working models for spatial distribution and level of mars seismicity 1 we present synthetic catalogs of mars quakes intended to be used for performance assessments of future seismic networks on the planet we have compiled a new inventory of compressional and extensional tectonic faults for the planet mars comprising 8500 faults with a total length of 680 000 km the faults were mapped on the basis of mars orbiting laser altimeter mola shaded relief hence we expect to have assembled a homogeneous data set not biased by illumination and viewing conditions of image data updated models of martian crater statistics and geological maps were used to assign new maximum ages to all faults on the basis of the fault catalog spatial distributions of seismicity were simulated using assumptions on the available annual seismic moment budget the moment frequency relationship and a relation between rupture length and released moment we have constructed five different models of martian seismicity predicting an annual moment release between 3 42 1016 nm and 4 78 1018 nm and up to 572 events with magnitudes greater than 4 per year as upper limit end member case most events are expected on the tharsis shield but minor seismic centers are expected south of hellas and north of utopia planitia

magnitude scale and quantification of earthquakes despite various shortcomings the earthquake magnitude scale is one of the most fundamental earthquake source parameters to be used for catalogs although use of a uniform scale is desirable it is not always possible because of changes in instrumentation the data reduction method and the magnitude formula the station distribution etc as a result various magnitude scales have been developed and are currently in use recent developments in seismometry and earthquake source theories provide more quantitative source parameters than the magnitude in order to maintain continuity and uniformity of the data it is important to relate these magnitude scales and the new parameters in view of this importance relations between different magnitude scales are examined with an emphasis on the difference in the period of the waves used for the magnitude determination use of several magnitude scales determined at different periods provides a convenient method for characterizing earthquakes the moment magnitude can be used to quantify both shallow and deep earthquakes on the basis of wave energy radiated and provides a uniform scheme

on deck seismology lessons from insight for future planetary seismology before deploying to the surface of mars the short period sp seismometer of the insight mission operated on deck for a total of 48 hr this data set can be used to understand how deck mounted seismometers can be used in future landed missions to mars europa and other planetary bodies while operating on deck the sp seismometer showed signals comparable to the viking 2 seismometer near 3 hz where the sensitivity of the viking instrument peaked wind sensitivity showed similar patterns to the viking instrument although amplitudes on insight were 80 larger for a given wind velocity however during the low wind evening hours the instrument noise levels at frequencies between 0 1 and 1 hz were comparable to quiet stations on earth although deployment to the surface below the wind and thermal shield lowered installation noise by roughly 40 db in acceleration power with the observed noise levels and estimated seismicity rates for mars detection probability for quakes for a deck mounted instrument is low enough that up to years of on deck recordings may be necessary to observe an event because the noise is dominated by wind acting on the lander though deck mounted seismometers may be more practical for deployment on airless bodies and it is important to evaluate the seismicity of the target body and the specific design of the lander detection probabilities for operation on europa reach over 99 for some proposed seismicity models for a similar duration of operation if noise levels are comparable to low wind time periods on mars

spatial and temporal variations of fennoscandian seismicity summary we present an evaluation of the seismicity in fennoscandia b values have been assessed for the region between 54 72 n and 4 32 e and for the time period 1967 83 a presented contour map with different b values indicates the relative seismicity between different regions during the time period considered strain release rate has also been mapped and recalculated to give the possible maximummagnitude earthquake at a given point for time intervals of 17 and 90yr the observed time variation of b in epicentral regions of some of the major earthquakes that occurred in fennoscandia reveals that b has the tendency to increase several years prior to the occurrence of the event and decreases again about two years before the event takes place this has been the case for at least two of the major fennoscandian events i e for the solberg 1983 earthquake in sweden and the southwestern norway event in 1989 on the other hand similar changes in the behaviour of b have not been observed for the skovde 1986 earthquake in southern sweden space time variations of b were studied for the region with the highest observed b value i e for the region between 64 68 n and 17 32 e not associated with any particular event as well as in the vicinity of the epicentre of the solberg earthquake we will be discussing temporal and spatial variations of b in relation to the state of stress in the region and we believe that a better understanding of the behaviour of b may well help our efforts towards medium term earthquake

the seismicity of mars the insight interior exploration using seismic investigations geodesy and heat transport mission landed in elysium planitia on mars on 26 november 2018 and fully deployed its seismometer by the end of february 2019 the mission aims to detect characterize and locate seismic activity on mars and to further constrain the internal structure composition and dynamics of the planet here we present seismometer data recorded until 30 september 2019 which reveal that mars is seismically active we identify 174 marsquakes comprising two distinct populations 150 small magnitude high frequency events with waves propagating at crustal depths and 24 low frequency subcrustal events of magnitude mw 3 4 with waves propagating at various depths in the mantle these marsquakes have spectral characteristics similar to the seismicity observed on the earth and moon we determine that two of the largest detected marsquakes were located near the cerberus fossae fracture system from the recorded seismicity we constrain attenuation in the crust and mantle and find indications of a potential low s wave velocity layer in the upper mantle mars is seismically active 24 subcrustal magnitude 3 4 marsquakes and 150 smaller events have been identified up to 30 september 2019 by an analysis of seismometer data from the insight lander

hot fluid flows around a major fault identified by paleothermometric studies tim mersoi basin niger abstract faults are mostly considered as low permeability zones due to their frequent sealing but they can also contribute significantly to fluid movements in sedimentary basins and subsequently to temperature anomalies in favorable cases paleo temperatures and pressures can be determined from fluid inclusion and chlorite thermometry using this approach we estimate the temperature gap between incoming fluids and host rocks along the arlit fault a major fault affecting the whole series of continental siliciclastic formations from paleozoic to late jurassic in the tim mersoi basin niger strong alteration halos and uranium deposits occur along this regional north south trending fault as well as a secondary network of ne sw faults sandstone porosity is partially reduced by authigenic quartz and fe rich trioctahedral chlorites the chlorites precipitated directly from the solutions under reducing conditions prior to uranium oxide deposition the temperatures and pressures are estimated to be around 115 150 c and 80 120 bars respectively and are remarkably similar in all formations from the carboniferous to the jurassic these temperatures are much higher around 60 80 c than those estimated at maximum burial and document hot fluid flow along the major fault this thermal anomaly is inferred to be related to the opening of the atlantic ocean during the cretaceous before the onset of the main exhumation stages during the mid tertiary this study documents the role of faults as significant conduits for fluid flow and their role in the mass and heat transfer related to the formation of economic deposits

