evidence of early cretaceous collisional style orogenesis in northern fiordland new zealand and its effects on the evolution of the lower crust structural metamorphic and kinematic data from a well exposed section of lower crustal rocks in northern fiordland new zealand reveal a history of intense contractional deformation and high p metamorphism at the roots of a convergent orogen high p 14 kbars granulite facies garnet clinopyroxene bearing reaction zones occur adjacent to anorthositic veins within gabbroic and dioritic gneiss these veins and reaction zones were variably deformed by two phases of high p granulite facies deformation quantitative kinematic analyses conducted using systems of rotated veins and reaction zones indicate that the first phase produced steeply dipping shear zones within a sinistral pure shear dominated flow regime wk 0 69 this deformation occurred at conditions of p 14 0 1 3 kbars and t 676 34 c and resulted in subhorizontal arc parallel ne sw stretching and up to 60 subhorizontal shortening in high strain zones of the lower crust at depths 45 km the second phase of deformation occurred at p 14 1 1 2 kbars and t 674 36 c and produced vertically stacked gently dipping ductile thrust faults that accommodated arc normal nw directed displacement these features reflect major tectonic thickening of the crust oblique convergence and high p metamorphism during the collision of the roots of a convergent orogen represented by plutons of the median tectonic zone in eastern fiordland with the paleo pacific margin of gondwana represented by western fiordland distinctive kinematic styles suggest that this collision resulted in a partitioning of the arc parallel ne sw and arc normal nw se components of oblique convergence onto sinistral strike slip and ductile thrust faults respectively at lower crustal levels

late holocene sea level changes on the western anatolian coast abstract late holocene sea level changes in two widely separated parts datca and canakkale of the western coast of anatolia have been studied geomorphic features were mapped and subsurface depositional environments were interpreted from the evidence obtained from bore holes in holocene coastal sedimentary deposits in addition geomorphological reconstructions of the former shorelines and related sea level changes are established on the basis of archaeological data there are important parallels between the sea level changes observed in these two distant coastal areas and in other coastal parts of western anatolia the sea level curve for the dalacak area shows that sea level rose rapidly to the present position or a little about 50 cm higher and rias or estuaries formed at the principal river mouths and coastal embayments about 6000 5000 yr ago however some geomorphological and archaeological evidence show that sea level descended about two meters during the 4th millennium b p after the first rising stage archaeological evidence related to the dorians who settled on dalacak and built their city old knidos imply that the sea level was rising but still it was a little lower than the present when the first harbours of the city were being built since 3000 b p sea level has risen to the present position generally a precise sea level curve has not been drawn for the besige area separately yet because of some dating problems however there is quite a parallel between dalacak and besige on the late holocene sea level changes this implies that the sea level has risen along the western coast of anatolia in the similar order generally in spite of recent tectonic formation and the block faulted structure of the region however more detailed local studies are necessary to confirm this conclusion

the long sea level record at cadiz southern spain from 1880 to 2009 1 mean sea level observations from an historical tide gauge located in cadiz southern spain spanning the period 1880 1924 were recovered from national archives daily sea level averages stored in handwritten log books were digitized quality controlled and referred to the same benchmark a careful analysis of all the high precision leveling surveys available in the area of the tide gauge enabled the establishment of a common datum with a modern record starting in 1961 from another tide gauge located only 2 5 km apart with accuracy better than 5 mm as a result a consistent daily mean sea level record from 1880 to 2009 was constructed the 20th century relative mean sea level rise in cadiz is 0 7 0 1 mm yr 1 which becomes 1 0 0 2 mm yr 1 once corrected for vertical land movement with high precision gps data in agreement with nearby records the analysis of the seasonal sea level cycle indicated that the amplitude of the annual cycle has increased during the 20th century this work evidences the significance of sea level data rescue for present day climate research

