dating the quaternary progress in luminescence dating of sediments abstract luminescence dating comprises a collection of numerical age techniques that are among the most significant chronological tools currently used in quaternary research this paper briefly reviews the key historical developments in luminescence dating from its roots in thermoluminescence dating of heated minerals to the development of optical dating methods for sunlight exposed sediments we describe the principles and practicalities of the various techniques commonly used in luminescence dating including multiple aliquot single aliquot and single grain procedures and we discuss some of the latest approaches to recognising and minimising potential errors in age estimation e g by means of component analysis and dose distribution methods in optical dating the overview also introduces the other papers in this special issue of quaternary science reviews which address a selection of important issues in basic research technique development and application of luminescence dating to critical questions in the geological and archaeological sciences illustrated with examples from around the world and the last million years of earth history

a petrogenetic grid for pelites in the ballachulish and other scottish thermal aureoles the ballachulish granite is a composite devonian intrusive complex surrounded by a distinctive thermal aureole developed in regionally deformed and metamorphosed dalradian sediments on the w coast of scotland the most abundant rocks in the aureole are pelites which show a progression of assemblages from quartz muscovite chlorite up to a variety of high grade assemblages involving combinations of cordierite corundum spinel and rarely hypersthene and garnet metamorphic zones have been mapped around the granite which are defined by the following reactions going upgrade mu chl q cd bi v mu bi q cd kf v or mu cd q bi as v mu q as kf v q bi as cd kf v or mu cd bi as kf v mu cor kf v bi as cor kf cd v the restricted occurrences of assemblages involving spinel hypersthene and garnet do not allow higher grade zones to be mapped variations in the reaction sequence as a consequence of bulk compositional factors in particular the development of quartz bearing versus quartz absent assemblages are described details of the mineral assemblages from ballachulish are combined with high grade assemblage data from the belhelvie lochnagar and comrie aureoles to construct a comprehensive schematic petrogenetic grid the grid involves the minerals quartz chlorite muscovite biotite cordierite alumino silicate k feldspar corundum spinel hypersthene and garnet whose assemblage relationships are modelled in the system k 2 o feo mgo al 2 o 3 sio 2 h 2 o kfmash

the meteoritical bulletin no 81 1997 jul meteoritical bulletin no 81 lists 181 new meteorites noteworthy among these are a new lunar meteorite dar al gani 262 four observed falls dong ujimqin qi galkiv mount tazerzait and piplia kalan four irons albion great sand sea 003 hot springs and mont dieu two mesosiderites dong ujimqin qi and lamont an acapulcoite fro 95029 a eucrite piplia kalan two probably paired ureilites dar al gani 164 and 165 an r chondrite hammadah al hamra 119 an ungrouped type 3 chondrite hammadah al hamra 180 a highly unequilibrated ordinary chondrite wells ll3 3 and a variety of carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites from libya and antarctica all italicized abbreviations refer to addresses listed in the appendix

the susceptibility of uk groundwaters to acidic deposition the weathering of minerals at shallow depths provides much of the sink for acidic atmospheric deposition the geology of the uk has been divided into four classes according to the extent to which the bedrock is likely to provide buffering and possibly give rise to acidic surface or groundwaters other modifying factors including soils superficial deposits and land use are also considered the likely sources and sinks of h in shallow groundwater systems are also reviewed most available groundwater data are derived from major aquifers often in carbonate bearing lithologies which afford excellent buffering and which are unlikely ever to be adversely affected by acidic deposition relatively few data exist for shallow groundwaters widely used for domestic supplies in rural areas especially in western and northern britain where groundwaters might be most affected acidic groundwaters and or surface waters are defined on the basis of their alkalinity and calcite saturation index si c acidic groundwaters are most likely to occur where 1 acid soils are found and glacial drift is thin or absent 2 the source of acidic inputs is high 3 carbonate minerals are absent 4 the residence time of water is short low alkalinity groundwater is found in many sandstone lithologies including the sherwood sandstone a major uk aquifer many lower palaeozoic strata and granites however existing data for susceptible areas are insufficient to show whether or not there have been significant long term changes in groundwater acidity or alkalinity

groundwater chemistry of al under dutch sandy soils effects of land use and depth aluminium has received great attention in the second half of the 20th century mainly in the context of the acid rain problem mostly in forest soils in this research the effect of land use and depth of the groundwater on al ph and doc concentration in groundwater under dutch sandy soils has been studied both ph and doc concentration play a major role in the speciation of al in solution furthermore the equilibrium with mineral phases like gibbsite amorphous al oh 3 and imogolite has been considered agricultural and natural land use were expected to have different effects on the ph and doc concentration which in turn could influence the total al concentration and the speciation of al in groundwater at different depths phreatic shallow and deep an extensive dataset n 2181 from the national and some provincial monitoring networks on soil and groundwater quality was used land use type and groundwater depth did influence the ph and al and doc concentrations in groundwater samples the al concentration ranged from 7 to 1941 mol l 1 at ph 4 highest al concentrations were found for natural phreatic groundwater the doc concentration decreased and the median ph increased with depth of the groundwater natural phreatic groundwater showed lower ph than the agricultural phreatic groundwater highest doc concentrations were found for the agricultural phreatic groundwater induced by the application of organic fertilizers besides inorganic complexation the nica donnan model was used to calculate al3 concentrations for complexation with doc below ph 4 5 groundwater samples were mainly in disequilibrium with a mineral phase this disequilibrium is considered to be the result of kinetic constraints or equilibrium with organic matter log k values were derived by linear regression and were close to theoretical values for al oh 3 minerals e g gibbsite or amorphous al oh 3 except for natural phreatic groundwater for which lower log k values were found complexation of al with doc is shown to be an important factor for the al concentrations especially at high doc concentrations as was found for agricultural phreatic groundwater 2007 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

garnet provenance studies juxtaposition of laurentian marginal terranes and timing of the grampian orogeny in scotland a study of the composition and zoning patterns of detrital garnets from ordovician greywackes from the northern belt of the southern uplands terrane of scotland reveals characteristics of the metamorphic sources very similar to the dalradian supergroup of the scottish grampian terrane the radiometric cooling and uplift ages of the dalradian metamorphic zones and the depositional ages of the southern uplands greywackes support the hypothesis for local provenance detrital metamorphic garnet identical to dalradian garnet has also been identified in the upper ordovican sandstones of the highland border complex these observations do not support proposals that the grampian midland valley and southern uplands terranes were exotic to each other in the late ordovician time these new results together with a review of published age dates clarify the late ordovician palaeogeography for this part of the laurentian margin the distances between the grampian midland valley and southern uplands terranes may have been similar to the present day it is concluded that large rivers flowed out of the uplifting mountainous grampian terrane and across the midland valley into a southern uplands trench during the late ordovician time the main orogeny i e mountain building in the grampian terrane was therefore post cambrian producing the first high mountains and resultant flysch in the caradoc