postglacial seismicity offshore mid norway with emphasis on spatio temporal magnitudal variations abstract norway and its continental margin in spite of being located in an intraplate environment is of great interest from a neotectonic perspective influence on neotectonics stems both from the fact that this is a recently deglaciated region in which significant rebound is still occurring and from its proximity both to a rifted continental margin and to failed rift zones passive continental margins and rift related structures are the most seismically active ones within stable continental regions with a number of well documented earthquakes of magnitude 7 and higher as observed around the globe indeed the disparity in seismicity between such regions and plate boundary regions is greater in terms of return times than in terms of maximum magnitude a recent detailed assessment of neotectonics in fennoscandia has shown strong bedrock related evidence for several large magnitude m 7 earthquakes in the northern areas lapland while few if any similar observations have been made farther south a possible explanation for this is that postglacial earthquakes have been occurring on hidden thrusts in the south in fact several major structures have recently been mapped and shown to have capabilities to accommodate m 6 5 7 earthquakes without breaking the surface given that the largest historically known earthquake in fennoscandia is only of the order of m 5 8 it is likely therefore that the potentially largest magnitude in this region may be well above this

the 2003 earthquake swarm in anjalankoski south eastern finland abstract during may 2003 a swarm of 16 earthquakes ml 0 6 2 1 occurred at anjalankoski south eastern finland the activity lasted for three weeks but additional two events were observed at the same location in october 2004 a comparison of the waveforms indicated that the source mechanisms and the hypocentres of the events were nearly identical a relative earthquake location method was applied to better define the geometry of the cluster and to identify the fault plane associated with the earthquakes the relocated earthquakes aligned along an ene wsw trending zone with a lateral extent of about 1 0 km by 0 8 km the relative location and the waveform modelling of depth sensitive surface wave rg and s to p converted body wave sp phases indicated that the events were unusually shallow most likely occurring within the first 2 km of the surface the revised historical earthquake data confirm that shallow swarm type seismicity is characteristic to the area the focal mechanism obtained as a composite solution of the five strongest events corresponds to dip slip motion along a nearly vertical fault plane strike 250 dip 80 rake 90 the dip and strike of this nodal plane as well as the relocated hypocentres coincide with an internal intrusion boundary of the vyborg rapakivi batholith the events occur under a compressive local stress field which is explained by large gravitational potential energy differences and ridge push forces pore pressure changes caused by intrusion of ground water and or radon gas into the fracture zones are suggested to govern the swarm type earthquake activity

crustal structure beneath lofoten n norway from vertical incidence and wide angle seismic data summary a high quality multichannel seismic reflection line was acquired in 1987 along a 175 km long profile across the continental shelf off lofoten northern norway a seismic wide angle experiment was performed in 1988 along the same profile using seven three component ocean bottom seismographs obs with 20 25 km spacing and shotpoint intervals of 240 m the study of the data has shown that the combination of the multichannel reflection and the wide angle obs technique provides information about the crustal structure beneath the lofoten shelf that could not have been achieved using only one of the techniques the multichannel reflection data provide a detailed image of the shallow cretaceous structures which represents an important basis for inversion of the obs data the lower crust and the moho are also well mapped in some parts of the area with the multichannel reflection technique the obs data reveal that significant amounts of pre cretaceous sediments exist along almost the entire profile with a maximum thickness of about 5 km in the vestfjorden basin from the obs data the thickness of the lower crust is inferred to decrease from about 11 5 km under the rost high to about 2 km below the lofoten ridge the obs data indicate further that the moho position under the vestfjorden basin is considerably deeper than can be inferred from the reflection data about 10km below moho a strong dipping event is observed in the obs data this upper mantle reflection might be related to a possible seaward dipping master fault and or presence of layers of partially hydrated peridotite

reappraisal of the cambrian glauconite bearing anse maranda formation quebec appalachians from deep sea turbidites to clastic shelf deposits the cambrian anse maranda formation is a glauconite bearing clastic succession within the quebec reentrant it is part of the appalachians humber zone particularly of the shale feldspathic sandstone assemblage which represents the rift to drift deposits of the laurentian margin the massive sandstones of the anse maranda were originally interpreted as the proximal turbidites of a deep sea fan the occurrence of glauconite and the high degree of bioturbation which give the sandstones a massive aspect suggest a different depositional environment detailed ichnology and lithofacies descriptions indicate that the anse maranda predominantly represents shelf sediments deposited in storm influenced environment and that intense bioturbation destroyed most of the sedimentary structures the paleo geographic reconstruction suggests that the anse maranda was deposited seaward of a headland identified as the montmorency promontory along a narrow shelf with an irregular topography some coeval turbidites of sim

isostatic rebound due to tectonic denudation a viscous flow model of a layered lithosphere a four layer model of the upper 150 km of the earth is used to calculate the viscous response of continental crust and the underlying mantle to tectonic denudation the model comprises a strong upper crustal layer a weak lower crustal layer a very strong mantle lithosphere layer and a weak mantle asthenosphere layer which is in accord with experimental constraints on strength depth profiles for continental lithosphere the strength of each layer is represented by its effective viscosity flow in the crust and mantle is driven by buoyancy forces which arise from the unloading of an allochthon along a detachment fault by a series of instantaneous displacements earthquakes or rapid creep events numerical solutions obtained by using a finite element technique predict footwall uplift moho deflection and surface topography that are consistent with observations from the basin and range province of the western united states the calculated curvature of the footwall uplift is also similar to that observed and is sensitive to the geometry of the detachment fault such bending need not be elastically controlled hence the curvatures of footwall domes do not clearly place limits on the effective elastic thickness of the extending crust the upward deflection of the moho and the surface topography are sensitive to the viscosity structure and enable us to bound the range of the various viscosities by matching observations from the basin and range province which indicate no moho deflection and low magnitude of surface topography 3 5 km we estimate the upper crustal lower crustal and mantle lithospheric viscosities in the ranges 1021 1023 pa s 1019 1021 pa s and 1021 1023 pa s respectively

