sediment budget analysis of slope channel coupling and in channel sediment storage in an upland catchment southeastern australia abstract slope channel coupling and in channel sediment storage can be important factors that influence sediment delivery through catchments sediment budgets offer an appropriate means to assess the role of these factors by quantifying the various components in the catchment sediment transfer system in this study a fine

u th dating of striated fault planes direct dating of brittle fault activity is of fundamental importance to tectonic reconstructions and paleoseismic studies one way to address this issue is by constraining the timing of fault striations but this requires a better understanding of the striation formation mechanism and associated mineralization we present results from a microstructural geochemical and geochronological study of calcite precipitates associated with striated fault planes from the dead sea fault zone in northern israel we recognize four types of coexisting calcite precipitates including calcite cement in dilation breccia calcite in striated groove morphology calcite gouge associated with hydraulic fracturing and pressure solution and calcite coating of the fault surface carbon oxygen isotopes 87sr 86sr ratios and rare earth element and yttrium rey patterns indicate various precipitation mechanisms associated with formation of syntectonic calcite cement and striations coseismic calcite gouge and interseismic calcite coating precipitates in the fault zone using u th dating of samples from three adjacent fault planes we delineate four welldefined deformation ages in the period from 220 to 60 ka we conclude that these ages constrain the timing of activity along the dead sea fault zone in northern israel and argue that a similar methodological approach could potentially shed light on the timing of deformation in other brittle fault zones

the deep structure of the north anatolian fault zone abstract multi scale full waveform inversion of complete continental and regional scale seismograms reveals the crustal and upper mantle signature of the north anatolian fault zone which shapes the neotectonics of turkey and the eastern mediterranean within the crust the fault zone is mostly bounded by several high velocity blocks suggesting that it developed along the edges of continental fragments with high rigidity below the crust the surface expression of the eastern and central parts of the north anatolian fault zone correlate with a pronounced low velocity band that extends laterally over 600 km around 100 km depth the low velocity band merges into the shallow anatolian asthenosphere thereby providing a link to the kirka afyon isparta volcanic field and the central anatolian volcanics we interpret the low velocity band beneath the north anatolian fault zone as the upper mantle expression of the tethyan sutures that formed 60 15 ma ago as a result of africa eurasian convergence the structurally weak suture facilitated the formation of the younger less than 10 ma crustal fault zone in this sense the north anatolian fault zone is not only a crustal feature but a narrow zone of weakness that extends into the upper mantle

rare earth elements as indicators of groundwater environment changes in a fractured rock system evidence from fracture filling calcite rare earth element ree abundances in core samples from precambrian crystalline rocks at the samkwang mine site provide evidence of the solution chemistry involved in precipitation of calcite on fractures the rock types collected in core samples are mainly banded gneisses with mineral assemblages dominated by biotite k feldspar quartz and plagioclase calcite chlorite muscovite and sericite occur as secondary minerals with calcite being the main filling material in fractures in general the core samples from 4 boreholes are enriched in light ree lree and depleted in heavy ree hree with negative eu anomalies however positive eu anomalies also occur at specific depths within 3 boreholes variation of chondrite normalized ree patterns results from the fracture filling calcite in core samples calcite fracture fillings provide a record of paleo hydrology where eu has been reduced and selectively concentrated in the solutions from which calcite has precipitated

evidence for episodic cementation and diagenetic recording of seismic pumping events north coles levee california u s a abstract bands of calcite and dolomite cements alternating with zones of nearly carbonate free sand occur in the stevens sandston aat north coles levee san joaquin valley california temperatures calculated from o isotopes suggest that the calcite cement bands were emplaced episodically as a result of repeated injections of hot water from deeper in the section burial analysis suggests that these cements precipitated from 7 ma to the present over the temperature range of 45 to 95 c carbon isotope data suggest that the c in the cements is a mixture derived from two sources detrital shell material 13c pdb and co2 liberated from maturing kerogen 13c 24 plots of 13c vs time and depth of crystallization show that the cementation sequence was 1 dolomite cements possibly concretionary precipitated at depths a log of 13c vs calculated depth of crystallization correlates with the stratigraphic column at north coles levee if the correlation is valid the light 13 in each cement sample can be tied to its source a model based on this interpretation suggests that the early light c was derived from maturing kerogen in the kreyenhagen formation eocene as it passed through the oil window between 4 and 5 ma the subsequent passage of younger sediments with less organic material produced correspondingly smaller amounts of light co2 which was reflected in the relatively heavier c isotopes in the later cements it is suggested that the epidsodic injections of hot water carried dissolved gases and minerals principally calcite upward from rocks as deep as 2 3 km below the stevens sandstone and reprecipitated the calcite in more permeable zones in the rock degassing of co2 from rising pore waters likely triggered the precipitation and accounts for the relatively large volumes of cement the sibson model for seismic pumping of pore fluids is considered a likely explanation for the observed cementation

slope deposits in the upper nalon river basin nw spain an approach to a quantitative comparison the upper nalon river basin cantabrian mountains nw spain exhibits a variety of slope processes and deposits including landslides rockfall and soil creep geomorphic maps were used to quantitatively ascertain the relationships between these deposits and topographic characteristics of exposure gradient and altitude at the nodes of a square grid with 250 m spacing n 926 a correspondence analysis allows the analysis of qualitative variables lithology and origin of deposit and quantitative variables altitude with a class interval of 200 m and gradient in 10 classes the results suggest that lithology is the main conditioning factor of the differences and similarities between deposits

geomorphological and sedimentological analysis of a catastrophic flash flood in the aras drainage basin central pyrenees spain abstract on august 7th 1996 an intense and short duration convective storm occurred over the 18 6 km 2 aras drainage basin central pyrenees spain this high relief basin is composed of three subbasins aso betes and la selva and feeds the aras alluvial fan in the gallego river valley this alluvial fan had been drained by an artificial channel about 125 m 3 s at bank full capacity more than 30 check dams in its feeder channel the aras barranco had been previously filled by earlier sediments the heaviest rain was over the betes subbasin total rainfall 178 4 mm maximum rainfall intensity of 153 mm h for a 10 min time interval was estimated most of the rainfall fell in a 70 min period this storm resulted in high runoff causing catastrophic damage and significant geomorphic changes in the drainage basin especially in the betes subbasin the high discharge concentrated in the aras barranco destroyed most of the check dams flushing out a great amount of debris major channel trenching and widening occurred in this barranco when the confined sediment laden flash flood reached the basin mouth it sheet flooded the southern sector of the aras fan depositing a massive amount of debris on this fan 87 people lost their lives and the direct physical damage has been estimated at 55 million dollars two stages in the development of the flood have been differentiated from the sedimentological and morphological analysis of the flooded fan lobe a first stage peak discharge of sheet flooding deposited a coarse boulder lobe burying the artificial channel at the fan head and causing a darnming effect on the water flood during the second stage discharge decline the flood made its way through the fan head incising the previous debris accumulation and splitting into two main flow paths

structure and contents of a new geomorphological gis database linked to a geomorphological map with an example from liden central sweden this paper presents the structure and contents of a standardised geomorphological gis database that stores comprehensive scientific geomorphological data and constitutes the basis for processing and extracting spatial thematic data the geodatabase contains spatial information on morphography morphometry hydrography lithology genesis processes and age a unique characteristic of the gis geodatabase is that it is constructed in parallel with a new comprehensive geomorphological mapping system designed with gis applications in mind this close coupling enables easy digitalisation of the information from the geomorphological map into the gis database for use in both scientific and practical applications the selected platform in which the geomorphological vector raster and tabular data are stored is the esri personal geodatabase additional data such as an image of the original geomorphological map dems or aerial orthographic images are also included in the database the structure of the geomorphological database presented in this paper is exemplified for a study site around liden central sweden

a new symbol and gis based detailed geomorphological mapping system renewal of a scientific discipline for understanding landscape development this paper presents a comprehensive and flexible new geomorphological combination legend that expands the possibilities of current geomorphological mapping concepts the new legend is presented here at scale of 1 10 000 and it combines symbols for hydrography morphometry morphography lithology and structure with colour variations for process genesis and geologic age the piece by piece legend forms a geomorphological alphabet that offers a high diversity of geomorphological information and a possibility for numerous combinations of information this results in a scientific map that is rich in data and which is more informative than most previous maps but is based on a simple legend the system is developed to also be used as a basis for applications in gis the symbol based information in the geomorphological maps can be digitally stored as a powerful database with thematic layers and attribute tables by combining and further developing aspects of different classical mapping systems and techniques into expanded data combinations new possibilities of presentation and storage are developed and thus a strong scientific tool is provided for landscape configuration and the reconstruction of its development in turn the combination paves the way for specific thematic applications the new system is illustrated for two contrasting landscape types the first is located on the border of vorarlberg western austria and liechtenstein in a glacially influenced high altitude alpine setting that is strongly modified by various degradation processes the second area represents a formerly glaciated region in dalarna central sweden near mora an area that is characterized by a variety of aeolian fluvial glaciofluvial and lacustrine depositional and erosional landforms and also reflects isostatic uplift the new method functions well for both areas and results in detailed scientific outlines of both landscape types

geodynamic control on carbonate diagenesis petrographic and isotopic investigation of the upper jurassic formations of the paris basin france abstract the oxfordian and kimmeridgian carbonates of the eastern edge of the paris basin display poor reservoir properties stable isotope investigation of these non recrystallized cements through both microdrilling sampling and in situ sims secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis shows that they originated from slightly buffered meteoric fluids 3 smow to 8 smow flowing through the malm carbonate aquifers of the eastern edge of the paris basin after a review of the post upper jurassic history of the paris basin it appears that meteoric water supplies leading to such cementations were associated with the evolution of the basin s geodynamic setting and notably with the lcu late cimmerian unconformity major event which corresponds to the uplift of the london brabant massif denudation of the oxfordian and kimmeridgian carbonates on the southern flank of the london brabant massif to the north of the study area then lead to lateral recharging of the associated aquifers with meteoric fluids this scenario is similar to the one proposed to explain cementations of the jurassic carbonates in the wessex weald basins which emphasizes the main role played by the cretaceous unconformities over carbonate diagenesis at the scale of the northwestern tethys margin

sedimentation in pull apart basins active examples in eastern turkey the erzincan susehri niksar and lake hazar basins are actively evolving pull apart basins in eastern turkey their structural drainage and depositional systems generally support a pull apart basin sedimentation model based on ancient pull apart basin deposits this model involves marginal coarse grained sedimentation adjacent to master faults axial fine grained sedimentation away from master faults and high sedimentation rates however studies of the turkish pull apart basins suggest the following refinements in the model 1 detailed sedimentary facies patterns and the dominant facies of a pull apart basin vary according to basin shape climate drainage character and volcanic activity depositional environments near fault bounded margins include alluvial fan fan delta and alluvial apron depositional environments in central areas away from fault bounded margins include active braid plain inactive braid plain meander plain salt playa marsh lacustrine mouth bar delta and volcanic 2 i

spatial distribution of sediment storage types and quantification of valley fill deposits in an alpine basin reintal bavarian alps germany spatial patterns of sediment storage types and associated volumes using a novel approach for quantifying valley fill deposits are presented for a small alpine catchment 17 km 2 in the bavarian alps the different sediment storage types were analysed with respect to geomorphic coupling and sediment flux activity the dominant landforms in the valley in terms of surface area were found to be talus slopes sheets and cones followed by rockfall deposits and alluvial fans and plains more than two thirds of the talus slopes are relict landforms completely decoupled from the geomorphic system notable sediment transport is limited to avalanche tracks debris flows and along floodplains sediment volumes were calculated using a combination of polynomial functions of cross sections seismic refraction and gis modelling a total of 66 seismic refraction profiles were carried out throughout the valley for a more precise determination of sediment thicknesses and to check the bedrock data generated from geomorphometric analysis we calculated the overall sediment volume of the valley fill deposits to be 0 07 km 3 this corresponds to a mean sediment thickness of 23 3 m the seismic refraction data showed that large floodplains and sedimentation areas which have been developed through damming effects from large rockfalls are in general characterised by shallow sediment thicknesses 20 m by contrast the thickness of several talus slopes is more than twice as much for some locations e g narrow sections of valley the polynomial generated cross sections resulted in overestimations of up to one order of magnitude whereas in sections with a moderate valley shape the modelled cross sections are in good accordance with the obtained seismic data for the quantification of valley fill deposits a combined application of bedrock data derived from polynomials and geophysical prospecting is highly recommended d 2003 elsevier b v all rights reserved

