evolution of depleted mantle the lead perspective abstract isotopic data have established that compared to estimated bulk earth abundances the sources of oceanic basaltic lavas have been depleted in large ion lithophile elements for at least several billions of years various data on the tertiary mesozoic gorgona komatiite and cretaceous oka carbonatite show that those rocks also sample depleted mantle sources this information is used by analogy to compare pb isotopic data from 2 6 billion year old komatiite and carbonatite from the suomussalmi belt of eastern finland and munro township ontario that are with associated granitic rocks and ores that should contain marked crustal components within experimental error no differences are detected in the isotopic composition of initial pb in either of the rock suites these observations agree closely with sr and nd data from other laboratories showing that depleted mantle could not have originated in those areas more than a few tenths of billions of years before the rocks were emplaced on a world wide basis the pb isotope data are consistent with production of depleted mantle by continuous differentiation processes acting over approximately the past 3 billion years the data show that pb evolution is more complex than the simpler models derived from the rb sr and sm nd systems the nature of the complexity is still poorly understood

new constraints on the 138la β decay constant based on a geochronological study of granites from the yilgarn block western australia abstract the decay constant of 138 la has been geochronologically determined using archean granites from the yilgarn block western australia rb sr and sm nd mineral isochron ages were obtained for the two granite samples which are nearly identical with the ion microprobe u pb zircon ages this agreement indicates that the closure date for these samples is the same within analytical error making them suitable for geochronological estimation of the decay constant for 138 la applying a new method of ce isotope analysis with analytical reproducibility of 0 008 la ce isotope data for the studied samples resulted in precise mineral isochrons based on these internal mineral isochrons and ages determined by other geological clocks the decay constant for 138 la was estimated to be 2 33 0 24 10 12 a 1 2

pb isotopes of granitoids suggest devonian accretion of yangtze south china craton to north china craton feldspar separates of 30 granitoid intrusions ranging in age from neoproterozoic to mesozoic were analyzed for pb isotopic compositions together with associated precambrian basement whole rocks from the north and south qinling orogenic belts the two belts constitute the southern active margin of the north china craton and the northern passive margin of the yangtze craton respectively proterozoic basement rocks from the north and south qinling belts are clearly distinguished in terms of both present day pb isotopes and calculated initials at the time of granite magmatism with the former having considerably more radiogenic pb granitoids of the south qinling belt irrespective of age and specific granitoid rock type show a fairly homogeneous pb isotopic composition that is similar to that of the south qinling basement in contrast in the north qinling belt the pb isotopic composition of granitoids is correlated with their age neoproterozoic and early paleozoic granitoids have radiogenic pb isotopic compositions like those of the north qinling proterozoic basement rocks but late paleozoic and mesozoic granitoids show significantly less radiogenic pb isotopic compositions similar to those of the south qinling basement rocks the unusual change is interpreted to reflect underthrusting of the south qinling belt beneath the north qinling belt at ca 360 ma the process resulted in a change of the source for younger north qinling granitoids from the radiogenic north qinling to the less radiogenic south qinling basement rocks thus the yangtze craton accreted to the north china craton no later than 360 ma

indosinian dextral ductile fault system and synkinematic plutonism in the southwest of the ogcheon belt south korea reply abstract the structure of the mylonite belt in the southwestern part of the ogcheon belt has been investigated and interpreted in the light of recent radiometric data the shear belt is composed of several en echelon dextral shear zones relayed by compressional or extensional tectonic bridges the dextral displacement along the fault system which may be extended to the hida zone of japan is of the order of 200 km it has brought into contact the ryeongnam block and its cambrian middle ordovician cover of north china affinity with the southwestern margin of the ogcheon belt characterized by cambrian middle silurian rift facies and shelf deposits of south china affinity synkinematic plutons are emplaced within the shear belt which is postdated by uppermost triassic unfoliated granitoids at the surface the shear belt generated elongated intermontane coal basins initiated as transtensional half grabens because of its post permian pre early jurassic age and its dextral kinematics we correlate the shear belt with the late stages of the akyioshi indosinian collisional orogeny of the east asian margin the synkinematic plutonism that accompanied the shear zone may be due to post collisional crustal stretching and subsequent anatexis at the mantle crust interface

pb and nd isotopic constraints on paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the northeastern yeongnam massif south korea abstract we report pb isotopic ages and nd isotopic signatures of paleoproterozoic basement rocks from the pyeonghae area northeastern yeongnam massif south korea the pbsl lead step leaching garnet data of the wonnam group precambrian metasediments yield a 207pb 206pb age of 1840 26 ma which can be regarded as the timing of amphibolite to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism and associated garnet growth whole rock data for the pyeonghae gneiss intruding the wonnam group give a 207pb 206pb age of 2093 86 ma denying the possibility of a direct link between the intrusion of the pyeonghae gneiss and the regional metamorphism of the wonnam group our results confirm the significance of the 2 1 ga and 1 8 ga episodes that have been broadly constrained in the yeongnam massif the depleted mantle nd model ages of metasedimentary rocks from the wonnam group 2 63 2 47 ga are slightly younger than those of the pyeonghae gneiss samples 2 71 2 57 ga this nd isotopic signature also precludes a direct derivation of the pyeonghae gneiss from the wonnam group instead implying the presence and involvement of the older probably late archean crustal materials during the 2 1 ga magmatism in the northeastern yeongnam massif compiled pb and nd isotope data from the yeongnam and gyeonggi massifs suggest a similar geologic history for them arguing against the conventional idea that the gyeonggi and yeongnam massifs are separate continental blocks respectively correlated to the south and north china blocks the whole rock pb isotope data of basement rocks from the two massifs form a well defined 207pb 206pb linearity of around 2 0 ga suggesting their common crustal evolution process for the past two billion years a broad coincidence of major tectonic episodes in the two massifs is confirmed by reviewed geochronological data the nd model ages of basement rocks from the two massifs support a probable existence of archean crusts in south korea the nd model ages both archean and proterozoic of the gyeonggi and yeongnam massifs agree with neither those of the north china block predominantly archean nor those of the south china block predominantly proterozoic our compiled isotope data together with recent estimation for the age of the honam shear zone appear to refute the presence of suture zone between the two south korean precambrian massifs which leaves the imjingang belt as the possible suture zone

