ponding draining and tilting of the cerberus plains a cryolacustrine origin for the sinuous ridge and channel networks in rahway vallis mars rahway vallis sits within a shallow basin the rahway basin in the cerberus plains of mars containing a branching network of channels converging on the basin floor using topographic cross profiles of the channels we have found that they are set within broader subtly expressed valleys these valleys are shallow around 15 m vertically compared to several kilometres in the horizontal and have convex to rectilinear slope profiles that are consistent in form across the whole rahway basin both channels and valleys descend and deepen consistently from west to east the channels typically widen down slope and increase in width at confluences the morphology and topology of this channel system are consistent with formation by contributory fluid flow generated from many distributed sources the transition between the older heavily cratered terrain and the floor of the rahway basin is bounded by near horizontal continuous topographic terraces plotting the elevation of the terraces shows that they conform to a plane with a height difference of around 100 m east to west for the 300 km width of the rahway basin we calculate that the volume of material needed to fill the topography up to the level of the plane best fit by the terraces is 1500 km3 bordering the channels are sinuous ridges typically several kilometres long 20 m across with heights on the order of 10 m they sometimes form branching networks leading into the channels but also occur individually and parallel to the channels the multiple tilted terraces the channel valley network with many fluvial like characteristics and the distributed source regions suggest that the landforms within the rahway basin are unlikely to have formed through purely volcanic processes rather the channels within the rahway basin are consistent with a genesis requiring the flow of liquid water and the sinuous ridges with melting of a static ice body that occupied the basin we suggest a hypothesis of rapid basin filling by fluvial flooding followed by lake drainage drainage could have occurred as a consequence of an ice or debris dam failure within or during the formation of the large nearby fluvial flood channel marte vallis if the lake was partly or largely frozen prior to drainage this offers a possible explanation for the sinuous ridge systems hence although the sinuous ridges provide some of the most compelling morphological analogues of terrestrial eskers yet observed we conclude that the contextual evidence for this interpretation in rahway vallis is not strong and instead they are better explained in the context of a frozen or partially frozen lake or cryolacustrine model

dimensionality and directionality effects in newmark sliding block analyses newmark sliding block analyses represent a useful and practical tool for evaluation of seismic slope stability hazards the analysis requires assumptions about material and failure surface behavior that have been well documented in the literature this paper investigates the effects of assumptions about the manner in which loading is applied on the results of the analysis the common practice of applying a one dimensional input motion parallel to the plane of the sliding block model was compared with the application of two and three dimensional input motions for sliding block models with frictional and cohesive failure surfaces the differences were found to be small for some cases and large for others in both conservative and unconservative directions the effect of slope azimuth on newmark sliding block displacements was also investigated computed displacements were found to be very sensitive to the assumed azimuthal direction of the input motion particularly for cases of high yield acceleration pro

control of synorogenic sedimentation on back and out of sequence thrusting insights from analog modeling of an orogenic front outer carpathians southern poland 1 scaled sandbox models based on field and seismic data were used to simulate miocene evolution of the carpathian orogenic front the experiments investigated the influence of synorogenic deposition on the geometry and kinematics of growing tectonic structures the deposition introduced at the foreland of an active fold thrust wedge resting on top of a weak ductile detachment horizon generally results in transferring the deformation to the rear part of the model depending on the rate and across strike extent of synorogenic sedimentation and on the moment it starts a single major back thrust above the rear edge of the ductile layer can form or out of sequence foreland verging thrusts can be initiated alternatively older thrust faults can be reactivated at the rear part of the model thrust wedge leading to destruction of the earlier formed structures our experiments explain the origin and evolution of three different structural geometries known from the carpathian orogenic front involving major back thrusts related to triangle zones and out of sequence breaching forethrusts that substantially reorganized deformation patterns in a growing thrust wedge the development of these geometries was controlled by massive synorogenic sedimentation in the foreland from the modeling and natural examples we infer a number of typical structural situations that can occur at an orogenic front underlain by a weak ductile horizon depending on parameters controlling synorogenic sedimentation and tectonic push exerted by an approaching thrust wedge

case history of landslide movement during the northridge earthquake we document a case history of northridge earthquake induced movement of a coherent landslide mass comprised principally of weathered previously sheared siltstone information on the residual shear strength of the material through which the sliding occurred is available both from backanalysis of a static rainfall induced failure on the same slope and laboratory test data postearthquake field reconnaissance data establishes the seismic slope displacements near the slope crest a yield coefficient is estimated for the slope based on residual shear strengths and measured groundwater levels at the time of the northridge earthquake this yield coefficient is used with four horizontal equivalent acceleration time histories that approximate the seismic demand within the slide mass in newmark sliding block displacement analyses the calculated displacements range from approximately 20 to 90 mm which compares well with observed displacements at the slide scarp of approximately 50 mm

interplay between subduction retreat and lateral extrusion tectonics of the western carpathians 1 analysis of brittle microstructures reveals three tertiary deformation events in the western carpathians 1 late paleogene bedding parallel extension 2 oligocene to middle miocene nne ssw compression and ese wnw extension 3 post mid miocene nw se extension these regional deformations applied to crustal blocks in the intra carpathian region resulted from forces which were induced by the coupled plate tectonic processes of subduction retreat beneath the carpathian arc and lateral extrusion from the eastern alps toward the carpathian region material flow from the alps spread toward east and ne guided by sinistral strike slip zones along the ne trending continental margin subduction retreat was terminated by mid miocene soft collision of the inner western carpathians with the european foreland ongoing subduction retreat beneath the eastern carpathians caused post mid miocene back arc extension forming the pannonian basin extension spread into the western carpathians by reactivating the extrusion related strike slip faults as normal faults

empirical predictive models for earthquake induced sliding displacements of slopes earthquake induced sliding displacement is the parameter most often used to assess the seismic stability of slopes the expected displacement can be predicted as a function of the characteristics of the slope yield acceleration and the ground motion e g peak ground acceleration yet there is significant aleatory variability associated with the displacement prediction using multiple ground motion parameters to characterize the earthquake shaking can significantly reduce the variability in the prediction empirical predictive models for rigid block sliding displacements are developed using displacements calculated from over 2 000 acceleration time histories and four values of yield acceleration these empirical models consider various single ground motion parameters and vectors of ground motion parameters to predict the sliding displacement with the goal of minimizing the standard deviation of the displacement prediction the combination of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity is the tw

active tectonics and quaternary basin formation along the vienna basin transform fault abstract the vienna basin transform fault is an active fault system extending over a distance of some 300 km from the eastern alps through the vienna basin into the west carpathians active sinistral movement is indicated by moderate seismic activity in a ne striking zone paralleling the fault focal plane solutions and recent stress measurements by analogy to the miocene kinematics we propose that the sinistral strike slip fault terminates in the carpathians where horizontal offset is transformed into thin skinned thrust type deformation hypocenter depths mostly well above 12 km are in line with the inferred thin skinned style of deformation with active faults restricted to the overthrust alpine carpathian units mapping of active fault segments in the vienna basin using subcrop data thickness maps of quaternary deposits seismological data and geomorphological features seen in the digital elevation model shows that virtually all active faults are reactivated miocene structures in the southern part of the basin active faulting defines a small scale pull apart structure with an actively subsiding quaternary basin which is filled with up to 140 m fluvial gravel sand and paleosoils for this basin quaternary sinistral displacement was quantified by adopting a geometrical model for thin skinned extensional strike slip duplexes accordingly 1 5 2 km sinistral slip accumulated during deposition of the basin fill in the last 400 ky corresponding to a slip rate of 1 6 2 5 mm y results are in good agreement with published gps data indicating 2 mm slip per year a second group of quaternary basins is related to listric normal faulting rollover and crestal collapse of the reactivated normal faults at the nw basin margin rollover also resulted in tilting and dissecting late pleistocene river terraces of the danube

fuzzy evaluation on seismic behavior of reservoir dams during the 2008 wenchuan earthquake china the post earthquake rapid risk evaluation on the reservoir dams plays an important role in the emergency danger disposal and reinforcement the fuzzy data envelopment analysis assurance region dea ar approach was introduced evaluating the seismic behavior of reservoir dams in which the seismic risk of dam site the structure characteristics of reservoir dam and pre earthquake state of dams were taken as input variables in the meantime the seismic crack leakage and deformation of dams induced by the earthquake were taken as output variables the proposed dea ar approach was adopted to evaluate the seismic behavior of 19 reservoir dams suffered from wenchuan earthquake in luojiang county sichuan province the input and output variable values all originated from the post earthquake field investigation data and the weight values of dea ar model were determined by the entropy weight method which was able to avoid the interference from subjective consciousness the evaluation results on the seismic behavior obtained from dea ar approach were mainly consistent with those from the experts in the field which verified that the approach was valid and rational the proposed dea ar approach was based on the objective data and the cognitive ability of the model self to give the evaluation results which was adaptive for the situation that the seismic behaviors of the reservoir dams were not easy to distinguish a ranking method was recommended to judge the order of quality of seismic behavior of the evaluated reservoir dams the ranking results could serve for the post earthquake emergency disposal and reinforcement