microstructural observations on natural syntectonic fibrous veins implications for the growth process abstract syntectonic antitaxial and ataxial fibrous veins were investigated using sem microprobe cathodoluminescence cl and optical microscopy in antitaxial calcite veins fibres and surrounding selvage grew simultaneously with similar growth rates of crystallographically differently oriented grains new material precipitated at the vein margin in antitaxial and bi mineralic ataxial microstructures bridges of country rock material formed during vein growth in an initial en echelon vein system in our antitaxial and bi mineralic ataxial samples the spacing of solid inclusions does not reflect individual crack seal openings

paleogeographic evidence on the jurassic tectonic history of the pontides new paleomagnetic data from the sakarya continent and eastern pontides the jurassic paleogeographic position of the pontides is not well studied because of insufficient paleomagnetic data for this reason a paleomagnetic study was carried out in order to constrain the paleolatitudinal drift of the turkish blocks during the jurassic period a total of 32 sites were sampled from volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks of the lower middle jurassic kelkit formation eastern pontides mudurnu formation sakarya continent and upper jurassic lower cretaceous ferhatkaya formation exposed around amasya region eastern pontides rock magnetic experiments demonstrate that the main ferromagnetic mineral is pseudo single domain titanomagnetite in these rocks paleomagnetic analysis revealed two main components of the natural remanent magnetization during stepwise thermal and alternating field demagnetization the first component is a low coercivity unblocking temperature component with a direction sometimes similar to that of the earth s present field or a viscous component the second component which is interpreted as the characteristic remanent magnetization chrm direction has low to high coercivity properties between 20 and 100 mt or unblocking temperatures between 300 and 580 c a positive fold test at the 95 level of confidence proved that the chrm of the sites is primary paleomagnetic directions calculated for the kelkit formation in the eastern pontides have a mean direction of d 334 8 i 49 7 95 7 1 after tilt correction a mean direction of d 332 2 i 48 5 95 14 6 was obtained from the volcanoclastic rocks of the mudurnu formation and d 324 3 i 43 3 95 9 5 was calculated for the upper jurassic lower cretaceous limestones ferhatkaya formation of the amasya region the jurassic rocks in the eastern pontides and mudurnu region are considered to represent products of the rifted neo tethys ocean while the upper jurassic lower cretaceous sediments in amasya are related to basin filling materials the data suggest that the kelkit formation was formed at 30 5 n paleolatitude and the equivalent mudurnu formation at 29 5 n paleolatitude the paleolatitude of the eastern pontides indicates that this rifting block was separated from eurasia by a marginal basin instead of being a part of eurasia the lower paleolatitude of the amasya region at 24 8 n in the upper jurassic to lower cretaceous clearly indicates southward drift of the turkish blocks during the jurassic to lower cretaceous period together with the motion of eurasia

fluids along the north anatolian fault niksar basin north central turkey insight from stable isotopic and geochemical analysis of calcite veins abstract six limestone assemblages along the north anatolian fault naf niksar pull apart basin in northern turkey were analyzed for 18opdb and 13cpdb using bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry irms matrix vein differences in 18opdb 2 1 to 6 3 and 13cpdb 0 9 to 4 6 suggest a closed fluid system and rock buffering veins in one travertine and two limestone assemblages were further subjected to cathodoluminescence trace element laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and 18opdb secondary ion mass spectrometry sims analyses fluid inclusions in one limestone sample yield th of 83 8 7 3 c 1 mean average sims 18opdb values across veins show fine scale variations interpreted as evolving thermal conditions during growth and limited rock buffering seen at a higher resolution than irms rare earth element data suggest calcite veins precipitated from seawater whereas the travertine has a hydrothermal source the 18osmow fluid for the mineralizing fluid that reproduces th is 2 in range of cretaceous brines as opposed to negative 18osmow fluid from meteoric groundwater and geothermal sites in the region and highly positive 18osmow fluid expected for mantle derived fluids calcite veins at this location do not record evidence for deeply sourced metamorphic and magmatic fluids an observation that differs from what is reported for the naf elsewhere along strike

novel applications of fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry in unravelling the genesis of fossil travertine systems the denizli basin is a fault bounded neogene quaternary depression located in the western anatolian extensional province western turkey the basin is a unique geological site with abundant active and fossil quaternary travertine and tufa deposits fluid inclusion microthermometry and isotopic analysis were applied to study the genesis of the ballk fossil travertine deposits located in the south eastern part of the basin microthermometry on fluid inclusions indicates that the main travertine precipitating and cementing fluids are characterized by low salinity 07wt nacl equivalent and variable temperatures that cluster at 50 degrees c and ca 100 degrees c fluids of meteoric origin have been heated by migration to the deeper subsurface possibly in a local high geothermal gradient setting a later uncommon cementation phase is related to a fluid with a significantly higher salinity 255 to 260wt bulk the fluid obtained its salinity by interaction with late triassic evaporite layers strontium isotopes indicate that the parent carbonate source rock of the different travertine precipitates is very likely to be the triassic limestone of the lycian nappes carbon isotopes suggest that the parent co2 gas originated from thermal decarbonation of the lycian limestones with minor contributions of magmatic degassing and organic soil co2 oxygen isotopes confirm the meteoric origin of the fluids and indicate disequilibrium precipitation because of evaporation and degassing results were integrated within the available geological data of the denizli basin in a generalized travertine precipitation model which enhanced the understanding of fossil travertine systems the study highlights the novel application of fluid inclusion research in unravelling the genesis of continental carbonates and provides several recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration in travertine bearing sedimentary basins the findings suggest that travertine bodies and their parent carbonate source rocks have the potential to constitute interesting subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs

faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region summary this paper summarizes evidence for surface faulting in historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region and in the middle east such information is particularly important for studies of active tectonics and for palaeoseismology we have found 78 cases of faulting pre 1900 and 72 post 1900 some of which show that faults that have apparently been inactive this century had already ruptured before 1900 for some cases faulting could not have been predicted from 20th century activity and in others it could have been expected but has not been observed during the instrumental period the data are suycient to allow the derivation of relationships between magnitude and rupture length

the influence of fault geometry on small strike slip fault mechanics abstract meter scale subvertical strike slip fault traces in the central californian sierra nevada exhibit geometric complexities that significantly contribute to their mechanical behavior sections of faults that opened at depth channelized fluid flow as evidenced by hydrothermal mineral infillings and alteration haloes thin sections show a variation in the style of ductile deformation of infill along the fault with greater intensities of deformation along restraining bends orthorectified photomosaics of outcrops provide model geometries and parameter constraints used in a two dimensional displacement discontinuity model incorporating a complementarity algorithm model results show that fault shape influences the distribution of opening and consequently the spatial distribution of fluid conduits geometric irregularities are present at many scales and sections of opening occur along both releasing and restraining bends model sensitivity tests focus on boundary conditions along the fault frictional properties on closed sections and fluid pressure within sections of opening the influence of the remote stress state varies along a non planar fault complicating the relationships between remote stresses frictional properties slip and opening discontinuous sections of opening along model faults are similar in spatial distribution and aperture to the epidote infill assemblages observed in the field

morphology displacement and slip rates along the north anatolian fault turkey 1 geological and geomorphological offsets at different scales are used to constrain the localization of deformation total displacement and slip rates over various timescales along the central and eastern north anatolian fault naf in turkey the naf total displacement is reevaluated using large rivers valleys 80 15 km and structural markers pontide suture 85 25 km tosya vezirkopru basins 80 10 km these suggest a neogene slip rate of 6 5 mm yr over 13 myr the river network morphology shows offsets at a range of scales 20 m to 14 km across the main fault trace and is also used to estimate the degree to which deformation is localized at a smaller scale the morphology associated with small rivers is offset by 200 m along the naf the age of these features can be correlated with the holocene deglaciation and a slip rate of 18 3 5 mm yr is determined this is consistent with a rate of 18 5 mm yr deduced independently from the 14c dating of stream terrace offsets over the short term gps data gives a similar rate of 22 3 mm yr all our results tend to show that most of the deformation between the anatolian and eurasian lithospheric plates has been accommodated along or very close to the active trace of the naf the difference between the neogene and the holocene slip rate may be due to the recent establishment of the current plate geometry after the creation of the naf

carbon dioxide earth degassing and seismogenesis in central and southern italy 1 we present the first regional map of co2 earth degassing from a large area most of central and south italy derived from the carbon of deep provenance dissolved in the main springs of the region the investigation shows that a globally significant amount of deeply derived co2 10 of the estimated global co2 emitted from subaerial volcanoes is released by two large areas located in western italy the anomalous flux of co2 suddenly disappears in the apennine in correspondence to a narrow band where most of seismicity concentrates here at depth the gas accumulates in crustal traps generating co2 overpressurized reservoirs which induce seismicity

rock buffered fluid rock interaction in deformed quartz rich turbidite sequences eastern australia quartz vein 18o 16o ratios across a 500 km transect through the lachlan fold belt of southeastern australia are remarkably uniform 1 1 5 permil at both local centimeter to meter and regional over 104 km2 scales they define isotopic zones that correlate with the tectonic divisions of the cambrian through devonian dominantly ordovician quartz rich turbidites determined by regional mapping from west to east these divisions are 1 stawell 18o 14 7 1 1 47 samples 2 bendigo ballarat 18o 17 5 1 3 204 samples 3 melbourne 18o 19 0 1 6 80 samples 4 tabberabbera 18o 16 3 1 9 12 samples and 5 omeo 18o 14 4 1 0 26 samples isotope profiles across zone boundaries and intrazone fault zones particularly within the bendigo ballarat zone show steps indicating abrupt changes across faults with little or no evidence of fluid mixing within the fault zones 18o values of veins are insensitive to relative age type of vein and immediate host rock lithologies the 18o values of coexisting vein and host rocks show nonequilibrium relationships which can be explained in terms of rock buffering under conditions of low fluid rock ratios water rock 1 limited d h determinations on fluid inclusions fall mainly in the range 70 and 100 with one value as low as 140 these low deuterium values when considered in the context of paleolatitude may have been inherited from deutrium depleted detrital minerals and do not necessarily require the direct penetration of meteoric fluids to midcrustal depths the work suggests that vein formation is possible in regions where the integrated water rock w r ratio is very low w r 1 as long as a pervasive fluid phase is present this fluid appears to achieve a steady state isotopic composition on scales of hundreds of meters and once a quasi steady state has been reached the isotopic compositions of the resultant quartz veins are rather insensitive to the diachronous and nonisothermal conditions under which vein growth occurs advective cycling of the fluid on this scale is by episodic dilatancy pumping in fracture networks associated with localized faulting

discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium marine ferro manganese fe mn crusts and nodules are metal rich chemical sediments that are archives of paleoceanographic proxies and potential metal resources and targets of deep sea mining traditionally crusts and nodules are subdivided into hydrogenetic diagenetic and hydrothermal types because these are characterized by different compositions and hence economic resource potential a useable genetic classification is not only a tool for geochemical studies but may also help to characterize potential exploration targets we propose two easy to use yet robust discrimination diagrams based on geochemical relationships controlling the rare earths and yttrium rey inventory of marine fe mn oxyhydr oxide deposits the rey are a set of trace elements that show coherent behavior are routinely determined in geochemical studies and for which the analytical quality can easily be evaluated graphs of ce anomaly vs nd concentration and ce anomaly vs y anomaly effectively discriminate between the different types of precipitates regardless of their diverse mineralogical composition both hydrogenetic crusts and nodules show positive ce anomalies negative y anomalies and high nd concentrations of 100 mg kg 1 although nodules tend to have slightly lower nd concentrations than crusts in marked contrast hydrothermal deposits generally yield negative ce anomalies positive y anomalies and low nd concentrations of 10 mg kg 1 in spite of their large geochemical mineralogical and sedimentological diversity diagenetic nodules show negative ce anomalies negative y anomalies and intermediate nd concentrations between 10 and 100 mg kg 1 we discuss the geochemical background of these diagrams the respective sources of rey in the different precipitates and address the processes that control their rey inventory besides the three end members we also use rey systematics to define mixed type diagenetic hydrogenetic nodules and classify well studied international reference standards

