theoretical models of magnetic anisotropy to strain relationship revisited abstract mathematical modelling of the relationships between the low field magnetic anisotropy and strain are redeveloped and the calculated data are compared with the degree of anisotropy for various rock types it is found that the degree of anisotropy for realistic strain magnitudes is unrealistically high in the passive model the ductile model for which the degree of anisotropy depends on the magnetic grain the matrix viscosity ratio becomes realistic at high viscosity contrasts in the line plane model the theoretical degree of anisotropy corresponds well to the natural degree of anisotropy for rocks in which the carrier of magnetic anisotropy is either magnetite or phyllosilicate minerals by contrast in the case of haematite and pyrrhotite the modelled degree of anisotropy is much higher than the natural values in the viscous model the calculated degree of anisotropy corresponds well to that measured in sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the models imposing pure shear strain the natural logarithm of the degree of anisotropy to natural strain relationship can be approximately represented by a straight line at least for low to intermediate strains the proportionality constant varies according to the specific model and the specific carrier of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility

surface based polarimetric c band scatterometer for field measurements of sea ice a portable surface based polarimetric c band scatterometer for field deployment over sea ice is presented the scatterometer system its calibration signal processing and near field correction are described the near field correction is shown to be effective for both linear polarized and polarimetric backscatter field methods for the scatterometer are described sample linear polarized and polarimetric backscatter results are presented for snow covered first year sea ice fyi multiyear hummock ice and rough melt pond water on fyi the magnitude of backscatter signature variability due to system effects is presented providing the necessary basis for quantitative analysis of field data

magnetic fabric in the malanjkhand granite central india implications for regional tectonics and proterozoic suturing of the indian shield abstract in this paper field microstructural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams data are presented from the 2 48 ga malanjkhand granite and adjacent gneiss with an aim to evaluate the time relationship between fabric development in the granite and regional tectonics the central indian suture cis that demarcates the southern margin of the ne sw to ene wsw trending central indian tectonic zone citz and is a consequence of the accretion between the northern and southern indian shields lies to the north of the granite the northern margin of the granite that has proximity to the cis is mylonitized and shows a dextral top to the ne sense of shear field and magnetic foliation in the gneiss are parallel to each other as well as to the field foliation in the western and northwestern margin of the granite also the field fabrics in the granite and gneiss curve clockwise into the cis the magnetic foliation trajectories curve from a ns orientation in areas remote from the cis to a ne sw orientation in parts that are proximal to the cis in the north the granite shows synmagmatic deformation fabrics such as preferentially oriented zoned feldspar phenocrysts as well as evidence of high t solid state deformation fabric such as chessboard pattern in quartz magnetic anisotropy increases towards the cis which is inferred to support synmagmatic deformation it is concluded that the tectonic evolution of the citz and emplacement fabric development in the malanjkhand granite were synchronous phenomena wnw ese directed convergence led to transpression which is inferred to be responsible for the emplacement of the granite it is concluded that in the malanjkhand granite the development of syndeformational emplacement fabrics to syntectonic cooling was a continuum and the suturing of the northern and southern indian shields along the cis took place during the palaeoproterozoic period thus the study provides an insight into the amalgamation and stabilization of the indian shield during the late archaean palaeoproterozoic time

models of magnetic anisotropy variations in sedimentary thrust sheets abstract magnetic anisotropy variation in sedimentary thrust sheets was modelled through the extension of strain models in thrust sheets coward and kim 1981 sanderson 1982 using the empirical relationship between the magnetic anisotropy and strain and respecting the pre deformational anisotropy of sedimentary rocks in thrust sheets deformed by simple shear and lateral lengthening the magnetic foliations remain near the bedding while in thrust sheets deformed by simple shear and lateral shortening the magnetic foliation may deviate strongly from the bedding even creating a girdle pattern in its poles

magnetic fabrics and microstructures of the post collisional aegirine augite syenite triunfo pluton northeast brazil abstract anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams and microstructures of the neoproterozoic triunfo alkaline pluton situated in northeast brazil have been investigated in order to characterize fabrics formed during its emplacement bulk magnetic susceptibility in the pluton varies between 0 15 10 3 and 25 10 t 3 si and the mean magnetic anisotropy ratio is around 1 04 aegirine augite and secondary magnetite are the main carriers of the magnetic susceptibility with the former controlling the directions of the anisotropy magnetic foliation and lineation are consistently oriented throughout the pluton foliation typically dips gently to the northeast and lineation plunges gently to the east these structures were mostly acquired at the magmatic and sub magmatic stages the shape of the magnetic ellipsoid is dominantly oblate a feature that may reflect either the uniaxial oblate ams ellipsoid of the aegirine augite crystals and or a vertical compaction of the magma in its final stages of crystallization the foliation pattern suggests the pluton has a tabular shape within the basement rocks magma emplacement is inferred to have occurred by its lateral migration along a flat lying crustal structure after fracture propagation and ascension of the magma from a lower crust mantle source late fine grained vertical dykes with the same mineral composition as the triunfo syenite cross cut the wall rocks of the pluton and close the alkaline magmatism in the area the ne trending alignment of alkaline plutons and the nne trending syenitic dykes indicate that the emplacement of such bodies occurred along a crustal extension event with a minimum compressive stress horizontal trending roughly e w

response of remanent magnetization to deformation in geological processes using 3d printed structures abstract palaeogeographic reconstructions and construction of apparent polar wander paths are dependent on having reliable palaeomagnetic directions the importance of inclination flattening in biasing the palaeomagnetic record has been debated for over 60 yrs correction for this effect often assumes that the palaeomagnetic vector deforms as a passive line in a novel approach using 3d printed analogue rocks we revisit the question of how a palaeomagnetic vector responds to deformation specifically compaction maghaemite nanoparticles were mixed in the printing resin with a concentration of 0 15 wt and five series of cylinders with 1 cm height and diameter were printed with porosities between 0 and 20 samples were given an anhysteretic remanent magnetization and were subjected subsequently to incremental compaction the magnetic fabric shows an initially weak compaction in the printing plane that becomes larger with increased compaction the palaeomagnetic inclination changes according to the strain that the sample undergoes and the amount of deflection is less than predicted by a passive line model of deformation our results demonstrate that using a single correction factor for inclination flattening is questionable and show the need for a method that considers how the rock deforms further we demonstrate the usefulness of 3d printed analogue rock which can inspire more realistic methods to correct for inclination flattening