the meloy earthquake sequence northern norway source parameters and their scaling relations the intraplate meloy earthquake sequence in northern norway began in november 1978 and lasted a few months during which time more than 10 000 tremors were recorded with magnitudes ml up to 3 2 three component field systems with flat velocity response in the range 5 to 80 hz were used for closein 10 km recordings of events in the magnitude range 0 4 to 2 2 through spectral analysis of s wave data we find that corner frequencies range from 30 to 16 hz with seismic moments m o between 1017 and 3 1019 dyne cm and a moment magnitude relationship of log m o 0 9 ml 17 5 source parameters have been computed for a simple circular source model giving stress drop values between 0 6 and 22 bars source radius between 84 and 45 m and average displacement between 0 1 and 4 1mm corner frequencies increase only very slowly with decreasing seismic moment and with the source model used this causes stress drop to decrease rapidly with decreasing moment while the source dimension decreases very slowly this is commonly observed for small inter and intraplate earthquakes it is hypothesized that for weak events the relationships between corner frequency and other source parameters as predicted by theory may not hold

nano crystal formation of tio2 polymorphs brookite and anatase due to organic inorganic rock fluid interactions the occurrence of the titania polymorphs brookite and anatase as nano crystals in organic matter rich sediments of differing age and thermal maturity has been investigated by means of a multidisciplinary analytical approach fib tem organic geochemistry and petrography it was the aim of the study to analyze the formation mechanisms fate and behavior of the titania nano crystals as a result of organic inorganic rock fluid interactions brookite nano crystals have been detected in immature mediterranean sapropels of quaternary age but anatase also occurs in deeper and older black shales furongian alum shale sweden devonian to carboniferous bakken shale williston basin usa whereas anatase prevails as single crystals brookite nano crystals often are agglomerated single brookite nano crystals from posidonia shale lower jurassic northern germany have increasing crystal diameters with increasing thermal maturity exclusively anatase nano crystals both as single crystals or as agglomerates have been detected at oil water contacts in oilfields and along fractures with fluid flow enriched in dissolved organic carbon titania nano crystal precipitation growth and agglomeration takes place in the pore water of micro environments at low to high temperatures and where low ph is coupled to the occurrence of dissolved organic components low sedimentation rates preserving a critical geochemical environment or higher temperatures seem major controls for the precipitation of anatase and its tendency not to agglomerate

seismotectonics of the norwegian continental margin the norwegian continental margin and surrounding areas are seismically less active than some other passive margins worldwide indicating a potential earthquake deficit the adjacent oceanic crust is mostly aseismic except for parts of the lofoten and norway basins which have experienced rapid deposition of glacial sediments the excess load has enhanced the local stress field and in turn the seismic activity the marginal highs along the continent ocean transition and the part of the more and voring basins which experienced crustal extension prior to the early tertiary breakup are practically aseismic this region is also underlain by high velocity lower crust emplaced during breakup suggesting crustal strengthening which also may increase the return periods for the largest events farther landward a spatial correlation of seismic activity and the glacial sediment wedge suggests a causal relationship expressed through preferential rejuvenation of late jurassic early cretaceous faults the locally high seismic activity in the coastal region occurs in areas where the continental crust is relatively thick 25 30 km but still thinner than in the shield area farther east 45 50 km although stress relations are complex we suggest that increased stress due to appreciable postglacial rebound gradients in the coastal region may be a contributing factor while the stress field along the margin complies in general with the ridge push force we infer that regional and local stress enhancement factors are not only present in this region but also necessary for explaining the earthquake activity the relative importance of local stress sources is supported by several cases of 90 stress rotations relative to the ridge push direction the superposition of regional and local stress together with the existence of weakness zones and faults yields potentials for earthquakes primarily through structural reactivation

porosity preserving chlorite cements in shallow marine volcaniclastic sandstones evidence from cretaceous sandstones of the sawan gas field pakistan sandstones that have high porosity and permeability at great burial depth and high temperatures are of economic importance because a significant amount of hydrocarbons have been discovered in such reservoirs the sawan gas field with an expected ultimate recovery of more than 1 tcf lies in the middle indus basin the reservoir rocks cretaceous volcaniclastic sandstones of the lower goru formation show very high porosities at a reservoir temperature of 175c and depths of 3000 to 3500 m 9842 to 11 483 ft the sandstones are mostly feldspathic litharenites strongly altered volcanic rock fragments are the most important lithic component the clay fraction consists of fe rich chlorite chamosite and illite diagenetic features such as compaction quartz overgrowths carbonate cements and feldspar dissolution are observed the most distinguishing feature is a double layer of authigenic chlorite lining the pores of the sandstones chlorite additionally occurs as a pore filling cement and as chloritized detrital components all having similar chemical composition the pore lining cement clearly developed in two stages an earlier poorly crystallized and a later better crystallized growth missing rims at grain contacts show that precipitation occurred after an initial stage of compaction but early relative to other diagenetic phases both chlorite rims grew by direct precipitation from pore waters using products derived from volcanic rock fragments in areas with no thin or discontinuous chlorite rims quartz cementation is common well developed chlorite rims inhibited quartz cementation preserved porosities of up to 20 and good permeabilities porosity preserving chlorite cementation in sawan is restricted to sediments of a shallow marine environment

the detection and location of low magnitude earthquakes in northern norway using multi channel waveform correlation at regional distances abstract a fortuitous sequence of closely spaced earthquakes in the rana region of northern norway during 2005 has provided an ideal natural laboratory for investigating event detectability using waveform correlation over networks and arrays at regional distances a small number of events between magnitude 2 0 and 3 5 were recorded with a high snr by the fennoscandian ims seismic arrays at distances over 600 km and three of these events including the largest on 24 june displayed remarkable waveform similarity even at relatively high frequencies in an effort to detect occurrences of smaller earthquakes in the immediate geographical vicinity of the 24 june event a multi channel correlation detector for the norsar array was run for the whole calender year 2005 using the signal from the master event as a template a total of 32 detections were made and all but 2 of these coincided with independent correlation detections using the other nordic ims array stations very few correspond to signals detectable using traditional energy detectors permanent and temporary stations of the norwegian national seismic network nnsn at far closer epicentral distances have confirmed that all but one of the correlation detections at norsar in fact correspond to real events the closest stations at distances of approximately 10 km can confirm that the smallest of these events have magnitudes down to 0 5 which represents a detection threshold reduction of over 1 5 for the large aperture norsar array and over 1 0 for the almost equidistant regional arces array the incompleteness of the local network recordings precludes a comprehensive double difference location for the full set of events however stable double difference relative locations can be obtained for eight of the events using only the lg phase recorded at the array stations all events appear to be separated by less than 0 5 km clear peaks were observed in the norsar correlation coefficient traces during the coda of some of the larger events the local stations confirm that these are in fact aftershocks exhibiting very similar waveforms to the main events many of the more marginal correlation detections are not made when the calculations are repeated using shorter signal segments fewer sensors or more distant stations we demonstrate in addition how these almost repeating seismic sources have been exploited to detect and measure timing anomalies at individual sites within the arrays and network