development of pull apart basins a comparative study of well mapped active and ancient pull apart basins suggests a qualitative model for their continuous development pull aparts evolve from incipient to extremely developed basins through a sequence of closely related states new and compiled map data from several areas including the northern caribbean and turkey suggests the following stages in pull apart development 1 in rigid intracontinental strike slip plate boundary zones larger pull aparts nucleate at releasing fault bends along segments of the principal displacement strike slip fault zone which are oblique to the theoretical interplate slip lines 2 initial opening across releasing fault bends produces spindle shaped basins defined and often bisected by oblique slip faults connecting the discontinuous ends of the strike slip faults 3 increased strike slip offset produces basin shapes which we colloquially call lazy s shape for basins between sinistral faults and lazy z shape for basins between dextral faults 4

genesis of the dogankuzu and mortas bauxite deposits taurides turkey separation of al fe and mn and implications for passive margin metallogeny the taurides region of turkey is host to a number of important bauxite al rich laterite and mn deposits the most important bauxite deposits dog ankuzu and mortas are karst related unconformity type deposits in upper cretaceous limestone the bottom contact of the bauxite ore is undulatory and bauxite fills depressions and sinkholes in the footwall limestone whereas its top surface is concordant with the hanging wall limestone the thickness of the bauxite varies from 1 to 40 m and consists of bohmite hematite pyrite marcasite anatase diaspore gypsum kaolinite and smectite the strata bound sulfide and sulfate bearing low grade lower part of the bauxite ore bed contains pyrite pseudomorphs after hematite and is deep red in outcrop owing to supergene oxidation the lower part of the bauxite body contains local intercalations of calcareous conglomerate that formed in fault controlled depressions and sinkholes bauxite ore is overlain by fine grained fe sulfidebearing and calcareous claystone and argillaceous limestone which are in turn overlain by massive compact limestone of santonian age that 50 m thick limestone is in turn overlain by well bedded bioclastic limestone of campanian or maastrichtian age rich with rudist fossils fracture fillings in the bauxite orebody are up to 1 m thick and consist of bluish gray green pyrite and marcasite 20 with bohmite diaspore and anatase these sulfide veins crosscut and offset the strata bound sulfide zones sulfur for the sulfides was derived from the bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate and fe was derived from alteration of oxides in the bauxite iron sulfides do not occur within either the immediately underlying or overlying limestone the platform limestone and shale that host the bauxite deposits formed at a passive margin of the tethys ocean extensive vegetation developed on land as the result of a humid climate thereby creating thick and acidic soils and enhancing the transport of large amounts of organic matter to the ocean alteration of the organic matter provided co2 that contributed to formation of a relatively 12 c rich marine footwall limestone relative sea level fall resulted from strike slip faulting associated with closure of the ocean and local uplift of the passive margin that uplift resulted in karstification and bauxite formation in topographic lows as repre

the use of landslide units in geomorphological mapping an example in the italian dolomites the mapping of processes and landforms found in a particular territory is usually achieved by means of methods and instruments which are universally accepted and adopted such as those of geomorphological mapping in some cases however these methods do not always give complete understanding of a landscape s evolution in particular this happens in environments with a large number of deposits resulting from gravitational processes this paper aims at illustrating an innovative method for mapping gravitational deposits by considering in particular their spatial and temporal relationships and by grouping them into homogeneous units called landslide units the use of these landslide units would facilitate landscape analysis and allow better understanding of areas which are rather complex from the geomorphological standpoint this type of approach is particularly important for application purposes and the dissemination of results on landslide research especially for non specialists within the framework of the teslec project funded by the european union this investigation method has been applied to the area of cortina d ampezzo italian dolomites where more than thirty landslides have been identified and grouped in 12 landslide units these landslide units also incorporate superficial deposits alluvial and lacustrine deposits scree slopes etc genetically linked to the main landslide phenomena each landslide unit includes lower ranked units which may be either landslide bodies or other deposits directly or indirectly related to them as an example the case of the cortina d ampezzo landslide unit is illustrated and discussed

paraglacial response of steep sediment mantled slopes to post little ice age glacier recession in the central swiss alps this research assesses the morphological consequences of recent post little ice age paraglacial reworking of valley side sediment mantles in the european alps it aims to identify the extent and conditioning factors of slope adjustment at sites in the swiss alps model the temporal pattern and assess the rates of sediment reworking involved gully systems have cut into steep high level lateral moraines and debris cones have accumulated downslope debris flow is the dominant agent of sediment transfer factors controlling the extent of this activity include moraine slope gradient relief and moisture availability gullies appear to have reached their maximum dimensions within ca 50 yr of deglaciation after which gully relief is reduced by removal of inter gully slopes and gully infilling within 80 140 yr on the most recently deglaciated terrain minimum erosion rates average ca 95 mm yr 1 since gully initiation greatly exceeding normal erosion rates in other environments mean annual accumulation of a single debris cone since ice retreat was calculated to be ca 30 mm yr 1 implications of these findings are applied to patterns of paraglacial sediment mantled slope adjustment conceptualising paraglacial landscape response in terms of a sediment release exhaustion model and paraglacial landform succession copyright 2005 john wiley sons ltd

the geochemistry of rare earth elements in groundwater from the carnmenellis area southwest england shallow groundwater samples from the carnmenellis area of southwest england collected from wells boreholes springs adits and stream baseflow represent recently recharged waters of low salinity their major ion concentrations closely reflect the lithology of their host rocks which comprise the carnmenellis granite and devonian metasediments and metabasite of greenschist grade groundwaters from the granite are predominantly na cl or na ca cl type whilst those from the metasediment are na ca mg cl hco3 waters with a larger range of compositions the major ion compositions are predominantly a function of water rock interaction processes and the larger range of metasediment water compositions probably reflects the greater lithological variation the ph of groundwater samples circulating through granite is typically lower than that of groundwater in the metasediments the range being 4 3 to 7 2 median 5 7 and 4 7 to 8 0 median 6 6 respectively rare earth element ree concentrations of 0 45 m filtered groundwater samples have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms a large range of concentrations exists and many are below detection limits but levels reach up to 229 g 1 1 6 m total rees the rees are strongly controlled by ph with higher levels in groundwaters of ph 6 chondrite normalised profiles are light rare earth element lree enriched compared to heavy rare earths hrees with a common slight negative eu anomaly both features reflecting the compositions of their host rocks ree profiles therefore appear to be controlled by water rock interactions involving predominantly ree enriched minerals in the granite the rees are probably derived mainly from the accessory minerals monazite and apatite as well as the high ree framework minerals biotite and muscovite the source of rees in groundwater from the metasediments is more uncertain but probably includes clay minerals chlorite and carbonate ree compositions normalised to shale have flatter profiles although many are slightly convex with higher normalised sm eu and gd values a few metasediment derived waters with high total ree concentrations have lree enriched shale normalised patterns it is suggested that the bulk of the rees in these few samples is colloidal rather than totally dissolved groundwaters from the metasediments have a notable depletion in ce which is distinct from waters in the granite this depletion is problematic in that it is difficult to see how redox processes could be the dominant control since groundwaters from the metasediments are unlikely to be more oxidising than those from the granite likewise variations in ph fail to totally explain the distinctions in ce concentration and la ce ratios between the two water types it is therefore suggested that the ce contents are largely source related rather than process related the observed ree compositions of granite and metasedimentderived groundwaters from the carnmenellis area are so distinctive that the rees in general and ce in particular might be useful as future tracers in studies of water rock interaction and groundwater provenance

distributed neotectonic deformation in the anatolides of turkey a palaeomagnetic analysis abstract the palaeotectonic phase of deformation in anatolia accompanied closure of the tethyan ocean and was finally completed with sealing of the bitlis suture bordering the arabian shield at 12 ma arabia has since continued to indent the collage of terranes accreted to the eurasian margin by differential northward movement relative to africa along the dead sea fault zone and counterclockwise ccw rotation accompanying the opening of the red sea this neotectonic phase of deformation has accompanied uplift of the anatolian plateau and establishment of intracontinental transforms comprising the north and east anatolian fault zones deformation has included extrusion and rotation of blocks away from the arabian syntaxis by tectonic escape we produce an updated summary of palaeomagnetic results from this region to show that deformation has been distributed so that block rotations vary systematically across anatolia ranging from strongly ccw in the zone of high strain north of the arabian indenter to near zero in central anatolia and then progressively cw in western anatolia new palaeomagnetic results from the ankara igneous district are also reported and help to constrain the east to west change from ccw to cw rotation within central anatolia the transition of tectonic regimes from compression in the east to extension in the west involves the expulsion of blocks and their rotation along arcuate strike slip faults at an acute angle to the maximum compressive stress 1 between arabia and eurasia the comparable distribution of rotations in palaeotectonic and neotectonic units indicates that the bulk of the observed palaeomagnetic rotations have been concentrated within the last plio pleistocene phase of the neotectonic era as is found in the aegean domain to the west and has involved blocks of the order of 100 km in size the weak collage of accretionary terranes sandwiched between the arabian indenter and the eurasian margin now defined by the north anatolian fault zone has evidently taken up the bulk of the strain imparted by the continuing northward motion of arabia to expand the radius of the tauride arc and the perimeter of extruded crust bordering the limit of the extensional province in western turkey the distributed character of neotectonic deformation is illustrated by equivalent polar distributions both palaeotectonic and neotectonic palaeomagnetic poles show arcuate distributions with poles to best fitting small circles focussed close to the study area differences between the distributed neotectonic deformation resolved from palaeomagnetism and the contemporary gps record reflect the contrasting time periods being evaluated the palaeomagnetic record incorporates evolving and changing tectonic regimes whereas the gps signature has no long term validity within the weak anatolian collage hence the full spectrum of techniques for resolving neotectonic deformation is relevant to unravelling deformation in such regions

the role of debris supply conditions in predicting debris flow activity debris flow frequency and magnitude were determined for 33 basins in southwest british columbia basins were first classifiedaseitherweathering limitedortransport limitedusingadiscriminantfunctionbasedondebris contributingarea an area weighted terrain stability number and drainage density multiple regression was used to predict magnitude peak discharge frequency and activity frequency times magnitude within each group of basins model performance was improved by stratifying the total sample of debris flow basins into weathering and transport limited groups explained varianceincreasedbyanaverageof15percentinthetransport limitedsample indicatingthatsedimentsupplyconditionsin themoreactivebasinsarefundamentalinpredictingdebrisflowactivity anindependenttestoftheregressionmodelswith 11basinsyieldedgenerallygoodresultsfordebrisflowmagnitudeandpeakdischarge predictionofdebrisflowfrequency provedproblematicalinweathering limitedbasins themethodsdevelopedhereprovideestimatesofdebrisflowattributes in basins for which few data on past events are available copyright 1999 john wiley sons ltd

slip distribution along the north anatolian fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967 abstract between 1939 and 1967 six large fault ruptures formed a westward migrating sequence of events along a 900 km long nearly continuous portion of the north anatolian fault for these events the 1939 erzincan 1942 niksar erbaa 1943 tosya 1944 bolu gerede 1957 abant and 1967 mudurnu valley earthquakes i have compiled a record of dextral slip which contains nearly 100 points these data indicate that the amount of slip is irregularly distributed along the 1939 to 1967 rupture zone the maximum slip 7 5 m occurred during the 1939 earthquake in the eastern 150 km of the 900 km long rupture zone dextral offsets diminish very abruptly eastward but very gradually westward the rate of westward decrease in the 1939 to 1967 offsets is only slightly greater than the rate of westward decrease of post miocene displacement along the north anatolian fault this suggests that westward decrease in slip can be expected to be a general characteristic of earthquake ruptures along the north anatolian fault in the future nevertheless within the 1939 to 1967 slip distribution there are three regions that had less slip than the neighboring regions these i interpret as possible sites of large future earthquakes one of these seismic gaps has already experienced another earthquake in 1951 and subsequent creep