caledonian plutonism and major lineaments in the sw scottish highlands within the sw grampian highlands several ne sw trending shear zones and faults related to the caledonian transpressional collision are recognized as being distinct from an intersect ing set of nw se trending pre caledonian crustal lineaments which were reactivated during caledonian orogenesis the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the 425 400 ma granitoids of this region show that they were derived by anatexis of the lower crust associated with a mantle component which provided an influx of mantle heat and or metasomatic fluids their spatial distribution suggests a close genetic relationship with caledonian shear zones having made the fundamental distinction between ascent transport and emplacement arrival configurations possible for granitoid magmas new data are presented for these plutons which show that i a common modal sequence of intrusive phases can be recognized ii these phases are all sited at shear zone or lineament intersections where transtensional zones allowed and facilitated ascent iii emplacement was often by a process of localized in situ ballooning the existence of such lineaments in these orientations in the sw highlands may indicate that the structure of the lower crust can be regarded as a series of blocks bounded by intersecting ductile zones of high strain the establishment of such a pattern of structural interactions within the lower crust could provide a mechanistic framework within which the location of anatectic zones siting and ascent pathways and any subsequent emplacement phenomena can be explained in orogenic belts

a geochemical comparison of the dalradian leven schists and the grampian division monadhliath schists of scotland suites of samples from the type area of the leven schist and from localities within the monadhliath schists of the central highlands have been analysed for major and trace elements and for their sr isotopes petrologically the two schist groups are consistently different the leven schists are muscovite rich plagioclase poor semipelites to pelites whereas the monadhliath schists are a typical moinian semipelite consisting almost entirely of biotite sodic andesine and quartz equally consistent geochemical differences between the two include more nb zr y and rb and less ca sr and ni in the leven than the monadhliath schists ratios of rb sr and of y to p 2 o 5 sr and cao discriminate the leven from the monadhliath schists factor analyses of the chemical data also serve to distinguish the two suites rb sr isochron studies give 655 f2 5ma initial 87 sr 86 sr 0 7232 f10 for the leven schists and 486 9ma initial sr 87 sr 86 0 7190 1 for the monadhliath schists and also separate the two formations from one another the 655 ma age for the leven schists is thought to record sedimentation and diagenesis whereas the 486 9 age for the monadhliath schists is probably related to the cessation of rb and sr migration at or after the peak of the grampian orogeny their sr isotopic compositions were also completely different hack to 1300 ma ago and serve to confirm the lack of any continuity between the leven and monadhliath schists sets of schists located between the main outcrop areas were also analysed and can be assigned without ambiguity either to the leven or the monadhliath schists on the basis of their chemistry the results of this study imply that the lower dalradian appin group rests on the grampian division unconformably and that the latter is closely related through its geochemistry to the moinian nw of the great glen

mantle lithosphere delamination driving plateau uplift and synconvergent extension in eastern anatolia eastern anatolia is the site of lithospheric thinning plateau uplift heating and synconvergent extension using numerical geodynamic experiments we test the hypothesis that these tectonic anomalies are all related and the consequence of delamination of the mantle lithosphere our findings indicate that delamination during plate convergence results in 2 km high plateau uplift the removal of mantle lithosphere induces distinct regions of contraction and thickening as well as extension and thinning of the crust the latter occurs even within a regime of plate shortening although it is muted with increasing plate convergence detachment of the delaminating slab results in minor surface topographic perturbation but only above the delamination hinge the plateau uplift and pattern of surface contraction and or extension are consistent with a topographic profile at 42 e and geologically interpreted zone of synconvergent extension at eastern anatolia

chemical and textural equilibration of garnet during amphibolite facies metamorphism the influence of coupled dissolution reprecipitation metamorphic equilibration requires chemical communication between minerals and may be inhibited through sluggish volume diffusion and or slow rates of dissolution in a fluid phase relatively slow diffusion and the perceived robust nature of chemical growth zoning may preclude garnet porphyroblasts from readily participating in low temperature amphibolite facies metamorphic reactions garnet is widely assumed to be a reactant in staurolite isograd reactions and the evidence for this has been assessed in the late proterozoic dalradian pelitic schists of the scottish highlands the 3d imaging of garnet porphyroblasts in staurolite bearing schists reveals a good crystal shape and little evidence of marginal dissolution however there is also lack of evidence for the involvement of either chlorite or chloritoid in the reaction staurolite forms directly adjacent to the garnet and its nucleation is strongly associated with deformation of the muscovite rich fabrics around the porphyroblasts cloudy fluid inclusion rich garnet forms in both marginal and internal parts of the garnet porphyroblast and is linked both to the production of staurolite and to the introduction of abundant quartz inclusions within the garnet such cloudy garnet typically has a mg rich mn poor composition and is interpreted to have formed during a coupled dissolution reprecipitation process triggered by a local influx of fluid all garnet in the muscovite bearing schists present in this area is potentially reactive irrespective of the garnet composition but very few of the schists contain staurolite the staurolite producing reaction appears to be substantially overstepped during the relatively high pressure barrovian regional metamorphism reflecting the limited permeability of the schists in peak metamorphic conditions fluid influx and hence reaction progress appear to be strongly controlled by subtle differences in deformation history the remaining garnet fails to achieve chemical equilibrium during the reaction creating distinctive patchy compositional zoning such zoning in metamorphic garnet created during coupled dissolution reprecipitation reactions may be difficult to recognize in higher grade pelites due to subsequent diffusive re equilibration fundamental assumptions about metamorphic processes are questioned by the lack of chemical equilibrium during this reaction and the restricted permeability of the regional metamorphic pelitic schists in addition the partial loss of prograde chemical and textural information from the garnet porphyroblasts cautions against their routine use as a reliable monitor of metamorphic history however the partial re equilibration of the porphyroblasts during coupled dissolution reprecipitation opens possibilities of mapping reaction progress in garnet as a means of assessing fluid access during peak metamorphic conditions

geochemical and sr isotopic characteristics of stream and spring waters from small forested catchments at seto central japan hydrogeochemical processes controlling surface water chemistry were examined in five small 90 wt suggest slow chemical weathering the dissolved solute concentrations are generally of similar magnitude in stream waters within the catchments of similar bedrock lithology the high inverse correlation r2 0 72 between ph and so4 concentrations and the high positive correlation r2 0 90 between ba and so4 concentrations in waters draining tokai conglomerate suggest that barite baso4 is being dissolved in an acidic environment the three catchments were identified as being sensitive to acidic deposition because the bedrock conglomerate provided little capacity to buffer acidic inputs the soils from the granite area have a high cation exchange capacity cec an average of 868 mol kg and are nearly ten times greater than the soils from the conglomerate area because ion exchange besides weathering is the main source that counteracts soil acidification the sensitivity to further acidification may increase

