hydrochemical processes in the lower jordan valley and in the dead sea area abstract changes in the concentrations of major some minor and trace elements occurring in both surface and groundwater of the lower jordan river dead sea drainage basin have been investigated in order to identify the characteristics of the regional aquifers and their recharge areas spider patterns of elements and rare earth distribution patterns pinpoint the characteristic chemical features of groundwater as compared to seawater the high br cl ratios in groundwater are caused either by high br cl ratios in precipitation by leaching of br from bituminous matter or by mixing with brines beyond the epsomite stage the locations of groundwater samples with enhanced b contents coincide with the distribution of gypsum in the beds of the lisan formation which produces water with nearly constant b so 4 2 molar ratios aeolian distribution of the unconsolidated lisan sediments influences the b so 4 ratio in the area of lake tiberias and in the jordan highlands the high gd anomaly in the dead sea water is of geologic origin whereas that in the jordan river and in nahal stream qidron is largely anthropogenic the anthropogenic gd input to the dead sea is insignificant compared to the actual amount in the water of the dead sea hot saline water encountered along the western shores of the dead sea with high gd anomalies indicate that they contain large amounts of ancient dead sea water that mix as hot ascending brines with fresh water the recharge area of groundwater in the lower jordan valley extends largely over limestone and dolomite outcrops of the upper cretaceous judea group weathering of locally underlying lower cretaceous volcanics in the area of pezael beqaot and argaman yield groundwater with 34 s so 4 2 values ranging from 2 to 4 the presence of sulphide bearing bodies in this area is attested to magnetic anomalies detected at depths of several kilometres 34 s so 4 2 indicates very deep groundwater circulation high 34 s so 4 2 15 is typical for marine sulphates from the judea and avedat group limestone the springs located along the northwestern shore of the dead sea discharge water replenished on the eastern judea mountains the increase in the salinity of this water is due to brines flushed from sediments and from adjacent sedimentary rocks which host entrapped brines from the precursors of the dead sea formed during the late stages of lake lisan fresher water flushes out these residual brines as a result of falling sea level salinity increase in groundwater is also affected by the ascent of deep seated hot brines from pre sedom periods along the rift faults calculations of mixing between fresh and highly saline end members show that leaching of anhydrite from sediments precipitation of calcite formation of dolomite albitization of plagioclase and ion exchange with abundant clay minerals control the major element composition of the saline groundwater

from partial to full strain partitioning along the indo burmese hyper oblique subduction abstract the andaman nicobar trench and its onshore prolongation the indo burmese wedge is the least studied segment of the india australia subduction new offshore geological and geophysical data have recently been collected along the burma scarp during a marine survey conducted with the r v marion dufresne andaman cruise swath bathymetric mapping combined with shallow and deep seismic show that the dominant active tectonics is dextral strike slip faulting accompanied by various amounts of shortening the southern portion of the burma scarp is transpressive north andaman islands the central portion is pure strike slip on nne oriented segments southern myanmar the northern portion shows sedimentary wedge growth along nw segments both onshore and offshore arakan yoma prism further north the wedge bends to the west while dextral shear faults more or less parallel to the sagaing fault develop within the internal part of the wedge and elongated ns folds form in its external part abutting onto the shillong plateau we propose a simple kinematic model involving evolution from partial to full partitioning from south to north along the west burma scarp wbs and we test it quantitatively using the most recent geodetic results in the south half of the 3 5 cm year of india motion is taken at the trench itself the other half being accommodated onto a single shear fault the sagaing fault in myanmar in the north where the bangladesh fold system developed dextral strike slip faults are activated within the arakan yoma belt and at the accretionary prism backstop contact resulting in full partitioning there faults accommodating the oblique component of motion of india are progressively migrating in space from far field faults andaman sagaing to near trench faults arakan yoma belt and trench itself the burma sliver being buttressed by the eastern himalayas this kinematic extends back to 4 ma which is the time of initiation of the last pulse of oceanic accretion in the andaman basin

sulphur isotopes in lower proterozoic iron and sulphide ores in northern sweden the present investigation deals with sulphur isotope distribution in lower proterozoic iron and sulphide mineralizations in northern sweden the contrasting sulphur isotope patterns are indicative of different genesis some 267 sulphur isotope analyses of pyrite pyrrhotite chalcopyrite sphalerite galena and bornite from 23 occurrences have been performed some deposits exhibit uniform compositions although the mean 34s values are clearly different while other mineralizations have widely fluctuating values

