their differentiated equivalents they form in extensional environments where the asthenosphere is present at shallow depths we envision three stages in the origin of these rocks 1 tholeiitic melts are emplaced at the base of the crust 2 continued introduction of heat partially remelts these tholeiitic rocks and 3 the hot dry melts so produced migrate into the middle crust to produce rapakivi batholiths or erupt as rhyolites partial melting of felsic continental crust may accompany the intrusion of rapakivi type magmas thereby producing the other metaluminous and peraluminous granite compositions of the anorogenic suite

dynamics of slab detachment 1 we investigate the dynamics of slab detachment around the detachment zone and evaluate the amount of time necessary for slabs to detach the study combines results of two dimensional 2d state of the art thermomechanical numerical simulations and a 1d analytical solution for viscous necking under gravity we show that the dominant deformation mechanism during slab detachment is viscous necking independent of the depth of slab detachment when the slab dip is moderate 35 70 slab detachment is partly affected by localized simple shearing in the colder parts of the slab brittle fracturing breaking plays a minor role during slab detachment our 2d thermomechanical models indicate that the duration of slab detachment quantified from the onset of slab thinning until the actual detachment i e vanishing of slab pull force is relatively short 250 km can occur within a short time interval 1 ma which has implications for geodynamic interpretations using slab detachment as explanation for processes such as melting exhumation or surface uplift the thinning of the slab during detachment observed in 2d simulations agrees well with predictions from a 1d analytical solution indicating that the 1d solution captures the first order features of the detachment process we also evaluate the impact of shear heating on the duration of slab detachment the predictions of a simple semi analytical solution based on dimensionless parameters agree well with our and previously published results

age petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early devonian bimodal volcanic rocks in the south altyn nw china abstract in this paper we report zircon u pb dating hf isotopes geochemical and sr nd isotopic data with the aim the petrogenesis and regional tectonic evolution of early devonian bimodal volcanic rock in the south altyn nw china new la icpms zircon u pb isotopic data constrained them at ca 406 ma the mafic samples are characterized by high fe cr and ni contents low ti and mg contents slightly enriched lree patterns and low la yb n la nb and la ta ratios and positive e nd t values 3 3 to 3 4 indicating that they were likely derived from strong batch melting of the asthenosphere in the spinel facies field the felsic rocks show an a type affinity with high alkalis fe ga zr nb ce and y contents low mg sr content high rb sr and ga al ratios enrichment in lile e g rb k th u and lree and depletion in ba sr nb ta p and ti and fractionated ree patterns with very strong negative eu anomalies these features along with distinct e nd t values 0 5 to 2 3 and mostly positive e hf t 0 29 to 5 18 indicate that the felsic rocks were mainly generated by partial melting of the crust in low pressure and high temperature conditions and simultaneously underwent slight magma mixing of such melts with mantle magma according to the petrogenetic schemes and geological background of the early devonian bimodal volcanic rocks tholeiite and a type dacite rhyolite they should have formed in a post collisional extensional setting moreover on the basis of spatial and temporal distribution and formation mechanism the tectonic magmatic evolution of the early paleozoic south altyn tagh could be divided into three stages 505 472 ma continental collision the magmatite formed under high pressure conditions due to the deep subduction and initial tearing of continental slab 467 450 ma continental slab break off the magmatite formed at high temperature and low pressure in virtue of felsic upper crust uplifting and mantle magma underplating and 432 385 ma post collisional extension the magmatite consists of a type granites and bimodal volcanic rocks which are the products of the interaction between mantle and crust and asthenosphere upwelling

age constraints on late mesozoic lithospheric extension and origin of bimodal volcanic rocks from the hailar basin ne china abstract following the amalgamation of the late mesoproterozoic carboniferous central asian orogenic belt with the siberian and north china cratons ne china underwent late mesozoic lithospheric extension and widespread formation of volcano sedimentary basins we report u pb zircon ages and geochemical data for mafic and felsic volcanic rocks from the hailar basin located about 1000 km north of beijing zircon populations of six felsic rock samples analyzed by laser ablation icp ms yielded similar u pb age spectra ranging from 158 to 125 ma the youngest zircon ages are interpreted as time of magma eruption and the xenocrystic zircon age spectra as evidence for a protracted melting of lower crust due to the underplating of mantle derived magmas during lithospheric extension the volcanic assemblage has a bimodal composition comprising geochemically evolved trachybasalts and felsic volcanic rocks of i and subordinate a type compositions the mafic volcanic rocks have negative nb anomalies high th nb and ce pb ratios low initial e nd values of 0 4 to 3 4 and radiogenic pb and sr isotopes all interpreted as evidence for the melting of passively upwelling asthenosphere and lithospheric mantle previously modified by plate subduction the xenocrystic zircon ages and chemical isotopic data of the felsic rocks support an origin from juvenile crustal protoliths the data of i type felsic rocks are consistent with the melting of underplated mafic protoliths and those of the a type rhyolites support the melting of a crustal source with a composition similar to the i type felsites with apatite controlling their nb anomaly the evidence for the persistent melting of a subduction modified mantle in ne china is in agreement with a model of an extending coupled upper mantle crust system due to a retreating paleo pacific trench

petrogenesis of the 1 43 ga sherman batholith se wyoming usa a reduced rapakivi type anorogenic granite the 1 43 ga sherman batholith southeastern wyoming usa origin that are found throughout the proterozoic anorogenic granite provinces of the southwestern usa adirshows extreme a type petrochemical characteristics compared with other mid proterozoic granite batholiths of north america it ondacks eastern canada southern greenland and the fennoscandian shield anderson 1983 phanerozoic consists of 1 the sherman granite a coarse grained biotite hornblende granite that locally contains fayalite and pyroxenes 2 examples include paleozoic granites of southeastern australia collins et al 1982 and of corsica poitrasson et the lincoln granite a medium grained biotite granite 3 a porphyritic biotite hornblende granite that probably formed by interaction al 1995 and the mesozoic nigerian younger granites jacobsen et al 1958 and the white mountain magma of granitic and mafic magmas and 4 iron enriched mafic dikes and pods the ilmenite series metaluminous sherman granite series foland allen 1991 anorogenic granite refers to plutons that are not associated with compressional exhibits extreme values of feo feo mgo and is rich in structures and that were emplaced long after any known k ree nb and y it crystallized at temperatures exceeding orogenic event anorogenic or a type granites loiselle 900 c and a pressure of 2 5 kbar with water activity of 0 7 wones 1979 are characterized by low h2o and o2 and dlog fo2 of 0 1 to 0 5 the lincoln granite which is fugacities along with high feo feo mgo k2o peraluminous and has less extreme a type geochemical characteristics na2o and k2o contents a type granites typically are rich crystallized at temperatures as low as 750 c and dlog fo2 of in incompatible elements including rare earth elements around 0 5 units above fmq fayalite magnetite quartz the ree zr nb and ta but poor in co sc cr ni ba rocks of the sherman batholith are chemically equivalent to lavas sr and eu minimum magma liquidus temperatures are from the yellowstone hotspot like the yellowstone magmas the 900 1000 c clemens et al 1986 creaser white sherman batholith probably originated by partial melting of under1991 some workers suggest these rocks are derived plated mantle derived mafic rocks from melting of tonalitic or more felsic crust anderson cullers 1978 collins et al 1982 clemens et al 1986 creaser et al 1991 whereas others relate the granites