curie point depth investigation of central anatolia turkey the residual aeromagnetic total field intensity anomalies in central anatolia were calculated from the regional aeromagnetic anomalies surveyed by the mineral research and exploration mta of turkey the residual aeromagnetic data were analyzed to produce curie point estimates by the method of okubo et al 1985 the curie point depth of central anatolia varies from 7 9 km and 22 6 km the shallowest curie point depths were observed around the cappadocia and erciyes volcanic complexes in central anatolia a good correlation was deduced between the curie point depths and the heat flow data measured previously which is most certainly important for the geothermal resources of the region the shallow curie point depths also correlate well with the hot spring locations in central anatolia

geochemical constraints on the origin and migration of palaeofluids at the northern margin of the variscan foreland southern belgium three major fracture types in the dinantian of the namur syncline at the northern margin of the variscan foreland in southern belgium have been investigated by fluid inclusion and stable isotope analysis the oldest and volumetrically most important fracture type is characterized by conjugated and sigmoidal en echelon calcite veins which formed during the variscan folding these veins and the surrounding limestones have both a similar dull brown orange luminescence and stable isotopic composition 18o 11 to 8 pdb and 13c 0 to 3 pdb this indicates precipitation of the calcite cement from a fluid buffered by the rock in the area studied only a limited amount of fluids was expelled through the dinantian during the main phase of variscan compressional tectonism fractures filled with ferroan calcites cross cut the variscan folds fluid inclusion and stable isotopic evidence indicates that the calcites precipitated at 40 60 c from a saline fluid 9 2 to 23 2 eq wt nacl with an estimated 18o composition between 2 0 and 0 6 smow the most likely origin of these high salinity fluids with a relatively low oxygen isotopic composition is a gravity driven meteoric water which underwent an intense water rock interaction the topographic relief created by the variscan tectonism could have allowed groundwater to penetrate into the deeper subsurface and to migrate towards the margin of the foreland basin non ferroan fracture filling calcites formed later during the mesozoic or tertiary low salinity meteoric waters and high salinity cacl2 nacl brines with a temperature around 50 c migrated through this fracture system along these fractures meteoric water migrated down into the subsurface and the brines could have flowed upward from the basement

the north anatolian fault a new look dedicated to the memory of three pioneers ihsan ketin sirri erinc and melih tokay and a recent student aykut barka who burnt himself out in pursuit of the mysteries of the north anatolian fault abstract the north anatolian fault naf is a 1200 km long dextral strike slip fault zone that formed by progressive strain localization in a generally westerly widening right lateral keirogen in northern turkey mostly along an interface juxtaposing subduction accretion material to its south and older and stiffer continental basements to its north the naf formed approximately 13 to 11 ma ago in the east and propagated westward it reached the sea of marmara no earlier than 200 ka ago although shear related deformation in a broad zone there had already commenced in the late miocene the fault zone has a very distinct morphological expression and is seismically active since the seventeenth century it has shown cyclical seismic behavior with century long cycles beginning in the east and progressing westwa

constraints on fluid origins and migration velocities along the marmara main fault sea of marmara turkey using helium isotopes abstract fluids venting from the submarine portion of the marmara main fault part of the north anatolian fault system turkey were sampled in ti bottles deployed by submersible the fluids consist of mixtures of fault derived gases fault related cold seep fluids and ambient seawater these components can readily be distinguished using the isotopes of he and the he ne ratios 3he 4he ratios range between 0 03 0 1 and 4 9 0 4 ra indicating that both crustal and mantle derived sources of helium are sampled by the fault the dominant gas in all the samples analyzed is methane with the abundance of co2 below detection 2 in the mantle rich high 3he 4he fluids this is in contrast to nearly all mantle derived fluids where the c species are dominated by co2 while high ch4 co2 ratios may reflect organic or inorganic reactions within the crust which reduce mantle derived co2 to methane this is not a priori necessary we show that simple dilution of mantle fluids with methane produced within local sediments could result in the high 3he 4he methane rich gases currently emanating from the fault this observation is supported by an anticorrelation between 3he 4he and c 3he which is consistent with addition of c and 4he simultaneously to the fluids the highest 3he 4he ratios were found in the tekirdag basin at the foot of the escarpment bordering the western sea of marmara where seismic data are consistent with the presence of a fault network at depth which could provide conduits permitting deep seated fluids to rise to the surface the lack of recent volcanism or any evidence of underlying magmatism in the area along with low temperature fluids strongly suggests that the 3he rich helium in these fluids was derived from the mantle itself with the marmara main fault providing a high permeability conduit from the mantle to the surface assuming that the mantle source to the fluids originally had a 3he 4he ratio of 6 ra the minimum fluid velocities considering only vertical transport and no mixing with parentless 4he implied by the high 3he 4he ratios are of the order of 1 100 mm yr 1

seismic cycles recorded in late quaternary calcite veins geochronological geochemical and microstructural evidence southwest turkey is seismically active as a result of the hellenic subduction process in the eastern mediterranean we conducted high resolution micro sampling high precision u series dating and microchemical analysis on an extensional vein system in a tectonically active but non hydrothermal area u th age data and microscopic observations provide evidence of repeated fracturing of a previously sealed crack system followed by a new increment of veining repeated injection of veinlets suggests that the vein system was formed by the crack seal mechanism four major u th age groups for the emplacement of the vein system fall between 23 9 0 2 ka and 23 2 0 4 ka 21 7 0 4 ka and 19 2 0 2 ka 17 3 0 1 ka and 16 2 0 3 ka and at 11 8 0 2 ka stable and sr isotope geochemistry of the calcite vein samples indicates that surface water interacting with the soil cover was the major component of the groundwater system from which the extensional veins precipitated trace element and 0 isotope data of the vein system are interpreted to reflect carbonate precipitation associated with seismic cycles involving fluids with different trace element compositions and co2 contents initial carbonate precipitation during a single seismic cycle occurred from co2 dominated fluids that were degassed from the original co2 water mixture this was followed consecutively by carbonate precipitation from the remaining water which was relatively impure with higher trace element contents millimetre to submillimetre scale u series dating in conjunction with geochemistry of carbonate veins related to active tectonism offers an innovative means of constraining the absolute timing of late quaternary seismic and inter seismic events c 2010 elsevier b v all rights reserved

a new classification of the turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region abstract the turkish part of the tethyan realm is represented by a series of terranes juxtaposed through alpine convergent movements and separated by complex suture zones different terranes can be defined and characterized by their dominant geological background the pontides domain represents a segment of the former active margin of eurasia where back arc basins opened in the triassic and separated the sakarya terrane from neighbouring regions sakarya was re accreted to laurasia through the balkanic mid cretaceous orogenic event that also affected the rhodope and strandja zones the whole region from the balkans to the caucasus was then affected by a reversal of subduction and creation of a late cretaceous arc before collision with the anatolian domain in the eocene if the anatolian terrane underwent an evolution similar to sakarya during the late paleozoic and early triassic times both terranes had a diverging history during and after the eo cimmerian collision north of sakarya the kure back arc was closed during the jurassic whereas north of the anatolian domain the back arc type oceans did not close before the late cretaceous during the cretaceous both domains were affected by ophiolite obduction but in very different ways north directed diachronous middle to late cretaceous melange obduction on the jurassic sakarya passive margin senonian synchronous southward obduction on the triassic passive margin of anatolia from this it appears that the izmir ankara suture currently separating both terranes is composite and that the passive margin of sakarya is not the conjugate margin of anatolia to the south the cimmerian taurus domain together with the beydaglari domain part of the larger greater apulian terrane were detached from north gondwana in the permian during the opening of the neotethys east mediterranean basin the drifting cimmerian blocks entered into a soft collision with the anatolian and related terranes in the eo cimmerian orogenic phase late triassic thus suturing the paleotethys at that time the taurus plate developed foreland type basins filled with flysch molasse deposits that locally overstepped the lower plate taurus terrane and were deposited in the opening neotethys to the south these olistostromal deposits are characterized by pelagic carboniferous and permian material from the paleotethys suture zone found in the mersin melange the latter as well as the antalya and mamonia domains are represented by a series of exotic units now found south of the main taurus range part of the mersin exotic material was clearly derived from the former north anatolian passive margin huglu type series and re displaced during the paleogene this led us to propose a plate tectonic model where the anatolian ophiolitic front is linked up with the samail baer bassit obduction front found along the arabian margin the obduction front was indented by the anatolian promontory whose eastern end was partially subducted continued slab roll back of the neotethys allowed anatolian exotics to continue their course southwestward until their emplacement along the taurus southern margin mersin and up to the beydaglari promontory antaya mamonia in the latest cretaceous paleocene the supra subduction ocean opening at the back of the obduction front troodos type ocean was finally closed by eocene north south shortening between africa and eurasia this brought close to each other cretaceous ophiolites derived from the north of anatolia and those obducted on the arabian promontory the latter were sealed by a maastrichtian platform and locally never affected by alpine tectonism whereas those located on the eastern anatolian plate are strongly deformed and metamorphosed and affected by eocene arc magmatism these observations help to reconstruct the larger frame of the central tethyan realm geodynamic evolution

the impact of topography on isotopes in precipitation across the central anatolian plateau turkey paleoelevation reconstructions of mountain belts and orogenic plateaus based on stable isotope climate and precipitation records benefit greatly from present day calibrations that relate the fractionation of hydrogen d and oxygen 18o isotopes in precipitation to orographic rainfall here we establish a first order template of d and 18o of modern meteoric waters across the central anatolian plateau cap and its bordering pontic and taurus mountains we identify key regions in the plateau interior and along the plateau margins that have the potential to reliably record topography related paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation changes as recovered from stable isotope paleosol fossil teeth or lipid proxy data based on d and 18o data of more than 480 surface water samples from small catchments and springs we characterize moisture sources affecting the net isotopic budget of precipitation over the cap and analyze how orographic rainout and plateau aridity shape modern patterns of d and 18o in precipitation the taurus mountains bordering the cap to the south act as a major orographic barrier for transport of predominantly winter moisture and exhibit isotopic lapse rates of approximately 20 km for d and 2 9 km for 18o across an elevation range of nearly 3000 m the pontic mountains at the northern margin of the cap force perennial moisture to ascend and condensate revealing lapse rates of 19 km for d and 2 6 km for 18o the difference in the predominant moisture source for the southern and northern margins of the cap north african versus atlantic air masses is manifested in systematic north south differences in near sea level meteoric water compositions of dn s 20 permil and 18on s 3 permil in a swath across the central part of the plateau stable isotope data from the semi arid plateau interior with rainfall as low as 300 to 500 mm yr and mean summer temperatures attaining 23 c provide clear evidence for an evaporative regime that drastically affects surface water and runoff compositions and results in a local meteoric water line for the plateau interior that follows d 4 0 18o 29 3 strongly evaporitic conditions contrast rainfall patterns along the plateau margins including their immediate leeward flanks where d and 18o elevation relationships are reliable predictors of modern topography

comparing models of debris flow susceptibility in the alpine environment abstract debris flows are widespread in val di fassa trento province eastern italian alps where they constitute one of the most dangerous gravity induced surface processes from a large set of environmental characteristics and a detailed inventory of debris flows we developed five models to predict location of debris flow source areas the models differ in approach statistical vs physically based and type of terrain unit of reference slope unit vs grid cell in the statistical models a mix of several environmental factors classified areas with different debris flow susceptibility however the factors that exert a strong discriminant power reduce to conditions of high slope gradient pasture or no vegetation cover availability of detrital material and active erosional processes since slope and land use are also used in the physically based approach all model results are largely controlled by the same leading variables overlaying susceptibility maps produced by the different methods statistical vs physically based for the same terrain unit of reference grid cell reveals a large difference nearly 25 spatial mismatch the spatial discrepancy exceeds 30 for susceptibility maps generated by the same method discriminant analysis but different terrain units slope unit vs grid cell the size of the terrain unit also led to different susceptibility maps almost 20 spatial mismatch maps based on different statistical tools discriminant analysis vs logistic regression differed least less than 10 hence method and terrain unit proved to be equally important in mapping susceptibility model performance was evaluated from the percentages of terrain units that each model correctly classifies the number of debris flow falling within the area classified as unstable by each model and through the metric of roc curves although all techniques implemented yielded results essentially comparable the discriminant model based on the partition of the study area into small slope units may constitute the most suitable approach to regional debris flow assessment in the alpine environment