earthquake induced displacements of solid waste landfills the response of municipal solid waste landfills at high levels of earthquake shaking is explored results from fully nonlinear dynamic analyses indicate that the seismic response of a landfill particularly the seismic loading for the cover can vary significantly due to reasonable variations of waste properties fill heights site conditions and design rock motions however for the base sliding case the maximum seismic loading depends primarily on the amplitude peak acceleration and frequency content mean period of the design rock motion and the dynamic response characteristics of the landfill represented by its initial fundamental period the calculated permanent base displacement is largely a function of the k sub y k sub max ratio but it is also influenced significantly by the intensity frequency content and duration of the design rock motion and the dynamic response characteristics of the landfill and its foundation charts with normalized parameters are presented which aid in the development of preliminary estimates of the expected seismic loading and displacement these analytical results are consistent with observations from available case records

paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric data from lower triassic redbeds of the central western carpathians new constraints on the paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the carpathian region in the central western carpathians cwc most published paleomagnetic results from permo mesozoic rocks document extensive remagnetizations and come from thin skinned thrust units that have undergone multistage deformation we present results from lower triassic redbeds from the autochthonous cover overlying the basement that carry a primary magnetization petromagnetic results indicate that the dominant ferromagnetic carrier is hematite while magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy are controlled by both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals magnetic fabrics document weak deformation related to late cretaceous shortening the directions of the high unblocking temperature remanence components pass both reversal and fold tests attesting to their primary nature paleomagnetic inclinations are flatter than expected from reference datasets suggesting small latitudinal separation between the cwc and stable europe paleomagnetic declinations are mostly clustered within individual mountain massifs implying their tectonic coherence they show only minor differences between the massifs indicating a lack of significant vertical axis tectonic rotations within the studied central parts of the cwc the paleomagnetic declinations are therefore representative of the whole of the cwc in terms of regional paleogeographic interpretations and imply moderate counterclockwise rotations c 26 of the region with respect to stable europe since the early triassic

liquefaction resistance of soils from shear wave velocity a simplified procedure using shear wave velocity measurements for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of soils is presented the procedure was developed in cooperation with industry researchers and practitioners and evolved from workshops in 1996 and 1998 it follows the general format of the seed idriss simplified procedure based on standard penetration test blow count and was developed using case history data from 26 earthquakes and 70 measurement sites in soils ranging from fine sand to sandy gravel with cobbles to profiles including silty clay layers liquefaction resistance curves were established by applying a modified relationship between the shear wave velocity and cyclic stress ratio for the constant average cyclic shear strain suggested by r dobry these curves correctly predicted moderate to high liquefaction potential for 95 of the liquefaction case histories and are shown to be consistent with the standard penetration test based curves in sandy soils a case study is provided to illustrate application of the procedure additional data are needed particularly from denser soil deposits shaken by stronger ground motions to further validate the simplified procedure

an integrated palaeomagnetic and ams study of the tertiary flysch from the outer western carpathians summary the carpathians belong to the european alpine system which was formed during the convergence and collision of the european and african plates the study area which comprises the magura and silesian nappes of the outer western carpathians were the locations of intensive folding and nappe transport during the tertiary there are a number of models depicting the changes in shapes and positions of the original sedimentary basins as a consequence of the above processes however it is this study that provides the first palaeomagnetic constraints for reconstructing the displacement history of the silesian and magura nappes during tertiary for the palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of the low field magnetic susceptibility ams studies 554 independently oriented cores were drilled mostly from claystones at 57 geographically distributed localities of oligocene and partly of late eocene in the magura nappe age in the laboratory the magnetic mineral identified was always magnetite invariably accompanied by paramagnetic pyrite the ams measurements showed that the magnetic fabric was dominantly foliated the foliation and bedding poles were very close at most of the localities suggesting that the foliation was of sedimentary compaction origin magnetic lineations even if clustered at the locality level did not exhibit a regional pattern for the magura nappe on the other hand lineations related to folding were ne sw oriented in the western and e w oriented in the central and eastern segments of the silesian nappe following the ams measurements the samples were subjected to detailed stepwise demagnetization and analysis of the demagnetization curves that provided the input data for regional tilt tests both the tilt and inclination only tests suggested that the remanence is of post folding age for the magura nappe showing a general 50 counterclockwise ccw rotation similar palaeomagnetic directions were observed for the central and eastern segments of the silesian nappe whereas a significantly larger ccw rotation for the western segment the orientations of the ams lineation directions averaged for the central the eastern and the western segments of the silesian nappe correspond to a rotated palaeomagnetic pattern as they are practically e w oriented for the first two and ne sw oriented for the third the palaeomagnetic results of this study are interpreted in terms of a 50 en bloc rotation in the ccw sense of the magura and silesian nappes during their miocene emplacement this result has two important implications the first is that the ccw rotation of the nappes that accompanied the displacement of the flysch basins from sw to ne is not of palaeogene age as earlier suggested but younger the second is that the change in the stress field orientation during the miocene observed for the silesian nappe is not a cw far field stress rotation but the consequence of ccw block rotations the larger ccw rotation observed in both the palaeomagnetic and ams data sets for the western segment of the silesian nappe relative to the central and eastern segments is connected to local block rotations in a left lateral wrench corridor

theoretical contemporary observational and palaeo perspectives on ice sheet hydrology processes and products publisher elsevier articletitle theoretical contemporary observational and palaeo perspectives on ice sheet hydrology processes and products journaltitle earth science reviews articlelink http dx doi org 10 1016 j earscirev 2016 01 010 content type article copyright copyright 2016 elsevier b v all rights reserved

dynamic centrifuge testing of slickensided shear surfaces movement along preexisting slickensided rupture surfaces in overconsolidated clay and clay shale slopes can represent a critical sliding mechanism during earthquakes the seismic behavior of preexisting slickensided surfaces in overconsolidated clay was examined by performing dynamic centrifuge model tests of two slickensided sliding block models constructed using rancho solano lean clay dynamic shear displacements were concentrated along the preformed slickensided surfaces the peak shear resistances mobilized along the slickensided surfaces during dynamic loading were 90 120 higher than the drained residual strength measured prior to shaking to accurately predict the displacements of the sliding blocks using newmark s method it was necessary to use dynamic strengths that were 37 64 larger than the drained residual strength of the soil dynamic loading caused a positive pore pressure response in the soil surrounding the slickensided planes the postshaking shear strengths were 17 31 higher than those measured prior to shaking

lateral extrusion in the eastern alps part 1 boundary conditions and experiments scaled for gravity lateral extrusion encompasses extensional collapse gravitational spreading away from a topographic high in an orogenic belt and tectonic escape plane strain horizontal motion of wedges driven by forces applied to their boundaries in the eastern alps it resulted from 1 an overall northerly compression apulia against eurasia 2 a strong foreland bohemian massif 3 lack of constraint along a lateral boundary carpathian region and 4 a previously thickened gravitationally unstable thermally weakened crust eastern alpine orogenic belt six indentation experiments reproduce lateral extrusion at lithospheric scale the models have two to four lithospheric layers with a mohr coulomb rheology for the upper and a viscous rheology for the lower crust the lithosphere rests upon a low viscosity asthenosphere a broad indenter a narrow deformable area and a weakly constrained eastern margin fullfill as closely as possible conditions in the eastern alps indentation produces both thickening in front of the indenter and escape of triangular wedges lateral variations in crustal thickness become attenuated by gravitational spreading the overall fault pattern includes domains of reverse strike slip oblique normal and pure normal faults strike slip faults in conjugate sets develop serially the narrow width of the deformable area and the strength of the foreland determine the angles between the sets gravitational spreading produces a rhombohedral pattern of oblique and pure normal faults along the unconstrained margin opposite the unconstrained margin the indenter front shows thrusts and folds intersecting with the conjugate strike slip sets a triangular indenter favors spreading high velocity of indentation favors escape high confinement limits lateral motion inhibits spreading and favors thickening lateral extrusion in the eastern alps is best modeled by 1 a weak lateral confinement 2 a broad and straight indenter 3 a narrow width of the deformable area and 4 a rigid foreland crustal thickening lateral escape and gravitational spreading all contribute to the overall deformation

yield strength ratio and liquefaction analysis of slopes and embankments a procedure is proposed to evaluate the triggering of liquefaction in ground subjected to a static shear stress i e sloping ground using the yield strength ratio su yield v0 thirty liquefaction flow failures were back analyzed to evaluate shear strengths and strength ratios mobilized at the triggering of liquefaction strength ratios mobilized during the static liquefaction flow failures ranged from approximately 0 24 to 0 30 and are correlated to corrected cone and standard penetration resistances these yield strength ratios and previously published liquefied strength ratios are used to develop a comprehensive liquefaction analysis for ground subjected to a static shear stress this analysis addresses 1 liquefaction susceptibility 2 liquefaction triggering and 3 post triggering flow failure stability in particular step 2 uses the yield strength ratio back calculated from flow failure case histories and the cyclic stress method to incorporate seismic loading

three dimensional dynamic response analyses of cogswell dam the recorded strong motions at cogswell dam during the 1987 whittier narrows and 1991 sierra madre earthquakes provide a valuable opportunity to evaluate the applicability of established engineering procedures for evaluating the dynamic response of dams with highly three dimensional geometries in addition these records provide an opportunity to back calculate the dynamic properties of rockfill materials which cannot be easily measured in the laboratory or in situ peak transverse crest accelerations of 0 15 g and 0 42 g were recorded during the whittier narrows and sierra madre earthquakes respectively combined with analyses of the trailing portions of these strong motion records the field data cover a wide range of induced shear strains two dimensional and three dimensional dynamic response analyses were performed using established engineering procedures and their results are compared with the recorded responses dam canyon interaction and topographic effects appear to have influenced the seismic