eocene development of the northerly active continental margin of the southern neotethys in the kyrenia range north cyprus we focus on an active continental margin related to northwards subduction during the eocene in which sedimentary melange olistostromes forms a key component maastrichtian early eocene deep marine carbonates and volcanic rocks pass gradationally upwards into a thick succession 800 m of gravity deposits exposed in several thrust sheets the lowest levels are mainly siliciclastic turbidites and debris flow deposits interbedded marls contain middle eocene planktonic benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils sandstones include abundant ophiolite derived grains the higher levels are chaotic debris flow deposits that include exotic blocks of late palaeozoic mesozoic neritic limestone and dismembered ophiolite related rocks a thinner sequence 200 m in one area contains abundant redeposited paleogene pelagic limestone and basalt chemical analysis of basaltic clasts shows that some are subduction influenced basaltic clasts from unconformably overlying alluvial conglomerates late eocene oligocene indicate derivation from a supra subduction zone ophiolite including boninites taking account of regional comparisons the sedimentary melange is interpreted to have formed within a flexurally controlled foredeep floored by continental crust gravity flows including large limestone blocks multiple debris flows and turbidites were emplaced followed by southwards thrust imbrication the emplacement was possibly triggered by the final closure of an oceanic basin to the north alanya ocean further convergence between the african and eurasian plates was accommodated by northwards subduction beneath the kyrenia active continental margin subduction zone rollback may have triggered collapse of the active continental margin non marine to shallow marine alluvial fans prograded southwards during late eocene oligocene time marking the base of a renewed depositional cycle that lasted until latest miocene time

interpreting luminescence data from a portable osl reader three case studies in fluvial settings optically stimulated luminescence osl is a technique that has been applied from the mid 1980s mainly for sediment dating the osl technique is based on sample stimulation by light to determine the luminescence signal that is stored in the crystal lattices of sediment grains after deposition burial by later sediment and subsequent exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive elements in the surrounding sediment in such sediment dating two parameters are required the equivalent dose i e the luminescence signal stored in the grains and the dose rate i e the ionizing energy from and radiation emitted by naturally occurring radioisotopes in the deposit plus the effects of cosmic radiation in this research the osl technique is not used for dating the study goal is to analyse only the luminescence signals the total photon counts in polymineral samples obtained after light stimulation in the blue blsl and infrared irsl wavelengths using a portable osl reader designed and built at the scottish universities environmental research centre suerc three fluvial case studies from cambodia australia and mexico are used to illustrate the geomorphological interpretations possible with the portable osl reader data from sediments resulting from a range of different depositional processes the case studies show that aspects of sediment s transport and depositional processes can be inferred from the portable osl reader data providing valuable insights into geomorphological history copyright 2010 john wiley sons ltd

late quaternary uplift of the troodos ophiolite cyprus uranium series dating of pleistocene coral in an attempt to constrain the timing and mode of tectonic uplift of the classic troodos ophiolite colonial corals were collected from quaternary littoral raised terraces in coastal southern cyprus and dated using the uranium series disequilibrium method a total of 28 samples of cladocora caespitosa were collected at five localities from the 8 11 m high and 3 m high marine terraces the corals yield systematic ages of 185 192 ka ka 103 yr and 116 130 ka for the 8 11 m and 3 m terraces respectively when correlated with the global oxygen isotope stages the results suggest that southern cyprus was uplifted by 18 m during the past 185 192 ka as a single tectonic entity of this uplift 13 m took place between 130 and 185 ka at 24 cm ka and a maximum of 6 m of uplift at 5 cm ka took place over the past 116 ka but with some evidence of coastal subsidence in more recent time an exception the extreme southeast of cyprus cape greco was perhaps uplifted faster during the past 141 ka at a rate of 12 cm ka

seismic structure crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the anatolian african plate boundary and the cenozoic orogenic belts in the eastern mediterranean region the modern anatolian african plate boundary is represented by a north dipping subduction zone that has been part of a broad domain of regional convergence between eurasia and afro arabia since the latest mesozoic a series of collisions between gondwana derived ribbon continents and trench roll back systems in the tethyan realm produced nearly east west trending subparallel mountain belts with high elevation and thick orogenic crust in this region ophiolite emplacement terrane stacking high p and barrovian metamorphism and crustal thickening occurred during the accretion of these microcontinents into the upper plates of tethyan subduction roll back systems during the late cretaceous early eocene continued convergence and oceanic lithospheric subduction within the tethyan realm were punctuated by slab breakoff events following the microcontinental accretion episodes slab breakoff resulted in asthenospheric upwelling and partial melting which facilitated post collisional magmatism along and across the suture zones resumed subduction and slab roll back induced upper plate extension triggered a tectonic collapse of the thermally weakened orogenic crust in anatolia in the late oligocene miocene this extensional phase resulted in exhumation of high p rocks and mediumto lower crustal material leading to the formation of metamorphic core complexes in the hinterland of the young collision zones the geochemical character of the attendant magmatism has progressed from initial shoshonitic and high k calc alkaline to calc alkaline and alkaline affinities through time as more asthenosphere derived melts found their way to the surface with insignificant degrees of crustal contamination the occurrence of discrete high velocity bodies in the mantle beneath anatolia as deduced from lithospheric seismic velocity data supports our tethyan slab breakoff interpretations pn velocity and sn attenuation tomography models indicate that the uppermost mantle is anomalously hot and thin consistent with the existence of a shallow asthenosphere beneath the collapsing anatolian orogenic belts and widespread volcanism in this region the sharp north pointing cusp isparta angle between the hellenic and cyprus trenches along the modern anatolian african plate boundary corresponds to a subductiontransform edge propagator step fault which is an artifact of a slab tear within the downgoing african lithosphere

arenig trilobite associations and faunal changes in southern shaanxi china abstract stratigraphic ranges of 22 ordovician trilobite taxa are recorded across the chaochiapa and siliangssu formations arenig at two localities in southern shaanxi representing shelf facies close to the northwestern margin of the yangtze platform with additional material recorded from two spot sampling localities in the same region these are assigned to at least three benthic trilobite associations a deep inner shelf neseuretus association occurring in clastic facies and outer shelf trinucleid and nileid asaphid associations occurring in clastic carbonate and carbonate facies respectively the occurrence of a possible fourth association a taihungshania association apparently occurring in shallow inner shelf clastic facies is also suggested stratigraphic occurrence of these associations at the collection localities is interpreted as reflecting the arenig transgression although many of the recorded trilobite species are widespread across the yangtze platform during the arenig most of the benthic associations recognized herein are restricted to southern shaanxi the sediments in this region are interpreted as having been deposited under slightly shallower palaeobathymetric conditions than those in western hubei during the arenig although an older record of a cyclopygid trilobite from the siliangssu formation may challenge this idea