magma flow paths and strain patterns in magma chambers growing by floor subsidence a model based on magnetic fabric study of shallow level plutons in the stiavnica volcano plutonic complex western carpathians the miocene stiavnica volcano plutonic complex western carpathians exposes two nearly coeval intra caldera plutons their roof basement of a stratovolcano and associated volcanic rocks the complex thus provides insights into mechanisms of magma chamber growth beneath large volcanoes as inferred from the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams these plutons were emplaced through significantly different processes the diorite as a discordant stock with steep fabric and the granodiorite as a tabular bell jar pluton in detail we interpret that the latter was assembled in two stages first an upper layer intruded as a thin sill along a major subhorizontal basement cover detachment the subhorizontal magnetic fabric and strongly oblate ams ellipsoid in this layer record intrusive strain where the magma flow paths were subparallel to the pluton roof second in the lower layer of the pluton magnetic foliations dip moderately to the nw and wnw to vertical and are associated with down dip to subhorizontal lineations and prolate to weakly oblate shapes of the ams ellipsoids such a fabric pattern is compatible with piecemeal floor subsidence where magma flowed along multiple subsiding fault bounded blocks based on this case example we develop a conceptual model for magma flow paths and strain patterns for four main modes of floor subsidence 1 piston cauldron subsidence is characterized by convergent flow and radial principal stretching above the magma chamber floor 2 the piecemeal floor subsidence leads to steep to inclined magma flow paths in conduits along fault bounded blocks 3 asymmetric trapdoor subsidence produces first divergent flow paths near the conduit sides changing into convergent paths in the narrower space near the kinematic hinge and 4 symmetric cantilever funnel subsidence will lead to divergent flow from a central feeder and thus circumferential principal stretching of the magma if the growing pluton develops a two layer structure all the flow paths and associated strains are affected by the flat lying pluton roof and will convert into horizontal flattening as the roof is approached

effects of bed discordance on flow dynamics at open channel confluences although a discordance in bed elevation between mainstream and tributary channels is a common feature of most river confluences this height differential is largely ignored in many models of junction flow dynamics here we present new laboratory flume data that demonstrate the significant influence of bed discordance on flow at an acute angled confluence a difference in bed height between mainstream and tributary channels is shown to obliterate flow deflection at the bed and create a distortion of the mixing layer between the flows resulting in fluid upwelling at the downstream junction corner this upwelling is responsible for the absence of a flow separation zone near the bed at the downstream junction corner and the lack of a zone of marked flow acceleration in the postconfluence channel these experiments reveal complex flow fields generated by bed discordance and suggest the need for major revisions to current models of river channel confluence flow dynamics and their application to sediment routing at these sites

bed morphology and sedimentology at the confluence of unequal depth channels abstract spatial and temporal variations in the bed geometry and bed material size of a sand bed river confluence with unequal depth channels were monitored during a sequence of floods additionally two other sand bed confluences were surveyed to test the replicability of these observations the confluences studied here have only one avalanche face which corresponds to the front of a tributary mouth bar in the shallower channel and do not exhibit a marked scour zone three distinct morpho sedimentological zones are present 1 an area around the upstream corner of the junction where the sediments are generally finer than the mean 2 a maximum depth zone with coarser than average particles and 3 a bar at the downstream junction corner where grain size is finer than the mean and decreases slightly downstream changes in relative discharge between the two channels had little effect on the grain size of the downstream junction corner bar but exerted a strong influence on the position of the maximum depth zone and the front of the tributary mouth bar the downstream junction corner bar showed little evidence of the separation zone which is commonly observed at the confluences of laboratory channels the contrasting depths of the approach channels at the sites studied here may be partly responsible for the absence of the separation zone

field investigation of three dimensional flow structure at stream confluences 2 turbulence stream confluences are among the most highly turbulent locations in fluvial systems this paper examines the three dimensional structure of turbulence at three stream confluences in east central illinois the analysis focuses on the characteristics of turbulence both within the shear layer and in the ambient flow results show that at the upstream end of each confluence the shear layer occupies a limited portion of the flow cross sectional area but turbulence kinetic energy within this layer is 2 3 times greater than the turbulence kinetic energy of the ambient flow which has turbulence characteristics similar to those for flow in straight channels turbulence within the shear layer can be characterized as quasi two dimensional in the sense that large scale turbulence generated by transverse shear is predominantly two dimensional whereas small scale turbulence associated with bed friction is three dimensional spectral analysis suggests that the structure of fluid motion within the shear layer differs for confluences with symmetrical versus asymmetrical planforms the shear layer dissipates rapidly as flow enters the downstream channel even though a well defined mixing interface persists at downstream locations

numerical simulation of three dimensional time averaged flow structure at river channel confluences current confluence research emphasizes three broad controls on flow structure generation 1 planform curvature 2 topographic steering and 3 anisotropic turbulence associated with flow separation and shear layer dynamics the relative importance of these processes in explaining observed flow structures is controversial a situation that may be related to the fact that different investigators have examined different confluence configurations this paper uses a three dimensional numerical model with a fully elliptic solution a free surface treatment and a turbulence model based on a renormalized group rng to help to provide a physically based explanation of the controls upon flow structure generation for both a laboratory rectangular and a field confluence the confluence of the kaskaskia river and copper slough and to identify the particular conditions under which particular flow structures are observed results suggest that an analogy with back to back meanders is possible for symmetrical configurations but that there will be progressive divergence from this state as confluence asymmetry increases in asymmetric situations a dual cell structure may be limited to the immediate vicinity of the junction because of the effects of streamline curvature and topographic steering these differences can be explained by consideration of the dynamic pressure field which may be specific to each confluence configuration as such this study partially reconciles differing views over what controls time averaged flow structures in river channel confluences although further research into the interaction of these processes with instantaneous velocity fluctuations is required

characterization of the magnetic fabric of rocks abstract an inextensive system of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy factors is suggested which is sufficient in the majority of practical applications for characterizing the magnetic fabric of rocks the system involves three newly devised factors the corrected anisotropy degree the shape factor and the difference shape factor the first of these characterizes the quantity of anisotropy somewhat better than the commonly used anisotropy degree the shape factor characterizes the quality of anisotropy i e the shape of the susceptibility ellipsoid in a convenient way its definition is based on a certain analogy between the anisotropy ellipsoid and the strain ellipsoid the difference shape factor can replace the shape factor when only the differences between the principal susceptibilities are given while the mean susceptibility is unknown