diagenetic alteration of detrital biotite in proterozoic sedimentary rocks from sweden abstract the alteration of detrital biotites has been studied in two clastic proterozoic sedimentary sequences from southern and central sweden namely the visingso group and the dala sandstone respectively the results showed that the biotites are altered through replacement by clay minerals illite chlorite and less commonly kaolinite biotite may either be replaced pseudomorphically one biotite crystal by one clay mineral crystal or by fine crystalline clay minerals which merge into the interstitial clay matrix in reddish rocks biotite may be associated with pigmentary hematite and in greenish rocks with pyrite the variation in the two textural habits of biotite alteration i e pseudomorphic or fine crystalline is related to physico chemical properties of pore solution and nature of biotite particles

seismicity and seismotectonics of norway and nearby continental shelf areas the earthquake activity of norway and nearby offshore areas is low to intermediate with few events above magnitude 5 recent significant improvements in instrumental coverage in parallel with a better utilization of older including historical data have shown that the seismicity in the south is predominantly confined to the coastal areas and to the viking graben while from the northern north sea to svalbard the earthquakes in a broad sense follow the continental margin fifty one focal mechanism solutions from these areas about half of them new reveal stress directions that clearly indicate a connection to the plate tectonic ridge push force at least for the areas at a minimum distance from the continental margin along the margin stress directions also indicate a possible connection to postglacial uplift as well as to lithospheric loading effects a dominance of normal faulting on the landward side and reverse faulting on the oceanic side agrees with this interpretation on a regional level the seismicity in these areas correlate quite well with geologic features such as grabens fault zones fault complexes fracture zones and the margin itself indicating that these structures act in a general sense as weakness zones in the presence of a regionally more stable stress field in the northern north sea however an area with quite anomalous stress orientations with strike slip faulting is found in a region transitional between normal and reverse faulting most of the earthquake foci are confined to the presumably brittle parts of the crust but many events are also located quite close to and on both sides of the moho discontinuity

degree 1 mantle convection and the crustal dichotomy on mars the surface of mars consists of an old heavily cratered and elevated southern hemisphere and younger resurfaced and depressed northern hemisphere a feature often termed the crustal dichotomy the global crustal structure zuber et al 2000 revealed by topography and gravity data from the mars global surveyor spacecraft and the possible late formation of the boundary zone between the hemispheres mcgill and dimitriou 1990 have been proposed to indicate an endogenic origin for the dichotomy however degree 1 mantle convection that is required for any endogenic process to be viable cannot be produced with conventional mantle convection models schubert et al 1990 we have studied the role of radially stratified viscosity on mantle deformation by using rayleigh taylor instability analyses in a spherical shell geometry our analyses reveal that when mantle viscosity is stratified with a weak asthenosphere deformation at long wavelengths is more efficient than that at short wavelengths the weaker the asthenosphere the longer the wavelength at which the deformation is the most efficient a thicker asthenosphere also favors the deformation at long wavelengths both the rayleigh taylor instability analyses and numerical modeling of mantle convection show that degree 1 convection can be produced within the martian mantle provided that the mantle had a weak asthenosphere v500 km thick and v10 2 times weaker than the underlying mantle early in planetary history the degree 1 convection causes preferential heating of one hemisphere that may explain the primary features associated with the dichotomy in crustal structure fl 2001 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

earthquake swarm in steigen northern norway an unusual example of intraplate seismicity on the first of january 1992 unusual earthquake activity started in steigen northern norway by 31 december 1992 a total of 207 events had been recorded in several pulses among these several events with magnitudes larger than 3 0 mc were also felt by the people the epicentral distribution of these events seems to suggest that they all are concentrated in a small region approximately 10 km in diameter in the brennvika bay 67 8 n 14 9 e between leinesfjorden in the north and nordfolda in the south the distribution of events in time is characteristic of a swarm in which no dear evidence of a mainshock aftershock sequence was observed macroseismic intensity surveys as well as synthetic modelling indicate shallow focal depths in the range 5 8 km based on a composite focal mechanism indicating an oblique slip fault striking ne with a normal component dipping nw combined with an observed ne trend in the epicentres and the focal depths these events correlate with a previously proposed fault zone along nordfolda the ne trend has been dominant in the area throughout geological time starting from the caledonian orogeny to the post caledonian basin developments as well as the post glacial and neotectonic structural features at present the deep seated structural anomaly underneath the lofoten ridge seems to be the major factor controlling the structural trends in the area the activity along the nordfolda fault zone could be related to this large scale structure although the causes of the stresses that would create the seismic activity are not very clear as there are several possible stress generating mechanisms involved such as post glacial uplift of the land masses the ridge push effect from mohn s ridge and vertical stresses generated by the sediment loading in the adjacent basins

geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of mars abstract knowledge of the interior structure of mars is of fundamental importance to the understanding of its past and present state as well as its future evolution the most prominent interior structure properties are the state of the core solid or liquid its radius and its composition in terms of light elements the thickness of the mantle its composition the presence of a lower mantle and the density of the crust in the absence of seismic sounding only geodesy data allow reliably constraining the deep interior of mars those data are the mass moment of inertia and tides they are related to mars composition to its internal mass distribution and to its deformational response to principally the tidal forcing of the sun here we use the most recent estimates of the moment of inertia and tidal love number k2 in order to infer knowledge about the interior structure of the mars we have built precise models of the interior structure of mars that are parameterized by the crust density and thickness the volume fractions of upper mantle mineral phases the bulk mantle iron concentration and the size and the sulfur concentration of the core from the bulk mantle iron concentration and from the volume fractions of the upper mantle mineral phases the depth dependent mineralogy is deduced by using experimentally determined phase diagrams the thermoelastic properties at each depth inside the mantle are calculated by using equations of state since it is difficult to determine the temperature inside the mantle of mars we here use two end member temperature profiles that have been deduced from studies dedicated to the thermal evolution of mars we calculate the pressure and temperature dependent thermoelastic properties of the core constituents by using equations state and recent data about reference thermoelastic properties of liquid iron liquid iron sulfur and solid iron to determine the size of a possible inner core we use recent data on the melting temperature of iron sulfur within our model assumptions the geodesy data imply that mars has no solid inner core and that the liquid core contains a large fraction of sulfur the absence of a solid inner is in agreement with the absence of a global magnetic field we estimate the radius of the core to be 1794 65 km and its core sulfur concentration to be 16 2 wt we also show that it is possible for mars to have a thin layer of perovskite at the bottom of the mantle if it has a hot mantle temperature moreover a chondritic fe si ratio is shown to be consistent with the geodesy data although significantly different value are also possible our results demonstrate that geodesy data alone even if a mantle temperature is assumed can almost not constrain the mineralogy of the mantle and the crust in order to obtain stronger constraints on the mantle mineralogy bulk properties like a fixed fe si ratio have to be assumed