chemical composition of rainfall and groundwater in recharge areas of the bet shean harod multiple aquifer system israel the bet shean and harod valleys are regional recipients and mixing zones for groundwaters draining from a regional multiple aquifer system comprising two different carbonate and two basalt aquifers as well as deep seated reservoirs of confined brines this paper the first of two describes the hydrochemistry of the groundwater bodies related to this multiple aquifer system the paper deals with the chemical composition of rain falling on natural recharge areas the chemical contribution of the aquifer rocks and the chemical evolution of groundwaters in the upper flow courses of all aquifers of this regional system the methodology applied is based on the determination of major dissolved ions and on the examination of their ratios and changes along the upper flow paths rain water falling on natural recharge areas has an average chlorinity of 12mgl 1cl and a calcium bicarbonate composition caused by dust borne terrigenous material this rain water salinity decreases with distance from the sea shore fresh groundwaters flowing through the different aquifers may be identified and differentiated by their characteristic salinity levels and ionic ratios groundwaters flowing through carbonate aquifers are identified by different salinity levels and by distinct rmg rca ratios reflecting dolomite calcite ratios in aquiferr rocks the groundwaters of the two basalt aquifers have typical cation assemblages and high na and mg2 concentrations far in excess of those typical of the recharging rainfall groundwater in the upper flow courses of all aquifers investigated is deficient in so2 4 and k relative to recharging rain water

polyphase deformation in a fore arc back arc basin salin subbasin myanmar burma the salin subbasin of myanmar part of the larger central basin is a fore arc back arc basin couplet situated between an oblique subduction zone to the west and a major right lateral strike slip fault to the east surface and subsurface expressions of folds and faults suggest that the basin experienced north northwest directed extensional deformation in the miocene followed by east northeast directed pliocene pleistocene transpressional deformation resulting in a variety of structural styles including thrust faults oblique reverse faults strike slip faults and normal faults fault propagation folds cored by west dipping thrust faults in the basin center are located above steps in the top of basement surface most likely fault controlled unconformities at the base of and within the pliocene pleistocene synorogenic section indicate that the thrust faults were active during the pliocene pleistocene the southeastern region contains broad north northwest trending uplifts and east northeast striking normal faults associated with thickened miocene synorogenic deposits pliocene pleistocene sedimentary rocks lie unconformably above the miocene section and are folded above the uplifts reflecting pliocene pleistocene compression in the southern part of the basin miocene sedimentary rocks thicken dramatically over the 20 n uplift and the yedwet uplift suggesting that the north northwest striking faults that bound them represent pliocene pleistocene inversion of miocene normal faults during the miocene the burma plate acted as a fore arc sliver coupled with the india plate subducting obliquely underneath it and moved northward relative to asia along the sagaing fault normal faulting and local basin formation took place at this time when the northern part of the burma plate collided with eastern asia in the pliocene transpressional deformation predominated creating thrust and reverse faults positive flower structures and inverted basins

mixing of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments in shallow shelf environments the inhibiting effect that siliciclastic material has on carbonate secreting organisms has lead to the generalization that sediments composed of mixtures of carbonate and siliciclastic material should rarely form however many modern and ancient shelf deposits contain a spectrum of sediments that are of mixed composition the processes responsible for this mixing can be grouped into four categories 1 punctuated mixing where sporadic storms and other extreme periodic events transfer sediments from one depositional environment to another 2 facies mixing where sediments are mixed along the diffuse boundaries between contrasting facies 3 in situ mixing where the carbonate fraction consists of the autochthonous or parautochthonous death assemblages of calcareous organisms that accumulated on or within siliciclastic substrates and 4 source mixing where admixtures are formed by the uplift and erosion of nearby carbonate source terranes the allochemical constituents of mixed sediments are both coralgal and foram mollusc in composition the foram mollusc assemblage is the most common because of the effects of increased turbidity unstable substrates and the clogging of filter feeding mechanisms associated with a siliciclastic influx