formation uplift and tectonic integration of a periadriatic intrusive complex pohorje slovenia as reflected in magnetic parameters and palaeomagnetic directions summary the periadriatic lineament is a 700 km long first order tectonic boundary in the alps along which several tertiary intrusions are located that were emplaced while tectonic processes were active the pohorje pluton is one of the periadriatic magmatic suites and comprises a pluton and a dacite stock that were emplaced at depths of about 10 and 2 km respectively oriented samples were collected from 33 sites in the magmatic and three in the surrounding metamorphic rocks and subjected them to standard palaeomagnetic and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy processing there is extreme variation in susceptibility although the magnetic mineral are always magnetite and in its anisotropy within the pluton lowest values are in the mafic members in the gabbro the oldest and in some lamprophyres the youngest member of the plutonic suite while the tonalite granodiorite exhibits extreme variation far exceeding those observed for other periadriatic plutons the abnormality of the pohorje pluton is attributed to the complex history that involves assimilation fractional crystallization stratification in the magma chamber incorporation of wall rocks variable degree of k metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration despite the above described heterogenities and sometimes very high degree of susceptibility anisotropy much higher that in the metamorphic samples in the acid member the palaeomagnetic directions observed for the pluton define three clear cut groups the directions show no dependence on the degree of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy in the order of crystallization they exhibit decreasing degree of clockwise declination deviation from north the dacite stock is characterized by counter clockwise rotated declinations as the pohorje pluton was uplifted very fast within the right lateral periadriatic shear zone system it is interpreted that the palaeomagnetic directions observed for the pluton are evidence for a clockwise rotation during exhumation the palaeomagnetic directions for the dacite which formed after the climax of the external forces fits the regional pattern of counter clockwise rotation observed in the neogene sediments around the pohorje pluton this shows that by the time of the dacite intrusion the pohorje pluton was already incorporated into the block that was driven by counter clockwise rotated adriatic microplate

investigation of controls on secondary circulation in a simple confluence geometry using a three dimensional numerical model recent research into river channel confluences has identified confluence geometry and particularly bed discordance as a control on confluence flow structures and mixing processes and this has been illustrated using both field measurements in natural confluences and laboratory measurements of simplified confluences generalization of the results obtained from these experiments is limited by the number of confluence geometries that can be examined in a reasonable amount of time this limitation may be overcome by numerical models in which confluence geometry is more readily varied and data acquired more rapidly this paper aims to i validate the application of a three dimensional numerical model to a simple confluence geometry ii simulate the effects of different boundary condition values upon flow structures and iii interpret the implications of these simulations for river channel confluence dynamics the model used in this research solves the three dimensional form of the navier stokes equations and is used to simulate the flow in a parallel confluence of unequal depth channels and to investigate the effect of different combinations of velocity and depth ratio between the two tributaries the results generally agree with empirical evidence that secondary circulation is generated in the absence of streamline curvature but only for specific combinations of depth and velocity ratio this research shows how understanding of the interaction of these controls is enhanced if pressure gradients are considered the velocity ratio is the prime determinant of the cross stream pressure gradient that initiates cross stream velocities however for significant secondary circulation to form cross stream velocities must lead to significant transfer of fluid in the cross stream direction this depends on the vertical extent of the cross stream pressure gradient which is controlled by the depth ratio in this study strong secondary circulation occurred for a depth differential of 25 or more as long as the velocity in the shallower tributary was at least as great as that in the deeper channel this provides an important context for interpretation of previous work and for the design of new experiments in both the field and the laboratory 1998 john wiley sons ltd

deformation and metamorphism in the bard area of the sesia lanzo zone western alps during subduction and uplift the structure microstructure and petrology of a small area close to the village of bard in val d aosta italy has been studied in detail the area lies across the contact between the gneiss minuti gm and the eclogitic micaschist ems complexes of the lower element of the sesia portion of the sesia lanzo zone western alps both complexes have undergone high pressure metamorphism but the metamorphic assemblages indicate a sudden increase in pressure in going across the contact from the gm to the ems therefore we interpret the contact as a thrust dividing the lower element of the sesia into two sub elements this interpretation is supported by structural evidence the early alpine 90 70 ma metamorphic history is best preserved in the ems and is one of increasing pressure associated with thrusting the maximum p t recorded in the ems is 1500 mpa 15kbar and 550 c and in the gm is 1500 1300 mpa 15 13 kbar and 500 550 c we suggest that the rocks were probably in an active benioff zone during this time from then on the histories of the gm and ems are the same deformation continued and the thrust and thrust slices were folded during decreasing pressure we interpret the first postthrusting deformation in terms of uplift associated with continued shortening of the crust and underplating after the benioff zone had become inactive and a new benioff zone had developed further to the north west a still later deformation and the lepontine metamorphism 38 ma are related to continued uplift much of this deformation is characterized by structures indicative of vertical shortening and lateral spreading as the mountains rose above the general level of the surface

non scaled analogue modelling of ams development during viscous flow a simulation on diapir like structures development of magnetic fabric within a diapirically ascending columnar body was investigated using non scaled analogue model made of plaster of paris containing small amount of fine grained homogeneously mixed magnetite the apparatus for the modelling consists of a manual squeezer with calibrated spring and a perspex container set of weak coloured layers at the bottom of the container was forced to intrude overlying fine grained sand through a hole in a board attached to the squeezer the development of ams fabric is correlated with complex flow pattern indicated by coloured and originally horizontal plaster layers strongly constrictional and vertical fabric in the base and in the lower domain of the diapir resulting from convergent and upwards flows is overprinted by subhorizontal oblate fabrics due to vertical flattening and initial divergent flow in the apical parts the measured ams fabrics are compared with natural examples of magmatic stocks and dykes