diagenetic chloritization of feldspars in sandstones abstract detrital microcline and albite are commonly replaced diagenetically by chlorite in sandstones of the visingso group upper proterozoic southern sweden authigenic quartz and in some cases albite and illite are associated with the chlorite the sem examinations suggest that chloritization of feldspar has usually been preceded by dissolution of the replaced feldspar grain fe 2 and mg2 which are needed for the chloritization have partly been derived from the detrital fe mg silicates mainly biotite fe oxide pigment and fe ti oxide grains whereas si4 and al3 are supplied mostly by the altered feldspars the k released from microcline and na from albite were mostly incorporated in authigenic illite and albite respectively

seismic energy release of the moon previous estimates of the seismic energy released by lunar events have not properly accounted for instrument bandwidth variations in corner frequency and the effects of intense scattering in this paper equations are developed that include all of these effects and give realistic estimates for source parameters these equations are applied to seismograms and displacement spectra from near surface and deep moonquakes to obtain m0 seismic moment s seismic energy release eyr seismic energy released annually by each lunar event class stress drop and mb body wave magnitude the calculations yield m0 3 1021 dyn cm s 2 1017 ergs 400 bars and mb 5 0 for the largest shallow moonquakes and m0 5 1020 dyn cm s 1 1013 ergs 0 1 bars and mb 3 0 for large deep events the average energy released annually is eyr 2 1017 erg yr and eyr 8 1013 erg yr by shallow and deep events respectively overall lunar energy release is dominated by the shallow events the energy released by the deep events may be accounted for by tidal dissipation and deep event stress drops are comparable to and smaller than the calculated tidal stresses a comparison of the above values with those observed terrestrially eyr 1025 ergs and with the energy available from heat flow and tidal dissipation emphasizes the importance of tectonic style e g plate tectonics in determining the characteristics of planetary seismicity

a geophysical perspective on the bulk composition of mars we invert the martian tidal response and mean mass and moment of inertia for chemical composition thermal state and interior structure the inversion combines phase equilibrium computations with a laboratory based viscoelastic dissipation model the rheological model which is based on measurements of anhydrous and melt free olivine is both temperature and grain size sensitive and imposes strong constraints on interior structure the bottom of the lithosphere defined as the location where the conductive geotherm meets the mantle adiabat occurs deep within the upper mantle 250 500 km depth resulting in apparent upper mantle low velocity zones assuming an fe fes core our results indicate 1 a mantle with a mg molar mg mg fe of 0 75 in agreement with earlier geochemical estimates based on analysis of martian meteorites 2 absence of bridgmanite and ferropericlase dominated basal layer 3 core compositions 13 5 16 wt s core radii 1640 1740 km and core mantle boundary temperatures 1560 1660 c that together with the eutectic like core compositions suggest the core is liquid and 4 bulk martian compositions that are overall chondritic with a fe si wt ratio of 1 63 1 68 we show that the inversion results can be used in tandem with geodynamic simulations to identify plausible geodynamic scenarios and parameters specifically we find that the inversion results are reproduced by stagnant lid convection models for a range of initial viscosities 1019 1020 pa s and radioactive element partitioning between crust and mantle around 0 001 the geodynamic models predict a mean surface heat flow between 15 25 mw m2

verifying single station seismic approaches using earth based data preparation for data return from the insight mission to mars abstract the planned insight mission will deliver a single seismic station containing 3 component broadband and short period sensors to the surface of mars in 2016 while much of the progress in understanding the earth and moon s interior has relied on the use of seismic networks for accurate location of sources single station approaches can be applied to data returned from mars in order to locate events and determine interior structure in preparation for the data return from insight we use a terrestrial dataset recorded at the global seismic network station bfo located at the black forest observatory in germany to verify an approach for event location and structure determination based on recordings of multiple orbit surface waves which will be more favorable to record on mars than earth due to smaller planetary radius and potentially lower background noise with this approach applied to events near the threshold of observability on earth we are able to determine epicentral distance within approximately 1 corresponding to 60 km on mars and origin time within 30 s with back azimuth determined from rayleigh wave polarization absolute locations are determined generally within an aperture of 10 allowing for localization within large tectonic regions on mars with these locations we are able to recover earth mantle structure within 5 the insight mission requirements for martian mantle structure using 1d travel time inversions of p and s travel times for datasets of only 7 events the location algorithm also allows for the measurement of great circle averaged group velocity dispersion which we measure between 40 and 200 s to scale the expected reliable frequency range of the insight data from earth to mars data using the terrestrial data we are able to resolve structure down to 200 km but synthetic tests demonstrate we should be able to resolve martian structure to 400 km with the same frequency content given the smaller planetary size

heterogeneous stretching simple shear and basin development abstract the models of basin development which involve either homogeneous stretching of the whole lithosphere or displacement on a lithospheric scale shear zone are but two end members of a range of possible extensional models the homogeneous extension model thins the lower lithosphere beneath the thinned upper crust and superimposes a thermal subsidence basin on the earlier fault bounded basin the shear zone model offsets the zone of lower lithospheric stretching and thermal subsidence it is more likely that the zones of upper and lower lithospheric stretching will be heterogeneous and patchy but will often overlap in plan view this will produce localised uplift and subsequent thermal subsidence within the faulted basin and may explain many of the anomalies between the various stretching estimates made using different structural stratigraphic and geophysical techniques the model which combines heterogeneous lithospheric stretching and associated simple shear may explain 1 variations in dip of the major detachment zones in the large basins 2 variations in types of strain on or beneath the detachment zones 3 regional uplift of part of a basin to erode the earlier fault blocks and 4 the development of volcanism in basins with only low values of upper crustal extension the zone of stretched lower crust and lithospheric mantle may lie beneath the centre of the zone of upper crustal stretching or to one side it may be linked to the upper crustal zone by faults which dip consistently in one direction or by extensional systems which change their dominant dip direction with depth pulling out the mid crust as one or more wedges possible examples are discussed from the basin and range province and northwest european continental shelf