ca chloride brines at common outlets of the bet shean harod multiple aquifer system israel abstract the bet shean and harod valleys are regional recipients and mixing zones for groundwaters draining into them from a multiple aquifer system which includes carbonate and basalt aquifers and deep seated reservoirs of brine the outlets of the three aquifers are located at the mountain border separating the valleys from the gilboa and ramot issakhar mts the aquifers drain through two types of outlets unique and common the latter type is mainly conditioned by the occurrence of fault blocks acting as connecting media between the aquifers upon reaching the interconnecting zones fresh groundwater flowing from carbonate and basalt aquifers intermix losing their hydrochemical identities ca chloride brines originating from deep seated and confined reservoirs leak along the deep seated faults characterizing the common outlet zones and contaminate the relatively fresh mixing products originating from the three regional aquifers two types of dilute ca chloride brines were identified in the study area the devora type is a hot and hypersaline source brine which was identified at great depth and under very high hydrostatic pressures this brine could be the residual product of seawater that evaporated during the cambrian cretaceous continental interval and subsequent prolonged interaction with surrounding carbonate rocks the neve ur type brine seems to be genetically related to the neogene inland sdom sea that preceeded the contemporary dead sea

tectonics of the western margin of the shan plateau central myanmar implication for the india indochina oblique convergence since the oligocene abstract we present new data and interpretations on the neogene tectonics of the shan scarp area central myanmar and its relationship with the india indochina oblique convergence we describe ductile and brittle fabrics associated with the major features in this area the mogok metamorphic belt mmb the shan scarp and the sagaing fault from these data we identify a succession of two tectonic regimes first a dominant nnw sse trending extension marked by ductile stretching that characterizes the mmb and associated n70e brittle normal faults later from middle or upper miocene to the present these structures were cross cut by brittle right lateral faults among which the most important are the n20w transpressive shan scarp fault zone and the n s sagaing fault to explain this transition from a dominant transtensive to a transpressive stress regime that occurred during miocene we place our data within a larger geodynamic context we suggest that like the intraplate deformation in the indian ocean the end of spreading in the south china sea the opening of the andaman basin or the end of subduction within the indo burma range the change in the tectonic regime in central myanmar could be in response to a major miocene regional plate kinematic reorganization

structure controlled groundwater flow and salinization paths in the bet she an and harod valleys israel the bet she an and harod valleys are regional recipients and mixing zones for groundwater draining to these valleys from a multiple aquifer system this aquifer system includes two different carbonate aquifers several groundwater bearing basalt flows and deep seated pressurized brine the upflow of which causes salinization of fresh groundwater bodies these aquifers drain through two groups of springs due to lack of information on the subsurface structure of the valley the flow paths of groundwater feeding the springs the initial distribution of salinities along the valley and particularly the inflow paths of the brines have never been understood but were assumed to be fault controlled the interpretation of seismic profiles and analysis of gravity anomalies revealed the subsurface structure of the valley and namely the occurrence of a dense network of faults which branch out from those delineating the jordan dead sea rift the faults formed a series of uplifted and down warped horst and graben structures by joint analysis of structural hydrological and geochemical evidence it occurs that groundwater flow paths leading to the springs emerging in the middle of the bet she an valley are determined by structural elements such as major faults and fault controlled structures the penetration of the pressurized ca chloride rift brines and their inflow into fresh groundwater bodies occurs prevalently along the faults outlining the western margins of the dead sea rift valley and at their intersection with outbranching nw se striking faults

jurassic to miocene magmatism and metamorphism in the mogok metamorphic belt and the india eurasia collision in myanmar situated south of the eastern himalayan syntaxis at the western margin of the shan thai terrane the highgrade mogok metamorphic belt mmb in myanmar occupies a key position in the tectonic evolution of southeast asia the first sensitive high resolution ion microprobe u pb in zircon geochronology for the mmb shows that strongly deformed granitic orthogneisses near mandalay contain jurassic 170 ma zircons that have partly recrystallized during 43 ma high grade metamorphism a hornblende syenite from mandalay hill also contains jurassic zircons with evidence of eocene metamorphic recrystallization rimmed by thin zones of 30 9 plus or minus 0 7 ma magmatic zircon the relative abundance of jurassic zircons in these rocks is consistent with suggestions that southern eurasia had an andean type margin at that time mid cretaceous to earliest eocene 120 to 50 ma i type granitoids in the mmb myeik archipelago and western myanmar confirm that prior to the collision of india an up to 200 km wide magmatic belt extended along the eurasian margin from pakistan to sumatra metamorphic overgrowths to zircons in the orthogneiss near mandalay date a period of eocene 43 ma high grade metamorphism possibly during crustal thickening related to the initial collision between india and eurasia at 65 to 55 ma this was followed by emplacement of syntectonic hornblende syenites and leucogranites between 35 and 23 ma similar syntectonic syenites and leucogranites intruded the ailao shan red river shear belt in southern china and vietnam during the eocene oligocene to miocene and the wang chao and three pagodas faults in northern thailand that most likely link with the mmb were also active at this time the complex history of eocene to early miocene metamorphism deformation and magmatism in the mmb provides evidence that it may have played a key role in the network of deformation zones that accommodated strain during the northwards movement of india and resulting extrusion or rotation of indochina