neoproterozoic bimodal volcanism in the central ogcheon belt korea age and tectonic implication abstract u pb zircon ages were determined for a metavolcanic rock from the munjuri formation in the central ogcheon belt korea four zircon fractions were analyzed of which three are nearly concordant the data define a discordia with an upper intercept at 755 8 1 3 ma and a lower intercept at 160 19 ma mswd 0 72 the upper intercept age is interpreted to indicate the timing of bimodal volcanism and the lower intercept age is interpreted to reflect jurassic thermal metamorphism this is the first definite evidence supporting the existence of a formation in the ogcheon belt that is at least in part late precambrian nd isotope and trace element geochemistry of the amphibolites and felsic metavolcanics suggests that they originated from a mantle source in a continental rift environment the rift does not appear to have matured enough to develop oceanic crust since rocks indicating deep sea environments are absent the possibility that the ogcheon belt is an extension of the east chinese collision belt as suggested by several authors is not supported by the available evidence

environmental effects of river sand mining a case from the river catchments of vembanad lake southwest coast of india rivers in the southwest coast of india are under immense pressure due to various kinds of human activities among which indiscriminate extraction of construction grade sand is the most disastrous one the situation is rather alarming in the rivers draining the vembanad lake catchments as the area hosts one of the fast developing urban cum industrial centre the kochi city otherwise called the queen of arabian sea the vembanad lake catchments are drained by seven rivers whose length varies between 78 and 244 km and catchment area between 847 and 5 398 km2 on an average 11 73 million ty 1 of sand and gravel are being extracted from the active channels and 0 414 million ty 1 of sand from the river floodplains the quantity of instream mining is about 40 times the higher than the sand input estimated in the gauging stations as a result of indiscriminate sand mining the riverbed in the storage zone is getting lowered at a rate of 7 15 cm y 1 over the past two decades this in turn imposes severe damages to the physical and biological environments of these river systems the present paper deals with the environmental effects of indiscriminate sand mining from the small catchment rivers in the southwest coast of india taking the case of the rivers draining the vembanad lake catchments as an example

timing of collision of the sino korean and yangtse cratons u pb zircon dating of coesite bearing eclogites the suture zone between the sino korean and yangtse cratons in central china is marked by a series of fault bounded belts composed of crustal protoliths in the dabie mountains some of these blocks contain coesite and diamond indicating subduction to minimum depths of 120 km as a result of continental collision the blocks range from the structurally lowest ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt and decrease in metamorphic grade upsection to the structurally highest low greenschist facies belt furthermore the faults mark large contrasts in metamorphic grade these features form a structure that is similar to metamorphic core complexes indicating extension as part of the exhumation process timing of the continental collision has previously been inferred as late triassic from regional geologic relations or caledonian from 40 ar 39 ar dating of the adjacent and possibly related qinling metamorphic belt u pb dating of zircon from ultra high pressure eclogites yields a metamorphic age of 209 2 ma this age coincides with later stages of collision and is therefore a minimum estimate of the time of collision

archean crustal evolution in china the taishan complex and evidence for juvenile crustal addition from long term depleted mantle abstract the main framework for crustal evolution of the late archean taishan complex in the shandong province of china is constructed using data from field investigation petrographic examination geochemical analysis and isotopic age determination the history of the complex began with emplacement of basic and tonalitic magmas about 2 7 2 75 ga ago which were metamorphosed designated as metamorphism i to amphibolites and grey gneisses shortly after their emplacement these rocks constitute a metamorphic basement termed the wangfushan gneisses the basement gneisses were later intruded by a plutonic association including 1 alkali and light rare earth element lree enriched dioritic rocks and their differentiates 2 6 ga ago 2 granites and trondhjemites collectively termed the hushan granites also 2 6 ga ago and 3 the aolaishan type granites sensu stricto 2 4 2 5 ga ago the plutonic association in conjunction with the older basement gneisses was later subjected to a second period of deformation and metamorphism metamorphism ii 2 ga ago as inferred from published k ar biotite dates the chronological order of all the above events has been determined by a multichronometric approach and the age results in ma with 2 uncertainties are summarized as follows the relatively low i sr initial 87 sr 86 sr ratio and high positive nd t values for the wangfushan gneisses and the diorite group provides strong evidence for continental growth by addition of juvenile material ultimately separated from long term depleted mantle sources by contrast the sr and nd isotopic data for the aolaishan type granites coherently suggest that they are likely to be derived by anatexis of the basement gneisses at shallow depths crustal evolution of the taishan complex offers an additional example supporting the concept of a continental accretion differentiation superevent that during such a worldwide tectonothermal episode particularly in the archean important differentiation of the upper mantle has contributed to the growth of the continental crust by addition of juvenile material

the role of inclusions in u pb and sm nd garnet geochronology stepwise dissolution experiments and trace uranium mapping by fission track analysis the u pb and sm nd dating of garnet are important tools for understanding rates of tectonometamorphic processes and have been widely applied in studies of metamorphic terranes however the budgets of uranium lead samarium and neodymium in garnet separates from metamorphic rocks may be dominated by contributions from inclusions of monazite or zircon a combined fission track and stepwise dissolution technique is proposed for evaluating the role of inclusions of monazite and zircon in the budgets of uranium lead samarium and neodymium in garnets used for u pb and sm nd chronology variations of th u u nd and sm nd ratios between successive dissolution steps reveal the contributions of monazite and zircon inclusions the stepwise dissolution procedure does not induce any apparent artifacts on 207pb 206pb and sm nd ages the technique has been applied to garnets from three metamorphic terranes almandine garnet samples from the high grade pikwitonei granulite domain manitoba canada and the wind river range wyoming usa have the majority of their uranium samarium neodymium and radiogenic lead pb hosted by micrometer scale inclusions of monazite fission track densities reveal that uranium is 108 times more abundant in inclusions than in garnets stepwise dissolution of the samples shows that neodymium and uranium are associated with the dissolution of monazite in contrast grossularandradite garnets from cascade slide adirondack highlands ny usa show little variation in fission track density and similar isotopic ratios between dissolution steps indicating that the budgets of uranium samarium neodymium and pb are not significantly influenced by inclusions the demonstrated success of these techniques leads us to recommend similar procedures as a routine matter in u pb and sm nd garnet geochronology of metasedimentary rocks