predicted detection rates of regional scale meteorite impacts on mars with the insight short period seismometer abstract in 2016 nasa will launch the insight discovery class mission which aims to study the detailed internal structure of mars for the first time short and long period seismometers form a major component of insight s payload and have the potential to detect seismic waves generated by meteorite impacts large globally detectable impact events producing craters with diameters of 100 m have been investigated previously and are likely to be rare teanby n a wookey j 2011 phys earth planet int 186 70 80 but smaller impacts producing craters in the 0 5 20 m range are more numerous and potentially occur sufficiently often to be detectable on regional scales 1000 km at these distances seismic waves will have significant high frequency content and will be suited to detection with insight s short period seismometer seis sp in this paper i estimate the current martian crater production function from observations of new craters malin m c et al 2006 science 314 1573 1577 daubar i j et al 2013 icarus 225 506 516 model results williams j p pathare a v aharonson o 2014 icarus 235 23 36 and standard isochrons hartmann w k 2005 icarus 174 294 320 these impact rates are combined with an empirical relation between impact energy source receiver distance and peak seismogram amplitude derived from a compilation of seismic recordings of terrestrial and lunar impacts chemical explosions and nuclear tests the resulting peak seismogram amplitude scaling law contains significant uncertainty but can be used to predict impact detection rates i estimate that for a short period instrument with a noise spectral density of 10 8 ms 2 hz 1 2 in the 1 16 hz frequency band approximately 0 1 30 regional impacts per year should be detectable with a nominal value of 1 3 impacts per year therefore small regional impacts are likely to be a viable source of seismic energy for probing mars crustal and upper mantle structure this is particularly appealing as such impacts should be easily located with orbital imagery increasing their scientific value compared to other types of events with unknown origins finally comparison of the empirical results presented here with the modelling study of teanby and wookey teanby n a wookey j 2011 phys earth planet int 186 70 80 provides constraints on the seismic efficiency suggesting that values of 5 10 4 may be appropriate for impact generated seismic waves comparing explosion and impact datasets indicate that buried explosions are 10 times more efficient at generating seismic waves than impacts

deglaciation seismotectonics a principal influence on intraplate seismogenesis at high latitudes abstract in many high latitude stable continental regions deglaciation dominates the current crustal strain field interference between polarised tectonic and radial deglaciation strain fields affects the deviatoric stress state and fault stability margins and in consequence both the levels and properties of seismicity throughout glacial loading and unloading the most notable present day affects of this strain interference are predicted to include alternating quadrants of enhanced seismicity and aseismicity around rebound domes and former peripheral forebulges such strain interference can explain much of the geography and timing of holocene earthquake occurrence across northern europe and eastern north america

seismicity and volcanism of jan mayen island the small arctic jan mayen island site of the world s northernmost active volcano beerenberg is part of the mid atlantic ridge system and located along the jan mayen fracture zone jmfz recent data from the local seismic network and fault plane solutions from the global network indicate that the island is located at a ridge crest intersection which might explain the origin of the island and the associated volcanism moreover the new data suggest a series of offset segments of the mohn s ridge overlapping in an en echelon pattern in january 1985 a flank eruption was for the first time observed with the local seismic network volcanic tremors and low frequency events were observed on 5 january at 2230 h and 10 hours later the first large earthquake occurred no visual confirmation of the eruption was made until 6 january at 1630 h the seismic observations rule out the possibility that the large earthquake caused the eruption it seems more likely that the changes in local stress conditions triggered the earthquake and that the eruption started before the first large earthquake recent observations show that the local network provides an efficient tool for monitoring and warning of volcanic activity however since there was no change in the local seismicity in the days or months before the 1985 eruption it seems to be difficult to make long term predictions of beerenberg flank eruptions without using other techniques such as observations of tilt

dissipation at tidal and seismic frequencies in a melt free anhydrous mars 1 the measured inward motion of phobos provides a constraint on the tidal dissipation factor q within mars we model viscoelastic dissipation inside a convective mars using a modified burgers model based on laboratory experiments on anhydrous melt free olivine the model tidal q is highly sensitive to the mantle potential temperature and grain size assumed but relatively insensitive to the bulk density and rigidity structure q thus provides a tight constraint on the martian interior temperature by fitting the observed tidal q and tidal love number k2 values and requiring present day melt generation we estimate that for a grain size of 1 cm the current mantle potential temperature is 1625 75 k similar to that of the earth this estimate is consistent with recent petrologically derived determinations of mantle potential temperature but lower than estimates in some thermal evolution models the presence of water in the martian mantle would reduce our estimated temperature our preferred mantle grain size of 1 cm is somewhat larger than that of the earth s upper mantle the predicted mantle seismic q is about 130 and is almost independent of depth the martian lithosphere represents a high seismic velocity lid which should be readily detectable with future seismological observations

a probabilistic framework for single station location of seismicity on earth and mars abstract locating the source of seismic energy from a single three component seismic station is associated with large uncertainties originating from challenges in identifying seismic phases as well as inevitable pick and model uncertainties the challenge is even higher for planets such as mars where interior structure is a priori largely unknown in this study we address the single station location problem by developing a probabilistic framework that combines location estimates from multiple algorithms to estimate the probability density function pdf for epicentral distance back azimuth and origin time each algorithm uses independent and complementary information in the seismic signals together the algorithms allow locating seismicity ranging from local to teleseismic quakes distances and origin times of large regional and teleseismic events m 5 5 are estimated from observed and theoretical body and multi orbit surface wave travel times the latter are picked from the maxima in the waveform envelopes in various frequency bands for smaller events at local and regional distances only first arrival picks of body waves are used possibly in combination with fundamental rayleigh r1 waveform maxima where detectable depth phases such as pp or pmp help constrain source depth and improve distance estimates back azimuth is determined from the polarization of the rayleigh and or p wave phases when seismic signals are good enough for multiple approaches to be used estimates from the various methods are combined through the product of their pdfs resulting in an improved event location and reduced uncertainty range estimate compared to the results obtained from each algorithm independently to verify our approach we use both earthquake recordings from existing earth stations and synthetic martian seismograms the mars synthetics are generated with a full waveform scheme axisem using spherically symmetric seismic velocity density and attenuation models of mars that incorporate existing knowledge of mars internal structure and include expected ambient and instrumental noise while our probabilistic framework is developed mainly for application to mars in the context of the upcoming insight mission it is also relevant for locating seismic events on earth in regions with sparse instrumentation