isotopic evidence for the infiltration of mantle and metamorphic co2 h2o fluids from below in faulted rocks from the san andreas fault system to characterize the origin of the fluids involved in the san andreas fault saf system we carried out an isotope study of exhumed faulted rocks from deformation zones vein fillings and their hosts and the fluid inclusions associated with these materials samples were collected from segments along the saf system selected to provide a depth profile from upper to lower crust in all 75 samples from various structures and lithologies from 13 localities were analyzed for noble gas carbon and oxygen isotope compositions fluid inclusions exhibit helium isotope ratios 3he 4he of 0 1 2 5 times the ratio in air indicating that past fluids percolating through the saf system contained mantle helium contributions of at least 35 similar to what has been measured in present day ground waters associated with the fault kennedy et al 1997 calcite is the predominant vein mineral and is a common accessory mineral in deformation zones a systematic variation of c and o isotope compositions of carbonates from veins deformation zones and their hosts suggests percolation by external fluids of similar compositions and origin with the amount of fluid infiltration increasing from host rocks to vein to deformation zones the isotopic trend observed for carbonates in veins and deformation zones follows that shown by carbonates in host limestones marbles and other host rocks increasing with increasing contribution of deep metamorphic crustal volatiles at each crustal level the composition of the infiltrating fluids is thus buffered by deeper metamorphic sources a negative correlation between calcite 13c and fluid inclusion 3he 4he is consistent with a mantle origin for a fraction of the infiltrating co2 noble gas and stable isotope systematics show consistent evidence for the involvement of mantle derived fluids combined with infiltration of deep metamorphic h2o and co2 in faulting supporting the involvement of deep fluids percolating through and perhaps weakening the fault zone there is no clear evidence for a significant contribution from meteoric water except for overprinting related to late weathering

surface rupture and slip distribution of the 12 november 1999 duzce earthquake m 7 1 north anatolian fault bolu turkey the 12 november 1999 earthquake m 7 1 occurred on the duzce fault a splay of the north anatolian fault in the bolu basin approximately three months after the 17 august 1999 m 7 4 earthquake the surface rupture was 40 km long and the maximum right lateral offset was 500 5 cm averaging 300 cm the 9 km of the westernmost part of the rupture along the southern margin of the eften lake had a 350 cm maximum vertical displacement normal faulting some of which was already ruptured during the 17 august 1999 event with few tens of centimeters the surface rupture has a generally simple narrow deformation zone of 0 5 5 m however in some places it widens to 50 m transtensional and transpressional structures were observed within releasing and restraining step over areas respectively the larger dextral offsets on some streams indicate previous events the dextral slip measurements along the rupture reflect a symmetric distribution the eastern connection of this rupture zone with the main trace of north anatolian fault remains unclear because the bakacak and elmalik fault which are connecting faults had no surface rupture manuscript received 14 november 2000

seawater ph and isotopic paleotemperatures of cretaceous oceans abstract stable oxygen isotope ratios 18 o of foraminifera are widely used to reconstruct the climatic history of earth it is well known that temperature reconstructions based on 18 o are complicated by factors such as the unknown isotopic composition of the ocean in addition recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that the seawater ph has a marked effect on the 18 o of foraminifera here i employ this effect to demonstrate that reconstructions based on 18 o of foraminifera may underestimate sea surface temperatures in the geological past ocean surface temperatures for the mid cretaceous are estimated to have been 2 3 5 c higher than previously thought

oxygen isotopes in meteoric calcite cements as indicators of continental paleoclimate because meteoric water 18 o values decrease with decreasing ambient temperature and increasing latitude 18 o values of meteoric calcite cement should exhibit a similar relation with paleolatitude and be an indicator of continental paleotemperatures to test this we compiled isotopic and paleolatitude data for 20 meteoric cements and nine speleothems ranging in age from devonian to modern and in paleolatitude from 3 5 to 83 mean 18 o values for meteoric cements and speleothems both show the same negative correlation with paleolatitude the 18 o vs latitude trend for these carbonates is almost identical to that predicted for modern inland environments but differs from the trend for coastal environments this suggests that the ground water controlling the ultimate composition of meteoric cement is derived predominantly from inland recharge if it is assumed that the modern meteoric water 18 o vs temperature relation is valid for the past and that insignificant evaporation occurred prior to carbonate precipitation then coastal and inland paleotemperatures can be calculated from the 18 o values of meteoric calcite 18 o mcl and seawater 18 o sw by using the equations t coastal 13 3 32 6 0 231 0 0613 18 o mcl 18 o sw and t inland 17 8 16 2 0 572 0 1233 18 o mcl 18 o sw where t is temperature in c calcite precipitated from coastal meteoric water at temperatures between 0 and 25 c will exhibit a narrow range in 18 o 6 to 4 where 18 o sw 0 the 18 o of calcite precipitated from inland meteoric water will be sensitive to paleotemperature ranging from 14 to 5 where 18 o sw 0 for temperatures of 0 to 25 c

tectonic evolution of the ganos segment of the north anatolian fault nw turkey we analyzed the paleostress field ongoing deformation meso to micro scale faulting cataclasis fault rock alteration and veining within turbidite and limestone sequences at the ganos fault which represent a major branch of the north anatolian fault zone in nw turkey fault damage was found to occur across a several kilometers wide zone effects of faulting are shown by localized subsidiary brittle faults and fault rock alteration in the turbidites as well as fault breccia formation in the limestone sequence microseismicity along the ganos fault cluster at two locations the more pronounced being located offshore at a fault bend associated with a change from a transpressional to a transtensional regime kinematic analysis reveals a dextral strike slip regime with components of normal and thrust faulting along strike paleostress orientation at the ganos fault is rather uniform deformation mechanisms and fluid inclusion data from quartz and calcite veins suggest that fault related quartz veins were formed at temperatures between 170 and 250 c and pressures between 40 and 120 mpa fault related calcite vein

a multi method approach to study the stability of natural slopes and landslide susceptibility mapping abstract in this paper a multi method approach for the assessment of the stability of natural slopes and landslide hazard mapping applied to the dakar coastal region is presented this approach is based on the effective combination of geotechnical field and laboratory works of gis and of mechanical deterministic and numerical stability analysis by using this approach valuable results were gained regarding instability factors landslide kinematics simulation of slope failure and coastal erosion this led to a thorough assessment and strong reduction in the subjectivity of the slope stability and hazard assessment and to the development of an objective landslide danger map of the sw coast of dakar analysis of the results shows that the slides were influenced by the geotechnical properties of the soil the weathering the hydrogeological situation and the erosion by waves the landslide susceptibility assessment based on this methodological approach has allowed for an appropriate and adequate consideration of the multiple factors affecting the stability and the optimization of planning and investment for land development in the city

the north anatolian fault zone and the role of fluids in seismogenic deformation a study of the north anatolian fault zone turkey in dicates significant spatial variations of deformation mechanisms and fluid flow along and across a major active strike slip fault brittle deformation and later dissolution are mostly localized within the fault core whereas crystal plastic deformation and diffusive mass transfer are more widely distributed the fault underwent a three stage development i repeated episodes of frictional failure pressure solution fluid migration and subsequent healing cataclasites and veins were formed during this stage we propose that the episodic events are associated with open and closed fluid systems during seismogenic cycles the progressive brittle failure led to stage ii a more open system with increasing dilation connected with dissolution the dramatic increase of dissolution processes terminated the episodic character of deformation and marked the beginning of a stage iii mostly characterized by diagenetic processes the fluid regime is now an op

the effectiveness of hillshade maps and expert knowledge in mapping old deep seated landslides large deep seated landslides with a shear surface deeper than 3 m and a mean affected area of 4 2 ha are common features in the flemish ardennes none of these deep seated landslides are dated but they are assumed to be rather old 100 years because most of these landslides are located under forest aerial photo interpretation commonly used for the creation of landslide inventories is not a suitable tool to map the landslides in the flemish ardennes therefore an intensive 100 day field survey was carried out by two geomorphologists in a 430 km 2 study area this resulted in a landslide inventory map indicating the location of 135 large deep seated landslides but field surveys are time consuming and thus very expensive therefore a cheaper and faster mapping technique was tested a hillshade map was constructed for the study area in a gis idris132 from a 5 m resolution digital elevation model dem seven experts were given 1 h to indicate all the hillslope sections which they suspected to be possible landslides on a copy of the aforementioned map scale 1 100 000 in total this exercise took only 1 day i e 7 person hours large differences in the number of presumed landslides and the extent of the hillslopes thought to be affected by landslides were reported among the seven experts the polygon and pixel efficiency were introduced to estimate the quality of the landslide maps based on hillshade maps and expert knowledge compared to the field survey based landslide inventory the quality of the landslide inventories based on the hillshade maps and expert knowledge was relatively low experts familiar with the study area obtained somewhat better results than experts who visited the study area only once a combination of the seven expert maps did not result in a good inventory map because too many unaffected hillslopes were incorrectly indicated as affected by landslides the results obtained in this study are comparable to an investigation carried out by wills c j mccrink t p 2002 comparing landslide inventories the map depends on the method environmental and engineering geoscience 8 279 293 although the tested method can never replace a detailed field survey taking into account the proposed improvements it can be used for the creation of a regional inventory map of old landslides in a densely forested area where light detection and ranging lidar data are unavailable c 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

palaeomagnetic study of block rotations in the niksar overlap region of the north anatolian fault zone central turkey abstract this palaeomagnetic study investigates crustal deformation within and adjacent to the niksar overlap area of the north anatolian fault zone nafz in central east turkey the studied rock formations comprise 1 red limestones of late cretaceous age 3 sites 2 mafic lavas of eocene age on the north side 13 sites and south side 9 sites of the nafz and 3 volcanic rocks of pliocene quaternary age from the niksar pull apart basin within the nafz 8 sites comparisons with reference palaeofield directions computed from apparent polar wander paths of the eurasian and afro arabian plates identify two scales of regional and local tectonic rotation 1 1 a pre tilting remanence in the eocene volcanic rocks south of the nafz d i 144 1 47 5 95 7 6 is interpreted to reflect counterclockwise rotation by 30 40 from the reference palaeofields contemporaneous volcanic rocks from the north side of the nafz have the same reverse polarity recorded in pre tilting magnetisations the remanence is also rotated counterclockwise d i 152 4 42 5 95 11 3 but by about 8 less than the volcanics on the south side of the nafz hence similar amounts of rotation are observed on both sides of the nafz and are interpreted to reflect motions during the pre middle miocene collisional history in this sector of the pontides no distributed clockwise rotations anticipated from subsequent dextral motion along the nafz intracontinental transform are observed the slightly larger anticlockwise rotation found on the south side of the nafz probably records relative rotation of en echelon wedges by continental escape during post middle miocene strike slip along the transform 2 2 within the narrow zone of intense deformation along the nafz cretaceous limestones appear to be rotated clockwise by dextral strike slip motion whilst plio quaternary lavas within a fault bounded block in the overlap region associated with the niksar pull apart basin have magnetisations consistently directed 240 270 e magnetic inclinations are not diagnostic of polarity but both polarity solutions identify rapid clockwise rotation at rates in excess of 50 m y a normal polarity solution is favoured and implies that a block ca 5 km across has undergone a strike slip displacement of around 12 km within the nafz during the last polarity chron cretaceous eocene palaeolatitudes are closer to those predicted from eurasia than afro arabia but a study of older rocks is required to resolve affinities of this sector of the anatolian block theoretical models of crustal deformation across intracontinental transforms obeying power law behaviour and treating the lithosphere as a viscous medium predict that distributed clockwise rotations should be observed about as broad across the nafz these rotations are not observed instead intense clockwise rotation is confined to a narrow zone close to the major fault break the concentration of historic seismic activity here also implies that the bulk of the dextral motion between the eurasian plate and the anatolian block is accommodated by slip along faults close and parallel to the main trace of the nafz

magnitude frequency relationships of debris flows and debris avalanches in relation to slope relief abstract probability of occurrence hazard intensity and encounter probability are key parameters in the quantitative risk analysis qra of landslides all are strongly dependent on magnitude of the landslides as a result magnitude frequency analysis should be a part of qra deriving representative magnitude frequency relationships for debris avalanches and debris flows however is difficult one key problem is illustrated with the example of a unique database from the coastal region of british columbia canada which was compiled entirely from detailed ground investigations the magnitude of debris avalanches and debris flows is not an independent statistical quantity but a function of the scale of a given slope as characterized by the slope length thus attempting to derive probability and magnitude for a given location or sub region from a regionally derived magnitude frequency curve may lead to incorrect predictions the same problem is pertinent to the application of the same approach to any type of landslide in which the largest combined dimension of the source volume including entrainment is of the same order as the length of the slope it is recommended that greater emphasis be placed on site specific geological observations at the expense of generalized statistics