rock relationships in the mogok metamorphic belt tatkon to mandalay central myanmar abstract the mogok metamorphic belt mmb over 1450 km long and up to 40 km wide consists of regionally metamorphosed rocks including kyanite and sillimanite schists and granites lying along the western margin of the shan plateau in central myanmar and continuing northwards to the eastern himalayan syntaxis exposures in quarries allow correlation of palaeozoic meta sedimentary early mesozoic meta igneous and late mesozoic intrusive rocks within a 230 km long northerly trending segment of the mmb from tatkon to kyanigan north of mandalay and with the mogok gemstone district 100 km to the northeast relationships among the metamorphic and intrusive rocks with sparse published radiometric age controls indicate at least two metamorphic events one before and one after the intrusion of late jurassic to early cretaceous calc alkaline rocks these relationships can be explained by either of two possible tectonic histories one constrained by correlation of mid permian limestones across myanmar requires early permian and early jurassic regional metamorphic events prior to an early tertiary metamorphism in the western part of but within a shan thai western myanmar block the second not compatible with a single laterally continuous permian limestone requires pre upper jurassic regional metamorphism and orogenic gold mineralization in the mergui group and western myanmar early cretaceous collision of an east facing mergui western myanmar island arc with the shan plateau and early tertiary metamorphism in the mmb related to reversal in tectonic polarity following the arc plateau collision

hydrological and hydrogeochemical methods for the delineation of complex groundwater flow systems as evidenced in the bet shean valley israel abstract the bet shean valley northern israel is the base level of groundwater draining from three regional aquifers in the natural undisturbed state i e at the beginning of the six ties groundwater drained through many springs with widely different chemical composition and with a total discharge of about 135 million m 3 for the efficient utilization of water resources it was decided to recover groundwater from wells at the cost of a considerable reduction of spring discharges since the sequence and the rate of spring decay diverged from the pattern that had been predicted it became necessary to delineate aquifers and their connections to the various springs three groups of methods were employed for this purpose a analysis of discharge characteristics and their relation to source aquifers b methods for the identification of well fields that affect the discharge of a particular spring and c hydrogeochemical methods for the delineation of flow paths the paper presents the relevant data the methods employed and the results that were achieved the utility and the limitations of the various methods were discussed and general guidelines for the delineation of groundwater flow in multi aquifer systems were formulated

mid cenozoic fluvio deltaic to marine environments of the salin sub basin central myanmar abstract the salin sub basin is one of several basins within the wide elongate north south trending central basin in myanmar a field based campaign targeted the deposits of the reportedly oligocene shwezetaw padaung and okhmintaung formations which previously have been described only from spatially restricted and incomplete core records and limited field studies a minimum of 2 5 km thickness of these formations in the sub basin records a high sedimentation rate and long term subsidence which broadly kept pace with sediment input facies analysis based on sedimentary logs and panel diagram interpretation interprets these formations as deposits of large scale broadly southward flowing fluvial systems that interacted with deltaic and shallow marine environments in the southwestern parts of the basin a switch from south to southwest flowing rivers midway down the basin suggests these systems fed sediment to offshore basins in the west the overall environment was somewhat similar to the modern day irrawaddy river and delta despite the recorded high sedimentation rates and the coeval subsidence the depositional environment does not show much variation the main control is overall relative sea level rise associated with a northeastward marine transgression into the basin with contemporaneous smaller scale cycles of sea level rise and fall in terms of basin development this considerable thickness of clastic sediment indicates significant emergent sources palaeoenvironment reconstructions suggest that the south flowing fluvial systems sourced sediment from the northern margin of the basin but there were also some channels joining the main channel from the western margin of the basin and fewer channels from the northeast