alteration of detrital fe ti oxides in sedimentary rocks scanning electron microscope study has revealed that in proterozoic sandstones shales and carbonate rocks of the visingso group in southern sweden detrital fe ti oxides have undergone alteration by dissolution and or replacement mainly by titanium oxides hematite reddish rocks or pyrite greenish sandstones shales and carbonate rocks the titanium oxides occur as either poorly crystalline masses cryptocrystalline aggregates or discrete euhedral crystals of anatase brookite and rutile that attain a variety of crystal habits microprobe analyses have shown that the alteration of ilmenite occurs through several intermediate phases each successively enriched in titanium and depleted in iron to an almost pure form of tio 2 some of the iron and titanium which is released during alteration of the fe ti oxides is incorporated in associated clay minerals

diagenesis and geochemistry of the visingsoe group upper proterozoic southern sweden a clue to the origin of color differentiation abstract detailed petrographic examination x ray diffraction and microprobe analysis of the clay minerals and iron content analysis suggest a diagenetic origin of color for the clastic sedimentary rocks of the visingso group upper proterozoic southern sweden the drab colors grey green and black were developed under reducing conditions by reduction of ferric oxide and or ferric oxide hydrate the resulting ferrous iron was incorporated in the authigenesis of iron rich chlorite and pyrite in the red yellow and orange rocks the clay minerals are predominantly mixed layer illite montmorillonite illite and kaolinite in the red sandstones the chlorite is less rich in iron whereas the illite is frequently richer in iron compared to those in the drab sandstones the red rocks are chara terized by higher ferric iron content due to the presence of pigmental and euhedral hexagonal hematite the hematite most commonly occurs as particle coating on altered detrital ferromagnesian silicates and with interstitial clay minerals iron was essentially derived from the diagenetic alteration of detrital iron beating minerals

earthquake magnitude recent research and current trends abstract the magnitude recommendations adopted by the iaspei assembly at zurich in 1967 have had both a stabilizing and a stimulating effect on magnitude determinations and related research from 1967 onwards one magnitude research paper has appeared on the average almost every week thus making this parameter the most studied one in seismology new facilities and more accurate methods e g concerning instrumental equipment and interpretation techniques have made it possible to improve earlier achievements the application of magnitude scales has been extended in all respects e g with regard to epicentral distances focal depths wave types and wave periods magnitude frequency relations have become the most investigated equations within seismology observationally as well as theoretically they have wide applications e g for estimating the maximum magnitudes of future earthquakes an important item in earthquake prediction the magnitudes provide significant information on other source parameters such as wave energy fault length seismic moment relations between different types of magnitude yield valuable information on source properties for instance relations between magnitudes based on body and surface waves are used for efficient discrimination between earthquakes and underground explosions it is our purpose to review the magnitude development in the post zurich period 1967 1980 partly for geologists tectonophysicists and engineers who need an overview partly for seismologists who need an introduction to an overwhelmingly comprehensive literature

to what extent is the present seismicity of norway driven by post glacial rebound abstract the seismicity of scandinavia is low to intermediate in intensity and with magnitudes that rarely exceed 5 5 even so the seismicity is characterized by a great diversity in space and time related to the fact that its driving forces or sources of stress are multiple and also diverse in nature the dominant driving forces range from plate related such as ridge push through regional to local ones such as topography all however are somehow related to lateral inhomogeneities in lithospheric structure whereas it was earlier assumed that the post glacial uplift was the main cause for the seismicity of scandinavia we now conclude that the uplift may at most be playing a minor role along the coastal stretch of northern norway there are still some indications that the seismicity which is often shallow normal faulting and swarm related may be related to the still remaining glacial isostatic adjustment the flexuring that is needed to explain such behaviour could however also be related to erosion and sedimentation processes it will take more work to separate these potential driving forces

experimental nucleation and growth of smectite and chlorite coatings on clean feldspar and quartz grain surfaces abstract laboratory experiments were performed to investigate high temperature 100 150 c authigenic formation of clay coatings smectites chlorites on clean feldspar and quartz surfaces artificial formation waters were used with mg concentrations in the range of north sea brines experiments were run for 21 50 days in brines composed of magnesium chloride and sodium carbonate adjusted to circum neutral ph the experiments suggest that the silica activity is the main factor determining if grain coating smectites or chlorite form the clay minerals form easily on both clean quartz and feldspar surfaces but chlorite coatings were formed only on feldspar surfaces while smectite coatings were formed on both feldspar and quartz the chlorite morphology varies between honeycomb edge to face and rosette patterns while all smectite formed with honeycomb like textures the clay coatings produced in this study are morphologically similar to naturally occurring diagenetic clay minerals in natural sediments and sedimentary rocks the formation of clay coatings is promoted by pre existing clay drapings on mineral grains the growth substrates used in this study were not coated with such a natural precursor materials this suggests that the nucleation of clay coatings in nature may be possible on clean quartz and feldspar surfaces but pre existing clay minerals may impact the allowed levels of supersaturations and thereby the formation of the grain coating phases

diagenetic model of the bajo barreal formation cretaceous in the southwestern flank of the golfo de san jorge basin patagonia argentina abstract this paper analyses the diagenetic evolution of sandstones belonging to the bajo barreal formation cretaceous in the golfo de san jorge basin patagonia argentina the bajo barreal formation includes the main reservoirs which are located along the western area of the basin and is composed of sandstones conglomerates mudstones tuffaceous mudstones and some layers of tuffs the principal reservoirs comprise medium to coarse grained sandstones which are dominated by feldspathic litharenites and contain minor amounts of litharenites and lithic arkoses the authigenic minerals include kaolinite smectite chlorite quartz overgrowths microquartz and calcite with minor proportions of megaquartz siderite analcime laumontite feldspar overgrowths and illite smectite and chlorite smectite mixed layers secondary porosity is much more important than primary porosity and is produced by the dissolution of feldspar lithic clasts and clay cements the diagenetic history of the bajo barreal sandstones can be divided into seven diagenetic stages each of which is characterized by a specific assemblage of authigenic minerals and diagenetic processes eogenetic conditions occur in stages 1 2 3 and 4 stage 1 corresponds to shallow burial characterized by the physical reduction of primary porosity by compaction during stage 2 rim clay cements of chlorite smectite and clinoptilolite as well as thin quartz overgrowths were formed the precipitation of pore filling cements of kaolinite chlorite and smectite occurred during stage 3 while stage 4 records the intense dissolution of feldspar lithic fragments and kaolinite cements mesogenesis occurs in diagenetic stages 5 and 6 the former corresponds to a new phase of authigenic kaolinite while the latter records the significant dissolution of feldspar lithic clasts and previous cements which produced the highest values of secondary porosity finally stage 7 corresponds to the highest degree of diagenesis in the bajo barreal formation mesogenesis which resulted in the precipitation of cements of zeolites and calcite as well as quartz and plagioclase overgrowths