the pieniny klippen belt in the western carpathians of northeastern slovakia structural evidence for transpression abstract the pieniny klippen belt represents a 600 km long but only a few kilometers wide suture zone in the carpathian orogenic belt based on a quantitative analysis along a part of its nw trending segment in northeastern slovakia we present structural data supporting transpression the continuous interaction of strike slip shearing horizontal shortening and vertical lengthening as a major deformation style in its polyphase deformation history dextral transpression is expressed in the map scale and outcrop fault pattern the oblique orientation of fold axes to the faults bounding the klippen belt and extension parallel to the fold axes the transpression related strain field is described and quantified by the analysis of 1 orientation of rotated fold axes displaying an acute angle to the margins of the klippen belt 2 orientation and geometry of paleostress derived from mesoscale fault striae analysis e trend of 3 trajectories and flattening geometry and 3 the deformation history indicated by extension veins non coaxial regime different techniques using fault striae data quantify paleostress and subdivide heterogeneous data sets mathematically into homogeneous subsets the observed deformation history is modelled as a homogeneous transpression deformation the best fitting model requires a nw trending present day orientation external contraction direction e g plate slip vector and predicts 16 fold axes parallel extension and 23 axial plane normal shortening

evaluation of simplified methods for predicting earthquake induced slope displacements in earth dams and embankments abstract this paper provides a review and comparison of existing simplified displacement based sliding block models analyses were performed to evaluate the relative accuracy of fifteen of these simplified models for predicting earthquake induced displacements to accomplish this task the predictive capability of the models was assessed by comparing model predictions with the actual displacements that were observed after earthquake shaking in 122 case histories of earth dams and embankments the results indicate that the model predictions of displacement were less than the observed displacement for a large majority of the case histories that were examined the difference between the observed and predicted displacements was relatively large for a significant percentage of the cases for each model that was examined the shapes and positions of the models relative error cumulative distribution functions did not change significantly if the case histories were filtered to include only those with intermediate levels of observed displacement i e 0 01 m

late cretaceous deformation of the pieniny klippen belt west carpathians abstract the late cretaceous position and dynamics of the pieniny klippen belt of the west carpathians which lies behind the palaeogene flysch accretionary prism are reconstructed as shown by the reconstruction based on structural sedimentological and palaeomagnetic data the pieniny klippen belt occupied a wnw ese to nw se trending zone during the late cretaceous which acted as an oblique convergent boundary between the ancestral west carpathians and the oceanic lithosphere attached to the north european platform sediments of the pieniny klippen belt were part of both the mountain belt and foredeep at that time known change from pelagic micritic limestone to a flysch sequence is progressively younger seawards in the thrust slice stack forming the pieniny klippen belt the syn sedimentary record includes flysch olistostrome and wildflysch sediments both the nw se thrusting along the ne sw striking faults and dextral strike slip faulting along the wnw ese to nw se striking faults were active in the late cretaceous in the area of the current pieniny klippen belt

variable structural styles and tectonic evolution of an ancient backstop boundary the pieniny klippen belt of the western carpathians the pieniny klippen belt pkb and adjoining zones form a narrow but lengthy belt that separates the cretaceous nappe stack of the central austroalpine and the cenozoic accretionary wedge of the external western carpathians flysch belt the pkb shares units and structures of both in addition to the distinctive oravic units derived from a continental fragment in the middle penninic position in map view the northward convex pkb consists of two branches the western one striking roughly sw ne and the eastern one oriented in the nw se direction the western branch experienced a continuous nw se convergence and forward accretion of units derived from the foreland plate during the late cretaceous up to oligocene the developing accretionary wedge was supported by the backstop of the central carpathians in contrast the eastern branch originated by separation of pkb units and their dextral translation along the ne margin of the central carpathian block in the late eocene during the miocene reorganization of plate movements in the carpathian area the situation reversed the eastern formerly dextral transform margin was converted to the frontal backstop of the eastern part of the accretionary wedge in contrast the western previously orthogonally convergent branch was affected by along strike sinistral movements despite these considerable kinematic changes the pkb remained fixed to both backstop edges and records deformation structures and associated sediments differentiated into several evolutionary stages

on late oligocene to pliocene depocentre migrations and the evolution of the carpathian pannonian system abstract the late oligocene to pliocene evolution of foredeep basins of the eastern alps carpathians fold and thrust belt is marked by pronounced internal to external and lateral depocentre shifts the latter shifts covering a present along arc distance of 1700 km portray accelerating rates of foredeep depocentre migration particularly so in the late early and in the middle miocene from about 7 to about 45 cm yr lateral depocentre migration came to a close at the beginning of the late miocene the subsequent late miocene to pliocene foredeep infill history was characterized by exponentially increasing accumulation rates in the intersection area of the east european ukrainian and moesian platforms successive steps in the evolution of the foredeep basins had pronounced counterparts in the intra carpathian area the beginning of acceleration of foredeep depocentre migration in latest early miocene times was coeval with the inception of intra carpathian extensional tectonics the extremely rapid middle miocene depocentre shift coupled with a change in direction of foredeep depocentre migration corresponded with maximum extension in the intra carpathian area the ensuing end of foredeep depocentre migration around the middle late miocene transition was coeval with the end of extension of the intra carpathian area which in turn was followed by the inception of overall thermal subsidence at about 11 5 ma the timing of and spatial relationships between discrete coeval events in arc and intra arc evolution put unambiguous geological constraints on geodynamic modelling of the evolution of the carpathian pannonian system it is speculated that the geological observations may best be understood in terms of the surficial effects of lateral migration of slab detachment such effects would mirror the dominant role of a concentrating slab pull taken to result in e g a time progressive acceleration of foredeep depocentre migration

prediction of amount of earthquake induced slope displacement by using newmark method abstract landslides are one of the most important results of earthquakes estimation of the earthquake triggered landslide displacement is a major topic for engineering because the amount of ground displacement is significant for seismic hazard assessment newmark sliding block model is a method commonly used to estimate earthquake induced ground displacements based on this method some regression analyses have been carried out and different equations have been obtained in this study primarily previous studies have been updated according to significant world wide earthquake records 2307 strong ground motion records belonging to 26 earthquakes then in scope of this paper a new regression equation has been obtained and the results have been examined in consequence of the comparisons it has been determined that the new formula has more appropriate results in terms of the regression parameters r2 and standard deviation all of these regression equations are suitable for a general approximation to the topic these equations are useful to predict the amount of displacement for regionalscale seismic landslide hazard but they are not proposed for spesific design

a correlation for permanent earthquake induced deformation of earth embankments abstract seismic design of earth dams and embankments is mainly controlled by the permanent deformation that may be induced directly or indirectly because of the design earthquake simple design charts such as those developed by yegian et al yegian m k marciano e a and ghahraman v g 1991 earthquake induced permanent deformations probabilistic approach j geotech eng 117 35 50 hynes griffin and franklin hynes griffin m e and franklin a g 1984 rationalizing the seismic coefficient method miscellaneous paper gl 84 13 us army corps of engineers waterways experiment station vicksburg mississippi makdisi and seed makdisi f i and seed h b 1978 simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake induced deformations j geotech eng 104 849 867 and sarma sarma s k 1975 seismic stability of earth dams and embankments geotechnique 25 743 761 are often used to obtain a preliminary estimate of the permanent earthquake induced deformation of earth dams and embankments comparison of permanent deformations estimated from these procedures with observations from 122 published case histories on performance of earth dams and embankments during past earthquakes indicate that the estimated permanent earthquake induced deformations were in general smaller than the observed deformations however the observed permanent deformation davg was found to relate to the ratio of yield acceleration ay and the peak horizontal ground acceleration amax the scatter in the observational data upon which the davg ay amax relationship is based can be partly explained by the variations in the ratio of the fundamental elastic period of the earth structure td and the predominant period of the earthquake ground motion tp and the magnitude of the earthquake mw

modified newmark model for seismic displacements of compliant slopes newmark sliding block analyses are widely used for estimation of permanent displacements of slopes in earthquakes the conventional newmark model however neglects the dynamic response of the material above a potential failure surface decoupled procedures have been developed to account for that response but they neglect the effects of permanent displacements on the response a modified newmark analysis that considers the dynamic response including the effects of permanent displacements of the material above the failure surface is presented the modified newmark analysis shows that the decoupled approach produces somewhat conservative estimates of permanent displacements for stiff and or shallow failure masses but that it may produce unconservative estimates for failure masses that are soft and or deep many slopes of large lined landfills may fall into this latter category the notion of a slope spectrum which illustrates the effect of the natural period of a potential failure mass on permanent slope displacement is also introduced

build up and dismembering of the eastern northern calcareous alps the structural geometry and kinematics of a segment of the classical fold and thrust belt of the northern calcareous alps nca is analyzed by map mesoscale fault slip and calcite twin data the most distinct feature of the eastern nca is the miocene semp salzachtal ennstal mariazell puchberg lineament which extends 400 km wsw ene from the northern tauern window in the west to the vienna basin in the east it forms an orogen parallel strike slip zone constitutes the major left lateral wrench corridor accommodating eastward lateral extrusion of crustal wedges along the central eastern alps and crosses the nca as an anastomosing zone of distributed shear the semp line and related structures dismember a fold and thrust belt formed during early transpressional and subsequent orthogonal contraction most early miocene structures are reversed in the late miocene accommodating little strain distinct strain fields are calculated based on fault slip and calcite deformation twin data they are regionally consistent in orientation and relative age and correlate with the following deformation stages 1 late cretaceous to early tertiary top to nw nappe stacking and right lateral wrenching along nw trending tear transfer faults as an expression of the build up of the austroalpine orogenic wedge e3 317 17 e1 058 28 e1 e2 e3 principal strains 2 early tertiary top to n stacking and conjugate strike slip faulting reflecting the change from transpressional to frontal contraction within the nca e3 356 12 e1 088 10 3 early to middle miocene large scale left lateral wrenching including early transpression and late transtension as expression of eastward displacement of the southern part of the nca e3 019 22 e1 109 27 4 post middle miocene e w contraction reactivating strike slip and normal faults e3 092 10 e1 004 12 the distributed nature of the lateral extrusion deformation and the anastomosing faulting along the semp line reflect the rheological heterogeneity inherited by the lithology and multiple deformations of the nca a combined extension and stress deflection model possibly accounts best for the pattern of northward concave faults branching off the semp line