control of mechanical stratigraphy on bed restricted jointing and normal faulting eagle ford formation south central texas outcrops of the middle eagle ford formation in south central texas reveal well developed joint networks in subhorizontal competent carbonate chalk beds and less well developed networks in interlayered incompetent calcareous mudrock beds northeast striking bed perpendicular joints in competent beds have the longest trace lengths and are abutted by northwest striking joints all observed joints terminate vertically in incompetent beds normal faults are common but less abundant than joints dominantly dip north northwest or southeast and are abutted by the joint sets and thus predated jointing the faults cut multiple competent and incompetent beds providing vertical connectivity across mechanical layering products of hybrid and shear failure the dip of these faults is steep through competent beds and moderate through incompetent beds resulting in refracted fault profiles with dilation and calcite precipitation along steep segments fluid inclusions in fault zone calcite commonly contain liquid hydrocarbons rare two phase fluid inclusions homogenized between about 1 40 and 58 c and 2 90 and 100 c suggesting trapping of aqueous fluids at elevated temperatures and depths on the order of 2 km 6562 ft fluid inclusion and stable isotope geochemistry analyses suggest that faults transmitted externally derived fluids these faults likely formed at depths equivalent to portions of the present day oil and gas production from the eagle ford play in south texas faults connect across layering and provide pathways for vertical fluid movement within the eagle ford formation in contrast to vertically restricted joints that produce bed parallel fracture permeability these observations elucidate natural fractures and induced hydraulic fracturing within the eagle ford formation

geochemistry and mineralogy of travertine deposits of the sw flank of mt etna italy relationships with past volcanic and degassing activity abstract travertine deposits outcropping in the lower sw flank of mt etna were studied for their mapping as well as for their chemical mineralogical and isotopic compositions these deposits are dated to about 24 to 5 ka in the adrano area located at the western limit of the study area in this area travertines show high mg contents and are composed mostly of dolomite thus apparently ruling out any primary deposition in favour of a diagenetic origin travertines outcropping near paterno in the east part of the study area should be younger than 18 ka those located to the ssw of paterno paterno diga show high sr contents and aragonite as dominant mineralogical phase thus suggesting primary deposition those located to the w of paterno paterno simeto stazione are instead poor both in mg and in sr and show calcite as dominant phase carbon isotope composition of travertines indicates a magmatic origin of co2 that formed them based on the estimated volume of travertines between 10 and 20 gg a of co2 were involved in their formation the time span of travertine formation coincided with the eruptive cycles of ellittico and the first part of mongibello which were probably characterised by a greater amount of co2 transported through groundwater circulation widespread travertine deposition probably ceased after the opening of the valle del bove depression that modified the volcanologic and hydrologic conditions in the summit crater area

mapping geomorphology a journey from paper maps through computer mapping to gis and virtual reality abstract maps are integral components of research in geomorphology and quaternary geology visual presentation of the spatial and temporal distribution of a phenomenon often provides clues to the process es that generated the phenomenon compiling information on maps interpreting spatial patterns and using standard topographic maps were fundamental parts of the undergraduate experience why have such experiences been slowly disappearing from undergraduate curricula how are geology majors taught map scale map projections and the pitfalls associated with the display of spatial information neglect in preserving the mapping tradition places the geology major at a disadvantage the use of maps and mapping is undergoing a renaissance use in the classroom has a bright future because of digital scanning computer cartography geographic information systems gis and virtual reality pen and ink techniques should be relegated to museums pencil sketches can be scanned and perfect products generated every time these techniques however do not eliminate the need for basic map knowledge such as scale projections and generalization what assumptions about map projections have been built into the software how are spatial data and attribute data integrated into the resultant map in a geographic information system gis because the application of virtual reality to geomorphic processes looms on the horizon geologists must recognize how the current spatial revolution can help with the assessment of geologic phenomena and teach students to function with the new technology

crustal structure of the north anatolian and east anatolian fault systems from magnetotelluric data abstract magnetotelluric mt studies can map subsurface resistivity structure and have located zones of low resistivity high conductivity within major strike slip fault zones worldwide which have been interpreted as regions of elevated fluid content this study describes mt data from the eastern part of the north anatolian and the east anatolian fault systems nafs and eafs and presents the results of the first mt studies of these faults the inversion of the mt data produced 2 d resistivity models which showed that both fault systems are underlain by a broad low resistivity zone that extended into the lower crust however the resistivity beneath the east anatolian fault system was much lower than beneath the eastern part of the north anatolian fault system these conductors begin at a depth of 10 km not at the surface as on the central san andreas fault safs this difference is interpreted as being due to the fact that the eafs and nafs are young fault systems characterized in the upper crust by multiple fault traces as opposed to the safs that has evolved into a single through going fault different stages of the seismic cycle may also influence the resistivity structure although this is difficult to constrain without knowledge of time variations in resistivity structure at each location

triggering conditions and mobility of debris flows associated to complex earthflows landslides on black marl slopes of the french alps are in most cases complex catastrophic failures in which the initial structural slides transform into slow moving earthflows under specific hydrological conditions these earthflows can transform into debris flows due to their sediment volume and their high mobility debris flow induced by landslides are far much dangerous than these resulting from continuous erosive processes a fundamental point to correctly delineate the area exposed to debris flows on the alluvial fans is therefore to understand why and how some earthflows transform into debris flow while most of them stabilize in this paper a case of transformation from earthflow to debris flow is presented and analysed an approach combining geomorphology hydrology geotechnics and rheology is adopted to model the debris flow initiation failure stage and its runout postfailure stage using the super sauze earthflow alpes de haute provence france as a case study the objective is to characterize the hydrological and mechanical conditions leading to debris flow initiation in such cohesive material results show a very good agreement between the observed runout distances and these calculated using the debris flow modeling code cemagref 1 d the deposit thickness in the depositional area and the velocities of the debris flows are also well reproduced furthermore a dynamic slope stability analysis shows that conditions in the debris source area under average pore water pressures and moisture contents are close to failure a small excess of water can therefore initiate failure seepage analysis is used to estimate the volume of debris that can be released for several hydroclimatic conditions the failed volumes are then introduced in the cemagref 1 d runout code to propose debris flow hazard scenarios results show that clayey earthflow can transform under 5 year return period rainfall conditions into 1 km runout debris flow of volumes ranging between 2000 to 5000 m 3 slope failures induced by 25 year return period rainfall can trigger large debris flow events 30 000 to 50 000 m 3 that can reach the alluvial fan and cause damage

quantifying submarine fluid seep activity along the north anatolian fault zone in the sea of marmara abstract the sea of marmara presents the rare case where active seafloor venting sites are found on the surface trace of a major plate boundary fault the north anatolian fault zone the objective of the 2007 marnaut project was to quantify the level of activity of these venting sites and the source of the fluids emitted with the goal of understanding the processes involved and setting a baseline for long term studies of the relationship between seismic activity and fluid migration expulsion processes sites for flow meter and fluid sampler deployment and coring included basin bounding transtensional faults and strike slip faults cutting through the topographic highs significant fluid flow appears to be primarily an episodic phenomenon at all sites with background rates on the order of mm yr to cm yr except at or very near rare focused vents basin bounding faults expel primarily shallow sourced fluid with a strong influence of brackish pleistocene lake marmara water with the notable exception of the main active fault along the northern edge of the cinarcik basin expulsion sites where the main fault crosses topographic highs are more complex with evidence for deep sourced fluids including thermogenic gas one site on the western high displayed two mound structures that appear to be chemoherms atop a deep seated fluid conduit the fluids being expelled are brines with an exotic fluid chemistry along with thermogenic gas and oil our work shows that submerged continental transform plate boundaries can be hydrologically active and exhibit a diversity of sources and processes

geochemistry and geochronology of meta igneous rocks from the tokat massif north central turkey implications for tethyan reconstructions located in the eastern pontides of the sakarya zone in north central turkey the tokat massif records the closure of both the paleo tethyan karakaya complex and neo tethyan ocean basins meta igneous samples collected from the region were studied to determine their sources and ages we find significant geochemical differences between metagabbros of the karakaya and neo tethyan units in terms of their trace elements neo tethyan rocks are consistent with generation in an island arc setting whereas karakaya assemblages were likely generated in an oceanic spreading center environment karakaya metagabbros also contain glaucophane consistent with subduction subsequent to formation small 2 50 m zircon and baddeleyite grains from four karakaya metagabbros were dated in thin section using an ion microprobe the results demonstrate the reliability of the method to directly constrain the tectonomagmatic history of these types of assemblages the rocks yield late permian early triassic 238u 206pb crystallization ages of 258 14 ma 1 zircon and 254 8 ma 1 baddeleyite and an early cretaceous minimum metamorphic age of 137 8 ma 1 zircon some zircon grains and baddeleyite grains with zircon overgrowths yield early to middle jurassic ages here we present a model in which metamorphism and deformation in this region occurred during northward subduction and closure of a paleo tethyan ocean basin and accretion of the karakaya units to the laurasian continental margin this was followed by the onset of closure of the neo tethys during the campanian paleocene and accretion of island arc units to the tokat region

expert driven semi automated geomorphological mapping for a mountainous area using a laser dtm in this paper a semi automated method is presented to recognize and spatially delineate geomorphological units in mountainous forested ecosystems using statistical information extracted from a 1 m resolution laser digital elevation dataset the method was applied to a mountainous area in austria first slope angle and elevation characteristics were determined for each key geomorphological unit occurring in the study area second a map of slope classes derived from the laser dtm was used in an expert driven multilevel object oriented approach the resulting classes represent units corresponding to landforms and processes commonly recognized in mountain areas fluvial terrace alluvial fan slope with mass movement talus slope rock cliff glacial landform shallow incised channel and deep incised channel the classification result was compared with a validation dataset of geomorphological units derived from an analogue geomorphological map for the above mentioned classes the percentages of correctly classified grid cells are 69 79 50 64 32 61 23 and 70 respectively the lower values of 32 and 23 are mainly related to inaccurate mapping of rock cliffs and shallow incised channels in the analogue geomorphological map the accuracy increased to 76 and 54 respectively if a buffer is applied to these specific units it is concluded that high resolution topographical data derived from laser dtms are useful for the extraction of geomorphological units in mountain areas

curie point depth map of turkey summary a curie point isotherm map of the whole of turkey has been prepared from aeromagnetic data by means of a spectral analysis technique the most characteristic signature of this map is that the shallow depths generally correlated with the young volcanic rocks and the thinned crustal thicknesses in the west reveal geothermal fields and several hot springs the orogenic pontide belt of the black sea region in the north the western taurus belt in the south and some high plateaus in eastern turkey show that the deepest curie isotherm depths range between 20 and 29 km depth contour lines elongating in an almost e w direction are due to the overlapping percentage of adjacent data blocks of 50 per cent in the e w direction and to magnetic anomalies trending in the e w direction curie isotherm depths are in the range 6 to 10 km in the aegean region and are characterized by e w and ne sw trending graben structures as expected since the region has crustal thinning and many hot springs and geothermal fields these imply the existence of shallow heat sources that could be utilized for electricity heating of towns and cities greenhouse and health purposes

geochemistry of fluid inclusions in travertines from western and northern turkey inferences on the role of active faults in fluids circulation the understanding of the relationship between the geochemistry of fluids circulating during travertine deposition and the presence of active faults is crucial for evaluating the seismogenetic potential of an area here we investigate travertines from pamukkale and resadiye turkey sited in seismic regions and next to thermal springs these travertines formed 24 500 50 000 pamukkale and 240 14 600 years resadiye bp we characterize fluid inclusions fis and studied concentration of ho co o n and he he ne and ar and bulk composition trace elements and c o fis from both localities are mainly primary with low salinity and homogenization temperature around 136 140 c ho is the major component followed by co with the highest gas content measured in pamukkale travertines concentrations of ne ar together with o n indicate that travertines from both areas precipitated from atmosphere derived fluids the he he is 0 5 1 3 ra in pamukkale and 0 9 4 4 ra in resadiye samples with r ra 1 are modified by cosmogenic he addition during exposure to cosmic rays excluding these data fis of resadiye are mostly atmosphere derived this implies a shallow formation where the circulation was dominated by meteoric waters which is consistent with their young age instead fis of pamukkale show mixing of mantle crustal and atmosphere derived he indicating that these travertines formed in lithospheric fractures based on the c and o of bulk rocks we infer that travertines formed involving crustal mechanochemical rather than organic and mantle derived co trace elements of pamukkale and resadiye show comparable rare earth element patterns we conclude that travertines formed in response of seismogenetic activity