a prediction of mars seismicity from surface faulting the shallow seismicity of mars has been estimated by measurement of the total slip on faults visible on the surface of the planet throughout geologic time seismicity was calibrated with estimates based on surface structures on the moon and measured lunar seismicity that includes the entire seismogenic lithosphere results indicate that mars is seismically active today with a sufficient number of detectable marsquakes to allow seismic investigations of its interior

postglacial crustal doming stresses and fracture formation with application to norway abstract postglacial doming of fennoscandia is estimated to have reached a maximum uplift value of 850 m vertical uplift of this magnitude generates stresses that affect the tectonic activity in the domed area using a simple model of a circular elastic plate subject to deflection it is shown that the maximum tensile stresses generated by this uplift occur in the centre of the dome and at the surface reach a numerical value of nearly 30 mpa this tensile stress is an order of magnitude greater than the typical in situ tensile strength of the uppermost part of the crust so that tension fractures are easily generated by this stress tension fractures can under certain conditions reach crustal depths of several hundred metres but if they propagate to greater depths they change into normal faults the tensile stresses at the surface decrease in magnitude with distance from the centre of the dome and become compressive in the marginal parts of the uplifted crustal plate at the surface of these parts the maximum shear stress exceeds 10 mpa because the inferred driving stresses stress drops in earthquakes are commonly only several mpa it follows that the driving shear stress in these marginal parts is large enough to initiate or reactivate seismogenic faults these model results are in broad agreement with data on the current seismotectonics of fennoscandia the formation and reactivation of tensile and shear fractures in fennoscandia as a result of postglacial uplift is likely to increase the hydraulic conductivity of the solid rocks that constitute the uppermost part of the crust this conclusion is supported by reported observations which indicate that the production of groundwater in wells in many areas in norway varies positively with the maximum postglacial uplift

full moment tensor retrieval for two earthquake swarms at the alps dinarides junction summary we present the results of the analysis for the seismic source tensor of all events with m d 3 0 belonging to the moggio udinese swarm 1988 february eight events analysed and of the three events of the swarm that occurred between 1993 july 22 and 26 in the tricesimo area the latter sequence is particularly relevant for the assessment of seismic risk of friuli northeast italy since it is close to the densely populated area of udine we use a waveform inversion algorithm which allows us to retrieve the moment tensor rate functions mtrfs that can be factored into a moment tensor and a source time function stf from the orientation of the p axis and of the nodal planes we can hypothesize that the moggio udinese swarm p axis orientated globally between southeast northwest and east west reflects the influence of both the southeastern alpine and external dinaric stress field while in the tricesimo swarm in which the p axis orientations varies between southeast northwest and north south the southeastern alpine stress field seems to act on faults oriented southeast northwest belonging to the external dinaric system

depth estimates of large earthquakes on the island of hawaii since 1940 although hypocenters of earthquakes on the island of hawaii are now routinely assigned to within 5 km depth was a poorly determined parameter until the early 1960 s however the 1950 1960 period was very active both in volcanic eruptions and large earthquakes source depths for the 12 largest hawaiian earthquakes magnitude 6 or greater since 1940 are estimated from the ratios of body and surface wave amplitudes recorded at pasadena california excitation functions for rayleigh waves are calculated as a function of source depth for the two dominant periods in the pasadena records 8s and 20s theoretical body wave amplitudes are determined from synthetic seismograms calculated ratios are very sensitive to source depth for example amplitudes of 8 s rayleigh waves diminish by a factor of 300 between depths of 10 km and 50 km this is a much larger effect than the fault geometry which we estimate to be a factor of 4 between representative focal mechanisms estimated depths for post 1960 earthquakes agree fairly well with the instrumental depths in general large earthquakes near the volcanic flanks and fault systems are shallow 20 km two earthquakes of magnitude 6 occurred under the volcanoes mauna loa in 1950 and kilauea in 1951 they preceded major eruptions by 3 days and 14 months respectively and had the largest depth estimates at 40 55 km and 35 50 km ms values assigned from global amplitudes are compared with those assigned from pasadena amplitudes alone for 70 events in 1973 1974 with 5 1 m s 6 0 the global values are only slightly larger 0 05 magnitude units than the pasadena values indicating that pasadena amplitudes are on the average representative of the event magnitude

estimation of the seismic moment rate from an incomplete seismicity catalog in the context of the insight mission to mars we evaluate methods to estimate the global seismic moment rate of a planet from the k 1 largest events observed during a limited and possibly short time span as can be expected for example for lander missions to mars the feasibility of the approach is demonstrated with a temporary broadband seismometer that was recording in the mojave desert california for 86 days in 2014 and by application to the global centroid moment tensor cmt catalog subsets thereof and a catalog of stable continental regions seismicity from the largest event observed at goldstone alone m w approximate to 7 9 we estimate the earth s global moment rate to be 1 03 x 10 22 n m yr whereas an estimation based on the 10 strongest events yields a rate of 5 79 x 10 21 n m yr summation of 42 yr of global cmt solutions results in an average of 7 61 x 10 21 n m yr in general a 2 yr interval of global cmt solutions is sufficient to estimate the earth s annual moment rate to within a factor of 5 or better a series of numerical experiments with more than 560 million synthetic catalogs based on the tapered gutenberg richter distribution shows that the estimation is rather insensitive against an unknown slope of the distribution and that bias and variance of the estimator depend on the ratio between moment rate and corner moment of the size frequency distribution moment rates of published mars models differ by a factor of 1000 or more tests with simulated catalogs show that it will be possible to reject some of these models with data returned by nasa s insight mission after two years of nominal mission life time