sedimentology and hydrocarbon habitat of the submarine fan deposits of the central carpathian paleogene basin ne slovakia abstract the central carpathian paleogene basin accommodates a subsiding area of the destructive plate margin the basin history comprises marginal faulting and alluvial fan accumulation e 2 transgressive onlap by shoreface sediments and carbonate platform deposits e 2 glacio eustatic regression induced by cooling terminal eocene event forced regression tectonic subsidence and growth fault accumulation of basin floor and slope fans e 3 decelerating subsidence aggradation and sea level rising during the mud rich deposition o 1 high magnitude drop in sea level mid oligocene event retroarc backstep of depocenters and lowstand accumulation of sand rich fans and suprafans o 2 m 1 subduction related shortening and basin inversion along the northern margins affected by backthrusting and transpressional deformation o 2 m 1 the basin fill sequence has poor toc 0 5 to fair toc

supraglacial eskers in antarctica abstract this paper describes eskers that form at the edge of the ice sheet in the vestfold hills antarctica eskers are linear ridges that are deposited by streams constrained by glacier ice their formation requires a sediment source and the presence of meltwater capable of thermal erosion and penetration of glacier ice these requirements mean that eskers are generally associated with temperate glaciers and are not usually associated with cold polar glaciers the eskers described in this paper form small ridges of gravel adjacent to ice cored moraines the form orientation sedimentary properties together with consideration of the field relationships suggests they were formed by supraglacial streams that drain moraine dammed lakes and recycle sediment deposited on ice cored moraines the small size of the eskers combined with the active nature of ice marginal processes in the area means the eskers have a low preservation potential and do not occur beyond the ice margin in the vestfold hills

analysis of earth dams affected by the 2001 bhuj earthquake an earthquake of magnitude of 7 6 mw 7 6 occurred in bhuj india on january 26 2001 this event inflicted damages of varying extents to a large number of small to moderate size multi zone earth dams in the vicinity of the epicenter some of the distress was due to the liquefaction of saturated alluvium in foundation liquefaction was relatively localized for the majority of these dams because the earthquake struck in the middle of a prolonged dry season when the reservoirs behind these dams were nearly empty and shallow alluvium soils underneath the downstream portions of the dams were partly dry otherwise liquefaction of foundation soils would have been more extensive and damage to these dams more significant six such dams have been examined in this paper four of these facilities chang shivlakha suvi and tapar were within the 50 km of epicenter region these dams underwent free field ground motion with peak ground accelerations between 0 28g to 0 52g of these chang dam underwent severe slumping whereas shivlakha suvi and tapar dams were affected severely especially over the upstream sections fatehgadh dam and kaswati dam were affected relatively less severely foundation conditions underneath these dams were first examined for assessing liquefaction potential a limited amount of subsurface information available from investigations undertaken prior to the earthquake indicates that although the foundation soils within the top 2 0 to 2 5 m underneath these dams were susceptible to liquefaction bhuj earthquake did not trigger liquefaction because of lack of saturation of these layers underneath the downstream portions of these dams these dams were then analyzed using a simple sliding block procedure using appropriate estimates of undrained soil strength parameters the results of this analysis for these structures were found to be in general agreement with the observed deformation patterns

the interplay between subduction and lateral extrusion a case study for the european eastern alps based on analogue models a series of analogue experiments simulating intra continental subduction contemporaneous with lateral extrusion of the upper plate are performed to study the interference between these two processes at crustal levels and in the lithospheric mantle the models demonstrate that intra continental subduction and coeval lateral extrusion of the upper plate are compatible processes leading to similar deformation structures within the extruding region as compared to the classical setup lithosphere scale indentation strong coupling across the subduction boundary allows for the transfer of stresses to the upper plate where strain regimes are characterized by crustal thickening near a confined margin and dominated by lateral displacement of material near a weak lateral confinement the strain regimes propagate laterally during ongoing convergence creating an area of overlap characterized by transpression when subduction is oblique to the convergence direction the upper plate is less deformed and as a consequence the amount of lateral extrusion decreases in addition strain is partitioned along the oblique plate boundary resulting in less subduction in expense of right lateral displacement close to the weak lateral confinement both oblique and orthogonal subduction models have a strong resemblance to lateral extrusion tectonics of the eastern alps europe where subduction of the adjacent adriatic plate beneath the eastern alps is debated our results imply that subduction of adria is a valid mechanisms to induce extrusion type deformation within the eastern alps lithosphere furthermore our findings suggest that the oligocene to late miocene structural evolution of the eastern alps reflects a phase of oblique subduction followed by a later stage of orthogonal subduction conform a miocene shift in the plate motion of adria oblique subduction also provides a viable mechanism to explain the rapid decrease in slab length of the adriatic plate beneath the eastern alps towards the pannonian basin

what controls dead ice melting under different climate conditions a discussion abstract in the geological record hummocky dead ice moraines represent the final product of the melt out of dead ice processes and rates of dead ice melting in ice cored moraines and at debris covered glaciers are commonly believed to be governed by climate and debris cover properties here backwasting rates from 14 dead ice areas are assessed in relation to mean annual air temperature mean summer air temperature mean annual precipitation mean summer precipitation and annual sum of positive degree days the highest correlation was found between backwasting rate and mean annual air temperature however the correlation between melt rates and climate parameters is low stressing that processes and topography play a major role in governing the rates of backwasting the rates of backwasting from modern glacial environments should serve as input to de icing models for ancient dead ice areas in order to assess the mode and duration of deposition a challenge for future explorations of dead ice environments is to obtain long term records of field based monitoring of melt progression furthermore many modern satellite borne sensors have high potentials for recordings of multi temporal digital elevation models dems for detection and quantification of changes in dead ice environments in recent years high accuracy dems from airborne laser scanning altimetry lidar are emerging as an additional data source however time series of high resolution aerial photographs remain essential for both visual inspection and high resolution stereographic dem production

coeval high pressure metamorphism thrusting strike slip and extensional shearing in the tauern window eastern alps 1 recent findings for a young 31 5 0 7 ma age of high pressure metamorphism at 90 km depths in the eclogite zone of the tauern window eastern alps prompt the question about the timing of the structural development of the tauern window and its relation to high pressure metamorphism we show that all major structures in the tauern window resulting from strong n s lithospheric shortening and simultaneous minor e w extension began developing coevally with high pressure metamorphism in the eclogite zone large scale strike slip shear zones started to form at 32 30 ma and facilitated the spatial accommodation of simultaneous shortening and extension at least some of the strike slip and extensional shear zones operated into the middle miocene either continuously or intermittently with pronounced activity at 21 15 ma the considerable exhumation of the eclogite zone from 90 km depths into the middle crust and the tectonic development of its framework occurred within only 1 2 ma after eclogitization this is evidenced by almost identical ages for eclogite facies metamorphism and for the development of the major structures that bound the eclogite zone under blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphic conditions we discuss a tectonic model in which considerable transpressional shortening and thickening took place in the present central southern part of the tauern window we propose that the tauern window nucleated here and that most of the regional deformation at 32 30 ma is today found at the periphery of the window and in the adjacent austroalpine units afterward transpression continued the window grew to the e w and n and deformation progressed to those parts of the window ductile deformation in the present day surface level ceased at 15 ma

3d geometry and kinematics of the lassee flower structure implications for segmentation and seismotectonics of the vienna basin strike slip fault austria abstract the active vienna basin strike slip fault consists of several segments which differ both in their kinematic and seismotectonic properties mapping of industrial 2d seismic geomorphological data and quaternary basin analysis proves that active deformation uses miocene faults this is shown in detail for the negative flower structure of the lassee fault segment which developed during the miocene and was reactivated in the quaternary the flower structure consists of riedel type splay faults which merge in a major branch line at the top of the principle displacement zone pdz in approximately 3 5 5 5 km depth mapping the pdz of the vienna basin strike slip fault in the continuations of the lassee segment reveals several fault segments which differ by the orientation of the pdz ne and nne striking segments with releasing bend geometries are associated with quaternary basins these segments are delimited by fault bends where the strike of the pdz changes by angles of 20 35 and are connected by ene striking segments orientated parallel to the displacement vector among the releasing bends the lassee segment is subject to increased extension due to the high angle ca 35 between the general slip vector and the orientation of the segment resulting extension seems to be accommodated by both the negative flower structure and normal faults which branch off from the pdz south of the lassee releasing bend the significant fault bends of 20 35 delimiting the geometrical fault segments are regarded to act as impediments during dynamic rupture propagation hence fault segment dimensions can be used for constraining the maximum fault surfaces which can break during single earthquakes the data on active kinematics and fault segmentation of the vienna basin strike slip fault system therefore may serve as a basic input for future assessments of maximum credible earthquake estimates