late cretaceous early tertiary development of depositional basins in samaria as a reflection of eastern mediterranean tectonic evolution the mt scopus group in israel consists of chalk chert phosphorite organic rich carbonate locally known as oil shale and shale of coniacian paleocene age the rock sequence includes several rock units including the en zeitim formation with the related har zefat member mishash formation and biriya formation within the study area the thicknesses of these rock units vary considerably 100 600 m reflecting the geometry of basins that formed after the end of the turonian and evolved during the early late senonian following the opening of the south atlantic ridge during the late cretaceous the convergence between afro arabia and eurasia generated a regional compressive regime throughout the eastern mediterranean region this compression formed the syrian arc fold system that is characterized by a general northeastern direction however preexisting northeast and northwest directed fold and fault patterns responded differently in various areas chains of depocenters aligned along the northwest directed faults subsided during different time increments the bituminous chalk of mt scopus group preserved in these depocenters is considered a genuine petroleum source rock with a total organic carbon content of 10 15 wt the tectonic pattern and the three dimensional distribution of the impermeable sediments of mt scopus group are also important for groundwater exploitation in the area

present day crustal deformation around sagaing fault myanmar 1 global positioning system gps measurement campaigns in myanmar conducted in 1998 and 2000 allow quantifying the present day crustal deformation around the sagaing fault system in central myanmar both a regional network installed at four points within the country and a local 18 station network centered on the city of mandalay across the sagaing fault demonstrate that active deformation related to the northward motion of india is distributed across myanmar in a platelet that extends from the western edge of the shan plateau in the east to the andaman trench in the west in this platelet deformation is rather diffuse and distributed over distinct fault systems in the east the sagaing shan scarp fault system absorbs 10 mm yr this gps study combined with an on land geotectonic survey demonstrate that oblique slip of india along the rigid sundaland block is accommodated by a partitioned system characterized by distribution of deformation over a wide zone index terms 1206 geodesy and gravity crustal movements interplate 8155 1243 geodesy and gravity space geodetic surveys 8110 tectonophysics continental tectonics general 0905 8158 tectonophysics plate motions present and recent 3040 keywords tectonics gps fault southeast asia

uranium isotopes as a natural tracer in the waters of the bet shean harod valleys israel abstract thirty four samples representative of each of the major aquifers and springs in the bet shean harod valleys were analyzed for their uranium isotopes whereas there is relatively small variation in the uranium content large differences are exhibited by the 234 u 238 u activity ratios three distinct water sources are delineated the higher degree of chemical weathering in the basalt aquifer yields low activity ratios it is proposed that the difference in activity ratio within the carbonate waters is due to isotopic changes related to the degree of water maturation which itself is related to the distance the average water travels from the recharge area to the outlets

recharge and salination processes in the carbonate aquifers in israel limestone and dolostone aquifers play a major role in the water supply system of israel in many cases there are brackish to saline springs at their outlets the source of the saline water and the mechanism of salinization differ from place to place in some cases it is due to mixing with seawater mediterranean or dead sea at the fresh saline water interface while in other cases deepseated brines emerge along regional faults the general policy for reclaiming the fresh component of the water before mixing with the saline component is to try to catch the fresh water as far as possible upstream from the outlet in most cases this is the area where the mixing takes place the main case histories in israel are discussed in this paper

subduction of the indian lithosphere beneath the tibetan plateau and burma abstract subduction of the indian lithosphere under eurasia plays an important role in the tectonic evolution of the tibetan plateau and surrounding regions to improve our knowledge of pertinent mantle structures through tomographic imaging we combine p wave arrival time data from temporary arrays in tibet and stations of the chinese seismograph network with reprocessed data from the international seismological centre the new images reveal considerable spatial variations in mantle structure along the collision zone and the horizontal distance over which presumed continental indian lithosphere slides northward beneath the plateau decreases from west where it underlies the himalayas and the entire plateau to east where no indication is found for present day underthrusting beyond the himalayan block and indus tsangpo suture p wavespeed appears low in the shallow mantle beneath much of central and eastern tibet these observations suggest that indian lithosphere underlies only the southwestern part of the plateau and that the central and northeastern part is underlain by lithosphere of asian origin the continental parts of the indian plate that currently underthrust or subduct below the plateau appear generally detached from the oceanic slab fragments that subducted longer ago and that have been detected deeper in the mantle except perhaps in the central part of the collision zone 80 90 e this suggests that ongoing india eurasia collision must increasingly be driven by other forces such as subduction of the indian plate further west and east e g beneath indochina our images reveal structures associated with eastward subduction along the burmese arc southeast of the eastern himalayan syntaxis the tengchong volcanic complex in southwest china is marked by slow wave propagation to 150 km depth suggesting a causal link to subduction along the burmese arc the low velocities beneath the red river fault region extend to greater depth and may be related to upper mantle processes further southeast