a fluid inclusion study of vug minerals in dawsonite altered phonolite sills montreal quebec implications for hfse mobility ordovician limestones in the francon quarr on the island of montreal quebec are host to three sills of cretaceous age composed of phonolite that has been extensively altered to dawsonite an interesting feature of the sills is the presence of abundant vugs containing a wide variety of minerals including several in which one or more high field strength elements zr hf nb ti is a major component the most important of these latter minerals is weloganite a rare strontium zirconium hydrous carbonate first identified in the francon quarry four types of inclusions have been recognized in vug minerals aqueous aqueous carbonic carbonic and solidbearing aqueous inclusions homogenize at temperatures mainly between 70 and 170 c and between 230 and 390 c the homogenization temperatures of primary inclusions cluster around 350 c aqueous inclusions and the aqueous phase in aqueous carbonic inclusions have salinities ranging between 10 and 24 eq wt nacl equivalent primary aqueous carbonic inclusions have low xco2 0 7 carbonic inclusions are all secondary nahcolite dawsonite and weloganite occur as daughter minerals or trapped solids nahcolite and possibly natron or mirabilite appear to form in frozen inclusions analyses of fluid inclusion decrepitates detected high concentrations of na cl al s and c the extraordinarily high concentration of al in the fluid possibly exceeding 1 wt suggests a ph of approximately 10 pressure and temperature conditions estimated from stratigraphic reconstruction and the isochores of primary aqueous fluid inclusions were 450 bar and 360 to 400 c respectively the relatively high temperatures and compositions of primary fluid inclusions suggest that vug filling was the result of mineral precipitation from an orthomagmatic fluid a model is proposed in which a partially crystallized phonolite melt started exsolving a homogeneous low xco2 fluid immediately prior to or after intrusion sodium aluminium chlorine fluorine sulphur and hfse elements such as zr hf nb and ti were partitioned into the hydrous phase in the case of zr possibly to a concentration of 300 ppm the near horizontal orientation of the sills and the chilled margins produced by quenching of the magma created a tight seal that inhibited escape of the fluids as a result the phonolite stewed in its own juices long after crystallization giving rise to widespread replacement of primary igneous minerals by dawsonite and precipitation of this and other minerals in vugs once the sills had colled to temperatures between 200 and 300 c the aqueous fluid exsolved a high co2 fluid which was trapped as the secondary three phase type ii and type iii inclusions decreasing temperature is considered to have been the principal control of mineralization although in the case of the lower temperature minerals decreased bicarbonate or carbonate ion activity and a lower dielectric constant as a result of co2 exsolution may have played a role in the deposition of hfse bearing minerals

collision between the north and south china blocks a crustal detachment model for suturing in the region east of the tanlu fault a crustal detachment model based on the interpretation of linear aeromagnetic anomalies surface geological observations and deep seismic profiles is proposed for the continent continent collision between the north and south china blocks east of the tanlu fault the model suggests that during the mid mesozoic collision between the two continental blocks the upper crust of the south china block in the subei yellow sea region was detached from the lower crust and thrust over the north china block for 400 km whereas the lower part of the lithosphere was subducted under the north china block along a subsurface suture running east from nanjing the sinistral offset of the qinling suture by the tanlu fault is only 110 120 km in the deep crust much less than previously suggested

geochronology and isotopic character of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism with implications for collision of the sino korean and yangtze cratons central china the collision zone between the sino korean and yangtze cratons in central china is marked by subduction related metamorphic rocks composed of crustal protoliths these range in metamorphic grade from ultrahigh pressure eclogite to low greenschist facies the paragenesis of the ultrahigh pressure rocks coesite and diamond bearing indicates subduction to depths greater than 120 km as a result of continental collision despite extreme metamorphic conditions zircons have not undergone pb loss but rather illustrate two periods of growth crystallization between 700 and 800 ma and ultrahigh pressure metamorphism at 218 2 5 ma previous studies have predicted a time transgressive collision but age data presented in this study indicate that the collision was approximately coeval along the length of the suture u pb zircon ages of these ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks are 218 4 2 5 ma and 217 1 8 7 ma for the dabie mountains and shandong peninsula respectively the similar ages imply that the tan lu fault which offsets the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks is a secondary feature not related to collision or subduction whole rock isotopic data show that both rb sr and u pb were open systems during metamorphism but that sm nd probably remained closed nd initial isotopes display crustal signatures indicating that the crust subducted as a coherent slab rather than becoming intercalated with mantle material at depth sm nd data in conjunction with u pb zircon dating indicate that the ultrahigh pressure rocks are not typical yangtze craton basement 2 9 ga but that they originally crystallized in a rift environment between 700 and 800 ma discrepancies between 40ar 39ar plateaus sm nd isochrons and u pb zircon ages render calculation of a p t t path unrealistic