the partial equilibration of garnet porphyroblasts in pelitic schists and its control on prograde metamorphism glen roy scotland garnet porphyroblasts in sillimanite bearing pelitic schists contain complex textural and compositional zoning with considerable variation both within and between adjacent samples the sillimanite bearing schists locally occur in regional barrovian garnet zone assemblages and are indicative of a persistent lack of equilibrium during prograde metamorphism garnet in these dalradian rocks from the scottish highlands preserves evidence of a range of metamorphic responses including initial growth and patchy coupled dissolution reprecipitation followed by partial dissolution individual porphyroblasts each have a unique and variable response to prograde metamorphism and garnet with mainly flat compositional profiles co exists with those containing largely unmodified characteristic bell shaped mn profiles this highlights the need for caution in applying traditional interpretations of effective volume diffusion eliminating compositional variation cloudy garnet with abundant fluid inclusions is produced during incomplete modification of the initial porphyroblasts and these porous garnet are then particularly prone to partial replacement in sillimanite producing reactions the modification of garnet via a dissolution reprecipitation process releases ca into the effective whole rock composition displacing the pressure temperature positions of subsequent isograd reactions this represents the first report of internal metasomatism controlling reaction pathways the behaviour of garnet highlights the importance of kinetic factors especially deformation and fluids in controlling reaction progress and how the resulting variability influences subsequent prograde history the lack of a consistent metamorphic response within and between adjacent schists suggests that on both local and regional scales these rocks have largely not equilibrated at peak metamorphic conditions

magnetostratigraphy of the apalos formation early pleistocene evidence for pulsed uplift of cyprus 1 landscape formation on cyprus is controlled by processes directly linked to the uplift and unroofing of the troodos ophiolite complex since mainly early miocene times understanding the island s geology and dating individual tectonic events will help in differentiating between tectonically controlled uplift and eustatic sea level or climatic changes in order to improve the timing of these events a magnetostratigraphic study was carried out on two terraces in the mesaoria basin of central cyprus at vlokkaria southwest of nicosia an artificial cliff exposes the sedimentary apalos formation of early pleistocene age a nearby section situated on a terrace probably postdating the vlokkaria section was sampled at kokkinos remanence carrying minerals are end member magnetite and maghemite formed by exsolution and oxidation from ophiolitic titanomagnetite hematite as a late alteration product is also present alternating field demagnetized paleomagnetic samples yield predominantly reversed polarities interpreted to have been acquired as early detrital remanent magnetization during the matuyama chron two zones of normal polarity within the apalos formation are interpreted to correlate to the olduvai and jaramillo subchrons pre apalos marine sediments at the bottom of the vlokkaria section show transitional polarity behavior and therefore might correlate with the onset of the reunion event results from the kokkinos section are exclusively of normal polarity which has been acquired during the brunhes chron sedimentation rates derived from these magnetostratigraphic results are in the order of 3 6 cm kyr with a marked increase to 50 cm kyr just below the matuyama jaramillo polarity transition which is interpreted to reflect increased uplift of the source area and supports the hypothesis of pulsed uplift of the troodos ophiolite complex

luminescence dating of anthropogenically reset canal sediments from angkor borei mekong delta cambodia this paper presents a case study in the analysis of anthropogenically reset sedimentary materials through work undertaken to identify and date sediments in an ancient canal in the mekong delta cambodia the emergence of rice cultivating communities utilising canals for both hydraulic management and transport represents an important stage in the social evolution of southeast asia the emergence of complex polities in the region which may have depended on both international trade and intensified agriculture led ultimately to the formation of the famous khmer empires which dominated the region on several occasions through the 1st and 2nd millennia ad french colonial scholars identified possibly ancient canals in the region that may have played roles in trade agriculture or both this series of ancient canal features near angkor borei has been the subject of recent investigations in a collaboration between the universities of glasgow and hawaii luminescence profiling measurements were used to identify the canal bed by exploiting the contrast between a regional substrate of some 50 ka depositional age and more recent archaeological sediments in this manner it has been possible to identify the sedimentary substrate undisturbed canal sediments and redeposited material ages have been estimated for substrate and canal infill sediments the work represents the first convincing demonstration of luminescence dating of one of these important regional features and indeed the first confirmation of the presumed antiquity of the canal system around angkor borei

late miocene surface uplift of the southern margin of the central anatolian plateau central taurides turkey the timing and pattern of surface uplift of miocene marine sediments capping the southern margin of the central anatolian plateau in southern turkey provide a first order constraint on possible mechanisms of regional uplift nannofossil ostracod and planktic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the basyayla section mut ermenek basin within the mut and koselerli formations suggests a tortonian age for marine sediments unconformably capping basement rocks at 2 km elevation the identification of biozone mmi 12a 7 81 8 35 ma from planktic foraminifera in the upper part of the section provides the tightest constraint on the age which is further limited to 8 35 8 108 ma as a result of the reverse polarity of the collected samples chron 4r 1r or 4r 2r this provides a limiting age for the onset of surface uplift at the margin of one of the world s major orogenic plateaus from which an average uplift rate of 0 24 0 25 mm yr can be calculated subhorizontal beds of the uppermost marine sediments exposed throughout the mut ermenek basin suggest minimal localized deformation with just minor faulting at the basin margin and broad antiformal deformation across the basin this implies that the post 8 ma uplift mechanism must be rooted deep within the crust or in the upper mantle published pn wave velocity data for the region are compatible with topography compensated by asthenosphere across the southern margin of the plateau showing a close match to the highest topography when elevations are filtered with a 100 km wide smoothing window uplift along the southern margin of the central anatolian plateau is also reflected by the pattern of miocene marine sediments capping the margin which form an asymmetric drape fold over the topography these observations together with tomographic evidence for slab steepening and break off beneath the eastern anatolian plateau suggest that at least some of the 2 km of post 8 ma uplift of the southern central anatolian plateau margin is compensated by low density asthenospheric mantle that upwelled following slab break off