tectonics and history of the andaman sea region abstract the andaman sea is an active backarc basin lying above and behind the sunda subduction zone where convergence between the overriding southeast asian plate and the subducting australian plate is highly oblique the effect of the oblique convergence has been formation of a sliver plate between the subduction zone and a complex right lateral fault system the late paleocene collision of greater india and asia with approximately normal convergence started clockwise rotation and bending of the northern and western sunda arc the initial sliver fault which probably started in the eocene extended through the outer arc ridge offshore from sumatra through the present region of the andaman sea into the sagaing fault with more oblique convergence due to the rotation the rate of strike slip motion increased and a series of extensional basins opened obliquely by the combination of backarc extension and the strike slip motion these basins in sequence are the mergui basin starting at 32 ma the conjoined alcock and sewell rises starting at 23 ma east basin separating the rises from the foot of the continental slope starting at 15 ma and finally at 4 ma the present plate edge was formed alcock and sewell rises were separated by formation of the central andaman basin and the faulting moved onshore from the mentawai fault to the sumatra fault system bisecting sumatra

structure and kinematics of the indo burmese wedge recent and fast growth of the outer wedge 1 the northern sunda subduction zone offshore burma and the associated indo burmese wedge mark the active eastern boundary of the burma platelet jammed between the india plate and the sunda plate the aim of this paper is to provide a structural and kinematics analysis of the indo burmese wedge based on seismic reflection geodetic and geological field data we found out that the indo burmese wedge is the place of diffuse strain partitioning right lateral shearing in the innermost part and e w shortening in the outermost part in the outer wedge thick skinned deformation overprints thin skinned deformation it can be explained by the required preservation of the critical taper after the fast westward propagation of the outer wedge above a very efficient clayey decollement layer the thick skinned deformation is here characterized by major right lateral strike slip faults the kaladan fault and the chittagong coastal fault and yet a typical internal deformation of the indo burmese wedge we suggest that the westward migration of internal right lateral shear deformation allows preservation of the strain partitioning ratios between internal n s trending right lateral shearing and external e w shortening some seismic lines show that the outer wedge deformation is not older than 2 ma its propagation could have been enhanced by the large amount of sediments filling up the sylhet flexural basin formed after the pliocene tectonic uplift of the shillong plateau

tectonic evolution of the mogok metamorphic belt burma myanmar constrained by u th pb dating of metamorphic and magmatic rocks 1 the mogok metamorphic belt mmb extends for over 1500 km along the western margin of the shan thai block from the andaman sea north to the eastern himalayan syntaxis previous geochronology has suggested that a long lasting jurassic early cretaceous subduction related event resulted in emplacement of granodiorites and orthogneisses 171 120 ma and a poorly constrained tertiary metamorphic event on the basis of new u pb isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry and u th pb laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer geochronology presented here we propose two tertiary metamorphic events affected the mmb in burma the first was a paleocene event that ended with intrusion of crosscutting postkinematic biotite granite dikes at 59 ma a second metamorphic event spanned late eocene to oligocene at least from 37 possibly 47 to 29 ma this resulted in the growth of metamorphic monazite at sillimanite grade growth of zircon rims at 47 43 ma sillimanite muscovite replacing older andalusite and synmetamorphic melting producing garnet and tourmaline bearing leucogranites at 45 5 0 6 ma and 24 5 0 7 ma these data imply high temperature sillimanite muscovite metamorphism peaking at 680 c and 4 9 kbar between 45 and 33 ma to around 606 656 c and 4 4 4 8 kbar at 29 3 0 5 ma the later metamorphic event is older than 24 5 0 3 ma the age of leucogranites that crosscut all earlier fabrics our structural and geochronological data suggest that the mmb links north to the unexposed middle or lower crust rocks of the lhasa terrane south tibet and east to high grade metamorphic core complexes in northwest thailand