uncertainty in seismic slope deformation model predictions in this article we examine how variability in driving and resisting force parameters together translate into uncertainty in seismic slope deformation predictions predictive uncertainty of the newmark rigid block and makdisi seed decoupled deformation based methods was evaluated by performing a series of probabilistic monte carlo simulations for two idealized slope models results from these analyses demonstrate that the highly non linear relationship between acceleration ratio and displacement associated with the deformation models dictates the way in which parametric variability is propagated through the analysis and can lead to varying degrees of uncertainty in the deformation predictions based on this observation three zones along the displacement acceleration ratio relationship were identified according to their relative degree of non linearity and correlated with their relative influence on predictive uncertainty these are i highly uncertain ii moderately uncertain and iii low uncertainty using this framework the widely held notion of a generic order of magnitude estimate for deformation predictions is a misnomer based on this it is recommended that realistic levels of parametric variability be incorporated in the seismic slope deformation analysis to establish the operating conditions of the slope system slopes identified as highly uncertain or moderately uncertain require a more robust probabilistic analyses to meaningfully interpret poorly constrained deformation predictions

adjustment of spectral pseudo static approach to account for soil plasticity and zone seismicity the concept of the spectral pseudo static procedure has been developed at the universite de sherbrooke as an alternative to the conventional pseudo static approach for the seismic stability analysi

exploring for hydrocarbons under thrust belts a challenging new frontier in the carpathians and elsewhere new significant reserves of hydrocarbons may occur in subthrust autochthonous and parautochthonous series buried below the frontal zones of thin skinned thrust belts the subthrust plays have been tested in several orogenic belts of the world the carpathians being one of the best examples the arcuate thin skinned carpathian orogenic belt which evolved during the mesozoic and cenozoic is thrust tens of kilometers over its neogene foredeeps and the underlying european plate various structural and stratigraphic settings and potential hydrocarbon plays have been recognized within the buried margins of the european plate including a late paleozoic hercynian compressional system mesozoic rifted margins of the tethys and a cenozoic synorogenic foreland type fault system possibly deeper parautochthonous structures documented on examples from the southern apennines may also be present below the thin skinned frontal zone of the carpathian thrust belt in addition to these structural settings large paleogene valleys submarine canyons have been found within the margins f the european plate these structural and morphologic features if combined with source rocks reservoirs and proper burial history represent potential hydrocarbon plays generation of hydrocarbons from sources within the subthrust plate was greatly enhanced by emplacement of the wedge shaped thrust belt which may also provide a regional seal therefore the combination of the long and complex geological history of the european plate with the impact of the alpine thrusting and foreland deformation created unique conditions for generation entrapment and preservation of hydrocarbons in subthrust settings

developing a map of geologically defined site condition categories for california consideration of site conditions is a vital step in analyzing and predicting earthquake ground motion the importance of amplification by soil conditions has long been recognized but though many seismic instrument sites have been characterized by their geologic conditions there has been no consistent simple classification applied to all sites as classification of sites by shear wave velocity has become more common the need to go back and provide a simple uniform classification for all stations has become apparent within the pacific earthquake engineering research center s next generation attenuation equation project developers of attenuation equations recognized the need to consider site conditions and asked that the california geological survey provide site conditions information for all stations that have recorded earthquake ground motion in california to provide these estimates we sorted the available shear wave velocity data by geologic unit generalized the geologic units and prepared a map so that we could use the extent of the map units to transfer the velocity characteristics from the sites where they were measured to sites on the same or similar materials this new map is different from the california geological survey preliminary site conditions map of california in that 19 geologically defined categories are used rather than national earthquake hazards reduction program categories although this map does not yet cover all of california when completed it may provide a basis for more precise consideration of site conditions in ground motion calculations

basement involved reactivation in foreland fold and thrust belts the alpine carpathian junction austria the late eocene early miocene alpine carpathian fold and thrust belt ftb lies in the transition between the eastern alps and the western carpathians se of the bohemian crystalline massif our study shows the involvement of crystalline basement from the former european jurassic continental margin in two distinct events a first extensional event coeval with eggerian karpatian c 28 16 ma thin skinned thrusting reactivated the rift basement fault array and resulted from the large degree of lower plate bending promoted by high lateral gradients of lithospheric strength and slab pull forces slab break off during the final stages of collision around karpatian times c 17 16 ma promoted large wavelength uplift and an excessive topographic load this load was reduced by broadening the orogenic wedge through the reactivation of the lower plate deep detachment beneath and ahead of the thin skinned thrust front with the accompanying positive inversion of the basement fault array and ultimately by the collapse of the hinterland summits enhanced by transtensional faulting although this work specifically deals with the involvement of the basement in the alpine carpathian junction the main conclusions are of general interest to the understanding of orogenic systems

a unified model for predicting earthquake induced sliding displacements of rigid and flexible slopes abstract permanent sliding displacement represents a common damage parameter for evaluating the seismic stability of slopes recently developed empirical models for the sliding displacement of shallow rigid sliding masses have demonstrated that including multiple ground motion parameters in the predictive model e g peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity improves the displacement prediction and reduces it uncertainty a unified framework is developed that extends these empirical displacement models for application to flexible sliding masses where the dynamic response of the sliding mass is important this framework includes predicting the seismic loading for the sliding mass in terms of the maximum seismic coefficient kmax and the maximum velocity of the seismic coefficient time history k velmax the predictive models are a function of the peak ground acceleration pga peak ground velocity pgv the natural period of the sliding mass ts and the mean period of the earthquake motion tm the empirical predictive models for sliding displacement utilize kmax and k velmax in lieu pga and pgv and include a term related to the natural period of the sliding mass this unified framework provides a consistent approach for predicting the sliding displacement of rigid ts 0 and flexible ts 0 slopes

regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement newmark s sliding block model is widely used to estimate coseismic slope performance early efforts to develop simple regression models to estimate newmark displacement were based on analysis of the small number of strong motion records then available the current availability of a much larger set of strong motion records dictates that these regression equations be updated regression equations were generated using data derived from a collection of 2270 strong motion records from 30 worldwide earthquakes the regression equations predict newmark displacement in terms of 1 critical acceleration ratio 2 critical acceleration ratio and earthquake magnitude 3 arias intensity and critical acceleration and 4 arias intensity and critical acceleration ratio these equations are well constrained and fit the data well 71 br 2 b88 but they have standard deviations of about 0 5 log units such that the range defined by the mean one standard deviation spans about an order of magnitude these regression models therefore are not recommended for use in site specific design but rather for regional scale seismic landslide hazard mapping or for rapid preliminary screening of sites 2007 elsevier b v all rights reserved

quantitative reconstruction of orogenic convergence in the northeast carpathians abstract the ne outer carpathians form a fold and thrust belt of large displacement this mainly consists of deformed cretaceous tertiary deep water clastics and can be divided into an imbricate stack of four major supracrustal nappes the magura dukla silesian and skole nappes an extensive reflection seismic surface geological and drillhole database is used to constrain the deformed geometry of the two uppermost and southernmost allochthonous units the magura and dukla nappes a retro deformable cross section shows that the cretaceous tertiary sediment piles are detached along a single large decollement at about 5 7 km depth the rear and frontal parts of the magura nappe show steep imbricate fan geometries while the central part has a duplex structure with long thrust horses to the ne the dukla nappe is a stack of imbricate slices and is separated from the subjacent silesian nappe by a large thrust flat reverse modelling of deformation reveals that the magura nappe was horizontally shortened by at least 80 km and the dukla nappe by about 20 km in the ne sw direction together with previously published estimates of shortening in the silesian and skole nappes the total orogenic contraction in the ne outer carpathians is at least 260 km shortening was accumulated between the middle oligocene and the middle miocene almost all of the shortening can be balanced against contemporaneous back arc extension and eastward extrusion of rock masses from the eastern alps

fault slip analysis along the northern margin of the eastern alps molasse helvetic nappes north and south penninic flysch and the northern calcareous alps fault slip data are analyzed and paleostress tensors computed from 84 stations along the northern margin of the eastern alps between liechtenstein and vienna most fault sets resulted from more than one deformation heterogenous sets are divided into homogenous subsets by cross cutting relationships observed in the field and stress tensors are calculated separately for each subset the deviatoric stress tensors fall into six distinct groups that are regionally consistent in orientation stress ratio and relative age throughout the northern margin of the eastern alps from oldest to youngest the tensor groups are as follows 1 1 subhorizontal e w 3 subvertical thrusting related e w compression this group is only encountered in the south penninic flysch and the northern calcareous alps 2 1 subhorizontal n s 3 subvertical thrusting related n s directed compression 3 1 subhorizontal n s 3 subhorizonal e w strike slip faulting conjugate to n s compression 4 1 subvertical 3 subhorizontal e w e w directed subhorizontal extension 5 1 subhorizontal e w 3 subhorizontal n s strike slip faulting during e w compression and 6 1 subvertical 3 subhorizontal about n s 3 trajectories are oriented perpendicular to the general strike of the eastern alps and parallel topographic gradients the six trensor groups correlate with distinct steps in the cretaceous and the post eocene tectonic evolution of the northern units of the eastern alps 1 1 thrusting related e w compressional structures in the south penninic flysch and the northern calcareous alps are correlated to cretaceous top to w directed thrusting in the south penninic and austroalpine domains 2 2 thrusting related n s compressional structures encompass large scale folds with e w trending axes rare e w oriented thrust branch lines and cut off lines and s dipping ramps in the rhenodanubian flysch tensors reflect the stresses during northward thrusting in the late eocene early miocene 3 3 4 strike slip faults and extensional structures depicting n s compression and e w extension formed during the eastward lateral extrusion of the eastern alps prominent reactivations of strike slip faults during subhorizontal extension in the east and permutation between 1 and 2 reflecting periodic superposition of strike slip and normal faulting in the western eastern alps during overall e w extension suggest a close relationship of both tensor groups deformation resulted in the eastward lateral motion of the northern units of the eastern alps that started during the miocene 4 5 the significance of late miocene e w directed compression reactivating pre existing fractures and faults is presently not well understood we tentatively relate this event to a major change of boundary conditions within the miocene 5 6 the youngest deformation recorded is caused by surface uplift and gravitational collapse of the eastern alps