late pleistocene and holocene uplift history of cyprus implications for active tectonics along the southern margin of the anatolian microplate the nature of the southern margin of the anatolian microplate during the neogene is complex controversial and fundamental in understanding active plate margin tectonics and natural hazards in the eastern mediterranean region our investigation provides new insights into the late pleistocene uplift history of cyprus and the troodos ophiolite we provide isotopic 14 c and radiogenic luminescence dates of outcropping marine sediments in eastern cyprus that identify periods of deposition during marine isotope stages mis 3 4 5 and 6 past sea levels indicated by these deposits are c 95 25 m higher in elevation than estimates of worldwide eustatic sea level an uplift rate of c 1 8 mm year and possibly as much as c 4 1 mm year in the past c 26 40 ka is indicated holocene marine deposits also occur at elevations higher than those expected for past sl and suggest uplift rates of c 1 2 2 1 mm year mis 3 marine deposits that crop out in southern and western cyprus indicate uniform island wide uplift we propose a model of tectonic wedging at a plate bounding restraining bend as a mechanism for late pleistocene to holocene uplift of cyprus uplift is accommodated by deformation and seismicity along the margins of the troodos ophiolite and re activation of its low angle basal shear zone

tectonothermal evolution of the neoproterozoic grampian and appin groups southwestern monadhliath mountains scotland metasedimentary rocks of the neoproterozoic grampian and appin groups exposed in the glen roy district monadhliath mountains scotland were strongly folded during an initial progressive tectonothermal event of the caledonian orogeny the attitude and style of the first folds varies from open upright ne trending structures in the west e g the appin synform to recumbent nw facing nappes in the east e g the treig synform these early nappes occur only south of the corrieyairack complex and their amplitude decreases towards the nw ductility contrasts induced sliding such as that locally recorded along the grampian appin group lithostratigraphical boundary subsequently the early structures were deformed by tight upright d2 folds nw thrusting along the eilrig shear zone during d2 is interpreted as occurring in response to a transfer of bulk transport to deeper structural levels relative to d1 prograde metamorphism accompanied deformation with the thermal peak in the glen roy district t 500 600 c p 7 0 8 0 kbar coinciding with d2 folding it is suggested that the regional variation in the style of deformation was controlled at least in part by pre existing major structures most notably fundamental transverse basement lineaments temporal changes in the style of deformation occurred in response to changing crustal architecture during progressive deformation the study demonstrates the diachronous nature of deformation and also illustrates how its is possible to preserve areas with simple deformation histories in the centre of a major orogenic belt

optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200 000 years optical dating of sediment using optically stimulated luminescence has become important for studying earth surface processes and this technique continues to develop rapidly a group of closely linked luminescence methods can be used to estimate the time since grains of quartz and feldspar were last exposed to daylight by detecting their subsequent response to environmental ionizing radiation exposure the technique is well suited to the dating of deposits as young as one year to several hundred thousand years recent technical developments have established a dating protocol with improved precision a high degree of reliability and an in built means to detect incomplete signal removal during deposition this approach has been extended to age estimation for single grains opening up a wider range of potential environments and new possibilities for understanding postdepositional grain movement ongoing research offers the possibility of significant age range extension and novel applications including low t

the grampian group a major late proterozoic clastic sequence in the central highlands of scotland a stratigraphic framework is proposed for the late proterozoic grampian group of the scottish highlands the grampian group is divided into three subgroups each defined by distinctive lithofacies associations reflecting different environments of deposition the thin ord ban subgroup which is locally developed at the base of the grampian group on speyside and strath dearn consists of shallow marine shelf sediments in association with concordant amphibolite sheets elsewhere the corrieyairack subgroup which is thickest around loch laggan forms the lower portion of the grampian group and comprises a thick turbiditic clastic sequence laid down in deeper water during rapid basin subsidence the glen spean subgroup comprises the upper part of the grampian group and is thickest in the atholl district it is composed of shallow water tidal and deltaic deposits marking a shallowing of the grampian group basin lateral facies changes and diachronous contacts are indicative of differential subsidence and the grampian group basin apparently developed and filled before the onset of regional subsidence which heralded deposition of the overlying dalradian sediments the possibility that the grampian group was unconformable on the structurally underly ing central highland division and glenshirra succession is currently unresolved

sr o and pb isotope evidence for origin and evolution of etive igneous complex scotland a multi isotope approach has been applied to the origin of one of the largest and latest newer granite complexes of the scottish caledonides contributions from both mantle and unexposed late proterozoic lower continental crust are recognized indicating that granite magmatism is a mechanism for both primary crustal growth and reworking of older crustal rocks

the distribution and origins of extremely acidic saline groundwaters in the south of western australia groundwater and digital mapping datasets provide new insights abstract some of the largest extents of naturally occurring acidic waters are found across southern australia the origins of these systems remain poorly understood with many hypotheses for their genesis australian government agency groundwater datasets and mapping data vegetation geology regolith and soils for south western australia unavailable to previous researchers were statistically analysed to better understand the origins of acidic groundwater and guide additional fieldwork to study the origins of acidic saline groundwater the groundwater data showed a distinct bimodal distribution in ph the acid population had a median ph of 3 5 and the larger non acid population had a median ph of 6 6 acidic groundwater became progressively more common further from the coast towards the drier internally drained regions acidic groundwater was mostly confined to the lower slopes and valley floors with localised controls on distribution paradoxically subsoil alkalinity within the internally drained inland regions had the strongest correlation with acidic groundwater r2 0 85 vegetation was also a strong predictor of acidic groundwater acidic groundwater had the highest occurrence under eucalyptus woodlands and shrublands that grew on alkaline calcareous soils pre clearing soil data in areas with acidic saline groundwater showed that the upper 1 m of the unsaturated zone had a ph around 8 while the ph at depths greater than 5 m decreased to 1 5 m there the iron is reduced around roots and the alkalinity generated by microbial iron reduction is removed by biogenic calcification processes the iron moves in solution further down the profile following roots where it comes in contact with the oxygenated unsaturated zone matrix and is oxidised generating acid the resulting acidic recharging solution acidifies the unsaturated zone matrix saline groundwater moving through the matrix becomes acidified due to ion exchange or direct recharge the main chemical processes were modelled in phreeqc to test the plausibility of the hypothesis and acidic solutions with a ph of 3 8 or lower were obtained

shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites a revised petrographic classification of progressive stages of shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites is proposed six stages of shock s1 to s6 are defined based on shock effects in olivine and plagioclase as recognized by thin section microscopy the characteristic shock effects of each shock stage are s1 unshocked sharp optical extinction of olivine s2 very weakly shocked undulatory extinction of olivine s3 weakly shocked planar fractures in olivine s4 moderately shocked mosaicism in olivine s5 strongly shocked isotropization of plagioclase maskelynite and planar deformation features in olivine and s6 very strongly shocked recrystallization of olivine sometimes combined with phase transformations ringwoodite and or phases produced by dissociation reactions s6 effects are always restricted to regions adjacent to melted portions of a sample which is otherwise only strongly shocked in stages s3 to s6 localized melting results from stress and temperature peaks which locally deviate from the equilibration shock pressure due to differences in shock impedance these melting effects are a opaque melt veins shock veins b melt pockets with interconnecting melt veins c melt dikes and d troilite metal deposits in fractures based on a critical evaluation of data from shock recovery experiments a shock pressure calibration for the six shock stages is proposed which defines the s1 s2 s2 s3 s3 s4 s4 s5 and s5 s6 transitions at 5 5 10 15 20 30 35 and 45 55 gpa respectively whole rock melting and formation of impact melt rocks or melt breccias occurs at about 75 90 gpa the symbol for the shock stage may be used in combination with the symbol for the petrologic type to abbreviate the complete classification of a chondrite e g h5 s3 we propose this new shock classification and pressure calibration system to replace previous systems which are out of date with respect to the pressure calibration nominally restricted to l chondrites and based on incomplete and in part illdefined sets of shock effects we have classified seventy six ordinary chondrites using the new classification system and conclude the following 1 1 shock effects and the sequence of progressively increasing degrees of shock metamorphism are very similar in h l and ll groups differences in the frequency distribution of shock stages are relatively minor e g l chondrites appear to have the largest fraction with stages s5 and s6 this suggests that the collisional histories of the h l and ll parent bodies were similar 2 2 petrologic type 3 chondrites are deficient in stages s4 to s6 and with increasing petrologic type the frequency of stages s4 to s6 increases we suggest that the more porous and volatile rich type 3 chondrites are subject to melting at a lower shock pressure than the nonporous chondrites of higher petrologic type volatiles trapped in pores cause shock induced dispersal of the shocked and melted material into small particles which are not expected to survive as meteorites 3 3 stage s3 is the most abundant in nearly all petrologic types 4 4 at shock pressures in excess of about 35 gpa s5 and s6 4he and 40ar are almost completely lost pressures below 10 gpa s1 and s2 do not cause noble gas losses

towards a more practical two feldspar geothermometer the thermodynamic basis of several recent attempts to formulate a simple two feldspar geothermometer is discussed together with a review of earlier empirical geothermometers and ones based on experimental studies in the ternary feldspar system it is shown that double binary thermometers which involve the combination of regular solution mixing models for the binary alkali feldspar system with ideal mixing in plagioclases do not give a satisfactory representation of two feldspar relations especially for albite rich compositions where a critical point exists thermometers based on mixing parameters for ordered alkali feldspar frameworks are even more unjustified both because low plagioclases are certainly non ideal and because of uncertainty in knowing the degree of al si order in the alkali feldspar when exchange equilibrium was achieved a thermodynamic thermometer requires knowledge of ternary activities which are at present unknown experimental determinations of relationships in the ternary feldspar system are reviewed and the correct general form of the thermometer constructed using mainly the experimental data of seck 1971a and smith and parsons 1974 chemographic tests for equilibrium between feldspar pairs are suggested and petrographie features discussed in an appendix new values are given of margules parameters calculated for binary disordered alkali feldspars from recent solvus data up to 15 kbars and their physico chemical basis examined we suggest that accurate representations of the mixing properties of disordered alkali feldspars using margules parameters are at present premature

garnet compositions in scottish and norwegian basement terrains a framework for interpretation of north sea sandstone provenance detrital garnets have proved to be useful discriminators of north sea sandstone provenance because they show a wide range of potential compositions and are relatively stable during burial diagenesis it has been less easy to use garnet data to provide a direct link between sediment and source because of the lack of a comprehensive database of garnet compositions in basement terrains forming the north sea hinterland this paper presents garnet compositional data from river sediments sourced from northern scotland and norway and demonstrates the presence of marked variations in garnet compositions from different regions related to fundamental differences in basement lithology the value of the river sediment database is demonstrated by comparing it with garnet compositions in paleocene sandstones from the north sea and more basins enabling the establishment of direct links between source and sediment paleocene sandstones in the gannet field area on the southwestern margin of the central north sea were derived from the dalradian of the grampian highlands those in the northern north sea were derived from the moine dalradian rocks of shetland and those along the more basin margin were derived from western norway by contrast paleocene sandstones in the nelson field central north sea and in the beryl embayment northern north sea have a garnet component that cannot be readily traced back to any basement terrain in either scotland or norway this component which was ultimately derived from granulite facies metasediments or charnockites is interpreted as being recycled from triassic sandstones which were themselves derived from an exotic source probably to the west of the british isles q 2004 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

accretion metamorphism and brecciation of ordinary chondrites evidence from petrologic studies of meteorites from roosevelt county new mexico we have made petrologic studies of a suite of 29 newly discovered ordinary chondrites from roosevelt county new mexico including an h3 chondrite that is rich in solar wind gases and contains clasts of melt rock and graphite magnetite rich material and an l5 chondrite with a unique igneous inclusion our data and published work show that mean cao concentrations of low ca pyroxene can be used to distinguish petrologic types in h l and ll groups mean cao concentrations in olivine show significant variations among equilibrated chondrites but these are not correlated with petrologic type varied cooling rates could be responsible the degree of heterogeneity of feo concentrations in olivines of types 4 6 is also not correlated with degree of metamorphism it may be controlled more by postmetamorphic brecciation and mixing of material than by metamorphism mean feo concentrations of silicates show average increases of 3 5 from type 4 to type 6 in each group this increase and the accompanying increase in bulk concentrations of siderophile elements appear to predate parent body formation correlation of nebula controlled bulk chemistry and planetary metamorphic effects could only have been produced under special conditions of accretion one possible origin is runaway growth which allowed parent bodies to form by accretion kilometer sized planetesimals to larger bodies accompanied by differential movement of chemically distinct large and small bodies to produce radially zoned parent bodies that were subsequently metamorphosed by internal heating alternatively ordinary chondrites may have been metamorphosed in a variety of planetesimals each of which had a uniform chemical composition and metamorphic temperature correlations between composition and temperature may have arisen if both were correlated with another parameter such as heliocentric distance

geothermometry geobarometry and the al2sio5 triple point at mt moosilauke new hampshire the distribution of aluminum silicate minerals in pelitic schists constrains pressure and temperature conditions during the acadian orogeny to have been approximately those of the al 2 sio 5 invariant point thus providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate the internal consistency of a variety of published geothermometers and geobarometers with the al 2 sio 5 invariant point of holdaway 1971 four fluid independent equilibria yield p t estimates consistent with holdaway 1971 two fluid dependent equilibria yield internally consistent but unrealistically high temperatures our data are consistent with the conclusions that 1 only pyrope grossular mixing in the quaternary garnet system is significantly non ideal and 2 the activity coefficient for the anorthite component in plagioclase is approximately 2 at triple point p t conditions modified journal abstract