pervasive horizontal fabric and rapid vertical extrusion lateral overturning and margin sub parallel flow of deep crustal migmatites northeastern bohemian massif abstract in the west sudetes northeastern bohemia massif geochronometry provides evidence for repeated episodes of rapid cooling that contrasts sharply with an absence of structural evidence for significant tectonic exhumation by crustal extension instead high grade assemblages of the orlica snieznik complex have a regional sub horizontal foliation and sub horizontal lineations that trend parallel to narrow sub vertical shear zones containing exhumed high pressure assemblages mesoscopic petrofabrics combined with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams data from amphibolite facies to migmatitic meta sedimentary and meta igneous rocks reveal remarkably consistent average lineations that plunge shallowly to the ssw on both steep and sub horizontal nne trending planar fabrics the dominant ssw nne fabric orientation is parallel to the bohemia brunia suture which marks a major boundary along the eastern margin of the massif the shape of the ams ellipsoid is predominantly oblate revealing flattened fabrics with only local prolate ellipsoids we envisage that the continental brunian indentor operated as a rigid backstop and allowed the migmatized lower crustal orogenic root to be exhumed along the bohemian margin shortly following terminal arc collision sub vertical extrusion of the orogenic root was arrested in the mid crust where the lower ductile crust was laterally overturned at the base of rigid upper crustal blocks upon reaching the crustal high strength lid the exhumed ductile mass of continental material laterally spread sub parallel to the margin underwent subsequent supra barrovian metamorphism and quickly cooled the application of ams techniques to high grade metamorphic rocks in concert with macroscopic structural observations is a powerful approach for resolving the deformation history of a terrane where visible rock fabrics can be tenuous

slaty cleavage development and magnetic anisotropy fabrics the shale to slate transition preserved in the ordovician martinsburg formation at the lehigh water gap pennsylvania provides an opportunity to study the relationship between magnetic anisotropy fabrics and the development of slaty cleavage our previous work has indicated that anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams does not record changes in finite strain associated with cleavage development in these rocks but instead measures the degree of dissolution and new growth of ehlorite additional ams data presented in this paper lend further support to this conclusion conversely anhysteretie remanent magnetization anisotropy arma which is not affected by paramagnetie ehlorite accurately reflects the strain induced rock fabrics associated with cleavage formation arma results show that magnetite dimensional orientations vary from bedding parallel in shale samples to cleavage parallel in samples with well developed slaty cleavage samples with weak and pencil cleavage display scattered arma orientations which lie in between bedding and cleavage these intermediate orientations may be due to either passive rotation of magnetite from bedding parallel to cleavage parallel or re crystallization of magnetite if rotation occurred grain rotation was highly heterogeneous in the samples with incipient cleavage the intermediate arma orientations may also reflect the varying contribution of two magnetite preferred orientations a depositional orientation parallel to bedding and a new growth orientation parallel to cleavage

mixing layer distortion at the confluence of channels of different depth channel confluences have received considerable recent attention in the fields of geomorphology1 3 sedimentology4 9 and hydraulic engineering10 13 where channels join rapid changes in fluid velocity turbulence intensity channel hydraulic geometry and bed geometry may occur14 17 previous models of junction dynamics have tended to assume that the confluent channels are of equal depth10 18 a condition that may be found only rarely in natural junctions more often the depths of confluent channels are different19 this discordance is commonly the result of the forma tion at the mouth of each confluent channel of bars that possess steep avalanche faces which dip into a central junction scour1 2 5 20 here we suggest that when channels of different depth join the mixing layer that forms at their confluence is distorted by interacting with a separation zone which forms in the lee of the mouth of the shallower channel this mixing layer distortion imparts a complex three dimensional flow to the junction promoting vertical fluid upwelling and significantly enhancing rapid mixing within the flow of the shallow tributary while retarding the rate of mixing across the flow of the deeper channel suspended sediments or contaminants within the deeper channel may be transferred rapidly across the flow of the shallower tributary upwelling downstream of the junction

emplacement and fabric forming conditions of plutons from structural and magnetic fabric analysis a case study of the plana pluton central bulgaria abstract the relationship between intensity parameters such as the corrected anisotropy degree p and mean susceptibility km for plutons with similar magnetic mineralogy yields a criterion to determine the origin of their magnetic fabric for a same mineralogy the higher the p values for the same mean susceptibility km irrespective of its absolute value the higher tectonic effect was possible using this criterion comparison of the magnetic fabric of the upper cretaceous mid to shallow crustal level plana pluton with that of other small upper cretaceous plutonic bodies in sredna gora zone central and southeast bulgaria highlights the structural evolution of the plana pluton the central part of plana pluton and its southwest west and east margins have preserved their emplacement fabric along its northern contact the pluton is affected by the last movements within the okol shear zone where high temperature s l mylonites developed the fabric of the pluton at its southeastern border was disturbed during the intrusion of the neighboring gutsal pluton the similarity in the orientation of magmatic and magnetic structures preserved in the central and southern parts of the plana pluton and the transition from magmatic to high temperature superimposed foliations and lineations at its north contact point to a composite superimposed shear induced and emplacement related magmatic magnetic fabric nearly vertical orientation of magnetic and magmatic foliations and lineations from the undeformed parts of the pluton shows a process of vertical magma rising and emplacement the sub vertical high temperature solid state mylonitic foliation and dip parallel stretching lineation in the pluton along its northern contact reveals the transpression nature of the deformation in the vicinity of okol shear zone with a strong pure shear component the smooth transition between the deformed and undeformed parts of plana pluton reveals the syn kinematic character of the emplacement

the composition and evolution of an oligocene regolith on top of the sesia lanzo zone western alps an oligocene paleosurface regolith lies on top of the high pressure metamorphic rocks of the sesia lanzo zone near biella nw italy only the saprock the lowermost part in a regolith profile is preserved no evidence for any paleosoil can be observed field observations indicate that the regolith developed through in situ mechanical fracturing of the rocks of the sesia lanzo zone in a continental environment density estimations of the regolith and the underlying rocks of the sesia lanzo zone confirm the field observations and imply that a relatively small amount of alteration minerals was formed the main detected alteration phases are chlorite various carbonates quartz clay minerals fe oxides and fe hydroxides chlorite differing in chemistry and crystallographic ordering demonstrates different stages of alteration oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of carbonates suggests temperatures higher than surface conditions illite and chlorite thermometry indicates temperatures related to the anchizone 250 300 c these data are considered as a robust indication of the re burial of the regolith together with its substrate and its volcanic cover the burial is closely related to the tilting of the preserved stratigraphic sequence formed by the rocks of the sesia lanzo zone the regolith and the rocks of the biella volcanic suite lanza in schweiz miner petrogr mitt 57 281 290 1977 lanza in geologishe rundschau 68 83 92 1979 furthermore the burial is consistent with this sequence of subaerial rocks being very close to the intrusion depth of the valle del cervo pluton at the time of its emplacement 4 7 km zanoni et al in rend online sgi note brevi 1 199 202 2008 zanoni et al in int geol rev 52 1244 1267 2010 and references therein