estimating fully probabilistic seismic sliding displacements of slopes from a pseudoprobabilistic approach permanent sliding displacements are used to evaluate the seismic stability of earth slopes and current practice utilizes a pseudoprobabilistic approach to predict the expected sliding displacement the pseudoprobabilistic approach specifies a design ground motion level based on a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and a specified hazard level e g 2 probability of exceedance in 50 years but the displacement is predicted deterministically based on the design ground motion level the fully probabilistic approach develops a hazard curve for sliding displacement and it is used to assess the displacement of the slope for a given hazard level comparisons of the fully probabilistic and pseudoprobabilistic approaches indicate that the pseudoprobabilistic analysis provides nonconservative estimates of sliding displacement in most cases this paper presents a modification to the pseudoprobabilistic approach that provides displacement values more consistent with the fully probabilistic approach this modi

simplified procedure for estimating earthquake induced deviatoric slope displacements a simplified semiempirical predictive relationship for estimating permanent displacements due to earthquake induced deviatoric deformations is presented it utilizes a nonlinear fully coupled stick slip sliding block model to capture the dynamic performance of an earth dam natural slope compacted earth fill or municipal solid waste landfill the primary source of uncertainty in assessing the likely performance of an earth waste system during an earthquake is the input ground motion hence a comprehensive database containing 688 recorded ground motions is used to compute seismic displacements a seismic displacement model is developed that captures the primary influence of the system s yield coefficient ky its initial fundamental period ts and the ground motion s spectral acceleration at a degraded period equal to 1 5 ts the model separates the probability of zero displacement i e 1 cm occurring from the distribution of nonzero displacement so that very low values of calculated

combination of palaeomagnetic and stress data a case study from north hungary abstract the paper presents the results of a combined palaeomagnetic and microtectonic study in north hungary it analyses the relationship between palaeomagnetically indicated rotations and stress axes at both site and regional level as a result appropriate palaeomagnetic corrections are determined for different sets of microtectonic structures the orientation of the stress axes is restored to its original position by correcting for mass rotation as it is manifested in declination deviation from the present north this process eliminates the apparent rotation of the stress field during the early miocene however our investigations show that real change in orientation of stress axes about 20 did occur during the middle miocene the reconstructed stress field is in good agreement with kinematic models which suggest eastward escape of the area as part of the north pannonian block our results may be best interpreted by attributing the palaeomagnetically indicated rotations partly to rotation of the whole area as a relatively rigid body and partly to local block rotations

macroforms large bedforms and rhythmic sedimentary sequences in subglacial eskers south central ontario implications for esker genesis and meltwater regime abstract eskers of south central ontario were deposited in closed subglacial conduits which were continuous main conduits this interpretation is supported by the intimate association of eskers with an anastomosing network of tunnel channels relatively continuous esker ridges minimal post formational disturbance of esker sediments intercalation of till and stratified sand and gravel diapiric folding at an esker core low variability in palaeocurrent direction and upslope flow paths down esker trends in clast lithology roundness and sphericity indicate continuous conduits with sediment supply by subglacial deformation of adjacent material into the conduits melt out of sediment from the conduit walls and fluvial resedimentation esker ridge morphology is attributed to synchronous erosion transportation and deposition along the main conduits such that ridge discontinuities are primarily explained as zones of non deposition during esker formation composite pseudoanticlinal and oblique accretion avalanche bed macroforms are identified gravel facies within these macroforms were deposited from fluidal flows or hyperconcentrated dispersions progradation of macroforms or migration of constituent large bedforms through the main conduits may have temporarily blocked constricted portions of those conduits and acted as possible internal autogenic controls on sediment availability and flow resistance the location of macroforms within conduits was primarily controlled by conduit geometry and sediment availability and later by feedback between macroform and conduit geometries sand and gravel units alternate rhythmically in vertical section rhythmicity is interpreted as a response to episodic flood flows controlled by seasonal changes in water supply but not necessarily representing annual events fans beads anabranched reaches and extended hummocky deposits are intimately associated with the main esker ridges they are interpreted in terms of subglacial cavities and localized flotation zones connected to the main conduits during flood events in phase wave structures are the products of hydraulic jumps in hyperconcentrated flood flows at flow expansions into swells within the main conduits into cavities connected to the main conduits or at a grounding line esker ridges record only the most powerful flood events whereas fans and beads record flow events in finer detail being primarily depositional reservoirs laterally fining deposits record the waning stages of conduit operation

a method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps abstract the 1994 northridge california earthquake is the first earthquake for which we have all of the data sets needed to conduct a rigorous regional analysis of seismic slope instability these data sets include 1 a comprehensive inventory of triggered landslides 2 about 200 strong motion records of the mainshock 3 1 24 000 scale geologic mapping of the region 4 extensive data on engineering properties of geologic units and 5 high resolution digital elevation models of the topography all of these data sets have been digitized and rasterized at 10 m grid spacing using arc info gis software on a unix computer combining these data sets in a dynamic model based on newmark s permanent deformation sliding block analysis yields estimates of coseismic landslide displacement in each grid cell from the northridge earthquake the modeled displacements are then compared with the digital inventory of landslides triggered by the northridge earthquake to construct a probability curve relating predicted displacement to probability of failure this probability function can be applied to predict and map the spatial variability in failure probability in any ground shaking conditions of interest we anticipate that this mapping procedure will be used to construct seismic landslide hazard maps that will assist in emergency preparedness planning and in making rational decisions regarding development and construction in areas susceptible to seismic slope failure

lower miocene structural evolution of the central vienna basin austria abstract the tectonic evolution of the vienna basin overlying the alpine carpathian fold and thrust belt includes two stages of distinct basin subsidence and deformation the earlier phase contemporaneous with thrusting of the alpine carpathian floor thrust is related to the formation of a wedge top basin piggy back which was connected to the evolving foreland basin lower miocene c 18 5 16 ma this stage is followed by the formation of a pull apart basin middle to upper miocene c 16 8 ma sediments of the latter unconformably overly wedge top basin strata and protected them against erosion analyses of subcrop data from the central part of the basin focus on the complex stratal geometries and tectonics of the lower miocene wedge top basin during that period the overriding allochthon is characterised by syntectonic subsidence and sedimentation out of sequence fold thrusting normal faulting and sinistral wrenching all types of faults are dated as lower miocene by the occurrence of growth strata and the age of overlying post tectonic sediments related to the pull apart basin stage faults mapped in 3d seismic are compared to faults along the sw margin of the vienna basin they prove that complex lower miocene deformation occurred in large parts of the austroalpine overriding nappes concurrent with thrusting at the alpine floor thrust and in the molasse unit the structural analysis of 3d seismic data shows that lower miocene sediments of the ottnangian and karpatian stage unconformable overly the alpine carpathian thrust nappes with a thickness of up to 1500 m geometries include onlaps to the basin floor internal unconformities and toplaps to the overlying middle miocene sediments these toplaps are the results of tilting and subsequent erosion of the sediment pile by out of sequence thrusting in the central part at the karpatian badenian transition c 16 3 ma prior to the onset of pull apart deformation

towards a morphogenetic classification of eskers implications for modelling ice sheet hydrology abstract validations of paleo ice sheet hydrological models have used esker spacing as a proxy for ice tunnel density changes in crest type cross sectional shape along esker ridges have typically been attributed to the effect of changing subglacial topography on hydro and ice dynamics and hence subglacial ice tunnel shape these claims assume that all eskers formed in subglacial ice tunnels and that all major subglacial ice tunnels produced a remnant esker we identify differences in geomorphic context sinuosity cross sectional shape and sedimentary architecture by analysing eskers formed at or near the margins of the last cordilleran ice sheet on british columbia s southern fraser plateau and propose a morphogenetic esker classification three morphogenetic types and 2 subtypes of eskers are classified based on differences in geomorphic context ridge length sinuosity cross sectional shape and sedimentary architecture using geophysical techniques and sedimentary exposures they largely record seasonal meltwater flows and glacial lake outburst floods glofs through sub en and supraglacial meltwater channels and ice walled canyons general principles extracted from these interpretations are 1 esker ridge crest type and sinuosity strongly reflect meltwater channel type eskers formed in subglacial conduits are likely to be round crested with low sinuosity except where controlled by ice structure or modified by surging and contain faults associated with flank collapse eskers formed near or at the ice surface are more likely to be sharp crested highly sinuous and contain numerous faults both under ridge crest lines and in areas of flank collapse 2 esker ridges containing numerous flat crested reaches formed directly on the land surface in ice walled canyons unroofed ice tunnels or in ice tunnels at atmospheric pressure and therefore likely record thin or dead ice 3 eskers containing macroforms exhibiting headward and downflow growth likely record flood scale flows possibly glofs where a lake can be inferred these conclusions suggest that esker crest type sinuosity and geomorphic context when understood along with sedimentary architecture largely reflect formational position with respect to the ice surface reconstructions of ice sheet hydrology need to account for variation in esker morphology because basing hydrodynamic inferences on the presence or absence of an esker alone ignores encoded differences in water source supply flow magnitude and frequency and conduit position