statistical analysis of recent mediterranean sea level data abstract the global rate of sea level rise during the 20th century is generally agreed to be 1 2 5 mm year an examination of the four sea level data series available for the mediterranean shows a sea level rise of a similar rate a statistical analysis based on linear regression reveals this trend to be inconsistent over the century the four time series were divided into two different sets the first consists of records prior to 1960 when sea level was rising consistently and the second from 1961 and onward when there was no significant sea level trend dividing these two data sets into shorter time periods by using additional data from 41 tide gauging stations in the mediterranean showed a consistent trend prior to 1960 between 1961 and 1989 the records show no significant trend this can be due to a rise in mean surface atmospheric pressure of 1 74 3 31 hpa during that period rather than an eustatic decrease in the rate of sea level rise from 1990 onward the sea level recorded in most mediterranean tide gauges indicates a rise in sea level at a rate 5 10 times higher than the 20th century mean rate while this trend should be regarded with some caution because of the relatively short data series the trend observed coincides with the increase in global land and marine surface temperatures during the 1990s and it is important to note that no other short sub period in the data sets shows such an extreme trend

european mediterranean regional centroid moment tensors 1997 2000 the mediterranean region is seismically very active and undergoing rapid deformation earthquakes as strong as m 6 are present but relatively rare on the other hand moderate magnitude seismicity 4 5 m 5 5 is widespread and often damaging an improved knowedge of moderate magnitude earthquakes can contribute significantly to a better understanding of active tectonics in the region harvard centroid moment tensors cmt today represent the most widely used reference for reliable source mechanisms but modelling seismic sources with the cmt technique for earthquakes with magnitude less than m 5 5 5 is quite difficult since 1997 we are using an extension of the standard cmt algorithm to compute regional centroid moment tensors rcmt for moderate magnitude earthquakes mw as low as 4 0 analyzing intermediate period surface waves from regional and teleseismic seismograms we routinely apply the algorithm to european mediterranean seismicity to produce a catalog of seismic moment tensors for events with magnitude between 4 5 and 5 5 which generally are not included in the harvard cmt catalog in this paper we show the results for earthquakes that occurred between 1997 and 2000 consisting of 252 solutions and we discuss the characteristics of the catalog and the areas where these new data are most relevant

global glacial isostatic adjustment palaeogeodetic and space geodetic tests of the ice 4g vm2 model analyses of the global process of glacial isostatic adjustment and post glacial relative sea level change continue to deliver important insights into earth system form and process one successful model of the related phenomenology is based upon a spherically symmetric internal viscoelastic structure for the solid earth which has been denoted vm2 and a model of the most recent deglaciation event of the current ice age denoted ice 4g the primary purpose of this paper is to describe several new a posteriori tests that have recently been performed to further investigate the quality of this global solution to the inverse problem for both mantle viscosity and deglaciation history that is posed by the observables associated with this large scale geodynamic phenomenon i focus especially upon the misfits of observations to the theoretical predictions of this model which i am currently using to further refine its properties and upon predictions made using it of geophysical signals that should soon become visible in the context of the gravity recovery and climate experiment grace satellite mission among the required refinements to ice 4g one that is necessary to eliminate a recently revealed misfit to space geodetic constraints on the present day rate of radial motion at the yellowknife location well to the west of hudson bay and a similar misfit to absolute gravity measurements to the southwest of the bay is the insertion of a keewatin dome of thick ice centred over yellowknife with a ridge of ice extending to the south east in the geomorphological literature the existence of such a keewatin dome previously has been hypothesised but chronological control was lacking on the surface features that suggested its former existence an important additional constraint that requires the late glacial existence of this important feature consists of new inferences of the last glacial maximum lowstand of the sea from sites in the far field of the main concentrations of land ice copyright 2002 john wiley sons ltd

miocene recent evolution of the western antalya basin and its linkage with the isparta angle eastern mediterranean abstract interpretation of 9500 km of multichannel seismic reflection profiles showed the presence of two major tectonic histories in western antalya basin spanning from the miocene or older to the pliocene quaternary a prominent fold thrust belt affects the miocene succession in the offshore the thrusts swing from a nw se strike with sw vergence in the northeast of the mapped area to a more northerly strike with westerly vergence at the western shelf edge of the deep basin the miocene deformation appears to continue offshore from the westerly directed thrusting seen onshore that characterizes the eastern edge of the isparta angle the contraction is consistent with the counterclockwise miocene rotation of the western side of the isparta angle determined from paleomagnetic studies the thrust belt forms the western extremity of the wider regional aksu kyrenia misis oroclinal culmination the tectonic activity experienced a period of relative quiescence across the western antalya basin during the messinian a major kinematic change occurred in the pliocene when the regional strain was partitioned into three spatially localized tectonic domains an extensional domain confined to the pliocene quaternary unit 1 occupied the northeastern portion of the study area a predominantly extensional domain with a few re activated pre existing miocene contractional structures occupied the southern and central portion of the study area and an extensional and or transtensional domain occupied the continental shelf and slope in the westernmost antalya basin these complexities relate to strike slip motions as the crustal block within the isparta angle moved northwards relative to the blocks to the north

land motion estimates from gps at tide gauges a geophysical evaluation summary space geodesy applications have mainly been limited to horizontal deformations due to a number of restrictions on the vertical component accuracy monitoring vertical land motion is nonetheless of crucial interest in observations of long term sea level change or postglacial rebound measurements here we present a global vertical velocity field obtained with more than 200 permanent gps stations most of them colocated with tide gauges tgs we used a state of the art homogeneous processing strategy to ensure that the reference frame was stable throughout the observation period of almost 10 yr we associate realistic uncertainties to our vertical rates taking into account the time correlation noise in the time series the results are compared with two independent geophysical vertical velocity fields 1 vertical velocity estimates using long term tg records and 2 postglacial model predictions from the ice 5g vm2 adjustment the quantitative agreement of the gps vertical velocities with the internal estimates of vertical displacements using the tg record is very good with a mean difference of 0 13 1 64 mm yr 1 on more than 100 sites for 84 per cent of the gps stations considered the vertical velocity is confirmed by the tg estimate to within 2 mm yr 1 the overall agreement with the glacial isostatic adjustment gia model is good with discrepancy patterns related either to a local misfit of the model or to active tectonics for 72 per cent of the sites considered the predictions of the gia model agree with the gps results to within two standard deviations most of the gps velocities showing discrepancies with respect to the predictions of the gia model are however consistent with previously published space geodesy results we in turn confirm the value of 1 8 0 5 mm yr 1 for the 20th century average global sea level rise and conclude that gps is now a robust tool for vertical land motion monitoring which is accurate at least at 1 mm yr 1

sea level at saint paul island southern indian ocean from 1874 to the present a data archeology exercise was carried out on sea level observations recorded during the transit of venus across the sun observed in 1874 from saint paul island 38 41 s 77 31 e in the southern indian ocean historical 1874 and recent 1994 2009 sea level observations were assembled into a consistent time series a thorough check of the data and its precise geodetic connection to the same datum was only possible thanks to the recent installation of new technologies gps buoy and radar water level sensor and leveling campaigns the estimated rate of relative sea level change spanning the last 135 years at saint paul island was not significantly different from zero 0 1 0 3 mm yr 1 a value which could be reconciled with estimates of global average sea level rise for the 20th century assuming the doris vertical velocity estimate at amsterdam island 100 km distant could be applied to correct for the land motion at the tide gauge considering the scarcity of long term sea level data in the southern hemisphere the exercise provides an invaluable additional observational constraint for further investigations of the spatial variability of sea level change once vertical land rates can be determined

mechanisms of decadal sea level variability in the eastern north atlantic and the mediterranean sea decadal sea level variations from tide gauge records along the western european coast and in the mediterranean sea commencing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are examined relative to large scale atmospheric forcing recent studies have provided evidence for a link between sea level in the eastern north atlantic and atmospheric forcing however the nature of this relationship is still unclear here the outputs of a regional barotropic model and a nearly global baroclinic model are used in conjunction with wind stress and heat flux data to explore the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed sea level variability all tide gauge records show significant decadal variability up to 15 cm and are highly correlated with the nao and among themselves at decadal periods there is a coherent sea level signal that affects the eastern boundary of the north atlantic northward of 25 n and is limited to a narrow band of the order of a few hundred kilometers along the coast this band tends to become narrower towards higher latitudes we find that longshore wind and wave propagation along the boundary are the major contributors to coastal sea level variability but no significant contribution from mass redistribution linked to changes in the strength of the subtropical gyre is observed the mass component dominates sea level in the mediterranean and is mainly driven by mass exchanges with the atlantic which explains the correlation between both regions southward of 25 n sea level changes are mainly driven by heat advection through ekman fluxes

the anatomy of recent large sea level fluctuations in the mediterranean sea 1 during the boreal winter months of 2009 2010 and 2010 2011 mediterranean mean sea level rose 10 cm above the average monthly climatological values the non seasonal anomalies were observed in sea surface height from altimetry as well as ocean mass from gravimetry indicating they were mostly of barotropic nature these relatively rapid basin wide fluctuations occurred over time scales of 1 5 months here we use observations and re analysis data to attribute the non seasonal sea level and ocean mass fluctuations in the mediterranean sea to concurrent wind stress anomalies over the adjacent subtropical northeast atlantic ocean just west of the strait of gibraltar and extending into the strait itself the observed mediterranean sea level fluctuations are strongly anti correlated with the monthly north atlantic oscillation nao index

present day trends of vertical ground motion along the coast lines vertical ground motion vgm rates stand as crucial information either for predicting the impact of the actual sea level rise along low lying coasts or refining geodynamic problems because present day vgm rates have a magnitude smaller than 10 mm yr they remain challenging to quantify and often elusive we focus on the quantification of global scale vgm rates in order to identify global or regional trends we computed vgm rates by combining tide gauges records and local satellite altimetry which yield a new dataset of 634 vgm rates we further compare this database to previous studies that use geodetic techniques and tide gauges records in order to evaluate the consistency of both our results and previous ones the magnitudes differ by less than 5 mm yr and similar subsidence and uplift general tendencies appear even if the asset of our database stands in the greater number of sites the combination of all studies each with different pros and cons yields a hybrid dataset that makes our attempt to extract vgm trends more robust than any other independent study fennoscandia the west coast of north america and the eastern coast of australia are uplifting while the eastern coast of north america the british isles and western europe the eastern mediterranean sea japan and the western coast of australia are subsiding glacial isostatic adjustment gia is expected to provide a major contribution to the present day signal aside from fennoscandia observed vgm often depart from the gia model predictions of peltier 2004 this either results from an underestimate of the model predictions or from the influence of other processes indeed the influence of the geodynamic setting appears in particular along the coasts of western north america or japan where the alternation of transform faults and subduction zones makes it possible to assign contrasted behaviours to the local geodynamic context local mechanisms like anthropogenic processes or sediment compaction also contribute to vgm this remains true for the critical cases of venice the gulf of mexico the ganges delta and the maldives which are particularly exposed to the current sea level rise

sea level change and vertical land movements since the last two millennia along the coasts of southwestern turkey and israel abstract this paper provides new relative sea level data inferred from coastal archaeological sites located along the turkish coasts of the gulf of fethye 8 sites and israel between akziv and caesarea 5 sites the structures selected are those that for effective functioning can be accurately related to sea level at the time of their construction thus their positions with respect to present sea level provide a measure of the relative sea level change since their time of construction useful information was obtained from the investigated sites spanning an age range of 2 3 1 6 ka bp the inferred changes in relative sea level for the two areas are distinctly different from a rise of 2 41 to 4 50 m in turkey and from 0 to 0 18 m in israel sea level change is the combination of several processes including vertical tectonics glacio hydro isostatic signals associated with the last glacial cycle and changes in ocean volume for the israel section the present elevations of the mis 5 5 tyrrhenian terraces occur at a few meters above present sea level and vertical tectonic displacements are small data from gps and tide gauge measurements also indicate that any recent vertical movements are small the mis 5 5 shorelines are absent from the investigated section of the turkish coast consistent with crustal subsidence associated with the hellenic arc the isostatic signals for the israel section of the coast are also small ranging from 0 11 mm yr to 0 14 mm yr depending on site and earth model and the observed eustatic average sea level change corrected for this contribution is a rise of 13 5 2 6 cm during the past 2 ka this is attributed to the time integrated contribution to sea level from a combination of thermal expansion and other increases in ocean volume the observed sea levels from the turkish sites in contrast indicate a much greater rise of up to 2 2 mm yr since 2 3 ka bp occurring in a wide area between knidos and kekova the isostatic signal here is also one of a rising sea level of up to 1 mm yr and site and earth model dependent and the corrected tectonic rate of land subsidence is 1 48 mm yr this is the primary cause of dramatic relative sea level rise for this part of the coast

the antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ice 6g_c vm5a based on gps positioning exposure age dating of ice thicknesses and relative sea level histories

space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation the global ice 6g_c vm5a model a new model of the last deglaciation event of the late quaternary ice age is here described and denoted as ice 6g c vm5a it differs from previously published models in this sequence in that it has been explicitly refined by applying all of the available global positioning system gps measurements of vertical motion of the crust that may be brought to bear to constrain the thickness of local ice cover as well as the timing of its removal additional space geodetic constraints have also been applied to specify the reference frame within which the gps data are described the focus of the paper is upon the three main regions of last glacial maximum ice cover namely north america northwestern europe eurasia and antarctica although greenland and the british isles will also be included if peripherally in the discussion in each of the three major regions the model predictions of the time rate of change of the gravitational field are also compared to that being measured by the gravity recovery and climate experiment satellites as an independent means of verifying the improvement of the model achieved by applying the gps constraints several aspects of the global characteristics of this new model are also discussed including the nature of relative sea level history predictions at far field locations in particular the caribbean island of barbados from which especially high quality records of postglacial sea level change are available but which records were not employed in the development of the model although ice 6g c vm5a is a significant improvement insofar as the most recently available gps observations are concerned comparison of model predictions with such far field relative sea level histories enables us to identify a series of additional improvements that should follow from a further stage of model iteration

evidence for centennial scale sea level variability during the medieval climate optimum crusader period in israel eastern mediterranean the current study provides evidence supporting a sea level drop of up to about 50 20 cm at the eastern coasts of the mediterranean basin during the period ad 900 1300 the estimate is based on a variety of archaeological remains mostly from the crusader period compared with other archaeological and biological proxies of sea level from the periods before and after the crusader low levels overlap the period known as the medieval warm period mwp or the medieval climate anomaly mca on the basis of published data it appears that a positive north atlantic oscillation nao phase coincided with a negative southern oscillation index soi the former affecting the temperature and freshwater flux in the mediterranean sea and most of its rivers and the latter affecting the nile outflow changes of 0 125 psu in salinity and 0 4 c are estimated as upper limits for the change and these are expected to cause a sea level drop consistent in magnitude with the observed values these provide the upper limit for a regional climate forcing attribution of the observed sea level low the possibility of crustal uplifts contributing to the observed changes is also discussed

observed mean sea level changes around the north sea coastline from 1800 to present this paper assesses historic changes in mean sea level around the coastline of the north sea one of the most densely populated coasts in the world typically such analyses have been conducted at a national level and detailed geographically wider analyses have not been undertaken for about 20 years we analyse long records up to 200 years from 30 tide gauge sites which are reasonably uniformly distributed along the coastline and 1 calculate relative sea level trends 2 examine the inter annual and decadal variations 3 estimate regional geocentric sometimes also referred to as absolute sea level rise throughout the 20th century and 4 assess the evidence for regional acceleration of sea level rise relative sea level changes are broadly consistent with known vertical land movement patterns the inter annual and decadal variability is partly coherent across the region but with some differences between the inner north sea and the english channel data sets from various sources are used to provide estimates of the geocentric sea level changes the long term geocentric mean sea level trend for the 1900 to 2011 period is estimated to be 1 5 0 1 mm yr for the entire north sea region the trend is slightly higher for the inner north sea i e 1 6 0 1 mm yr and smaller but not significantly different on the 95 confidence level for the english channel i e 1 2 0 1 mm yr the uncertainties in the estimates of vertical land movement rates are still large and the results from a broad range of approaches for determining these rates are not consistent periods of sea level rise acceleration are detected at different times throughout the last 200 years and are to some extent related to air pressure variations the recent rates of sea level rise i e over the last two to three decades are high compared to the long term average but are comparable to those which have been observed at other times in the late 19th and 20th century

coastal neo tectonics of the mediterranean from tide gauge records abstract records from tide gauges in israel and egypt supplement the many geological and archeological investigations that have contributed information about relative sea level changes in the mediterranean region seven such records reveal changes during the past few decades that accord with prior inferences about land movements in this region emergence along the coast of israel and at alexandria and subsidence at the nile delta and the head of the gulf of suez twenty four other tide gauge records for the rest of the mediterranean region indicate more uniformity submergence of land or rise of sea level in the west but with greater movements of the land attributed to probable plate underthrusting in turkey and greece to volcanism near mount etna to deltaic compaction at izmir and to deltaic compaction coupled with water pumping at the po delta

vertical crustal motion along the mediterranean and black sea coast derived from ocean altimetry and tide gauge data tide gauge tg data along the northern mediterranean and black sea coasts are compared to the sea surface height ssh anomaly obtained from ocean altimetry topex poseidon and ers 1 2 for a period of nine years 1993 2001 the tg measures the ssh relative to the ground whereas the altimetry does so with respect to the geocentric reference frame therefore their difference would be in principle a vertical ground motion of the tg sites though there are different error sources for this estimate as is discussed in the paper in this study we estimate such vertical ground motion for each tg site from the slope of the ssh time series of the non seasonal difference between the tg record and the altimetry measurement at a point closest to the tg where possible these estimates are further compared with those derived from nearby continuous global positioning system gps data series these results on vertical ground motion along the mediterranean and black sea coasts provide useful source data for studying contrasting and constraining tectonic models of the region for example in the eastern coast of the adriatic sea and in the western coast of greece a general subsidence is observed which may be related to the adriatic lithosphere subducting beneath the eurasian plate along the dinarides fault

new estimates of secular sea level rise from tide gauge data and gia modelling summary during the last three decades at least 30 independent estimates of the secular global mean sea level rise gmslr have been published based on sufficiently long tide gauge tg records despite its apparent simplicity the problem of gmslr is fraught with a number of difficulties which make it one of the most challenging questions of climate change science not surprisingly published estimates show considerable scatter with rates ranging between 1 and 2 mm yr 1 for observations on the century timescale in previous work the importance of glacial isostatic adjustment gia upon the assessment of the gmslr has been clearly demonstrated in particular starting from the 1980s gia models have been routinely employed to decontaminate tg observations from the effects of melting of the late pleistocene ice sheets to fully highlight the sea level variations driven by climate change however uncertainties associated with the earth s rheological profile and the time history of the past continental ice sheets can propagate into the gia corrections after revisiting previous work and estimates we suggest a significant modification of the criteria for the selection of the tgs which are most suitable for the robust assessment of the secular gmslr in particular we seek a set of tgs for which gia corrections are essentially independent of the parametrization of the rheological profile of the earth s mantle and of the detailed time chronology of surface loading this insensitivity is established by considering predictions based upon three gia models widely employed in the recent literature namely ice 3g ice 5g and the one developed at the research school of earth sciences of the national australian university applying this approach and selection criteria previously proposed in the literature we identify a set of 22 sufficiently evenly distributed tgs by simple statistical methods these records yield a preferred gia independent gmslr estimate since 1880 namely 1 5 0 1 mm yr 1 rms 0 4 mm yr 1 wrms 0 3 mm yr 1 this value is consistent with various previous estimates based on secular tg observations and with that proposed for the 20th century by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc fourth assessment report 1 7 0 5 mm yr 1

vulnerability of turkish coasts to accelerated sea level rise abstract accelerated rise in sea level and associated geological adjustment may result in a high impact on shorelines on the basis of hourly sea level observations over a 20 year period sea level change along the turkish coast has been investigated in addition to relative sea level rise the high level of human activities in coastal areas puts a significant amount of stress on turkish coastal zones especially on coastal lowland plains coastal erosion and ground water salinization are the most important impacts and two case studies are discussed in this paper the kizilirmak river delta on the black sea and the tourism center of erdek on the marmara sea coastal retreat on the kizilirmak river delta is mostly attributed to decreasing sediment supply to the coast the shore barriers and the enclosed lagoons are likely to respond readily to future sea level rise at erdek the most important threat is intrusion of salt water into freshwater systems caused by a combination of accelerated sea level rise land reclamation and overexploitation of underground aquifers

influence of glacial isostatic adjustment upon current sea level variations in the mediterranean abstract present day sea level variations in the mediterranean depend on various factors including recent climatic forcing tectonic activity anthropogenic effects and glacio isostatic adjustment the latter is governed by mantle rheology and the spatio temporal distribution of the late pleistocene ice sheets and it is expected to produce a long wavelength pattern of sea level variations across the mediterranean mostly determined by the response of the solid earth and of the geoid to loading effects of melt water since the end of deglaciation modeling glacio isostatic effects in this region is necessary for a correct interpretation of tide gauge and gps time series and thereby to constrain both the present day climate related sea level rise and regional or local geological tectonic and human driven displacements by an exhaustive exploration of the parameter space of mantle rheology and ice sheet chronologies in this work we outline upper and lower bounds on the current rate of sea level variation associated with glacial isostatic adjustment in the mediterranean this may contribute to a full assessment of coastal vulnerability by sea level rise on a regional and local scale

mineralogical and geochemical study of the rare earth element mineralization at gakara burundi abstract the rare earth element ree mineralization of gakara burundi has first been discovered in 1936 and has periodically been the subject of geological studies at times when the exploitation of bastnasite ce and monazite ce was economically interesting this study focuses on the establishment of a mineral paragenesis for gakara with special attention to the ree bearing phases to understand the formation history of the deposit the paragenesis can be subdivided into 3 stages primary ore deposition brecciation stage and supergene alteration evidence for fenitization processes i e pinkish red cathodoluminescence of k feldpar brecciation stage and the strong enrichment of light rees in bastnasite and monazite substantiate the hypothesis of a structurally controlled hydrothermal mineralization with a strong carbonatitic affinity this likely confirms the association of the gakara ree deposit with the neoproterozoic alignment of alkaline complexes and carbonatites along the present day western rift it suggests a direct link with a currently unidentified carbonatitic body at depth possibly derived from a predominantly metasomatized lithospheric mantle

european mediterranean regional centroid moment tensor catalog solutions for years 2001 and 2002 abstract we present regional centroid moment tensor rcmt solutions for 168 moderate magnitude earthquakes that occurred in the european mediterranean region during 2001 and 2002 events with moment magnitudes as low as 4 0 were successfully analyzed although this low threshold is only achievable in regions with the best azimuthal coverage and with stations at a few hundred kilometers distance earthquakes with focal depths from 10 to more than 200 km were analyzed comparison with standard harvard cmts when available shows good agreement the solutions shown in this paper represent an addition to the european mediterranean rcmt catalog that we are maintaining the rcmt catalog now spans 6 years from 1997 to 2002 and contains 420 solutions we also outline the main seismic sequences that occurred in the european mediterranean region during 2001 2002

recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise satellite measurements of earth s gravity field show that the mass loss of glaciers and ice caps contributed to sea level rise by approximately 0 4 millimetres per year between 2003 and 2010 the extent to which mass loss from ice covered land areas contributes to sea level rise is not known accurately in part because previous global estimates use different techniques for glaciers ice caps and ice sheets the gravity recovery and climate experiment grace satellite has provided monthly measurements of the global gravity field since 2002 using grace data jacob et al assess regional mass loss between 2003 and 2010 and conclude that mass loss from ice covered land areas contributed almost 1 5 mm per year to the sea level rise estimated mass loss from the high mountains of asia was negligible in contrast to some other reports glaciers and ice caps gics are important contributors to present day global mean sea level rise1 2 3 4 most previous global mass balance estimates for gics rely on extrapolation of sparse mass balance measurements1 2 4 representing only a small fraction of the gic area leaving their overall contribution to sea level rise unclear here we show that gics excluding the greenland and antarctic peripheral gics lost mass at a rate of 148 30 gt yr 1 from january 2003 to december 2010 contributing 0 41 0 08 mm yr 1 to sea level rise our results are based on a global simultaneous inversion of monthly grace derived satellite gravity fields from which we calculate the mass change over all ice covered regions greater in area than 100 km2 the gic rate for 2003 2010 is about 30 per cent smaller than the previous mass balance estimate that most closely matches our study period2 the high mountains of asia in particular show a mass loss of only 4 20 gt yr 1 for 2003 2010 compared with 47 55 gt yr 1 in previously published estimates2 5 for completeness we also estimate that the greenland and antarctic ice sheets including their peripheral gics contributed 1 06 0 19 mm yr 1 to sea level rise over the same time period the total contribution to sea level rise from all ice covered regions is thus 1 48 0 26 mm 1 which agrees well with independent estimates of sea level rise originating from land ice loss and other terrestrial sources6