degree of magnetic anisotropy as a strain intensity gauge in ferromagnetic granites anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data for a ferromagnetic granite godhra granite nw india are presented and it is shown that the degree of magnetic anisotropy p is not controlled by the mean susceptibility k m analyses carried out across a high strain zone lying between granite and adjacent gneiss show that p values are highest in samples that lie close to the contact and decrease away from it based on these results it is concluded that if p is not controlled by k m then the former can be used to gauge strain intensity variations in ferromagnetic granites

interpretation of the polarimetric co polarization phase tern in radar images obtained with the jpl airborne l band sar system the utilization of both polarimetric amplitude and relative phase terms of the polarization scattering matrix s given for each pixel is pursued for polarimetric sar imagery interpretation the existing amplitude only backscattering approaches hitherto used are extended and modified to accommodate the interpretation of information contained in the amplitude and or phase terms both a vector radiative transfer model for surface versus volume scattering from rough terrain with and without vegetation canopy and a high frequency electrical curvature model for perfectly conducting surfaces are examined to come up with theoretical models that out perform other hitherto known approaches the developed models agree with the excellent polarimetric sar imagery recently obtained with the jpl cv 990 dual polarization l band 1 225 ghz sar system recommendations are made on how to further perfect the system for integration in the sir c and other future polarimetric sir sar systems

magnetic fabric in the biella and traversella stocks periadriatic line implications for the mode of emplacement abstract the biella and traversella stocks forming part of the intrusions along the periadriatic line intruded into the sesia lanzo zone italian western alps 30 ma ago samples were collected from 12 localities in the traversella massif diorites and 22 in the biella massif granites syenites monzonites in most localities the fabric is primarily planar with a distinct foliation of intermediate to subvertical dip the magnetic lineation is less developed its plunge is very variable marking a girdle pattern the mean foliations and lineations per locality are scattered this is probably due to the fact that the outcropping parts of the two stocks are summital i e nearer the roof and hence the magma movements may have been less regular in the structurally deepest part of the biella massif the magnetic foliation dips regularly to the northwest its direction could reflect the pattern of the deep fractures along which the magma rose the classic models of owens to describe the process of magnetic mineral orientation do not apply to the features of these two stocks a new model has been constructed to take account of the differences in viscosity contrast between the magnetic mineral crystals and the matrix referred to as the ductile model it offers a suitable representation of the typical situation of crystal mushes and is the most appropriate for the biella and traversella stocks

constraints on geological strain rates arguments from finite strain states of naturally deformed rocks a summary of known finite strain states is presented longitudinal strains 1 e as measured in many rocks often range from 1 to 40 and 1 to 0 025 the time span available to produce such measureable strains in young orogenic zones seems to be less than 10 m y possibly less than 1 m y which constrains conventional strain rates into the range of 10 sup 13 s sup 1 to 10 sup 15 s sup 1 for both pure and simple shear the most efficient way and much less efficient way to accumulate incremental strains respectively the ellipticity of the finite strain ellipse increases in a nonlinear manner finite strain variations in adjacent layers which give rise to features such as cleavage refraction arise with only slight differences in the strain rates within these layers

magnetic fabric and emplacement of the post collisional pomovaara granite complex in northern fennoscandia abstract the proterozoic pomovaara granite complex in northern finland comprises three separate highly magnetic granite stocks they are discordant apparently unfoliated and according to isotope data a significant archaean component characterizes the source of these granites the three stocks are aligned in an array parallel to major trans crustal faults as interpreted from both aeromagnetic and gravity data their younger age of 1 8 ga compared to the main tectonic events at 1 9 ga in northern fennoscandia indicates their post collisional nature with respect to these events the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams was studied together with magnetic gravity and geological data in order to assess the emplacement mechanisms of the pomovaara granite complex and the possible tectonic control of fault systems on the ascent and emplacement of granitic magma the orientation of magnetic fabrics within the granite stocks indicates that the direction of the original magma upwelling was from the sw parallel to the major fault zones that controlled at the crustal scale the ascent of granite magmas the predominant nw se orientations of the minimum magnetic axes of the magnetic ellipsoid and the elongate shapes of the stocks indicate compression normal to the deep fault trend during the crystallization of the granite magma

intracrystalline deformation and nanotectonic processes in magnetite from a naturally deformed rock abstract although experimental studies have shown dislocation creep to be an important deformation mechanism in magnetite at medium to high temperature evidence of intracrystalline deformation in magnetite remains to be established in natural tectonically deformed rocks in this study we investigate intracrystalline deformation features and nanostructures in elongated magnetite from a naturally deformed rock mylonitized mica schist deformed in a large scale shear zone of the seve nappe swedish caledonides the magnetite grains have very high aspect ratios up to 10 40 that result in very high degree of magnetic anisotropy in the rock we show low and high angle grain boundaries lagb and hagb in magnetite using a combination of electron backscatter diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy hrtem analysis hrtem studies on lamellae excavated perpendicular to the lagb and hagb reveal translational and rotational moire fringes respectively dislocations slip bands stacking faults twins and recrystallized domains are observed in the vicinity of the grain boundaries thus providing unequivocal evidence of intracrystalline deformation of magnetite our study also reveals the presence of biotite inclusions intergrown epitaxially with magnetite that show no evidence of lattice defects thus suggesting that the intracrystalline deformation of magnetite took place under wet conditions the movement at the grain boundaries is interpreted as a response to regional tectonics with a top to nw transport direction it is established that at the nanoscale the lagb and hagb were favourably oriented to accommodate strain dominantly by translation and rotation respectively thus the nanotectonic processes are consistent with the regional tectonic reference frame the importance of evaluating ductile behaviour of magnetite from deformed polymineralic rocks in petrofabric analysis and modeling the relation between strain and rock magnetic anisotropy is discussed