shaking table modeling of seismically induced deformations in slopes physical model experiments were performed on a 1 g shaking table with the principal goals of 1 investigating the mechanisms of seismically induced permanent deformations in slopes and 2 assessing the accuracy and applicability of the newmark sliding block procedure for estimating seismically induced deformations in slopes each of the clayey slope models deformed in response to strong shaking with the principal mode of deformation being deep rotational translational sliding displacement deformations were principally focused along one or more highly localized shear surfaces though a significant amount of additional deformation was also distributed over a relatively wide region of the models the newmark analyses generally provided moderately accurate although somewhat unconservative estimates of deformations displacements computed using the rigid sliding block analysis ranged from 27 to 225 of maximum measured displacements and averaged about 75 of measured displacements for the test series the newmark type analyses were most reliable for those model tests that experienced large deformations where the sliding resistance was controlled principally by postpeak to residual strengths

nonlinear coupled seismic sliding analysis of earth structures earthquake induced sliding displacements of earth structures are generally evaluated using simplified sliding block analyses that do not accurately model the seismic response of the sliding mass nor the seismic forces along the slide plane the decoupled approximation introduced to capture each of these effects separately is generally believed to be conservative however recent studies using linear viscoelastic sliding mass models have revealed instances where the decoupled approximation is unconservative in this paper a coupled analytical model that captures simultaneously the fully nonlinear response of the sliding mass necessary for intense motions and the nonlinear stick slip sliding response along the slide plane is presented the proposed sliding model is validated against shaking table experiments of deformable soil columns sliding down an inclined plane the effect of sliding on the response of earth structures is evaluated and comparisons are made between sliding displacements calculated us

morphometric evidence of 3 6 ga glacial valleys and glacial cirques in martian highlands south of terra sabaea abstract the climate of early mars remains unclear and the debate is topical recently climatic models have suggested a cold climate during the noachian early hesperian on mars which goes against the wet and warm climate often put forward the purpose of this study is to seek geomorphologic evidence of this early cold climate to achieve this a step by step study of the geometry and morphology of several martian valleys has been done in the southern highlands the analysis highlights the morphometric properties which enable the identification of martian glacial landscapes we identified 100 cirques and 83 glacial valleys in two craters and on one mountain in the southern part of terra sabaea the studied morphologies have the same morphometric characteristics and trends as terrestrial and martian glacial valleys and glacial cirques in contrary these trends are very different from those observed in fluvial valleys on earth and on mars 1 the martian glacial valleys are u shaped with a large flat floor and a v index 0 20 while martian and terrestrial fluvial valleys are v shaped with a v index 1 while for fluvial valleys this ratio is 1 3 finally the cross sectional area and the elevation are higher for the glacial valleys compared to the fluvial ones these glacial valleys often originate with a topographic hollow which have the same properties than terrestrial glacial cirque the glacial landscapes identified in southern terra sabaea are restricted to elevations 1000 m and are dated by crater counting to be 3 6 ga this study strongly supports glacial processes as the origin of these valleys and cirques and is the first morphometric evidence of glacial valleys associated with glacial cirques in the southern highlands in agreement with the climatic models we propose that the martian climate during the late noachian early hesperian was characterized by glaciated highlands at elevations 1500 m and at lower elevations where fluvial valley network has been identified

quantifying early miocene in sequence and out of sequence thrusting at the alpine carpathian junction a detailed reconstruction of late oligocene and early miocene thrusting at the leading edge of the east alpine fold thrust belt is achieved from well data seismic and interpretative cross sections data are used for constraining the paleogeographic positions of the alpine thrusts quantifying in sequence out of sequence thrust distances assessing the timing of thrust propagation from structurally higher units into more external ones and estimating thrust velocities results are depicted in five palinspastic maps for time slices between 26 ma and 16 ma the termination of foreland propagating thrusting at the alpine front is apparently controlled by the subcrop topography of the european basement which includes a major recess in the east leading to a diachronic along strike termination of foreland propagating thrusting with younger thrust ages and higher in sequence thrust distances in the east early locking of foreland propagating thrusting in the west causes prominent out of sequence thrusts which add to the in sequence thrust distances there continuing consecutive detachment of foreland units in the east occurs at rather fast propagation velocities with time intervals between foreland thrust propagations ranging between 0 1 and 0 7 ma the resulting increase of in sequence thrust distances from west to east is balanced by out of sequence thrusts in the west the total amount of late oligocene to early miocene thrusting is quantified with a minimum of 51 km average thrust velocities range between 4 6 and 5 2 mm yr this rate refers to the movement of the basal thrust at the leading edge of the fold thrust belt which occurs contemporaneous with the eastward lateral extrusion of the eastern alps in the hinterland

evolution of the stress fields in the carpatho pannonian area during the neogene abstract observations of microtectonic faults in and around the pannonian basin suggest that the tertiary evolution of the area was controlled by large scale strike slip fault activity statistical analysis of the fault pattern for different localities makes it possible to separate several conjugate sets of strike slip faults and related dilatational and compressive structures these stress fields have a distinct rotation pattern with time inversion of fault data suggests a characteristic rotation of the principal stress axes with time some rigid body rotations are indicated by paleomagnetic data there are basically three contrasting mechanisms to explain this observation 1 1 appropriate rotation of the regional e g european stress field 2 2 rotation of larger tectonic units e g microcontinents under a stable regional stress field and 3 3 coherent rotation of smaller detached continental blocks under a stable regional stress field our model for the neogene tectonic evolution of the pannonian area combines these mechanisms moderate microcontinent rotation may have occurred during the paleogene early miocene in the early middle miocene the microcontinents were dissected by a system of strike slip and normal faults created by a n s compressive e w extensive stress field gravity spreading of the pannonian units and block rotation within bounding strike slip faults are suggested to explain rotated magnetic directions and fault patterns in the late neogene clockwise rotation of the general stress field by at least 40 is thought to be responsible for the reactivations of older strike slip faults and for the creation of new sets this change in the orientation of the stress field is related to the eastward and then southward shift of the carpathian subduction activity

paleogene and neogene kinematics of the alpine carpathian fold thrust belt at the alpine carpathian transition abstract in this study we analyze a 300 km long segment of the alpine carpathian orogen using novel outcrop data and regional seismic profiles from the west carpathians to unravel the kinematics and timing of eocene to late miocene deformation of the fold thrust belt comparison with data from the eastern alps and the vienna basin leads to an updated tectonic model for the paleogene and neogene of the alpine carpathian transition which includes three stages 1 eocene to early oligocene nnw directed foreland propagating thrusting thrusts are directed perpendicular to the strike of the european foreland in the outer west carpathians owc and sub parallel to thrusts observed in the eastern alps west of the vienna basin 2 continued late oligocene to early miocene nnw directed foreland propagating thrusting simultaneous with sinistral strike slip reactivation of former nappe boundaries in the hinterland of the active thrusts this deformation corresponds to the early stage of eastward lateral extrusion of the eastern alps the ene striking sinistral faults in the owc are kinematic equivalents of the semp fault system in the eastern alps which was active at the same time the latest stage of thrusting is characterized by sse directed out of sequence thrusts in the hinterland of the owc and the reactivation of variscan basement thrusts in the european foreland as sse directed backthrusts 3 formation of n ne striking sinistral strike slip faults which are kinematically linked to n ne directed out of sequence thrusts post dating nnw directed thrusting the sinistral faults formed coeval with the opening of the vienna pull apart basin during the middle to late miocene stage of lateral extrusion unlike proposed in previous studies the west carpathians do not appear to be affected by oligocene to early miocene crustal scale wrenching of the pieniny klippen belt our data show that the deformation of the pkb is in line with the eocene to late miocene tectonic evolution reconstructed for the owc

far field effects of late miocene subduction in the eastern carpathians e w compression and inversion of structures in the alpine carpathian pannonian region kinematic and paleostress data constrain a late miocene e w compressional event that affected the entire alpine carpathian pannonian system after 9 ma and prior to 5 3 ma the maximum horizontal compression directions obtained from 110 stations show a mean 1 orientation of 083 deformation is mainly strike slip e w directed compression followed early to middle miocene upper plate extension in the pannonian basin which was caused by the retreating subduction boundary in the outer carpathians this compressional event terminated early to middle miocene eastward lateral extrusion of the eastern alps and reverted strike slip faults which bounded earlier extruded wedges such as the salzachtal ennstal fault the periadriatic fault the mur murz vienna basin fault system and strike slip faults in the western carpathians e w compression caused the reorientation of the extension direction of the alpine crustal stack east directed tectonic unroofing of the metamorphic domes in the central eastern alps terminated between 9 and 6 ma and early to middle miocene orogen parallel e w extension switched to late miocene n s extension which parallels modern topographic slopes in the pannonian basin the change from synrift extension to late miocene compression during the postrift phase caused the pronounced postrift subsidence by stress induced downward flexure of the loaded lithosphere we relate late miocene e w compression to coeval late stage west directed subduction of the european plate below the eastern carpathians slab pull of the subducted plate caused subduction roll back and upper plate extension of the pannonian area up to the middle miocene subduction slowed down and ceased when up to 60 km thick buoyant continental crust entered the subduction zone during the short period of continued convergence e w directed compressive stress was transmitted across the subduction boundary into the upper plate compressive stress was transferred through the uppermost brittle crust of the earlier extended pannonian region into the eastern alps up to 1400 km behind the subduction zone e w compression terminated during the pliocene when the pliocene to recent nnw sse compressive stress field was established in central europe