platform slope transition during rifting the mid cretaceous succession of the amasya region northern anatolia turkey abstract the mid cretaceous rocks of the amasya region north central anatolia record the geological processes that occurred during the break up of the eastern pontide carbonate platform which existed from mid jurassic to early cretaceous the mid cretaceous sedimentary rocks consists of benthic foraminiferal packstones grainstones of ferhatkaya formation and limestone breccias turbidites pelagic foraminiferal wackestones packstones and radiolarites of sarilar formation corresponding to platform and slope apron environments respectively the lithological development of these units was controlled mainly by active subsidence due to block faulting affecting the eastern pontide carbonate platform due to the break up of the platform during late barremian early aptian times slope and basin sediments were deposited on the deeper parts of the platform re deposited sediments such as limestone breccias and calciturbidites document the infilling of asymmetric grabens during the mid cretaceous rifting phase re deposited sequences which were formed as a fault slope apron sedimentary prism related to this rifting were deposited during thinning and fining upward megacycles a typical megacycle commences with breccias deposited at the base of a fault scarp association in addition the upper part of the platform carbonates ferhatkaya formation includes neptunian dykes composed of red mudstones with pelagic fossils indicating a period of extension

regional and temporal variations in co2 3he 3he 4he and δ13c along the north anatolian fault zone turkey abstract new he and c relative abundance isotope and concentration results from nine geothermal locations situated along an 800 km transect of the north anatolian fault zone nafz turkey that were monitored during the period november 2001 november 2004 are reported the geothermal waters were collected every 3 6 months to study possible links between temporal geochemical variations and seismic activity along the nafz at the nine sample locations the he isotope ratios range from 0 24 to 2 3 r a 13 c values range from 4 5 to 5 8 and co 2 3 he ratios range from 5 10 9 to 5 10 14 the following geochemical observations are noted 1 the highest 3 he 4 he ratios are found near the galatean volcanic region in the central section of the nafz 2 at each of the nine sample locations the 3 he 4 he ratios are generally constant however co 2 3 he ratios and he contents both show one order of magnitude variability and 13 c values show up to 4 variability and 3 at all locations except resadiye 13 c values show positive correlations with co 2 contents the results indicate that at least three processes are necessary to account for the geochemical variations 1 binary mixing between crustal and mantle derived volatiles can explain the general characteristics of 3 he 4 he ratios 13 c values and co 2 3 he ratios at the nine sample locations 2 preferential degassing of he from the geothermal waters is responsible for variations in co 2 3 he values and he contents at each sample location and 3 co 2 dissolution followed by calcite precipitation is responsible for variations in co 2 contents and 13 c values at most locations for each of the geochemical parameters anomalies are defined in the temporal record by values that fall outside two standard deviations of average values at each specific location geochemical anomalies that may be related to seismic activity are recorded on june 28 2004 at yalova where a m 4 2 earthquake occurred 43 days earlier at 15 km distance from the sample location and on april 7 2003 at efteni where a m 4 0 earthquake occurred 44 days later at a distance of 12 km at both locations the sampling periods containing geochemical anomalies were preceded by an increase in m 3 earthquakes occurring within 60 days and less than 40 km distance

the use of a combined structural stable isotope and fluid inclusion study to constrain the kinematic history at the northern variscan front zone bettrechies northern france abstract a detailed structural stable isotope and fluid inclusion study of distinct vein generations has been performed in a kilometre scale syncline to correlate the temperature pressure conditions of vein formation with specific deformation episodes the structural relationship of the veins with cleavage folds faults and with one another allows the identification of pre syn and post variscan carbonate vein generations the stable isotope composition of the vein calcites and dolomites is very similar to that of the surrounding limestones and dolostones respectively this indicates that the cements were precipitated from fluids buffered by the host rock and implies that the temperature pressure characteristics of the fluids reflect the thermal history of the deformation history within the syncline microthermometric data of primary fluid inclusions were used to estimate the temperature pressure conditions at precipitation time and thus of the deformation pressure corrected trapping temperatures for the veins show a temperature evolution from pre variscan 310 c to variscan 260 200 c and post variscan 75 c this evolution indicates that the syncline developed not at a specific depth but rather as an active progressive deformation process during transport along the northern variscan thrust front

gis based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 kashmir earthquake region abstract the m w 7 6 october 8 2005 kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides throughout the himalaya of northern pakistan and india these were concentrated in six different geomorphic geologic anthropogenic settings a spatial database which included 2252 landslides was developed and analyzed using aster satellite imagery and geographical information system gis technology a multi criterion evaluation was applied to determine the significance of event controlling parameters in triggering the landslides the parameters included lithology faults slope gradient slope aspect elevation land cover rivers and roads the results showed four classes of landslide susceptibility furthermore they indicated that lithology had the strongest influence on landsliding particularly when the rock is highly fractured such as in shale slate clastic sediments and limestone and dolomite moreover the proximity of the landslides to faults rivers and roads was also an important factor in helping to initiate failures in addition landslides occurred particularly in moderate elevations on south facing slopes shrub land grassland and also agricultural land were highly susceptible to failures while forested slopes had few landslides one third of the study area was highly or very highly susceptible to future landsliding and requires immediate mitigation action the rest of the region had a low or moderate susceptibility to landsliding and remains relatively stable this study supports the view that 1 earthquake triggered landslides are concentrated in specific zones associated with event controlling parameters and 2 in the western himalaya deforestation and road construction contributed significantly to landsliding during and shortly after earthquakes

properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared implications for debris flow characterization in the alps debris flow deposits generally contain 5 clay size particles and the role of the surface charged 2 mu m particles is often neglected although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid the objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the swiss alps with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents the catchments are small in area 4 km 2 2 5 km long similar in morphology but different in geology the average slopes are 35 40 the catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density 2 mm fraction bulk density particle size distribution chemical composition cation exchange capacity cec and mineralogy analysed the results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition but differ in terms of i particle size distribution and ii mineralogy reactivity and density of the 2 mm fraction in this fraction compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached the results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials particularly with respect to their physical properties

the contribution of geomorphological mapping to sediment transfer evaluation in small alpine catchments the assessment of sediment transfer processes is necessary to understand the hydro geomorphological functioning of small alpine watersheds prone to channelised debris flows because their occurrence often depends on the amount of debris available in the gully systems therefore sediment budgets should be studied through the identification of erosion transport and deposition processes sediment transfer processes were investigated in a small catchment by field measurements and more specifically through the application of a process based geomorphological mapping method the proposed methodology is based on data directly derived from gis analysis using high resolution dem field measurements and aerial photograph interpretations it has been conceived to estimate sediment transfer dynamics taking into account the role of different sediment stores in the torrential system the proposed geomorphological mapping methodology is quite innovative in comparison with most legend systems that are not adequate for mapping comprehensively active and complex geomorphological systems such as debris flow catchments maps representing the various sediment storages and their relationships can be used for hydro geomorphological hazard mitigation

strain response and re equilibration of ch4 rich synthetic aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite during pressure drops abstract aqueous fluids in sedimentary basins often contain dissolved methane particularly in petroleum environments pvtx pressure volume temperature composition reconstructions performed using fluid inclusion data are largely based on the assumption that inclusions do not change from the time of trapping until the present many authors however consider that fluid inclusions can re equilibrate particularly in fragile minerals like calcite in order to understand this re equilibration phenomenon in the metamorphic domain previous experiments have been performed under high pt conditions but few have been performed at low to medium pt conditions such as those associated with sedimentary burial diagenesis and no previous studies have examined ch 4 bearing aqueous inclusions in calcite an experimental study of the preservation modification of ch 4 rich synthetic fluid inclusions in calcite during isothermal decompression was conducted an autoclave was used for accurate ptx control allowing equilibrium between liquid and vapour in the ch 4 h 2 o system ptx conditions were maintained at four stages of decreasing pressure with each stage held for 7 days to simulate an isothermal pressure drop in order of decreasing pressure the pressure temperature conditions monitored were 276 10 bar at 180 7 c 176 10 bar at 180 7 c 76 10 bar at 180 7 c and 10 3 bar at 180 15 c at the end of the experiment the calcite was recovered and analyzed by microthermometry and raman microspectroscopy for ptx reconstruction a careful procedure was adopted to limit re equilibration of inclusions during analytical procedures four types of inclusion shapes and four types of strain patterns were differentiated classification of the petrographic strain patterns was carried out these strain patterns were associated with inclusion stretching and or leakage regarding ch 4 t h and p h compared to experimental conditions factors controlling the preservation or acquisition of strain patterns included the initial shape and size of the inclusion and the pressure differential p between the confining pressure p cf and the internal pressure p i within the inclusion most fluid inclusions seemed to be trapped during the first 7 days of the experiment although few 4 of these preserved the initial pt conditions of 276 10 bar whereas 8 preserved the second and third run of pt conditions overall the majority of inclusions 88 did not reflect accurately the ptx trapping conditions a petrographic guide to the inclusions is presented here that allows strain identification for pvt reconstructions re equilibration patterns and evidence for preferential methane leakage from aqueous inclusions in calcite are important findings revealed by this study and may be useful for the reconstruction of post trapping events in investigations of natural samples and in other experiments using synthetic inclusions in calcite

middle pleistocene extinction process of pull apart basins along the north anatolian fault zone abstract numerous basins that present in northern turkey formed in plio quaternary period by the strike slip tectonics of the north anatolian fault zone these pull apart basins isolated from their surrounding topographies by major scarps of faults along their margins that mapped as active faults but the mapped recent traces in the pull apart basins are in disagreement about these marginal faults and commonly characterized by the faults that pass through basin floors in the cases of surface rupturings in great earthquakes during the last century these faults have migrated from the basin rims to the center of the basins in agreement with the extinction model of pull apart basins here we review observations about numerous basins along the north anatolian fault zone to show that the migration of these faults in middle pleistocene related with the maturity of basins through their evolution

tectonic evolution of the niksar and tasova erbaa pull apart basins north anatolian fault zone their significance for the motion of the anatolian block abstract the tasova erbaa and niksar basins are two adjacent pull apart basins along the north anatolian fault zone nafz within the tasova erbaa basin sedimentary lithofacies of the upper pontus formation plio pleistocene are asymmetrically distributed with laterally derived alluvial fans coarse braid plain deposits and axial braided stream deposits dominating the northern and western parts of the basin the basin has gently dipping sediments locally affected by pervasive extensional t faulting isolated compressional structures are associated with master faults deformation zone width 500 m pervasive extensional faults t and r and late stage pdz parallel compressional faults are also present an additional set of extensional faults trends perpendicular to the pdz accommodating secondary pull apart stretching within the basin the distribution of sedimentary facies and structural styles is consistent with that predicted by models for pull apart basins the adjacent niksar basin is an active pull apart basin possibly as young as 0 5 1 ma its modern drainage and sedimentary facies are symmetrically arranged adding the lengths of the tasova erbaa and niksar basin suggests 80 km total displacement along the north anatolian fault which is consistent with seymen itu ph d thesis 1975 sengor j geol soc 136 1979 269 282 and armijo et al tectonophysics 243 1999 135 154 who observed about 85 5 km total displacement along the north anatolian fault the change in course of the north anatolian fault marked by the formation of the niksar ezinepazari segment and this new geometry suggest that the anatolian block is rotating anticlockwise by having two separate poles one located near damascus and the other occurring north of the sinai peninsula this change may also mark the transfer of the anatolian triple junction from erzincan to karliova about 1 ma ago furthermore it appears that while the fault shortcuts the older basin a new generation of pull apart basins is formed due to changes of boundary conditions along the fault zone