the theoretical foundations and potential for large eddy simulation les in fluvial geomorphic and sedimentological research abstract large eddy simulation les is a method for resolving the time dependent structure of high reynolds number turbulent flows with les it is possible to model and track the behaviour of coherent turbulent structures and study their effect on the flow field hence les is potentially an important research tool in the fluvial sciences where flow mixing sediment entrainment and sediment transport are all affected by the presence of coherent vortices and their interactions with channel boundaries and other flow structures this paper introduces the les methodology discusses a variety of ways for representing small scale processes within les the subgrid scale modelling problem and provides some examples of early work into the use of les in a fluvial context a number of advances in computational power and numerical methods are required before les can be effectively applied at the river reach scale this paper considers some recent developments and their potential for providing validated large eddy simulations of river flow at the channel scale

three dimensional structure of flow at a confluence of river channels with discordant beds this paper presents three dimensional data of the mean and turbulent structure of flow collected at a natural confluence of rivers with discordant beds to 1 describe the three dimensional flow field of a natural junction of channels 2 assess the role of changes in bed morphology occurring during transport effective events on the structure of flow at a confluence and 3 examine how the three dimensional structure of flow varies with changes in the ratio of momentum flux between the two confluent streams three dimensional measurements of velocity were reconstructed from the measurements obtained with an array of four two component electromagnetic current meters six detailed velocity profiles were taken at five cross sections in a wide range of flow conditions the mean field of flow is characterised by 1 the acceleration of flow in the downstream portion of the post confluence channel but by lower velocities upstream in the mixing layer area 2 a stagnation zone at the apex of the junction 3 a zone of flow deviation and strong fluid upwelling close to the avalanche face and at the margin of the tributary mouth bar and 4 reduced velocities over the depositional bar at the downstream junction corner the position and extent of these zones vary with changes in the ratio of momentum flux very high intensity of turbulence peaks up to 50 and turbulent kinetic energy were observed in the mixing layer region distortion of the mixing layer characteristic of flow where bed discordance is present between the two tributary channels was evident from mean and turbulent flow data this field study suggests that the effects of bed discordance on flow sediment transport and the resultant bed morphology must be incorporated into conceptual and numeric models of these sites of complex flow

high temperature magnetic fabric development from plastically deformed magnetite in experimental shear zones summary magnetic fabric development has been studied in synthetic magnetite silicate aggregates in a series of high temperature simple shear deformation experiments samples composed of magnetite grains with a nominal size of 20 40 m dispersed at 3 wt in a matrix of plagioclase were deformed between 1000 and 1200 c with a confining pressure of 300 mpa shear stresses in the range 10 130 mpa and shear strains up to 3 we determined that both magnetite and plagioclase were deformed plastically at these conditions an oblate magnetic fabric ellipsoid develops subparallel to the shear plane and the degree of ams rapidly increases with strain up to a value of 2 5 theoretical strain response models of magnetic fabric development were applied to the data to obtain estimated magnetite strains the shape preferred orientation of magnetite grains after deformation determined from reflected light image analysis was used to calculate independent magnetite strain estimates these results were then compared with strains estimated from theoretical magnetic anisotropy development both strain estimation methods indicate strain partitioning between magnetite and the plagioclase matrix and the results are used to determine approximate viscosity ratios between the two phases at the experimental conditions

discussion of three dimensional numerical study of flows in open channel junctions by jianchun huang larry j weber and yong g lai

the chinamora batholith zimbabwe structure and emplacement related magnetic rock fabric abstract the origin of dome and keel structural geometries in archean granite greenstone terrains appears to lack any modern analogues and is still poorly understood the formation of these geometries is investigated using structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams data for the chinamora batholith in zimbabwe the roughly circular shaped batholith is surrounded by ca 2 72 2 64 ga greenstones the batholith granitoid suites have been divided on the basis of their ages and fabric relationships into four distinct units i banded basement gneisses ii granodioritic gneisses iii equigranular granites and iv central porphyritic granites in the gneissic granites a partial girdle n s of poles to the magnetic foliation is developed that has been folded around a consistent flat lying magnetic lineation plunging at shallow angles to the e or w in the equigranular granites the magnetic lineation generally plunges to the nw the magnetic foliation has a variable strike no clear trends can be distinguished the ams measurements of the porphyritic granite revealed a nw se striking foliation and showed subhorizontal magnetic lineations the magnetic foliation is subparallel to the macroscopic foliation wall rocks are moderately inclined and show radial or concentric lineations triaxial strain ellipsoids and kinematics that demonstrate off the dome sliding and coeval pluton expansion the results of the observations do not point to a single emplacement process neither the observed structural data nor the magnetic fabric support a model envisaging spherically ballooning it is argued that pluton diapirism played a major part in the formation of the fabrics in the gneisses whereas the fabrics in the porphyritic granites reflect emplacement as laccolith like sheets

magnetic fabric of late jurassic arc plutons and kinematics of terrane accretion in the blue mountains northeastern oregon abstract the blue mountains province of northeastern oregon western idaho and southeastern washington usa consists of the amalgamated wallowa distal island arc baker melange bearing accretionary wedge forearc and olds ferry fringing island arc terranes anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams and particularly the orientation of magnetic lineations in middle to late jurassic diorite tonalite granodiorite plutons intruding the baker terrane indicate a change in tectonic regime from flattening with principal stretching at a high angle to the local orientation of the terrane boundaries at around 160 ma to constriction with boundary subparallel subhorizontal stretching at ca 146 ma the former magnetic fabric is compatible with magnetic lineations recording strain related to top to the southwest back thrusting onto the olds ferry arc in contrast the 146 ma boundary parallel stretching may record strain partitioning whereby a part of the baker terrane was extruded laterally parallel to terrane boundaries after the terrane collision after restoration for the clockwise post mid cretaceous terrane rotation the 160 ma restored principal stretching directions are compatible with the overall left oblique subduction and convergence of the wallowa distal and olds ferry fringing arc terranes magnetic fabric data from the plutons thus support the interpretation that the early displacement of the blue mountains superterrane and perhaps also its possible correlative intermontane superterrane of the canadian cordillera was southward along the truncated north american continental margin during the late middle jurassic