new paleomagnetic results from the upper cretaceous red marls of the pieniny klippen belt western carpathians evidence for general ccw rotation and implications for the origin of the structural arc formation abstract the pieniny klippen belt pkb is a narrow arcuate structure separating the central and outer western carpathians formed during several cenozoic deformational stages the primary aim of this study was to obtain paleomagnetic constraints for the mechanism of formation of the arc we investigate albian santonian red pelagic marls from 14 localities distributed along a strike length of ca 400 km ams measurements reveal a pattern characteristic of weakly deformed sedimentary rocks and magnetic lineations do not correlate with the general strike of the pkb paleomagnetic analysis revealed well defined hematite based ancient magnetization components at 13 localities which are dated using fold and inclination tests a within locality fold test is negative for two localities exhibiting large ccw rotations of similar magnitude situated at the two ends of the pkb remanences of pre folding age were documented for 11 localities with an overall mean paleomagnetic direction of d 311 i 53 and 95 11 the indicated general ccw rotation most probably took place during the miocene together with western central and outer carpathians paleolatitudes for the pkb indicate a considerable separation from the southern margin of stable europe leaving space for coordinated rotation a paleomagnetic oroclinal test involving all localities with primary magnetizations was negative when localities with monoclinal steep dips are omitted due to possible declination bias the overall mean paleomagentic direction does not change significantly but correlation is observed between the general trend of the pkb and the paleomagnetic declinations thus we conclude that the present shape of the arc can be partly due to oroclinal bending this must have happened before oligocene since paleomagnetic declinations for neighboring paleogene basins in the central and outer western carpathians reveal a uniform ccw rotation of ca 50 magnitude irrespective of the position of the localities in relation to the carpathian arc

balancing lateral orogenic float of the eastern alps abstract oligocene to miocene post collisional shortening between the adriatic and european plates was compensated by frontal thrusting onto the molasse foreland basin and by contemporaneous lateral wedging of the austroalpine upper plate balancing of the upper plate shortening by horizontal retrodeformation of lateral escaping and extruding wedges of the austroalpine lid enables an evaluation of the total post collisional deformation of the hangingwall plate quantification of the north south shortening and east west extension of the upper plate is derived from displacement data of major faults that dissect the austroalpine wedges indentation of the south alpine unit corresponds to 64 km north south shortening and a minimum of 120 km of east west extension lateral wedging affected the eastern alps east of the giudicarie fault west of the giudicarie fault north south shortening was compensated by 50 to 80 km of backthrusting in the lombardian thrust system of the southern alps the main structures that bound the escaping wedges to the north are the inntal fault system ca 50 km sinistral offset the konigsee lammertal traunsee klt fault 10 km and the salzach ennstal mariazell puchberg semp fault system 60 km these faults as well as a number of minor faults with displacements less than 10 km root in the basal detachment of the alps the thin skinned nature of lateral escape related structures north of the semp line is documented by industry reflection seismic lines crossing the northern calcareous alps nca and the frontal thrust of the eastern alps complex triangle zones with passive roof backthrusts of middle miocene molasse sediments formed in front of the laterally escaping wedges of the northern eastern alps the aim of this paper is a semiquantitative reconstruction of the upper plate of the eastern alps most of the data is published elsewhere

stability analysis of three dimensional seismic landslides using the rigorous limit equilibrium method abstract in this paper a new method combining the rigorous limit equilibrium method and the pseudo dynamic method is proposed to investigate stability of 3d seismic landslides in which the force equilibrium conditions along three coordinate axes and the overall moment equilibrium conditions around three coordinate axes are all strictly satisfied moreover sinusoidal cosinusoidal wave is applied to simulate earthquake displacement and an amplification factor of peak seismic acceleration is referred to as the amplification of seismic wave when it propagates from the bottom to the top of landslides the pseudo dynamic factor of safety of 3d seismic landslides is determined using trust region reflective iterative algorithm the effects of the parameters of the seismic landslides on the stability are analyzed by the bp neural network algorithm in which a database to investigate the stability of 3d seismic landslides is established in addition the stability of donghekou landslide is studied to verify the accuracy and precision of the present method

inclined plane studies of the newmark sliding block procedure this study considers the shaking induced displacement and dynamic response of a rigid block and deformable columns of soil on an inclined plane this work demonstrates that because of the coupled d

strain partitioning along the western margin of the carpathians abstract four profiles across the obliquely convergent west carpathian external zone together with a field study of the area indicate the interrelation of thrusting and strike slip faulting in the transpressionally deformed wedge in the front of the wedge thrusting is dominant towards the hinterland a progressively greater proportion of strike slip faulting is found the resultant deformational paths are curvilinear diverging from the parallel with the northeast vergent orogen advance the external zone of the west carpathian arc consists of two parts first a zone of frontal compression perpendicular to the orogen advance vector and second a zone of lateral sinistral transpression which is at a lower angle to the orogen advance vector the displacement along correlated strike slip faults progressively decreases towards the zone of frontal compression

dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 august 1979 coyote lake california earthquake abstract the coyote lake california earthquake of 6 august 1979 m l 5 7 provided a rare opportunity to perform a dynamic numerical analysis of a seismically induced slope failure using actual strong motion records the earthquake displaced a preexisting slump on the northeast shore of lake anderson and formed a fissure 20 m long offsets of 9 mm vertically and 18 mm horizontally were measured across the fissure the slump is 9 km northwest of the located epicenter but within 100 m of the mapped trace of the calaveras fault two strong motion records were written in the vicinity of the slump coyote creek 5 km to the southeast and gilroy 6 15 km to the southeast these records combined with field measurements of the slope estimates of the material properties and a dynamic numerical model based on the newmark analysis of seismic slope stability to calculate a predicted displacement for the landslide a displacement of 27 mm calculated using the n50 e component of the gilroy 6 record is in excellent agreement with the displacement measured in the field 21 mm however displacements of only 0 12 mm calculated using the 250 component of the coyote creek strong motion record reflect significant local variations in seismic shaking intensity because strong motion records and slope failures rarely coincide this landslide provides an important test case for our understanding of the dynamics of seismically induced landslides as well as a warning that local seismologic variations need to be considered in any design applications

the bhuj india earthquake lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium abstract the bhuj india earthquake of 26 january 2001 m s 7 9 caused dams built on alluvium to sustain damage ranging from cosmetic to severe major damage was caused almost entirely by soil liquefaction in the alluvium the critical factor was the level of earthquake ground motion the bhuj earthquake showed that peak horizontal accelerations phas 0 2 g were generally safe phas 0 2 g were hazardous when unconsolidated granular foundation soils were water saturated n values of 0 2 g must be evaluated over the full area beneath a new dam and all soils deemed susceptible to liquefaction must be either removed or treated for remediating an old dam reliable options are removal and replacement of liquefiable alluvium beneath upstream and downstream portions of the dam combined with building berms designed to provide stability for the dam should there be a strength loss in soils beneath the dam

total risk rating and stability analysis of embankment dams in the kachchh region gujarat india a method for total risk analysis of embankment dams under earthquake conditions is discussed and applied to the selected embankment dams i e chang tapar rudramata and kaswati located in the kachchh region of gujarat india to obtain the seismic hazard rating of the dam site and the risk rating of the structures based on the results of the total risk analysis of the dams coupled non linear dynamic numerical analyses of the dam sections are performed using acceleration time history record of the bhuj india earthquake as well as five other major earthquakes recorded worldwide the objective of doing so is to perform the numerical analysis of the dams for the range of amplitude frequency content and time duration of input motions the deformations calculated from the numerical analyses are also compared with other approaches available in literature viz makdisi and seed 1978 approach jansen s approach 1990 swaisgood s method 1995 bureau s method 1997 singh et al approach 2007 and saygili and rathje approach 2008 and the results are utilized to foresee the stability of dams in future earthquake scenario c 2010 elsevier b v all rights reserved

probabilistically based seismic landslide hazard maps an application in southern california seismic landslide hazard maps are used to identify zones with a significant hazard of earthquake induced landslides these maps are based on predicted levels of rigid sliding block displacement for given ground motion and yield acceleration conditions this paper presents a probabilistic methodology to develop seismic landslide hazard maps this approach is an improvement over current approaches because it considers both the uncertainties in the ground motion prediction and in the prediction of sliding displacement the probabilistic approach computes the annual rate of exceedance for different levels of sliding displacement given the yield acceleration of a slope and a probabilistic description of the ground motion the displacement level with a 10 probability of exceedance in 50 years is used to identify landslide hazard zones a scalar approach which uses peak ground acceleration and earthquake magnitude to predict sliding displacement and a vector approach which uses peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity to predict sliding displacement are used in this work the probabilistic methodologies are applied to the mint canyon quadrangle in southern california to develop seismic landslide hazard maps these maps indicate that the scalar probabilistic methodology produces slightly larger seismic landslide hazard zones than current methodologies because it incorporates the displacement prediction uncertainty however the vector probabilistic approach significantly reduces the size of the seismic landslide hazard zones because of the additional information provided by the multiple ground motion parameters