tectonometamorphic evolution of the permo triassic songrim indosinian orogeny evidence from the late paleozoic pyeongan supergroup in the northeastern taebaeksan basin south korea the deformed and metamorphosed middle pennsylvanian to early triassic rocks of the pyeongan supergroup occurring in northeastern flank of the paleozoic taebaeksan basin east central south korea record the impact of the late permian triassic songrim indosinian collisional orogeny in the eastern eurasia margin analysis of meso and microstructures and their relationship with porphyroblast growth has revealed that these metasedimentary rocks were affected by four deformation events d1 d4 during the polyphase deformations successive foliations with alternately steep s1 and s3 and flat lying s2 and s4 orientations were produced with growth of chloritoid andalusite and kyanite porphyroblasts during d1 and d2 and growth of garnet staurolite and andalusite porphyroblasts during d3 and d4 shrimp u pb detrital zircon ages 330 310 ma from metapelites in the oldest unit of the pyeongan supergroup in the study area combined with the previous data on sandstone compositions indicate magmatic activity that was contemporaneous with the initial deposition of the pyeongan supergroup this also suggests that the pyeongan supergroup was deposited in an arc related foreland basin at an active continental margin during the late carboniferous and permian time two contractional deformation events d1 and d3 and two events related to gravitational flattening d2 and d4 along with barrovian type medium pressure regional metamorphism may have resulted from the late permian triassic songrim orogeny related to collision between the north and south china blocks and or collision between the eastern eurasia margin and the proto japan terrane

tectonometamorphic evolution of the chuncheon amphibolite central gyeonggi massif south korea the chuncheon amphibolite part of the gubongsan group which overlies the yongduri gneiss complex is interlayered with calc silicate rock marble quartzite biotite schist and quartzofeldspathic gneiss in the central gyeonggi massif south korea metamorphic pressures and temperatures estimated from the amphibolite are 5 5 10 6 kbar and 615 714 c these p t conditions are close to those defined by the reaction curve between kyanite and sillimanite and suggest medium pressure type metamorphism of the chuncheon amphibolite for two metapelites intercalated with the amphibolite temperatures are estimated to be 607 699 c consistent with those obtained from the amphibolite on the other hand pressures estimated from these metapelites are significantly different 4 6 kbar and 9 13 kbar when rim and core compositions of garnet are respectively used these p t estimates obtained from the amphibolite and metapelite suggest a nearly isothermal decompression of 3 7 kbar during denudation rapid decompression is likely on the basis of the results of mineral chemistry phase equilibria and geothermobarometer moreover in conjunction with the occurrence of kyanite in the adjacent gyeonggi gneiss complex p t estimates of the chuncheon amphibolite and metapelite suggest a clockwise p t t path this evolutionary path may be related to the amalgamation of continents during the late proterozoic event which corresponds to the jinningian orogeny in the qinling belt of china

upb zircon geochronology of late archaean metamorphic rocks in the taihangshan wutaishan area north china abstract a geochronological study has been made in the taihangshan wutaishan area shanxi province on a sequence of precambrian supracrustal rocks and stratigraphically related intrusives these constitute part of the north china basement block the oldest rocks of the fuping group consist predominantly of mafic granulites paragneisses quartzites and amphibolites this group was always considered archaean and early k ar measurements yielded some minimum ages as old as 2300 ma and others as young as 1500 1900 ma the unconformably overlying wutai group is considered as the base of the proterozoic succession and consists of amphibolite grade paragneisses carbonates and amphibolites in its lower part and greenschist grade clastic sediments and volcanics in its upper part it has given apparent k ar mineral ages between 1500 and 2000 ma present investigations have employed the u pb zircon approach on selected parts of the sequences to provide direct depositional ages or age constraints for the fuping and wutai groups and to find the age s of subsequent metamorphic processes a minimum age for the fuping group and maximum age for the wutai group has been derived from zircon age measurements on the lanzhishan granite 2560 9 ma which intrudes the fuping group and is unconformably overlain by the wutai group this late archaean result can be interpreted as the age of an igneous crystallization event and therefore a maximum for the depositional age of the wutai group the above result is well substantiated by zircon dating of the wutai group itself zircons from a low grade metamorphosed keratophyric lava in the upper part of the group give a volcanic crystallization age of 2520 17 ma this provides close constraints for the age of deposition of the wutai group at between 2560 and 2520 ma ago if the wutai group is indeed basal proterozoic the archaean proterozoic boundary in this part of china is also dated at between 2560 and 2520 ma further evidence as to the antiquity of the wutai group comes from a u pb zircon age of 2520 30 ma for the ekou granite which intrudes the wutai group sequence the age of the underlying late archaean rocks in the tainhangshan wutaishan area the fuping group could not be directly determined because of the paucity of volcanic markers and the higher grade of metamorphism its minimum age is 2560 ma see above but only an approximate maximum age can be gleaned from the zircon systematics in granulite and amphibolite grade paragneiss samples these data indicate a degree of pb inheritance which combined with metamorphic disturbance and more recent pb loss inhibit any further interpretation other than that they indicate an approximate maximum age of around 2800 ma several of the paragneisses and one amphibolitic schist contain zircon systems which are interpreted as having completely responded to a well defined amphibolite facies metamorphic event at 2500 ma ago a younger but less well defined metamorphism caused complete pb loss from zircon and recrystallization in the amphibolite and granulite facies terrains at between 2000 and 1800 ma ago rocks which show evidence of this younger metamorphic event were not recognized from the field or structural data base but from the distribution of the few such samples analyzed it seems possible that this younger terrain may now be interpretable as a cross cutting proterozoic mobile belt this proterozoic metamorphic province is also reflected by k ar mica ages between 1600 and 2000 ma and some preliminary rb sr total rock ages at 1700 ma on nearby paragneisses whose u pb zircon age is 2500 ma

contrasting plate tectonic styles of the qinling dabie sulu and franciscan metamorphic belts the dabie mountains are part of the 2000 km long qinling dabie sulu suture zone juxtaposing the sino korean and yangtze cratons an eastern extension apparently crosses korea and lies along the japan sea side of honshu as the imjingang and sangun terranes respectively a northeastern segment may be present in sikhote alin russian far east this orogenic belt records late paleozoic ocean floor consumption and the triassic collision of two precambrian continental massifs in east central china coesite and microdiamond inclusions in strong refractory minerals of eclogite facies ultrahigh pressure uhp metamorphic rocks in the dabie sulu area attest to profound subduction of a leading salient of the old cold yangtze craton now recovered through tectonic exhumation and erosion northward increase in intensity of subsolidus recrystallization of the suture complex is analogous to the internal progression in grade of high pressure hp and uhp metamorphism documented in the western alps in both regions subduction of narrow prongs of continental material uhp metamorphism and return toward midcrustal levels of relatively lower density buoyant microcontinental blocks resulted from delamination of these rocks from the descending higher density oceanic crust capped lithospheric plate such salients of continental crust represent an integral structural part of the downgoing slab remain intact and may be dragged to great depths before disengaging and rising differentially as coherent blocks uhp parageneses include trace mineralogic relics requiring peak metamorphic conditions of 700 900 c and 28 35 kbar or more in contrast pacific type hp metamorphic belts as represented by the franciscan complex of western california recrystallized under physical conditions up to 200 500 c 10 3 kbar in this setting voluminous quartzo feldspathic and graywacke debris was carried downward on oceanic crust capped lithosphere choking the subduction zone with incompetent material sited between both plates and strongly adhering to neither this buoyant largely sedimentary complex decoupled at 25 30 km depth and ascended toward the surface in both alpine type intracontinental collision and pacific type underflow light sialic material displaced dense mantle thus the return to midcrustal levels was propelled dominantly by body forces

an early proterozoic leuco granitic gneiss with the ree tetrad phenomenon abstract we report here the occurrence of a peculiar leuco granitic gneiss in the imweon area in south korea the chondrite normalized rare earth element ree patterns of this leuco granitic gneiss and its constituent minerals exhibit the tetrad phenomenon which suggests a special event related to aqueous activity in addition the sm 1bnd internal isochron for the whole rock and its constituent minerals gives an age of 2250 4 ma with an initial ratio of 0 50942 0 00002 nd 5 7 these facts suggest that there should be an environment to give rise to the ree tetrad phenomenon in the crust 2 25 ga ago such an environment may be produced by the water phase resulting from anatexis or the fluid phase in the source material itself before anatexis subsequent to the stage where the ree content was lowered due to prolonged fluid circulation throughout the granitic melt the eu depletion compared to the ree the ree redistribution among constituent minerals and the tetrad phenomenon are considered to be cognate even if there had been some time lags between the responsible steps

tectonic elements with south china affinity in the korean peninsula new early jurassic palaeomagnetic data summary early jurassic sandstones and shales were collected at 14 sites from the kimpo area in the western part of the korean peninsula for a palaeomagnetic study a characteristic remanent magnetization component which passes the fold test was isolated from seven sites this characteristic component is interpreted to be of primary early jurassic origin because the folding age is middle late jurassic the primary directions together with previously reported ones provide a mean direction d 38 1 i 39 7 95 3 8 11 sites and a palaeomagnetic pole 54 1 n 230 2 e a95 4 1 for the kimpo area this palaeomagnetic pole shows good agreement with the coeval poles for the south china block and is significantly removed from that for the north china block suggesting that the kimpo area has been part of the south china block since at least early jurassic times the kimpo area constitutes a part of the imjingang belt which is palaeontologically allocated to the south china block in its origin while all precambrian tectonic blocks that compose the basement of the korean peninsula are interpreted to be of north china origin we conclude that the imjingang belt including the kimpo area is a tectonic extension of the south china block on the korean peninsula the south china elements were obducted onto the north china block at the site of the present korean peninsula during the collision event of the north and south china blocks and hence the korean peninsula is composed of areas with both north and south china affinities

possible eastward extension of chinese collision belt in south korea the imjingang belt structural petrological and geochronological data from the middle korean peninsula indicate that the qinling dabie sulu collisional belt of east central china crosses the yellow sea and extends into the imjingang belt the yeoncheon complex first identified as the western imjingang belt comprises primarily north dipping metamorphic sequences 1 the northern jingok unit consisting of barrovian type metapelites and 2 the southern samgot unit consisting of calc silicate and amphibolitic rocks south vergent structures with reverse sense shearing are dominant in the jingok unit whereas late normal sense shearing is pervasive in the samgot unit and the deformed granitoid to the south these structural patterns are interpreted to correspond to extensional deformation associated with uplift following compression in a collisional belt pressure temperature p t estimates from the amphibolites suggest a high p amphibolite facies metamorphism 8 13 kbar and 630 790 c possibly evolving from eclogite facies conditions along a clockwise p t path sm nd and rb sr geochronological data suggest that the amphibolites emplaced in late proterozoic time were metamorphosed during permian triassic time

early tectonic evolution of china abstract at least four tectogenetic cycles are recognized in the early precambrian tectonic evolution of china they brought profound changes to the tectonic regime and delineate different evolutionary stages these are the qianxi an 3 1 2 9 ga and fuping ian 2 6 2 4 ga in the archaean and the wutai an 2 1 2 0 ga and luliang ian 1 8 1 7 ga of the early proterozoic time it is illustrated through the above four stages that the mode of tectonic processes has probably changed with time developing in a non uniformitarian fashion each stage of crustal evolution was characterized by specific tectonic regimes that reflect the response of the crust to the gradual changes of the physical conditions in the lithosphere and underlying mantle major crustal forming events occurred at the end of the archaean through which large crustal segments centering around north china and talimu came into existence these protocontinents were subsequently disrupted during extensive proterozoic reworking but by the end of early proterozoic time general consolidation of proto platforms of sub continental proportions was brought about and the main tectonic framework of chinese continental crust acquired its shape

evolution of the qinling orogenic belt detailed field mapping geophysics and geochemistry show that the qinling orogenic belt is a southward vergent tectonic wedge consisting of six regional thrust sheets the lushan luanchun qinling douling wudang and zhuqi thrust sheets these regional thrusts underwent displacement at the end of the mid triassic and the end of the late jurassic due to the collision between the north and south china blocks and subsequent detachment the qinling orogenic belt is thus an indosinian yanshanian collision detachment zone the so called caledonian orogeny in the qinling orogenic belt records a succession of extensional and partial melting events in the continental crust the basic lavas in the lower paleozoic were erupted into rifting zones both in the northern qinling subzone and southern qinling subzone at the same time local melting of the transitional continental crust occurred and resulted in formation of s type granites