deformation and magnetic fabrics in ductile shear zones a review abstract the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams is a well established petrofabric tool for indicating relative strain and microstructural character and has been validated on various rock types and different structural settings the magnetic susceptibility of a rock k depends primarily on the nature and abundance of magnetic minerals the physical arrangement and lattice preferred orientation of these magnetic minerals give rise to magnetic anisotropy the ams scalar parameters most commonly used to constrain strain include the corrected degree of anisotropy p 1 a proxy for fabric intensity and the shape factor 1 t 1 an indicator of the magnetic fabric symmetry prolate vs oblate a number of studies have shown that a positive correlation generally exists between p and strain thus the ams shows a great potential as a tool for examining deformation in geologic structures characterized by large strain gradients such as shear zones however a number of caveats exist i the increase of p with strain cannot be solely attributed to deformation because p also increases with k regardless of deformation ii strain across shear zones is typically heterogeneous and is often localized in units of different lithology thus making the separation of the lithological and strain controls on ams difficult also deformation is commonly accompanied by mineral segregation or fluid rock interaction that induces changes in magnetic mineralogy iii even if the undeformed lithology was uniform across a shear zone variations in strain rate or temperature may result in different deformation mechanisms hence the relationship between p and strain depends strongly on both the mineral carriers of ams and on deformation mechanisms and iv the ams is unable to resolve composite fabrics such as those resulting from s c structures where minerals on the c and s planes respectively contribute to ams

time averaged flow structure in the central region of a stream confluence previous process oriented field studies of stream confluences have focused mainly on fluvial dynamics at or immediately downstream of the location where the confluent flows enter the downstream channel this study examines in detail the spatial evolution of the time averaged downstream velocity cross stream velocity and temperature fields between the junction apex where the flows initially meet and the entrance to the downstream channel a well defined vertically oriented mixing interface exists within this portion of the confluence suggesting that lateral mixing of the incoming flows is limited the downstream velocity field near the junction apex is characterized by two high velocity cores separated by an intervening region of low velocity or recirculating fluid in the downstream direction the high velocity cores move inwards towards the mixing interface and high velocity fluid progressively extends downwards into a zone of scour resulting in an increase in flow velocity in the centre of the confluence the cross stream velocity field is dominated by flow convergence but also includes a component associated with a consistent pattern of secondary circulation this pattern is characterized by two surface convergent helical cells one on each side of the mixing interface the helical cells appear to be the mechanism by which high momentum fluid near the surface is advected downwards into the zone of scour for transport ineffective flows the dimensions and intensities of the cells are controlled by the momentum ratio of the confluent streams and by the extant bed morphology within the confluence although the flow structure of formative events was not measured directly in this study documented patterns of erosion and deposition within the central region of the confluence suggest that these events are dynamically similar to the measured flows except for the fact that formative flows are not constrained by but can reshape the bed morphology the results of this investigation are consistent with and augment previous findings on time averaged flow structure in the downstream portion of the confluence 1998 john wiley sons ltd

effect of bed morphology on flow mixing length at river confluences mixing processes at river confluences have an important bearing on problems such as pollutant dispersal and the management of river systems but remain poorly understood previous studies1 11 have indicated that flow mixing downstream of a confluence is a slow process typically completed at distances greater than 100 times the channel width bed morphology is now emerging as a critical factor flume experiments have shown that the width to depth ratios12 and height discordance13 14 between the confluent channels should influence mixing rates12 14 but the magnitude of these effects in real rivers is not known here we report measure ments from three river confluences of moderate size which show that bed discordance can markedly increase mixing rates for the rivers studied mixing is complete at distances five to ten times shorter than those reported previously

anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as a strain gauge in the flamanville granite nw france the relationship between strain and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams has been investigated in the carboniferous flamanville granite in the armorican massif nw france we measured the axial ratios of elliptical inclusions and the orientation of cleavage planes at eight sites around the granite margin measurements of ams were made on 73 specimens using a schonstedt spinner magnetometer ams measurements are shown to provide accurate predictions of cleavage and lineation direction even where these structures are difficult to measure in the field the strain and ams ellipsoids show similar regional variations in shape and intensity and a good correlation between the lengths of the principal axes finally our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the flamanville granite was syntectonically emplaced during the late stages of the hercynian orogeny

magnetic fabric and rheology of co mingled magmas in the nasavrky plutonic complex e bohemia implications for intrusive strain regime and emplacement mechanism abstract the fabrics of mafic microgranular enclaves mme and of the host granodiorite of the old granodiorite intrusion of the nasavrky plutonic complex e bohemia were investigated by means of magnetic anisotropy the magnetic fabric in mme is oriented coaxially with the magnetic fabric of the host granodiorite which is undoubtedly magmatic intrusive in origin consequently the magnetic fabric in mme originated during the same process as the magnetic fabric in granodiorite i e during the granodiorite emplacement in addition also the degree of anisotropy and the shapes of susceptibility ellipsoids are very similar in mme and in granodiorite which probably indicates that the mme had probably a similar viscosity to that of granodiorite and behaved as passive markers whose shapes resembled those of the intrusive strain ellipsoids petrological and geochemical approaches coupled with rheological modelling allow the prediction of the physical states of magmas and of the development of their internal fabrics observed fabrics were compared to the results of numerical modelling of multiparticle systems slowly moving in viscous fluid the steep magnetic foliations and almost vertical magnetic lineations suggest that today s erosion level represents a relatively deep intrusive level where magma flowed vertically and its intrusion was controlled by the shape of the feeder zone used for magma ascension

the pombal granite pluton magnetic fabric emplacement and relationships with the brasiliano strike slip setting of ne brazil paraiba state abstract the pombal pluton 500 km 2 a suite of diorite syenite and porphyritic granite bodies is here used to constrain kinematics of brasiliano age tectonic episodes in northeast brazil the pluton intrudes high grade to migmatitic gneiss forming the western basement of the serido belt and is located at the intersection between two sets of continental scale dextral strike slip shear zones the northern set of shear zone strikes ne sw and branches southwards into the e w patos mega shear zone a detailed microstructural and low field magnetic susceptibility study was performed to unravel the relationships between solid state deformation in the country rocks and magma emplacement porphyritic granite and syenite have quite high magnetic susceptibilities 10 3 10 2 si units indicative of magnetite as the principal carrier of susceptibility the magnetic fabric is remarkably homogeneous in orientation throughout the pluton it is characterized by a shape preferred alignment of magnetite itself parallel to the shape fabric of mainly biotite amphibole i e to the magmatic fabric even close to the contact with the high temperature mylonites of the patos shear zone south of pombal no imprint of the e w trending structures is observed in the fabrics of either the granite or the host rocks granite emplacement and its internal fabric development is concluded to be independent of the movement of the patos shear zone in the southwestern border of the pluton a low dip foliation bearing a ne sw striking lineation is shared in both the magmatic fabric of the pluton and the solid state fabric farther to the north approaching the ne sw strike slip shear zone the magmatic fabric is characterized by a steeply dipping ne striking foliation carrying a subhorizontal lineation transition from low to steep dips of the planar fabrics is progressive two models are proposed for emplacement of the pombal pluton one considers magma injection during an early episode of tangential tectonics responsible for the gently dipping foliations evolving later to strike slip deformation the other model considers that the pluton was emplaced in a pull apart domain developed in the overlapping sector of a right hand en echelon system of a dextral shear zone compatibility of these models with the tectonic evolution of the serido belt is discussed