active faulting and tectonics of burma and surrounding regions this study of the active tectonics of burma and surrounding regions is based mostly on an interpretation of landsat imagery and on fault plane solutions for shallow and intermediate earthquakes fold axes in the indoburman ranges and an east dipping inclined zone of intermediate depth earthquakes suggest that a slab of oceanic lithosphere was recently subducted to the east under the indoburman ranges fault plane solutions of shallow earthquakes however do not show underthrusting at the present time instead p axes are oriented roughly north south parallel not perpendicular to the fold axes in the ranges p axes for fault plane solutions of intermediate shocks also trend north south parallel to the strike of the subducted slab and may indicate that the hanging slab is being dragged north by india through the surrounding asthenosphere the sagaing fault probably accommodates most of the right lateral slip of india past indochina but india s northward movement also causes internal deformation within burma thailand and yunnan differences between the tectonic fabric seen on the landsat images and the tectonic regime compatible with the fault plane solutions throughout the region imply major changes in the directions of relative motion in the orientations of strain and in the style of deformation in the late cenozoic presumably these changes reflect the transition from subduction to collision and strike slip motion as india penetrated into eurasia past burma large parts of burma and thailand may have rotated several tens of degrees clockwise in this process

hydrochemical changes induced by overexploitation of groundwater at common outlets of the bet shean harod multiple aquifer system israel abstract the bet shean and harod valleys are regional recipients and mixing zones for groundwaters draining into them from a multiple aquifer system which includes carbonate and basalt aquifers and deep seated reservoirs of brine the aquifers drain through two types of outlets unique and common the latter type is mainly conditioned by the occurrence of fault blocks acting as connecting media between the aquifers ca chloride brines originating from deep seated and confined reservoirs leak along the major faults and contaminate the relatively fresh groundwaters originating from the regional aquifers during the last two decades the salinity of groundwaters at the outlets of aquifers and in springs discharging into the valleys have increased as the result of overexploitation the changes in the chemical composition of these waters indicated inflow of dilute ca chloride brines which replace at an ever increasing rate the fresh water of the area the inflow of brines is limited to fault zones and seems to be controlled by the counterpressure of the overlying fresh water overexploitation diminishes this counterpressure thus facilitating the progressive upflow of brines

age and paleoclimatic implications of the bet shean travertines abstract from 41 000 to over 22 000 yr b p a massive and areally extensive spring travertine was deposited in the bet shean valley israel this travertine is coeval with the ami az member of the lisan formation which represents a high lake stand the travertine deposition is contemporaneous with a more active hydrologic regime associated with wetter conditions in the arid zones of the southern levant adjacent to southern israel these wetter conditions facilitated formation of a widespread spring tufa and also enhanced the water levels of lake lisan

hydrochemistry of groundwater at unique outlets of the bet shean harod multiple aquifer system israel abstract the bet shean and harod valleys are regional recipients and mixing zones for groundwater draining to these valleys from a multiple aquifer system which includes carbonate and basalt aquifers and deep seated reservoirs of brine the outlets of these aquifers are located at the mountain border separating the valleys from the gilboa and ramot issakhar mts the aquifers drain through two types of outlets unique and common the latter type is mainly conditioned by the occurrence of fault blocks acting as connecting media between the aquifers ionic ratios of groundwaters flowing through different carbonate aquifers have not sufficient contrast to facilitate precise identification of source aquifers in the case of basalt aquifers the ratios are unequivocal and sufficient contrast enables such an identification

burma plate motion 1 plate motion in the indo burmese arc andaman sumatra region of burma plate is poorly resolved this is mainly due to lack of relevant data and complex tectonics of the region we analyze 1 azimuths of coseismic displacements due to the 2004 sumatra andaman and 2005 nias earthquakes 2 estimates of interseismic deformation in the indo burmese arc andaman sumatra and sagaing fault regions all based on gps measurements 3 long term plate motion rates across sumatra fault system sagaing fault and andaman sea from geomorphological and other geophysical studies and 4 the earthquake focal mechanisms in the region we suggest that the ssw motion of sunda plate with respect to indian plate may be partitioned into the dextral strike slip motion across the sagaing fault in the north and sumatra fault system in south in the back arc region and the arc normal motion across the sumatra subduction zone which becomes oblique in andaman and southern indo burmese arc region and dextral in the northern indo burmese arc region of the fore arc under the rigid plate approximation we estimate a pole for india burma plate pair at 27 1 n 82 1 1 e with an angular velocity of 0 845 0 12 ma and for burma sunda at 22 3 1 1 n 109 3 2 5 e with an angular velocity of 0 67 0 12 ma thus the plate motion in the northern and southern regions of burma plate namely the indo burmese arc and andaman sumatra arc may be explained by a single pole and does not require a boundary between the two