phanerozoic polyphase orogenies recorded in the northeastern okcheon belt korea from shrimp u pb detrital zircon and k ar illite geochronologies abstract we present the shrimp u pb detrital zircon and k ar illite 1m d 1m and 2m 1 ages suggesting new insight into the phanerozoic polyphase orogenies preserved in the northeastern okcheon belt korea since the initial basin formation during neoproterozoic rifting through several successive contractional orogens the u pb detrital zircon ages from the early paleozoic strata of the taebaeksan zone suggest a cambrian maximum deposition age and are supported by trilobite and conodont biostratigraphy although the age spectra from two sedimentary groups the yeongwol and taebaek groups show similar continuous distributions from the late paleoproterozoic to early paleozoic ages a grenville age hiatus 1 3 0 9 ga in the continuous stratigraphic sequence from the taebaek group suggests the existence of different peripheral clastic sources along rifted continental margin s in addition we present the k ar illite 1m d 1m ages of the fault gouges which confirm fault formation reactivation during the late cretaceous to early paleogene ca 82 62 ma and the early miocene ca 20 18 ma the 2m 1 illite ages at least those younger than the host rock ages provide episodes of deformation metamorphism and hydrothermal effects related to the tectonic events during the devonian ca 410 ma and permo triassic ca 285 240 ma these results indicate that the northeastern okcheon belt experienced polyphase orogenic events namely the okcheon middle paleozoic songrim late paleozoic to early mesozoic daebo middle mesozoic and bulguksa late mesozoic to early cenozoic orogenies reflecting the phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the korean peninsula along the east asian continental margin

formation and tectonic evolution of southeastern china and taiwan isotopic and geochemical constraints abstract the southern part of china consists of the proterozoic yangtze craton and the phanerozoic south china foldbelts including the himalayan foldbelt of taiwan models for continental growth have been many and controversial isotopic and geochemical data from mesozoic and younger granitoids and sediments are used here to place constraints on the tectonic evolution of southeastern china and to evaluate whether the young phanerozoic foldbelts are representative of old rejuvenated landmass whether they characterize crustal accretion through successive subduction processes hence suggesting a net growth of continental mass or whether they represent some intermediate situation available sm nd isotopic data for phanerozoic granitoids and metasediments from the south china foldbelts and taiwan invariably show proterozoic model ages t dm ranging from 1 to 2 5 ga with a mean of 1 54 0 30 1 ga all rocks have negative nd t values 2 to 15 suggesting variable but important contributions of old continental materials to the sources of the phanerozoic rocks obviously they do not represent wholesale growth of continental mass the granitoids of the south china foldbelts have multiple origins as viewed from their chemical and isotopic characteristics secular geochemical variation has been established for inland granitoids of proterozoic to mesozoic age their high i sr values 0 710 0 737 suggest that most granitoids are essentially anatectic products of ancient continental crust this is compatible with remelting via microcontinental collision or terrane accretion repeated intracrustal reprocessing by partial fusion and differentiation has undoutedly contributed to important mineralization mesozoic granitoids excluding a type alkaline granites in the coastal region and taiwan show relatively low i sr 0 705 0 710 and high nd values implying that greater amounts of mantle components have been added to ancient continental material in the generation of these rocks this means that mesozoic magmatism in the coastal region resulted from subduction of a paleo pacific plate kula beneath the asian continent the overall geochemical evidence seems to be consistent with a model of serial collisions between microcontinental blocks for the bulk of the south china foldbelts the latest arc continent collision began about 4 ma ago in eastern taiwan

single mineral pbpb dating a new stepwise leaching procedure applied to ca bearing silicates enables the selective recovery of radiogenic and common pb from a mineral and thus makes single phase pbpb dating possible this permits independent dating of rock forming minerals within a paragenetic sequence and the direct combination of age data with petrological results furthermore the stepwise leaching technique has the advantage over multi phase pbpb dating in that it does not require initial pb isotope equilibrium among the phases but may be used to test it the presence of microscopic solid inclusions which complicate dating of single phases if they are not in equilibrium with the host can be traced via the behaviour of the 208pb 204pb ratio through the various leaching steps this constitutes a major advantage over conventional bulk phase pbpb dating in addition the precision of an isochron age can be improved relative to that of the bulk mineral approach since the 207pb 204pb and 206pb 204pb data spread is significantly enhanced therefore the technique may both be used to date younger phases and or minerals with less favourable u pb ratios and to extend the applicability of self consistent p t t modelling

archean granulite gneisses from eastern hebei province china rare earth geochemistry and tectonic implications the granulite gneisses and their retrograded products of the qianxi group from eastern hebei province china have been investigated for their isotope and trace element geochemistry a consistent age of about 2 5 ae has been obtained by the rb sr and sm nd whole rock isochron methods in agreement with the zircon u pb data pidgeon 1980 d y liu unpubl geochemical arguments from initial isotopic ratios isr and ind and elemental distribution patterns have led us to conclude that this age of about 2 5 ae represents the time of granulite facies metamorphism which must have followed closely the primary emplacement of their protoliths previous claims for early archean ages 3 5 ae of these granulites are not substantiated the mineral isotope systematics register an important thermal event at about 1 7 ae roughly corresponding to the time of the widespread luliang orogeny ma and wu 1981 or chungtiao movement huang 1978

archean crustal evolution in china u pb geochronology of the qianxi complex abstract the qianxi complex formerly the qianxi group in eastern hebei province is a key terrain for studying the archean crustal evolution of the sino korean craton in china the evolution of the complex involved several stages of supracrustal deposition and magmatic intrusion except for a few post tectonic intrusives all rock assemblages have been metamorphosed to high grade granulite and amphibolite facies the evolution of the complex has spanned more than 1 ga since about 3 5 ga ago in the present work two areas in the qianan region qianan county have been investigated for u pb age study 1 the caozhuang area in the south and 2 the shuichang yangyashan area in the north important tectonothermal events and magmatic episodes of the qianxi complex were identified by the u pb isotopic analyses of zircons extracted from various rock types the results of age determination and the most likely interpretation in terms of temporal evolution of the complex are summarized schematically the oldest zircons 3 65 3 67 ga of china have been found in a fuchsite bearing quartzite in association with the 3 5 ga sm nd isochron age amphibolites in the caozhuang area this emphasizes the existence of early archean sialic crust in the qianxi complex however no ages older than 2 9 ga have been revealed for grey gneisses enclosing the ca 3 5 ga amphibolite enclaves in the caozhuang area but a leptynite sample of dacitic composition gave a minimum 207pb 206pb age of 3 3 ga obtained by a single zircon stepwise evaporation analysis this age and the 3 5 ga sm nd isochron age for amphibolites suggest that the earliest deposition of supracrustal rocks took place about 3 5 3 3 ga ago the deposition of fuchsite quartzite could have taken place contemporaneously or in an earlier period up to 3 6 ga but its precise stratigraphic positions remains to be determined nevertheless the presence of very ancient zircons clearly advocate for the existence of sialic crust at least 3 6 ga in china in the shuichang yangyashan area a supracrustal sequence containing abundant banded iron formations was intruded by a granitic gneiss dated at 2 96 ga by the conventional multigrain zircon method sm nd model ages of about 3 3 ga were obtained for two amphibolite enclaves in a charnockitic gneiss it appears that supracrustal deposition of the qianxi complex might have migrated to the north and took place in the period of 3 3 3 0 ga in addition to supracrustal rocks the qianxi complex is characterized by polyphase granitoid intrusions except for the contaminated grey gneisses sm nd tdm 3 2 3 3 ga in the caozhuang area and the ca 3 ga granitic gneiss in the yangyashan area most granitoid intrusions are of late archean ages the period of 2 7 2 5 ga has undoubtedly recorded the most important tectonothermal events in the evolution of the sino korean craton the present zircon age study and available age data in the literature demonstrate that the archean crustal development in china culminated towards the end of the archean

sm nd isotope study of early archean rocks qianan hebei province china a sm nd study of mafic amphibolite which occurs as lensoid masses in migmatitic quartz dioriticto granitic gneiss was undertaken in order to determine if it has an early archean age six amphibolite samples define an isochron yielding an age of 3 50 0 08 b y with an initial nd value of 3 3 0 3 three samples of quartz dioritic gneiss lie close to this isochron and have sm nd model ages of ca 3 5 b y referenced to a epleted mantle source a sample of k feldspar rich granitic gneiss gives a younger model age of about 2 9 b y the non zero initial nd value of the mafic amphibolites can be compared with chondritic meteorite samples measured in this laboratory and is therefore precisely determined if the initial nd value can be regarded as representative of the original igneous rocks then it indicates that the mantle magma source was severely depleted with respect to magmaphile elements this suggests that the geochemistry of the early archean mantle may have been similar to that of the modern upper mantle and may require that a large pre archean continental crust have been present on the earth

petrochemistry and sr pb and nd isotopic geochemistry of early precambrian rocks wutaishan and taihangshan areas china abstract in the wutaishan and taihangshan region china the lowermost high grade metamorphic complex of grey gneiss and amphibolite the fuping complex gives a 2 2 0 2 ga pb pb isochron age with a first stage growth 7 73 and a 2 37 0 07 ga sm nd isochron age with 143nd 144nd 0 0 50963 0 00005 or nd t 1 50 nd depleted mantle model dates tdm of amhibolites 2 48 to 2 60 ga those of gneisses are 2 43 to 2 46 ga the unconformably overlying medium to low grade metavolcanic complex the wutai complex gives a 2 0 0 1 ga rb sr isochron age with 87 86sr 0 0 7025 2 a 2 27 0 02 ga pb pb isochron date with afirst stage growth 7 73 and a 2 26 0 06 ga sm nd isochron first stage 143nd 144nd 0 0 5097 2 or nd t 1 08 individual sample nd depleted mantle model date are 2 5 ga metavolcanic samples from low grade metasedimentary rocks of the hutuo group all lie close to a 2 3 ga reference line on a rb sr isochron plot have nd tdm 2 32 2 34 and 2 62 ga from previous geological work published u pb zircon dating and ourisotopic and geochemical results we infer that the fuping rocks formed 2 6 ga ago in an environment like a modern island arc the wutai complex formed by 2 5 ga ago mostly formed in a tectonic setting similar to that of the fuping complex with the exception that one volcanic cycle formed in an environment like a modern mor and one unit formed in an environment transitional between modern within plate and plate margin settings the hutuo group formed 2 4 ga ago in a within plate tectonic environment there is no evidence for continental crust before 2 6 ga in the wutaishan and taihangshan region this contradicts previous assignment of the fuping complex to 2 8 ga ol older the fuping complex is not an early nucleus of the sino korean craton the new data also confirm that the wutai complex is older than its original assignment as early proterozoic the sm nd systems for metabasaltic rocks in the region either in amphibolite facies or in greenschist facies are all significantly disturbed in contrast with the undisturbed sm nd reported in previous studies of the sino korea craton this study provides further evidence that the archean igneous rocks in china formed at different times from heterogeneous and depleted mantle sources

nd isotopic study of precambrian basement of south korea evidence for early archean crust we carried out a sm nd isotopic reconnaissance study of south korea eight river sediments gave crustal residence ages t dm between 1 7 and 2 7 ga implying that on average the crust of south korea was formed in early to middle proterozoic time twenty six precambrian basement rocks yielded t dm between 1 4 and 3 8 ga more than half of them exceed 2 5 ga indicating that south korea has a long history of crustal evolution four of the samples have t dm from 3 2 to 3 8 ga suggesting the possibility that there may be ancient continental crust in korea having ages comparable to those of the oldest cratons in the world however these samples also have preferentially higher sm nd so their old ages could be artifacts thus requiring confirmation the large variation in t dm of south korea is reminiscent of that for the south china block however the existence of early archean ages better matches that of the north china block because the basement of south china was thought to be mostly proterozoic in age the recent discovery of rare archean basement rocks in the south china block may favor models that attempt to correlate south korea with south china

the growth of the continent through geological time studied by nd isotope analysis of shales abstract we determined the nd isotopic composition and the sm nd ratios in a series of australian shales ranging from 0 2 gy to 3 3 gy the first result of this study is the constancy of the sm nd ratio in these shales as in granitoids secondly the initial 143nd 144nd ratio gives a regular curve decreasing through geological time both results confirm that shales are representative samples of the continental crust when insoluble elements like ree are studied we calculated their nd model ages of crustal differentiation the model ages regularly decrease with the stratigraphic ages and after 2 gy the curve flattens and tends to an asymptotic value at around 1 8 gy the significance of the shales is that they represent a mixture of continental materials and we consider the model age of such a mixture directly linked with the mean age of the continental portion feeding the sedimentary basin from these results we deduce a quantitative model of the growth curve of the continental source of the shales taking into account the effects of erosion which selectively sample recent mountains relative to shield areas we propose that the results obtained here are representative of the whole gondwana continent having studied the case of the australian shales we try to extend our study first we applied our quantitative approach to the recent results obtained by o nions et al on north atlantic provinces the continental growth curves obtained by our inversion procedure are quite distinct from the australian shales showing the regional character of shales with these two cases studied we try to compare our results with the already developed model for continental growth the consideration of the surface conservative versus surface non conservative models clearly show the non uniqueness of the geological interpretation of the growth curve on the other hand we have calculated for each case the recycling rate versus geological time by comparing the growth curve with the hurley rand province age curve such recycling increases with time in agreement with the data obtained on nd and sr initial ratios on granitoids

3800 to 2500 ma crustal evolution in the anshan area of liaoning province northeastern china shrimp u pb zircon geochronology has revealed several generations of granitoids and gneisses from the anshan area of northeastern china two samples of the baijiafen granite sensu lato 3804 5 and 3812 4 ma chentaigou granite 3306 13 ma lishan granite 3142 7 ma east and west anshan granites 3001 4 and 2994 8 ma tiejiashan granite 2962 4 and 2964 6 ma and qidashan granite 2475 ma the 3800 ma baijiafen granite consists of banded migmatitic trondhjemitic gneisses and forms only a small part of the area nonetheless they are the oldest known rocks in asia and are one of very few locations in the world where rocks of this antiquity have been found the younger suites are predominantly granite sensu stricto in composition and although foliated they have not been transformed into banded gneisses nd isotopic data suggest that the 3800 ma granites were produced at least in part by remelting of very ancient lree enriched sources perhaps like the exposed remnants of the 3800 ma rocks the chentaigou supracrustals contain layered mafic and ultramafic rocks banded iron formation bif and siliceous layered rocks of probable volcanogenic origin a sample of the latter has yielded a concordant u pb zircon age of 3362 5 ma interpreted as the age of deposition a trondhjemitic sheet cutting these rocks has yielded a u pb zircon age of 3342 6 ma the chentaigou supracrustals are the oldest recognised in the area younger supracrustal sequences collectively known as the anshan group contains the main economic bif units in the area bif is intruded by the 2475 ma qidashan granite indicating that the anshan group is archaean or earliest proterozoic in age

granulite facies metamorphism in the punggi area northeastern yeongnam massif korea and its tectonic implications for east asia abstract in the punggi area of the northeastern part of the yeongnam massif one of precambrian basement terrains in korean peninsular the metamorphic grade increases from the amphibolite to the granulite facies zones towards the southeast the boundary of the granulite facies zone is defined by the orthopyroxene opx in reaction in metabasites as metamorphic grade increases across the opx in isograd the mineral assemblage in calcic metabasites is changed from clinopyroxene amphibole plagioclase to orthopyroxene clinopyroxene amphibole plagioclase and that in alkali metabasites from garnet orthoamphibole plagioclase to garnet orthopyroxene plagioclase the metamorphic rocks in the granulite facies zone were overprinted by upper amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism during retrograde metamorphism cordierite and spinel formed in the migmatitic gneiss the p t conditions of granulite facies metamorphism are 767 815 c and 6 0 8 4 kb and the p t conditions for the retrograde stage are 595 707 c 4 7 6 4 kb a u pb zircon age of 1904 9 ma has been obtained from a garnet granitic gneiss and is inferred to date the emplacement of its precursor this is consistent with the intrusion age of precursors to most orthogneisses in other parts of the yeongnam massif the same sample has yielded a sm nd whole rock garnet age of 617 38 ma which is inferred to represent a late proterozoic metamorphic event of upper amphibolite facies

early proterozoic granulites in central korea tectonic correlation with chinese cratons abstract a coherent granulite complex has been discovered in the central part of the korean peninsula formerly regarded as the eastern imjingang belt this granulite complex hwacheon granulite complex hgc experienced two cycles of tectonometamorphic events the first event corresponded to crustal thickening followed by peak granulite facies metamorphism and associated partial melting the quasi isobaric cooling path suggested by the occurrences of secondary garnet mantling orthopyroxene and secondary kyanite in mafic and pelitic granulites respectively indicates substantial residence time at midcrustal levels prior to exhumation of the hgc the timing of peak metamorphism was dated from the unzoned overgrowth rims on zircons in a migmatitic granulite at documentclass aastex usepackage amsbsy usepackage amsfonts usepackage amssymb usepackage bm usepackage mathrsfs usepackage pifont usepackage stmaryrd usepackage textcomp usepackage portland xspace usepackage amsmath amsxtra