a new approach to modeling perpendicular fabrics in porphyritic plutonic rocks using the finite element method a growing body of field evidence indicates that hypersolidus fabrics preserved in syntectonic plutons are likely to have formed in highly crystallized rigid sponge magma this paper demonstrates that such magma could be idealized as a rheological solid and that the development of non coaxial fabrics in plutonic rocks can very conveniently be modeled in the framework of solid mechanics using the finite element method fem we modeled two strain regimes of small magnitudes plane strain horizontal simple shear with the shear strain of up to 0 30 and plane strain pure shear of up to 15 shortening superposed onto vertically oriented and variously spaced elastic phenocrysts set in the viscoelastic matrix in the simple shear regime the phenocrysts slightly rotate toward the shear plane while the principal strain directions in the matrix are instantaneously oriented at an angle of about 45 or less to the phenocryst fabric simple shear thus can only lead to the formation of oblique phenocryst and matrix fabrics by contrast the vertical phenocryst fabric is maintained in the pure shear regime and a new horizontal fabric can develop almost instantaneously in the matrix even for small amounts of superposed shortening 5 shortening after 10 ky in our model we conclude that such a mechanism can easily produce perpendicular hypersolidus fabrics in plutonic rocks and that only a very short time span first thousands of years is required to develop magmatic fabric in a pluton for normal rates 10 15 to 10 13 s 1 of tectonic deformation

the las chacras potrerillos batholith pampean ranges argentina structural evidences emplacement and timing of the intrusion within the southern part of the sierra pampeanas the sierra de san luis argentina a series of extensive intrusive bodies are regarded to post date the famatinian cycle but were emplaced during the achalian a period of heterogeneous deformation along crustal scale fault zones the largest of those is the las chacras potrerillos batholith that is situated at the northern end of the transpressive sinistral guzman shear zone this composite pluton exhibits three sub domains that comprise two granitoid sub units each the southern potrerillos stock muscovite bearing red granite and biotite bearing red granite and the central biotite porphyritic granite and giant porphyritic granite and northern domain equigranular granite and porphyritic granite of the las chacras stock the crystallisation ages of the biotite porphyritic granite is around 381 ma u pb on zircons and pb pb on sphene while the host rock was already cooled below 350 c at 420 ma thermal modelling approaches favour a pulsed intrusion with a duration of 1 5 ma the emplacement was followed by rapid cooling below the muscovite cooling temperature biotite cooling ages in different sub units reflect either a long lasting cooling history of approximately 30 ma which is supported by the modelling or a reheating effect at around 350 ma devonian age determinations on the fault rocks and granitoids point to a syn tectonic emplacement of the batholith the pluton is interpreted to be positioned at the crossover of sinistral shear zones the origin of this nne directed extensional setting in a transpressive regime seems to be related to the transfer of displacement along a secondary set of nnw trending sinistral faults the final emplacement is due to a subsequent ballooning of the batholith following the direction of space creation this model is based on the relative timing of the emplacement sequence and macroscopically visible planar fabrics in the field as well as magnetic fabric data our results indicate that the emplacement is syn kinematic with respect to the achalian deformation event

sediment transport and bed morphology at river channel confluences river channel confluences form important morphological elements of every river system being points at which rapid changes in flow sediment discharge and hydraulic geometry must be accommodated this article presents results of a quantitative investigation of sediment transport at channel confluences accomplished through both scaled laboratory flume simulation and complementary monitoring of a natural channel confluence bed morphology at channel confluences is characterized by three distinct elements avalanche faces at the mouth of each confluent channel a deep central scour and a bar within the separation zone formed at the downstream junction corner these elements are controlled predominantly by the confluence angle and the ratio of discharges between the tributary and mainstream channels as confluence angle and discharge ratio increase the sediment contributions from the confluent channels are progressively segregated in their paths through the junction with sediment being transported around rather than through the centre of the confluence this segregation of sediment loads is accompanied by the retreat of the main channel avalanche face from the confluence an increase in the scour depth a change in the orientation of the scour and an increase in the size of the separation zone bar field measurements closely replicate the flume simulation a model of sediment transport and bed morphology links these features to the fluid dynamics of these sites an understanding of confluence dynamics is important not only in considerations of channel morphology and design criteria but must form the basis for the interpretation of confluence sediments in the ancient record

shear zones and magma ascent a model based on a review of the tertiary magmatism in the alps 1 the alpine oligocene plutons are spatially and temporally associated with the activity of the periadriatic fault system pfs an orogen parallel crustal scale transpressive mylonitic belt excellent three dimensional exposure combined with a wealth of structural seismic petrological geochronological geochemical and paleomagnetic data collected over the last decades help to constrain the relationships between deformation ascent and emplacement of the plutons magmas were channeled from the base of the thickened continental crust into the narrow mylonitic belt of the periadriatic fault system which was used as ascent pathway to cover vertical lengths of 20 to 40 km therefore the linear alignment of the plutons at the surface is not the expression of a linear source region at depth ascent of the melts is controlled by the mylonitic foliation of the pfs which forms the only steep anisotropy continuously traversing the entire alpine crust in contrast the flow direction is not influenced by the specific kinematics of the faults final emplacement of the plutons occurred by extrusion from the periadriatic fault system into the adjacent country rocks the transition from ascent to final emplacement is favored by partitioning of transpressive deformation

the emplacement of the rieserferner pluton eastern alps tyrol constraints from field observations magnetic fabrics and microstructures abstract within the alpine chain several tertiary intrusions e g bergell adamello intruded along the periadriatic lineament this study attempts to show how the rieserferner pluton vedrette di ries is related to the defereggen antholz vals dav line for a survey of the fabric pattern over the pluton the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility ams was determined on nearly 170 samples low bulk susceptibilities of k vol 6 si and a total degree of anisotropy p