geochemical monitoring of geothermal waters 2002 2004 along the north anatolian fault zone turkey spatial and temporal variations and relationship to seismic activity a total of nine geothermal fields located along an 800 km long e w transect of the north anatolian fault zone nafz turkey were monitored for three years 2002 2004 inclusive 3 sampling periods per year to investigate any possible relationship between seismic activity and temporal variations in the chemistry and isotope characteristics of waters in the fields the geothermal fields monitored in the study were from west to east yalova efteni bolu mudurnu seben kursunlu cankiri hamamozu gozlek and resadiye the chemical major anion cation contents and isotopic 18o 16o d h 3h compositions of hot and cold waters of the geothermal sites were determined in order to both characterize the chemical nature of the individual fields and identify possible temporal variations associated with localized seismic activity the geothermal waters associated with the nafz are dominantly na hco3 whereas the cold waters are of the ca hco3 type the oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions reveal that the hot waters are meteoric in origin as are their cold water counterparts however the lower 18o d and 3h contents of the hot waters point to the fact that they are older than the cold waters and that their host aquifers are recharged from higher altitudes with virtually no input from recent post bomb precipitation although no major earthquakes e g with m 5 were recorded along the nafz during the course of the monitoring period variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions of some waters were observed indeed the timing of the chemical isotopic changes seems to correlate with the occurrence of seismic activity of moderate magnitude 3 m 5 close to the sampling sites in this respect cl 3h and ca seem to be the most sensitive tracers of seismically induced crustal perturbations and the yalova and efteni fields appear to be the key localities where the effects of seismic activity on the geothermal fluids are most pronounced over the monitoring period the present study has produced a baseline database for future studies directed at characterizing the effects of moderate major earthquakes on the composition of geothermal waters along the nafz future work involving longer monitoring periods with more frequent sampling intervals should lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism s producing the observed chemical and isotopic variations

late cenozoic tectonics and volcanism along the north anatolian fault new structural and geochemical data abstract different types of volcanic activity have developed along the north anatolian fault zone naf in turkey detailed analysis of satellite images and digital elevation models dems and field observations have been made in order to understand the tectonics and the distribution of volcanic vents in the anatolian block some faults are oblique to the naf and delimit extensional escape wedges vents rooted on open tension fractures show that emplacement of the volcanism is related to tensional fracturing of the anatolian continental block which we attribute to the onset of free borders in the south and west along the naf earliest extension 1 is directed s to ssw and the latest 2 towards w to wsw parallel to the sinistral slip along the naf major and trace element geochemical data indicate that the dominant calc alkaline rocks are associated with various alkaline lavas k ar ages of the volcanics range from 22 to 8 5 ma in galatia massif 900 to 100 ka in niksar and 3 to 12 ka in erzincan isotopic and trace element data are interpreted as reflecting a dominantly lithospheric mantle source slightly mixed with asthenospheric liquids most magmas were fractionated and contaminated by continental crust during their ascent 1 and 2 tectono volcanic events have propagated through time and space from west to east the 1 extension is late oligocene in the galatia massif late miocene in niksar and late pliocene in erzincan the 2 extension and strike slip event along the naf began in the late miocene in the galatia massif early pliocene in niksar and quaternary in erzincan signature from an asthenospheric source in the second event in the three regions suggests that an ancient suture zone galatia massif and or the lithospheric naf transform niksar and erzincan have served to channel small quantities of asthenospheric melts existing at the base of the lithosphere

conditions for generation of fire related debris flows capulin canyon new mexico comparisonoftheresponsesofthreedrainagebasinsburnedbythedomefireof1996innewmexicoisusedtoidentifythe hillslope channelandfirecharacteristicsthatindicateasusceptibilityspecificallytowildfire relateddebrisflow summer thunderstorms generated three distinct erosive responses from each of three basins the capulin canyon basin showed widespreaderosivesheetwashandrillingfromhillslopes andseverefloodingoccurredinthechannel thenorthtributary basin exhibited extensive erosion of the mineral soil to a depth of 5 cm and downslope movement of up to boulder sized material andatleastonedebrisflowoccurredinthechannel negligiblesurfacerunoffwasobservedinthesouthtributary basin thenegligiblesurfacerunoffobservedinthesouthtributarybasinisattributedtothelimitedextent andseverityof the fire in that basin the factors that best distinguish between debris flow producing and flood producing drainages are drainage basin morphology and lithology a rugged drainage basin morphology an average 12 per cent channel gradient andsteep roughhillslopescoupledwithcolluviumandsoilweatheredfromvolcaniclasticandvolcanicrockspromotedthe generation of debris flows a less rugged basin morphology an average gradient of 5 per cent and long smooth slopes mantled with pumice promoted flooding flood and debris flow responses were produced without the presence of waterrepellentsoils thecontinuityandseverityoftheburnmosaic theconditionoftheriparianvegetation theconditionofthe fibrous root mat accumulations of dry ravel and colluvial material in the channel and on hillslopes and past debris flow activity appearedtohavelittlebearingonthedistinctiveresponsesofthebasins publishedin2000byjohnwiley sons ltd

adjacent releases of mantle helium and soil co2 from active faults observations from the marmara region of the north anatolian fault zone turkey volatile releases in terms of co2 efflux and noble gas of mantle origin are investigated in the marmara region of the seismically active north anatolian fault naf zone a total of 180 co2 efflux measurements 1 to 309 g m 2d 1 were carried out along four transects across the naf spatial variability of surface co2 effluxes was higher at faulted sites relative to comparable background areas the 13c values of soil co2 are 24 0 to 15 6 without correlation with co2 efflux values which suggest that co2 efflux anomaly is caused by fault related biogenic gas flow furthermore 36 gas and water samples from spring sites were investigated for 3he 4he ratios which resulted in a range from 0 26 r ra to 4 22 r ra large mantle helium contributions were observed from several sources along the naf the high co2 efflux sector on the gazikoy saros fault along the naf coincides with the area of high mantle helium flux this shows that fault zones play an important role both in transferring mantle helium to the surface and in causing fault related biogenic gas flow

frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern swiss alps long term 1994 2006 observations abstract rates and processes of frost weathering in the alps were investigated by visual observations of intensively shattered rocks continuous monitoring of frost wedging and rock temperatures in bedrock and measurements of rockfall activity rapid frost weathering of hard intact rocks occurs along lakes and streams where seasonal freezing promotes ice segregation in the rock otherwise rocks require pre existing weakness or a long exposure period for intensively shattered automated monitoring shows that crack opening occurs at three scales including small opening accompanying short term frost cycles slightly larger movements during seasonal freezing and occasional large opening originating from refreezing of snow melt water during seasonal thawing the opening events require at least partial water saturation in the crack the repetition of crack opening frost wedging results in permanent opening and finally debris dislocation debris collections below fractured rockwalls show that pebble falls occur at an average rate of about 0 1 mm a 1 with significant spatial and inter annual variations occasional large boulder falls significantly raise the rockwall erosion rates controlled by such factors as the joint distribution in the bedrock repetition of annual freeze thaw cycles and extraordinary summer thaw

lithologic control of debris torrent occurrence a field based investigation into the frequency and magnitude of debris torrent systems reveals that lithology controls the spatial and temporal occurrence of debris torrents in the tsitika watershed vancouver island british columbia we identified 125 debris torrent systems in the watershed for half these basins we used dendrochronology historical air photographs and field surveys to estimate debris torrent frequency and magnitude for a 30 year period we find that the volcaniclastic half of the watershed contains more than twice as many debris torrent systems in which debris torrents occur over seven times more frequently and the deposits have a higher rate of delivery of sediment to the mainstem river than the intrusive half lithologic differences in weathering rates weathering product grain size and rock texture can explain the observed differences in debris torrent behaviour because debris torrents are the main sediment transport path from hilltop to valley bottom in the region these results confirm an important lithologic control on regional sediment transport while the exact numbers are uncertain we estimate that the sediment flux of volcaniclastic debris torrents in the watershed is five times higher than that of the intrusive debris torrents

volumetric analysis and hydrologic characterization of a modern debris flow near yucca mountain nevada abstract on july 21 or 22 1984 debris flows triggered by rainfall occurred on the southern hillslope of jake ridge about 6 km east of the crest of yucca mountain nevada rain gages near jake ridge recorded 65 mm and 69 mm on july 21 and 20 mm and 17 mm on july 22 rates of rainfall intensity ranged up to 73 mm h on the twenty first and 15 mm h on the twenty second digital elevation models with 2 0 m grid node spacing measured from pre storm and post storm aerial stereo photographs were used to map hillslope erosion and the downslope distribution of debris volumetric calculations indicate that about 7040 m 3 of debris was redistributed on the 49 132 m 2 hillslope study area during the two day storm period about 4580 m 3 65 of the eroded sediment was deposited within the study area and the remaining 35 was deposited outside the study area in a short tributary to fortymile wash and in the wash itself the maximum and mean depths of erosion in the study area were about 1 8 m and 5 cm respectively the mean depths of erosion on the upper and middle hillslope were 27 cm and 4 cm respectively the mean depth of deposition on the lower hillslope was 16 cm analysis of the values of cumulative precipitation in the context of the precipitation frequency atlas of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration indicates that precipitation from the main storm on july 21 was more than double that expected on average once during a 100 year period the relations of precipitation intensity duration developed from data recorded at a nearby precipitation gage indicate a storm interval of 500 years or greater the amount of erosion caused by such a storm is primarily dependent on three variables storm intensity development of the drainage network on the hillslope and the amount of available colluvium additionally the erosive ability of successive storms of equal intensity will decrease because such storms would tend to progressively isolate and reduce the amount of colluvium available the preservation of pleistocene deposits on hillslopes of yucca mountain in general indicates that erosional events that strip 5 of the available hillslope colluvium must be quite rare we conclude that the recurrence interval of an erosional event comparable to the july 1984 event is probably much longer than 500 years

fault deformation mechanisms and fault rocks in micritic limestones examples from corinth rift normal faults abstract a multidisciplinary study investigates the influence of different parameters on fault rock architecture development along normal faults affecting non porous carbonates of the corinth rift southern margin here some fault systems cut the same carbonate unit pindus and the gradual and fast uplift since the initiation of the rift led to the exhumation of deep parts of the older faults this exceptional context allows superficial active fault zones and old exhumed fault zones to be compared our approach includes field studies micro structural optical microscope and cathodoluminescence geochemical analyses 13 c 18 o trace elements and fluid inclusions microthermometry of calcite sin kinematic cements our main results in a depth window ranging from 0 m to about 2500 m are i all cements precipitated from meteoric fluids in a close or open circulation system depending on depth ii depth in terms of p t condition determines the development of some structures and their sealing iii lithology marly levels influences the type of structures and its cohesive non cohesive nature iv early distributed rather than final total displacement along the main fault plane is the responsible for the fault zone architecture v petrophysical properties of each fault zone depend on the variable combination of these factors

sediment concentration changes in runoff pathways from a forest road network and the resultant spatial pattern of catchment connectivity hydrological connectivity is a term often used to describe the internal linkages between runoff and sediment generation in upper parts of catchments and the receiving waters in this paper we identify two types of connectivity direct connectivity via new channels or gullies and diffuse connectivity as surface runoff reaches the stream network via overland flow pathways using a forest road network as an example of a landscape element with a high runoff source strength we demonstrate the spatial distribution of these two types of linkages in a 57 km 2 catchment in southeastern australia field surveys and empirical modelling indicate that direct connectivity occurs primarily due to gully development at road culverts where the average sediment transport distance is 89 m below the road outlet the majority of road outlets were characterised by dispersive flow pathways where the maximum potential sediment transport distance is measured as the available hillslope length below the road outlet this length has a mean value of 120 m for this catchment reductions in sediment concentration in runoff plumes from both pathways are modelled using an exponential decay function and data derived from large rainfall simulator experiments in the catchment the concept of the volume to breakthrough is used to model the potential delivery of runoff from dispersive pathways of the surveyed road drains n 218 only 11 are predicted to deliver runoff to a stream and the greatest contributor of runoff occurs at a stream crossing where a road segment discharges directly into the stream the methodology described here can be used to assess the spatial distribution and likely impact of dispersive and gullied pathways on in stream water quality 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved