structural interpretation and geo hazard assessment of a locking line 2005 kashmir earthquake western himalayas the 08 october 2005 magnitude mw 06 kashmir earthquake occurred along the balakot bagh fault bbf with about 30 dip toward ne in the internal part of the western himalayas in north pakistan it was accompanied by a ground rupture of about 75 km with an average slip of about 5 m along the causative fault the epicenter of the thrust was located at about 19 km to the ne of its surface trace in muzaffarabad with about 11 km depth of the hypocenter the geometry of the fault based on a structural cross section has allowed us to interpret it as a thrust restricted to a roof sequence along a triangle zone across the hazara kashmir syntaxis hks the triangle zone is occupied at depth by a wedge of the higher himalayan sequence hhs in the core zone of the hks the core wedge is bounded between the ne dipping bbf and se to sw dipping thrust stack of the lesser himalayan sequence lhs along the northeastern and southwestern limb of the hks respectively based on surface geology the overlapping bbf and mbt are interpreted to merge at depth in a roof thrust of pre cambrian late proterozoic rocks above a duplex which is inferred to have a floor thrust in early proterozoic archean rocks the core wedge is located over a ramp which is connected to the floor thrust in the basement the bbf is inferred to be active at least since 1 0 5 ma with recurrence interval of about 625 125 years this out of sequence deformation is represented by linear seismicity both along emergent and blind thrusts in the system with likelihood of major events as a result of strain buildup due to slow convergence rates 7 mm year in the region many towns located along the active fault trace were destroyed or largely damaged due to the earthquake major destruction of human dwellings and infrastructure occurred as a consequence of earthquake triggered landslides mostly along fault high river terraces and road cuts to minimize future damages in earthquake prone areas several mitigation measures are suggested including 1 avoiding new settlements near the fault trace and landslide susceptible areas 2 establishment of new township schemes in relatively safer areas with earthquake sustainable structural designs and 3 extensive forestation for slope stability erosion control and provision of wood for flexible earthquake resistant structures the measures are needed for the sustainable development of the region

surface rupture of the 2005 kashmir pakistan earthquake and its active tectonic implications to provide a detailed record of a relatively rare thrust surface rupture and examine its active tectonic implications we have conducted field mapping of the surface rupture associated with the 2005 m w 7 6 kashmir earthquake despite the difficulty arising from massive earthquake induced landslides along the surface rupture we found that typical pressure ridges and warps extend northwestward for a distance of 70 km with a northeast side up vertical separation of up to 7 m neither the main frontal thrust nor the main boundary thrust is responsible for the earthquake but three active faults or fault segments within the sub himalaya collectively called the balakot bagh fault compose the causative fault although the fault exhibits substantial geomorphic expression of repeated similar surface ruptures only a part of it had been mapped as active before the earthquake the location of the hypocenter suggests that the rupture was initiated at a deep portion of the northern central segment boundary and propagated bilaterally to eventually break all three segments our obtained surface rupture traces and the along strike slip distribution are both in good agreement with results of prompt analyses of satellite images indicating that space geodesy can greatly aid in time consuming field mapping of surface ruptures assuming that the extensive fill terrace in the meizoseismal area was abandoned during 10 30 ka we tentatively estimate the earthquake recurrence interval and shortening rate on the balakot bagh fault to be 1000 3300 yr and 1 4 4 1 mm yr respectively these estimates indicate that the balakot bagh fault is not a main player of himalayan contraction accommodation graphic 1 selected field photographs and arcgis files of the mapped surface rupture traces and measured vertical separations are available in the electronic supplement to this article 1 embed inline graphic 1 gif

vacillatory turbidites barbados abstract a vacillatory turbidite is one containing bouma sequence divisions that repeat within a bed it presumably results from a single flow event or several closely related events for example retrogressive slope failure the most common vacillations or repetitions in such turbidites on barbados are between t b and t c intervals t bcbc for example many vacillations are accompanied by gradual to abrupt changes in the content of detrital organic matter other vacillations are clearly associated with flow surges as indicated by intra bed scours which die out laterally and separate divisions vacillatory turbidites may results from 1 multiple surging flows or 2 periodic deposition of concentrations of entrained detrital organic matter which modifies turbulent flow characteristics other features associated with vacillatory turbidites on barbados are fluidized beds syndepositional deformation features and hummocky cross beds vacillatory turbidites and related features on barbados occur principally in facies composed of fine grained sandstone beds with bedding thicknesses greater than 20 cm mostly in outer fan deposits but rarely in midfan deposits

qualifying mass failures on loess gully sidewalls using laboratory experimentation abstract the morphology of the failure scar has been a long debated issue concerning the loess plateau of china and the lack of normative data has hampered vital research in this area in this study a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to observe failure geometries and volumes under rainfall simulations the following six failure scar types occurred the sequence of the types described here may be same to that of the following text namely tf cd cu ia ps and co the number of failure masses in the experiment for scar types tf cd cu ia ps and co amounted to 45 26 23 3 2 and 1 of the total and the corresponding volumes were 58 16 20 2 3 and 1 of the total respectively this implies that tf cd and cu were the three major types of failure scars during the process of gravity erosion on a steep loess slope and the scar tf was the most significant the sensitivity coefficient the degree of variation in the target value caused by a change in a crucial factor when other conditions remain unchanged of the slope gradient and rainfall intensity for the total volume of the tf scar were 4 5 and 3 7 respectively in other words a relatively dangerous failure scar tf might appear if the slope became steeper or if the rainfall became more intensive in addition the sensitivity coefficients of the rainfall duration for the total volume of the cu scar was significant being 12 4 this shows that a long duration storm could easily induce a large volume failure with a cu scar the experimental results obtained here provide a morphogenic insight into the gravity erosion control on a loess gully sidewall

geostrophic versus friction dominated storm flow palaeocurrent evidence from the late permian brotherton formation england the late permian brotherton formation of northeastern england is a 0 75 m thick carbonate sequence which exhibits abundant erosively amalgamated hummocky cross stratification gutter casts and shallow scour fills suggesting deposition in a storm dominated platformal shelf setting the outcrop ca 15 m thick is divisible into three facies associations a basal transgressive interval 4 5 m thick facies association a which passes upwards into a thinly bedded argillaceous condensed section 1 m thick facies association b which in turn rapidly grades upwards into a 8 10 m thick regressive highstand succession of hummocky cross stratified amalgamated scour fills facies association c the dominance of hummocky cross stratification in all facies associations would suggest that post storm deposition and fairweather reworking was largely under oscillatory currents however the erosional palaeocurrent data indicate that facies associations a and b were deposited following combined oscillatory and geostrophically balanced shore parallel flows in contrast facies association c was deposited by infilling the scours of friction dominated offshore directed and downwelling jet like flows combined with oscillatory wave currents the dominance of geostrophic or friction dominated flows in the study area is interpreted to be controlled by relative sea level changes during transgressive conditions increasing accommodation permitted rotation of the downwelling pressure driven currents in the regressive phase particularly in the accommodation limited late highstand bottom friction was important in inhibiting flow rotation it is suggested that the paucity of evidence for geostrophic flows in the ancient record may in part be attributed to the palaeocurrent indicators in sand grade substrates being restricted to thin transgressive intervals or surfaces whilst in the volumetrically more important regressive deposits palaeocurrent data are largely contained within facies from the friction dominated zone

distribution pattern of earthquake induced landslides triggered by the 12 may 2008 wenchuan earthquake abstract this paper presents the preliminary results of an extensive study of the mapping the distribution of landslides triggered by the wenchuan earthquake in sichuan province china on 12 may 2008 an extensive landslide interpretation was carried out using a large set of optical high resolution satellite images e g aster alos cartosat 1 spot 5 and ikonos as well as air photos for both the pre and post earthquake situation landslide scarps were mapped as points using multi temporal visual image interpretation taking into account shape tone texture pattern elevation and ridge and valley orientation nearly 60 000 individual landslide scarps were mapped the landslide distribution map was compared with the inventory map that was prepared directly after the earthquake which contains about 11 000 individual landslide points through the calculation of normalized landslide isopleths maps remarkable differences were observed as the earlier inventory mapping did not consider the pre earthquake situation and did not consider all individual landslides as part of the landslide inventory landslides were identified that had blocked the drainage and had formed landslide dams the landslide distribution was compared with a number of aspects such as the seismic parameters distance to epicenter distance to fault rupture co seismic fault geometry and co seismic slip distribution and geology the most remarkable correlation found was with the co seismic slip distribution and the fault geometry landslide distribution in the section of the fault that had mainly a thrust component with low angle fault plane was found to be much higher than the sections that had steeper fault angles and a major strike slip component

variation in landslide affected area under the control of ground motion and topography abstract earthquake induced landslide eqil inventories are the key to improve our understanding of the relationship between landslides and their causes including environmental settings and ground shaking parameters however creating a high quality inventory can take years as a result reliable information on landslide affected areas typically remains unknown until a complete inventory is compiled in this paper we analyze 20 digital eqil inventories of varying quality and completeness that represent a range of geologic and climatic settings around the globe we examine the landslide affected area with respect to peak ground acceleration pga and topography and develop a statistical model to estimate the landslide distribution without prior knowledge of the actual landslide triggering locations for each eqil inventory we initially calculated the pga contours where 90 of the total landslide population fell into subsequently we define landslide susceptible areas as those pixels with slope 5 and local relief 100 m the latter is used to normalize the total landslide affected area and to compute correlations with local pga values we find that the landslide affected area may be predicted from pga values only with the mean error ranging from 20 0 to 7 1 with respect to total landslide population this relationship can be used immediately following a disaster to identify areas of greatest landslide impact and to prioritize emergency response actions even without a landslide inventory

spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008 5 12 wenchuan earthquake china abstract the 2008 5 12 wenchuan earthquake seismic magnitude mw 7 9 according to the usgs triggered a great number of landslides a spatial database of landslides is built by interpreting the remote sensing rs data which covers 11 counties severely damaged by the earthquake with area of about 31 686 12 km2 the geological settings of the study area are detailed mapped including geologic structure and lithology the digital elevation model dem of the study area with resolution of 30 m 30 m is presented to address the topographic characteristics correlations between the occurrence of landslides with geological settings i e active faults the coseismic surface ruptures geological unit slope gradient slope elevation as well as slope aspect are analyzed using spatial modeling in gis with the aids of field investigations it can be concluded that the distance to the causative faults and slope gradient are much more important than other factors landslides are clustered distributed along the causative faults of f2 and f3 and landslides incidence are dramatically decreasing with the increasing of the distance to the causative faults the landslides incidence has an obvious increase near the active faults i e f1 landslide concentration lc landslides km2 has an obvious exponent increase with slope gradient however lc has no obvious relationship with geological unit and slope elevation the difference of lc value in each geological unit each slope elevation category maybe have been the result affected by slope gradient for each geological unit each slope elevation category and distance of each geological unit each slope elevation category to causative fault zone isoseismal map reflects the incidence of landslides in some degree and lc increases dramatically with intensity increasing almost all landslides occurred in the region above vi degree statistics result also indicates that in the near field of causative faults landslides tend to have the initial sliding direction similar to the movement of the causative faults and preliminary study shows that landslides incidence varies in different slopes with different structure and consequent slopes and obsequent slopes have a higher landslides incidence than other layered slopes

landslides triggered by the 8 october 2005 kashmir earthquake abstract the 8 october 2005 kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides these were mainly rock falls and debris falls although translational rock and debris slides also occurred in addition a sturzstrom debris avalanche comprising 80 million m3 buried four villages and blocked streams to create two lakes although landsliding occurred throughout the region covering an area of 7500 km2 the failures were highly concentrated associated with six geomorphic geologic anthropogenic settings including natural failures in 1 highly fractured carbonate rocks comprising the lowest beds in the hanging wall of the likely earthquake fault 2 tertiary siliciclastic rocks along antecedent drainages that traverse the hazara kashmir syntaxis 3 steep 50 slopes comprising precambrian and lower paleozoic rocks 4 very steep 50 lower slopes of fluvially undercut quaternary valley fills and 5 ridges and spur crests the sixth setting was associated with road construction extensive fissuring in many of the valley slopes together with the freshly mobilized landslide debris constitutes a potential hazard in the coming snowmelt and monsoon seasons this study supports the view that earthquake triggered landslides are highly concentrated in specific zones associated with the lithology structure geomorphology topography and human presence

database and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the lushan china mw 6 6 earthquake of 20 april 2013 abstract on 20 april 2013 an earthquake with mw 6 6 ms 7 0 hit lushan county sichuan province of china 30 3 n 103 e only 85 km southwest of the 2008 wenchuan mw 7 9 event the lushan shock triggered a large number of landslides with various types including highly disrupted shallow slides and rock falls deep seated landslides and large scale rock avalanches post earthquake high resolution aerial photographs and satellite images as well as a series of pre earthquake high resolution satellite images were collected to construct a detailed accurate objective and complete coseismic landslide database inventory which was validated by field investigation in selected areas based on the aerial photographs 0 2 or 0 6 m resolution that partly cover the affected area and pre earthquake satellite images 14 580 coseismic landslides were recognized and mapped in those areas without post earthquake aerial photographs coverage we mapped 7 948 more coseismic landslides based on post earthquake satellite images rapideye images with 5 m resolution and zy 3 images including panchromatic images with 2 1 m resolution and multi spectral images with 5 8 m resolution and pre earthquake satellite images the 22 528 coseismic landslides with a horizontal projection area of 18 88 km 2 and an estimated total volume of 41 56 10 6 m 3 were distributed in a nearly elliptic area of about 5 400 km 2 correlations between coseismic landslide abundances and topographic geologic and seismic factors were analyzed on 15 546 landslides of area 100 m 2 scatter plots between regional slope angle and landslide abundances in generalized homogeneous lithology combinations show no obvious relationship is present between them which challenges the conclusions of previous studies combining the lushan earthquake triggered landslides with other events on reverse and or thrust faults such as the 1999 chi chi and 2008 wenchuan shocks we found that coseismic landslides tend to occur in areas enveloped by two or more imbricated reverse and or thrust faults rather than only along the seismogenic fault the lushan event shows a higher ability of triggering landslides compared with other earthquakes of similar magnitudes which is likely due to the steep and rugged topography and fractured and densely jointed lithology resulted from long term tectonic activity the blind reverse seismogenic fault is likely also another significant factor based on detailed coseismic landslide inventory maps and databases of several recent major earthquakes such as the 2008 wenchuan 2010 haiti 2010 yushu and 2013 lushan temblors we suggest that the empirical correlations between earthquake magnitude and coseismic landslides need to be updated

apollo sample 70051 and high and low ti lunar soil simulants mls 1a and jsc 1a implications for future lunar exploration 1 plans for establishment of a manned lunar base make it imperative that considerable research be performed on the use of lunar rocks and soil for in situ resource utilization isru samples and simulants of lunar soil must be established for these studies we present here the bulk and mineral chemistries of unusual apollo 17 sample 70051 the 80 of particles 50 m and a constrained range of particle sizes 50 of particles are 50 100 m in size when compared to typical apollo 17 soils e g 71501 1 has 20 of particles in the 50 100 m range plagioclase present in rock fragments and as mineral fragments up to sizes 1 mm is the main phase present 50 5 vol simulant jsc 1a has a chemistry that is atypical for most of the moon and contains 49 3 vol glass simulant mls 1a resembles the feo tio2 and al2o3 contents of mare basalt soils both lunar soil simulants have specific properties for certain in situ resource utilization studies however neither fully matches both the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar soil sample 70051 as a 1 4 kg haphazard mixture of lunar soil particles is probably the best of the apollo soil samples to be allocated for various isru investigations where the uniqueness of lunar soils is deemed a necessity for study

anatomy of a siliciclastic turbidite basin the gorgoglione flysch upper miocene southern italy physical stratigraphy sedimentology and sequence stratigraphic framework abstract the gorgoglione flysch is a tortonian siliciclastic turbidite formation well exposed in the lucania apennines southern italy with an average thickness of 1500 m it is one of the few examples of collisional basin succession for which field sedimentological investigations and visual correlations have permitted the reconstruction of the physical stratigraphy of proximal to distal turbidite deposits a northern and a southern turbidite complex have been identified they are divided by a structural high and both consist of three turbidite systems the middle and upper systems are composed of growth stages that show proximal to distal downcurrent facies variations the stacking pattern of each turbidite stage of growth consists of 5 10 cycles with thicknesses between 10 and 100 m mesocycles each of which is composed of cycles with a thickness of less than 10 m microcycles stratigraphical and sedimentological data are fitted to a sequence stratigraphy scheme represented by two nonconformity bounded depositional sequences internally composed of type i ii and iii stages of growth with aggradational to retrogradational and progradational stacking patterns the sequence stratigraphy scheme can be used as a model for turbidite collisional basins and is predictive of the stratigraphical features geometry and stacking patterns of depositional units formed when physiographic sedimentary basin evolution occurs under a regime of tectonic control this process consists of three phases i formation of the basin on top of a argille varicolori formation thrust system ii in sequence substratum thrust propagation towards the foreland basin confinement and elongation aggradational type i and retrogradational type ii stages of growth with two main sediment entry points iii deformational regime change with deactivation of in sequence thrusting decrease of deformation rate and decrease of lateral and vertical mobility the basin assumes a foreland ramp type configuration with development of a thick type iii pelitic stage of growth related to a predominant eustatic control

evaluation of factors controlling earthquake induced landslides caused by chi chi earthquake and comparison with the northridge and loma prieta events over 10 000 landslides were triggered by the september 21 1999 chi chi earthquake a large number of these landslides have been mapped from spot images and a smaller number were described in a detailed field investigation geographic information systems gis was used to conduct a spatial characterization of the slope failures including distribution of type size slope angle bedrock geology ground motion and distance from earthquake source the most abundant landslides were shallow disaggregated rock and soil slides landslides occurred primarily in tertiary sedimentary rocks which are well known for their susceptibility to landsliding in many parts of the world landslide concentration values diminish beyond epicentral distances of 40 and 70 km from the epicenter and the surface projection of the fault plane respectively ground motion was found to be the most significant factor in triggering the shallow landslides in the chi chi earthquake overall 74 of all slope failures occurred in regions with vertical ground motions greater than 0 2g and 81 of all slope failures occurred in the region with mean horizontal peak ground accelerations pga greater than 0 15g these factors were used to compare landslides generated by the chi chi earthquake to the landslides triggered by the 1989 loma prieta earthquake and the 1994 northridge earthquake the major difference in distribution of landslides between the chi chi earthquake and the two california earthquakes was the distribution of slope angles in the chi chi earthquake 90 of the failures occurred on slopes steeper than 45 while more than 80 of failures occurred on slopes less than 50 in california apparently reflecting much steeper and tectonically more active geologic setting in taiwan

cyclic deposits and hummocky cross stratification of probable storm origin in upper cretaceous rocks of the cape sebastian area southwestern oregon abstract cyclic deposits containing hummocky cross stratification occur in the upper part of the cape sebastian sandstone of bourgeois 1980 a shallow marine transgressive sandstone of late cetaceous age on the southern oregon coast the cycles average 1 6 m in thickness and consist where complete of a lower hummocky cross stratified sandstone a middle planar and ripple bedded sandstone with a shale bed in its middle part and an upper bioturbated sandstone noteworthy features of the hummocky cross stratification include the presence of depositional domes in addition to scoured depressions the absence of significant bedform migration and the presence of a small proportion of dip angles greater than the angle of repose 34 in addition to the large proportion of low 15 deg dip angles the lower stratified fining upward part of the cycle up to the top of the shale bed is interpreted as having accumulated under conditions of initially great but gradually decreasing current velocity and deposition rate the currents probably had a strong oscillatory component and the depositional event is inferred to have been a storm the part of the planar and ripple bedded sandstone above the shale bed was probably deposited during relatively fair weather after the storm but before re establishment of a normal benthic fauna the bioturbated sandstone is interpreted to have been deposited during fair weather or during minor storms separated by long intervals of fair weather

quartzose turbidites of the accretionary complex of barbados ii variations in bedding styles facies and sequences abstract barbados provides the only subaerial exposures of the barbados ridge an accretionary complex lying outboard of the lesser antilles volcanic arc within nine measured sections of quartzose turbidites five major types of sequences are recognized 1 1 progradational sequences basin plain outer fan of uniformly fine grained flat based base absent turbidites that thicken upward and gradually become coarser grained and base present at the top of the sequence 2 2 a single rejuvenation rapid progradational sequence was identified as an abrupt progradational sequence above abandoned lobe deposits and is not characterized by stacked well developed upward thickening successions as many progradational sequences are 3 3 channelized successions of coarse grained base present turbidites arranged in packets 5 20 or 50 140 m thick which are midfan and inner fan deposits respectively the distinction between predominance of base present and base absent turbidites seems to correspond with the interpreted change from midfan channelized to outer fan sheet flow deposition 4 4 one example of a major retrogradational sequence of midfan deposits above inner fan sandstones has been found on barbados minor sequences of facies retrogradation are relatively common in the outer fan environment where upward thinning sandstone beds overlie upward thickening units to define symmetric sequences 5 5 abandonment successions are major as indicated by massive accumulations of mudstone minor as indicated by abrupt reversals of upward thickening trends in outer fan lobe deposits and cryptic where indicated by thick 4 m bioturbated zones of massive sandstone

large landslides and deep seated gravitational slope deformations in the czech flysch carpathians new lidar based inventory abstract moderate relief landscapes such as the czech flysch outer western carpathians cowc in comparison with alpine regions are rarely subject to extensive landslide inventory mapping an understanding of landslides in such a landscape is needed because densely populated hilly landscapes in temperate zones are usually of major socio economic importance in this study we performed the first lidar based landslide mapping for the entire cowc area 7539 km2 one of the most landslide prone regions in europe by calculating various landscape and landslide metrics we infer the distribution frequency area relationships kinematics and controls of mass movements with special attention on large landslides 0 1 km2 and deep seated gravitational slope deformations dsgsds we mapped a total of 13 611 landslides of which 1357 failures are large landslides and dsgsds whereas the lower and more subdued areas in the southern part of cowc are hotspots in terms of the total number of landslides the higher and more topographically pronounced areas in the northeast are affected predominantly by large landslides and dsgsds however landslides with 0 1 km2 are widespread throughout the whole territory of cowc a discrepancy also exists in the spatial distribution of different types of landslides rock slides and dsgsds are dominant in the north east while flow type landslides are dominant in the southern lower topographic relief with claystone dominated flysch we conclude that 1 distinct geological units nappes produce landslide populations with different frequency area distributions 2 stratigraphic composition alongside the tectonic style of flysch formations control the type of landslides 3 dsgsds affect mainly slopes formed by rigid rocks sitting atop soft formations and 4 geological conditions rather than topography control distribution of large landslides and dsgsds in cowc

presentation and analysis of a worldwide database of earthquake induced landslide inventories earthquake induced landslide eqil inventories are essential tools to extend our knowledge of the relationship between earthquakes and the landslides they can trigger regrettably such inventories are difficult to generate and therefore scarce and the available ones differ in terms of their quality and level of completeness moreover access to existing eqil inventories is currently difficult because there is no centralized database to address these issues we compiled eqil inventories from around the globe based on an extensive literature study the database contains information on 363 landslide triggering earthquakes and includes 66 digital landslide inventories to make these data openly available we created a repository to host the digital inventories that we have permission to redistribute through the u s geological survey sciencebase platform it can grow over time as more authors contribute their inventories we analyze the distribution of eqil events by time period and location more specifically breaking down the distribution by continent country and mountain region additionally we analyze frequency distributions of eqil characteristics such as the approximate area affected by landslides total number of landslides maximum distance from fault rupture zone and distance from epicenter when the fault plane location is unknown for the available digital eqil inventories we examine the underlying characteristics of landslide size topographic slope roughness local relief distance to streams peak ground acceleration peak ground velocity and modified mercalli intensity also we present an evaluation system to help users assess the suitability of the available inventories for different types of eqil studies and model development

sandy gravelly mass flow deposits in an ice marginal lake saalian leuvenumsche beek valley veluwe the netherlands with emphasis on plug flow deposits abstract in three pits in the leuvenumsche beek valley near ermelo and elspeet massive and diffusely banded clean gravelly sands found in association with sandy sediments showing some similarities to the bouma sequence were interpreted as originating from sediment gravity flows the flows which came to rest on a ca 6 paleoslope probably originated from slumping of parts of the ice pushed ridges at either side of an ice marginal lake major characteristic features in the three sand pits studied are u shaped channel forms with a maximum depth and width of 10 25 rmm the fills consist of sand and gravels locally containing giant sand clasts the sediments just below the base of these channel forms are commonly distorted and folded especially the massive more sandy fills are surrounded by a finer grained diffusely bedded and inversely graded zone these sedimentary features suggest that rigid sediment plugs sheared downslope generating a finer grained shear zone around the plug scouring a slide scar till its present semi cylindrical form and preserving the steep sides exceeding the angle of repose of the channel form by freezing the u shaped channel forms plugged troughs are locally overlain by shallower gently sided trough structures with mainly diffusely banded infillings very shallow and often smaller troughs are found again on top of these massive and diffusely banded infillings the sediments in these troughs consist of repetitions of two types of microsequences 1 thickly bedded sequences of normally graded massive sands near horizontal stratifications plane beds and cross bedded sets and 2 thinly bedded sequences of relatively thick units t a and thin units t c and t d of the bouma sequence the repetitions of the microsequences are interpreted as flow pulsations upwards thinning of the sequence together with a finer grain size may point to waning flow conditions their association with plugged troughs is suggestive of retrogressive flow slides

a global slope unit based method for the near real time prediction of earthquake induced landslides abstract rapid assessment of spatial distribution of earthquake induced landslides could provide valuable information in the emergency response phase previous studies proposed global analyses with the aim of predicting earthquake induced landslide distributions in near real time however in all those studies mapping units are constituted by pixels which do not reflect homogeneously distributed physical property for a given terrain unit and whose size do not match the resolution of existing thematic data at global scale moreover none of the existing analyses considers sampling balance between different inventories or categorizing the inventories to construct a training set with higher statistical representativeness we develop an improved global statistical method to address these drawbacks we use slope units which are terrain partitions attributed to similar hydrological and geomorphological conditions and to processes that shape natural landscapes a set of 25 earthquake induced landslide events are selected and categorized based on the similarity between causal factors to determine the most relevant training set to make a prediction for a given landslide event as a result we develop a specific model for each category we sample an equal number of landslide points from each inventory to overcome the dominance of some inventories with large landslide population we use seven independent thematic variables for both categorizing the inventories and modeling based on logistic regression the results show that categorizing landslide events introduces a remarkable improvement in the modeling performance of many events the categorization of existing inventories can be applied within any statistical global approach to earthquake induced landslide events the proposed categorization approach and the classification performance can be further improved with the acquisition of new inventory maps

paleogeographic and tectonic implications of quartzose sandstones of barbados the provenance of paleogene sandstones on the island of barbados is relevant to various models of the tectonic evolution of the southern caribbean area modal point counts of 26 sandstones from barbados show that the constituent grains most likely were derived from a composite craton interior and orogenic margin abundant detrital polycrystalline quartz grains have affinities to a spectrum of low to high rank metamorphic plutonic crystalline source rocks microprobe data suggest that feldspars were derived from metamorphic or plutonic source terrances the complex heavy mineral suite of the terrigenous sandstones including glaucophane chloritoid titanite zircon and aluminosilicates supports derivation from orogenic and cratonal terranes due to the complex history of the south american caribbean plate boundary and poor age constraints on timing of deposition widely contrasting models have been proposed concerning the provenance of the sandstones convergence between the aruba orchila arc and continental south america during the paleogene resulted in the formation of an e w trending foreland fold thrust belt and foredeep dominant sediment dispersal was to the east northeast along tectonic strike the present study shows that the terrigenous sandstones on barbados probably were deposited in deep sea fans to the north of present day araya peninsula during and shortly after the late middle eocene probable source terranes include the guayana shield the caribbean mountain system interior foreland fold thrust belt and possibly to a lesser extent the lesser antilles magmatic arc or predecessor arc

storm and tide dominated shorelines in cretaceous moosebar lower gates interval outcrop equivalents of deep basin gas trap in western canada the moosebar and gates formations crop out in the deformed foothills belt south of fort st john british columbia they permit examination of the depositional environments of sandstones and conglomerates that are gas bearing in the equivalent wilrich falher interval of the deep basin of alberta and british columbia the moosebar gates interval consists of several upward coarsening and marine to nonmarine sequences moosebar bioturbated shales pass upward into turbidites and offshore storm deposits flow directions indicate a north dipping paleoslope a second coarsening upward sequence at the top of the moosebar and base of the gates terminates in a lenticular fluvial conglomerate up to 30 m thick which is overlain by coals carbonaceous mudstones and sandstones above the carbonaceous zone a major lateral facies change is observed fluvial conglomerates in the south grade into beach conglomerates northward the upper part of the beach conglomerate consists of exposed three dimensional storm berms at least 500 m long up to 1 5 m high with wavelengths of 12 to 24 m the berms trend east west seaward of the conglomerate beach are herringbone cross bedded tidal sandstones with a marine trace fauna graded sharp based conglomerates also are present probably washed out to sea by storms farther north at the same stratigraphic level is a series of partly overlapping conglomerate bars up to 5 m thick and 40 to 50 m across the tops of these bars are covered with storm formed symmetric conglomeratic dunes details of the orientation and geometry of these conglomerate bodies along with their internal structure and pebble fabrics suggest that four major environments fluvial beach offshore conglomerate bars and offshore graded storm conglomerates should be identifiable and predictable in the subsurface

depositional history of the main tuff interval of the wittenoom formation late archean early proterozoic hamersley group western australia abstract the main tuff interval mti is a 3 5 to 16 4 m thick sequence of pyroclastic turbidites in the wittenoom formation of the late archean to early proterozoic hamersley group western australia the hamersley group accumulated in a basin located on the archean pilbara craton western australia mti pyroclasts formed via hydrovolcanic eruption processes from a magma that was likely intermediate in composition eruption took place in a shallow subaqueous setting the mti was deposited by high and low concentration turbidity currents in four overlapping regional depositional packages paleocurrent and stratigraphic data indicate the mti source lay to the north of the present exposure limits of the hamersley group on the pilbara craton and was likely to have been a single volcano reflection of turbidity currents in the southeastern part of the study area and westward travel of the reflected flows indicate that the hamersley group depositional basin shallowed to the east and south at the time of mti deposition the presence of the mti source volcano on the northern pilbara craton indicates that the subsidence and marine deposition recorded by the hamersley group may be limited to the southern portion of the craton and that volcanism may have continued on the northern pilbara craton

a review of the 2005 kashmir earthquake induced landslides from a remote sensing prospective abstract the 8th october 2005 kashmir earthquake in northern pakistan has triggered thousands of landslides which was the second major factor in the destruction of the build up environment after earthquake induced ground shaking subsequent to the earthquake several researchers from home and abroad applied a variety of remote sensing techniques supported with field observations to develop inventories of the earthquake triggered landslides analyzed their spatial distribution and subsequently developed landslide susceptibility maps earthquake causative fault rupture geology anthropogenic activities and remote sensing derived topographic attributes were observed to have major influence on the spatial distribution of landslides these were subsequently used to develop a landslide susceptibility map thereby demarcating the areas prone to landsliding temporal studies monitoring the earthquake induced landslides shows that the earthquake induced landslides are stabilized contrary to earlier belief directly after the earthquake the biggest landslide induced dam as a result of the massive hattian bala landslide is still posing a threat to the surrounding communities it is observed that remote sensing data is effectively and efficiently used to assess the landslides triggered by the kashmir earthquake however there is still a need of more research to understand the mechanism of intensity and distribution of landslides and their continuous monitoring using remote sensing data at a regional scale this paper provides an overview of remote sensing and gis applications for the kashmir earthquake triggered landslides derived outputs and discusses the lessons learnt advantages limitations and recommendations for future research

reflected sediment gravity flows and their deposits in flysch of middle dalmatia yugoslavia the eocene flysch of middle dalmatia comprises several beds that are interpreted to have been deposited from reflected sediment gravity flows their compositions are similar and two bed types are differentiated complex beds that are debrite plus turbidite couplets and turbidites the sequence alternations in the turbidite part of the bed opposing ripples within the same bed and opposite flow directions indicated by flutes and ripples are indicative of flow reflections the influence of seiches is suggested by the occurrence of symmetrical oscillation ripples the palaeotransport directions of reflected flows show wide dispersal a geometry of small fault controlled sub basins with centripetal palaeotransport patterns is proposed

barbados maturation source rock potential and burial history within a cenozoic accretionary complex abstract a number of diagenetic properties were studied in sedimentary rocks exposed along a 25 km across strike transect on barbados the crest of the barbados accretionary complex the island of barbados consists of three structural levels a lower mostly eocene or undated basal complex composed of quartzose turbidites hemipelagites and melange an intermediate level eocene to miocene of nappes composed mostly of calcareous pelagite and a pleistocene coral cap diagenetic studies concentrated on the basal complex although preliminary data from the nappes are also presented the following subjects were studied 1 clay mineralogy illite interlayers in mixed layer clays 2 vitrinite reflectance 3 organic type and maturation by rock eval pyrolysis 4 thermal alteration index of spores and pollen 5 dry bulk density 6 silica mineralogy taken together the data can be interpreted to indicate maximum temperatures attained during diagenesis of less than 80 c based on a uniform palaeogeothermal gradient of 15 c km 1 and a temperature at the sediment water interface of 10 c maximum burial depths of basement complex rocks were about 2 5 km minimum possible burial depths are 1 and are immature organic matter was derived mostly from terrigenous or oxidized sources type iii kerogens although some marine planktonic sources are indicated locally type ii kerogens organic matter is therefore primarily gas prone

an updated method for estimating landslide event magnitude summary statistics derived from the frequency area distribution fad of inventories of triggered landslides allows for direct comparison of landslides triggered by one event e g earthquake rainstorm with another such comparisons are vital to understand links between the landslide event and the environmental characteristics of the area affected this could lead to methods for rapid estimation of landslide event magnitude which in turn could lead to estimates of the total triggered landslide area previous studies proposed that the fad of landslides follows an inverse power law which provides the basis to model the size distribution of landslides and to estimate landslide event magnitude mls which quantifies the severity of the event in this study we use a much larger collection of earthquake induced landslide eqil inventories n 45 than previous studies to show that size distributions are much more variable than previously assumed we present an updated model and propose a method for estimating mls and its uncertainty that better fits the observations and is more reproducible robust and consistent than existing methods we validate our model by computing mls for all of the inventories in our dataset and comparing that with the total landslide areas of the inventories we show that our method is able to estimate the total landslide area of the events in this larger inventory dataset more successfully than the existing methods 2018 the authors earth surface processes and landforms published by john wiley sons ltd

slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 october 2005 kashmir earthquake by combining global positioning system observations of surface displacements and the locations of aftershocks we infer that the 8 october 2005 kashmir earthquake occurred on multiple fault planes mean slip of 5 1 m occurred on a rupture between bagh and balakot with strike 331 and dip 29 additional slip occurred at depth on a nne dipping fault plane extending wnw from balakot and on an intersecting nearly fiat dislocation at 5 km depth forming an active wedge thrust both the simple fault plane and the blind wedge accommodate convergence between peshawar and leh ladakh accumulating at 7 2 mm yr suggesting a 680 150 yr recurrence interval for kashmir 2005 like events

factors controlling landslide frequency area distributions a power law relation for the frequency area distribution fad of medium and large landslides e g tens to millions of square meters has been observed by numerous authors but the fad of small landslides diverges from the power law distribution with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process an explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling fads of landslides and power law scaling which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment this study examines the fads of 45 earthquake induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations we show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations though not all explanations contribute to each case we propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power law we suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory this reveals that the divergence from the power law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory this conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis also we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ significantly and therefore the shapes of fads also differ considerably

statistical analysis of an earthquake induced landslide distribution the 1989 loma prieta california event the 1989 loma prieta california earthquake moment magnitude m 6 9 generated landslides throughout an area of about 15 000 km2 in central california most of these landslides occurred in an area of about 2000 km2 in the mountainous terrain around the epicenter where they were mapped during field investigations immediately following the earthquake the distribution of these landslides is investigated statistically using regression and one way analysis of variance anova techniques to determine how the occurrence of landslides correlates with distance from the earthquake source slope steepness and rock type the landslide concentration defined as the number of landslide sources per unit area has a strong inverse correlation with distance from the earthquake source and a strong positive correlation with slope steepness the landslide concentration differs substantially among the various geologic units in the area the differences correlate to some degree with differences in lithology and degree of induration but this correlation is less clear suggesting a more complex relationship between landslide occurrence and rock properties

spatial distribution analysis of mass movements triggered by the 2005 kashmir earthquake in the northeast himalayas of pakistan abstract distribution of the mass movements triggered by the 2005 kashmir earthquake was analysed in the vicinity of jhelum valley neelum valley and muzaffarabad in the northeast himalayas of pakistan mass movements were mapped using spot satellite imagery and field investigations geographic information systems gis were used to analyse the relations of the distribution of these mass movements using various parameters such as distance from an earthquake source epicentre and fault topographic parameters slope steepness slope aspect and elevation and geological units the results of the analysis indicate that the mass movement concentration decreases with increased distance from the earthquake epicentre and the reactivated muzaffarabad fault the maximum concentration of mass movements is near the epicentre and a fault a significant occurrence and concentration of mass movements were evident at slope angles between 31 40 the preferred orientations of the mass movements were in southerly directions the concentrations of mass movements differ substantially among various geological units mass movements are widely distributed in the miocene murree formation whereas the concentration of mass movements is higher in the cambrian muzaffarabad formation the median mass movement concentration inflicted by the epicentre and the muzaffarabad fault exhibited no significant differences ks 0 505 p 0 961 the results of the pca reveal that the largest variance in mass movement concentration is attributed to the distance from the epicentre and the muzaffarabad fault the findings suggest that the mass movement concentration is primarily dependent on the distance from the earthquake source in addition the topographic parameters and geological units played subordinate roles in the distribution of mass movements

gis based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 kashmir earthquake region abstract the m w 7 6 october 8 2005 kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides throughout the himalaya of northern pakistan and india these were concentrated in six different geomorphic geologic anthropogenic settings a spatial database which included 2252 landslides was developed and analyzed using aster satellite imagery and geographical information system gis technology a multi criterion evaluation was applied to determine the significance of event controlling parameters in triggering the landslides the parameters included lithology faults slope gradient slope aspect elevation land cover rivers and roads the results showed four classes of landslide susceptibility furthermore they indicated that lithology had the strongest influence on landsliding particularly when the rock is highly fractured such as in shale slate clastic sediments and limestone and dolomite moreover the proximity of the landslides to faults rivers and roads was also an important factor in helping to initiate failures in addition landslides occurred particularly in moderate elevations on south facing slopes shrub land grassland and also agricultural land were highly susceptible to failures while forested slopes had few landslides one third of the study area was highly or very highly susceptible to future landsliding and requires immediate mitigation action the rest of the region had a low or moderate susceptibility to landsliding and remains relatively stable this study supports the view that 1 earthquake triggered landslides are concentrated in specific zones associated with event controlling parameters and 2 in the western himalaya deforestation and road construction contributed significantly to landsliding during and shortly after earthquakes

the 2005 mw 7 6 kashmir earthquake sub pixel correlation of aster images and seismic waveforms analysis we analyze the m w 7 6 kashmir earthquake of october 8 2005 using sub pixel correlation of aster images to measure ground deformation and modeling seismic waveforms the surface rupture is continuous over a distance of 75 km and cuts across the hazara syntaxis reactivating the tanda and the muzaffarabad faults north of muzaffarabad the surface rupture coincides approximately with the mbt on the southwestern flank of the syntaxis although the two faults have opposite dip angles the rupture terminates abruptly at the hairpin turn of the mbt showing a strong structural control the fault offset is 4 m on average and peaks to 7 m northwest of muzaffarabad the rupture lasted about 25 s and propagated updip and bi laterally 2 km s with a rise time of 2 5 s the shallowness and compactness of the rupture both in time and space provide an explanation for the intensity of destructions this kind of analysis could be achieved as soon as a post earthquake image is available and would provide key information for early assessment of damages the study sheds some light on seismic hazard in the himalaya and raises concern regarding the possibility of a repetition of the 1555 event which presumably ruptured the himalayan front south of the kashmir basin and may have reached a magnitude m w 8