tectonic significance of the eratosthenes seamount a continental fragment in the process of collision with a subduction zone in the eastern mediterranean ocean drilling program leg 160 abstract one of the objectives of odp leg 160 in the eastern mediterranean sea april may 1995 was concerned with the study of processes of genesis and incipient collision of an inferred crustal fragment the eratosthenes seamount with the active margin of the eurasian plate to the north represented by southern cyprus the upper part of the eratosthenes seamount i e upper several hundred metres was found to include both shallow and deep water carbonates dating back to early cretaceous time shallow water platform carbonate deposition similar to that of the onshore levant continental margin to the east i e part of the north african plate was followed by submergence to bathyal depths 1000 m in the late cretaceous to middle eocene punctuated by depositional and tectonic hiatuses tectonic uplift approximately 1 km was followed by shallow water carbonate deposition in the early miocene the platform was exposed during the messinian desiccation crisis during the early pliocene the platform subsided to bathyal depths associated with localised accumulation of limestone debris flows subsidence accelerated in the late pliocene early pleistocene reaching a present day maximum depth of ca 2500 m deformation of the eratosthenes seamount i e subsidence and high angle faulting resulted from crustal flexure induced by southward overthrusting of the cyprus active margin tectonic subsidence of the eratosthenes seamount was approximately synchronous with rapid surface uplift of the over riding plate the troodos ophiolite of southern cyprus this uplift is explained in terms of incipient collision of an eratosthenes continental fragment with a subduction trench coupled with the effects of diapiric protrusion of serpentinite located within the core of the troodos ophiolite the eratosthenes drilling thus documented a modern analogue of subduction collisional processes leading to accretion of continental fragments and carbonate platforms in orogenic belts

natural weathering mechanisms of almandine garnet the weathering of almandine garnet in the oxidized vadose zone of saprolite near otto north carolina begins at grain boundaries and along fractures traversing the garnet grains radially oriented fibrous intergrowths of gibbsite and goethite form layers of uniform thickness which grow by centripetal replacement as weathering proceeds the contact between the garnet surface and the layer of weathering products is sharp and smooth and garnet corners are rounded large well defined etch pits are absent on the underlying garnet surface these observations suggest that diffusion transport of reactants and or products through the gibbsite goethite layer is the rate limiting step in the weathering of almandine garnet in the oxidizing environment of the saprolite in soils overlying the saprolite garnet surfaces are directly exposed to weathering solutions without the intervening surface layer such unprotected grains in soils and stream sediments exhibit numerous large well developed etch pits surface reaction control rather than transport control prevails during weathering of almandine garnet in the absence of protective surface layers of weathering products biochemical or biological processes in the soil apparently prevent the gibbsite goethite layer from forming or persisting soil solutions can therefore react directly with the garnet surface rather than requiring reactants or products to diffuse through the gibbsite goethite coating as in the saprolite the mechanism and rate limiting step of almandine garnet weathering is apparently strongly dependent on the chemical environment in which weathering occurs

pliocene pleistocene sedimentary and geomorphologic development of the vasilikos river catchment s cyprus in relation to uplift of the troodos ophiolite and climate related changes the pleistocene development of the vasilikos river exemplifies the interaction of focused tectonically induced surface uplift and climate influenced changes the resulting sediments are well exposed in vasilikos quarry and in the main river catchment further east an important erosional surface incises the highest level oldest fluvial conglomerates down into late pliocene early pleistocene open marine mudrocks nicosia formation allowing integration with the circum cyprus sedimentary geomorphic development f1 f4 stages to determine where the quarry deposits lie in relation to the vasilikos river catchment the fluvial deposits were mapped and valley profiles were constructed revealing four main episodes each associated with incision and distinctive fluvial deposition source lithology strongly influenced channel morphology infill and adjacent slope sediment colluvium composition palaeosols particularly red brown terra rossa developed on abandoned fluvial terraces and adjacent hillslopes especially overlying f3 surfaces the combined evidence allows close correlation of the vasilikos river and quarry deposits relatively coarse chalky conglomerate breccia and fine grained colluvium calcareous silt cyprus harvara developed especially on lower hillslopes following incision mainly above f2 and f3 surfaces based on regional comparisons overall sediment aggregation ended during the early pleistocene the f1 f2 surfaces and deposits are inferred to be middle pleistocene the f3 ones later middle pleistocene and the f4 ones near the middle late pleistocene boundary geomorphology and deposition were tectonically forced during strong focused early middle pleistocene surface uplift coarse clastic ruff off and palaeosol development terra rossa and related sediment aggradation are inferred to have increased during warm humid periods late pleistocene geomorphology and deposition were more influenced by climatic change with semi perennial streamflow rapid sediment aggradation and palaeosol terra rossa development during warm humid periods interglacials cooler glacial periods enhanced fluvial incision sediment bypassing and hillslope colluvial processes e g frost shattering downslope creep and mass flow when sediment transport bypassing exceeded sediment supply neotectonic faulting affected the catchment but did not greatly affect geomorphology or sediment supply although climate climate change and eustatic sea level change had an important influence tectonics is interpreted as the fundamental driver of geomorphological development and fluvial sedimentation with implications for other areas regionally to globally

dalradian slides and basin development a radical interpretation of stratigraphy and structure in the sw and central highlands of scotland movements on syndepositional listric faults are responsible for many of the lateral variations in dalradian stratigraphy sedimentary facies and thickness variations show that the surface traces of these faults correspond in many cases to what have previously been interpreted as tectonic slides although normal faults thrusts and sedimentary contacts may also mark their position three main episodes of faulting are described in the islay to lochaber area appin group sedimentation was controlled by a fault now represented by the loch skerrols thrust fort william slide ossian steep belt in the islay jura area an anomalously thick islay subgroup succession accumulated in a half graben bounded by a listric normal fault to the nw and terminated by transfer faults at each end the deposition of a thick easdale subgroup section was controlled by movements on what is now the benderloch ballachulish slide this listric fault terminates southwards in the scarba fault and probably extends north into the ossian steep belt the thinness of the appin and lower argyll group succession between the ericht laidon and bridge of balgie faults is an original feature the stratigraphic gap represented by the boundary slide here is reinterpreted as a disconformity however further east the boundary slide may well be a listric fault movement on which accommodated the thick succession around schiehallion the development of the major structure was influenced by the geometry of the sedimentary basins the schiehallion tummel area is reinterpreted as lying on the lower limb of the ben lui fold this resolves the problem of the emplacement of the tay nappe which is likely to be a gravity structure derived from above the ossian steep belt

a sequence stratigraphical approach to the understanding of basin history in orogenic neoproterozoic successions an example from the central highlands of scotland

geochronology of late caledonian magmatism in northern britain rb sr k ar ar ar and sm nd isotopic data are presented for mineral separates and whole rock samples from old red sandstone ors lavas associated minor intrusions and 9newer granite9 intrusive complexes from the cheviot hills north to shetland these data yield 16 internally consistent rb sr mineral ages and one each of ar ar sm nd and k ar ages when considered with precise and reliable published data it is clear that there are systematic differences in the age of late caledonian magmatism through the geological regions of scotland in the grampian highlands and the scottish midland valley magmatism was concentrated during the period 423 to 410 ma ors volcanism in the highlands occurred around 420 ma with plutonism continuing to about 408 ma volcanism and plutonism in the midland valley took place between 415 and 410 ma in the southern uplands magmatism occurred earlier in the north with all magmatism close to the southern uplands fault dated around 408 ma and that close to the iapetus suture dated at around 394 ma as no evidence exists for ocean closure prior to c 400 ma the age of igneous activity north of the southern uplands fault is consistent with chemical evidence for a relationship to active nw directed subduction the younger magmatism of the s part of the southern uplands cannot be subduction related and the c 408 ma plutons nearer the southern uplands fault can only be subduction related if tectonic construction of the southern uplands was a two stage process

delineating stratigraphic breaks at the bases of postglacial eolian dunes in central alberta canada using a portable osl reader temporal constraints for the late pleistocene deposition of eolian dunes that occur in central and northern alberta canada can be provided by dating sediments from the dune bases using luminescence techniques in places however the postglacial dunes overlie glaciofluvial sands that resemble the eolian deposits in texture such that demarcating the bases of the dunes is often problematic in this study we address the problem by employing a portable optically stimulated luminescence osl reader to construct luminescence profiles that depict luminescence signal variation with depth with the portable osl reader measurement can be performed on bulk sediments negating the need for laborious separation procedures to isolate pure mineral fractions as is required in regular luminescence dating measurements can also be carried out in the field permitting quicker decision making during sample collection results from this study presented as depth variations of feldspar derived infrared stimulated luminescence irsl signals and predominantly quartz generated post ir blue osl signals show that luminescence profiling enables one to distinguish between eolian deposits that make up the dunes from the underlying non eolian sands the identification of such cryptostratigraphic interfaces is made possible by differences in the dosimetric histories of the sediments the delineation of the dune bases allows targeted sampling that yields best luminescence age approximations for the initiation of postglacial eolian deposition in the region luminescence profiling of eolian sequences would also in theory permit the identification of depositional breaks of extended duration copyright 2012 john wiley sons ltd

stratigraphy of cretaceous to lower pliocene sediments in the northern part of cyprus based on comparative 87sr 86sr isotopic nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal dating new age data from sr isotope analysis and both planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils are presented and discussed here for the upper eocene upper miocene sedimentary rocks of the degirmenlik kythrea group new dating is also given of some cretaceous and pliocene sediments in a revised stratigraphy the degirmenlik kythrea group is divided into ten formations different upper miocene formations are developed to the north and south of a regionally important e w trending syn sedimentary fault the samples were dated wherever possible by three independent methods namely utilizing sr isotopes calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera some of the sr isotopic dates are incompatible with the nannofossil and or the planktonic foraminiferal dates this is mainly due to reworking within gravity deposited or current affected sediments when combined the reliable age data allow an overall biostratigraphy and chronology to be erected several of the boundaries of previously defined formations are revised sr data that are incompatible with well constrained biostratigraphical ages are commonly of early miocene age this is attributed to a regional uplift event located to the east of cyprus specifically the collision of the anatolian eurasian and arabian african plates during early miocene time this study therefore demonstrates that analytically sound sr isotopic ages can yield geologically misleading ages particularly where extensive sediment reworking has occurred convincing ages are obtained when isotopic dating is combined with as many forms of biostratigraphical dating as possible and this may also reveal previously unsuspected geological events e g tectonic uplift or current activity

a neoproterozoic multi phase rift sequence the grampian and appin groups of the southwestern monadhliath mountains of scotland the grampian and appin groups of the southwestern monadhliath mountains form the earliest known syn rift sequences of the scottish central highlands they were likely to have formed in an intracontinental setting and represent deposition of mixed clastic and carbonate shallow and deep marine strata the grampian group of the southern monadhliath mountains was deposited during a period of initial basin rifting nw se extension followed by a phase of thermal subsidence syn rift sediments comprise a 2 5 6 km thick turbidite system thermal subsidence brought about the basinward progradation of shallow marine shelf sediments resulting in the infilling of pre existing basin topography the overlying appin group commenced with deposition of a shallow marine sequence alternating between nearshore tidal sand and offshore mud deposition this formed in response to renewed rifting and concomitant subsidence accelerated rifting resulted in localized footwall uplift and erosion while sedimentation continued in the hanging wall areas resultant subsidence perhaps partly thermally driven caused gradual basin widening and produced an onlapping marine sequence there followed a period of progressive clastic deprivation when carbonates were precipitated and at the onset of anoxic conditions deposition of organic muds the fundamental structural elements responsible for the formation of the grampian and appin group basins were also influential in the orogenic evolution of the basin fill half graben fills were deformed to produce regionally extensive folds such as the stob ban craig a chail synform

corinth rift margin uplift new evidence from late quaternary marine shorelines 1 new evidence for uplift of the southern margin to the corinth rift one of the world s most rapidly extending continental regions defines an area of uniform uplift separating a more rapidly uplifting western rift flank from a slowly backtilting eastern flank this major tectonic boundary coincides with geophysical evidence for a junction between flat underlying subducted oceanic plate and steep subduction we propose that trench rollback by the anatolian plate over the subducting african plate has led to differential uplift and possible migration of active faulting at the southern rift margin in the last few million years

the role of the kyrenia range lineament cyprus in the geological evolution of the eastern mediterranean area rewarding insights into major crustal lineaments come from the integrated study of well exposed examples one is the kyrenia range a narrow arcuate lineament of several hundred kilometres in length comprising northern cyprus and its offshore extension the kyrenia range consists mostly of mesozoic and tertiary sedimentary and subordinate volcanic and metamorphic rocks disposed in four rock groups separated by unconformities recording deformation events the lineament is dominated by a steeply dipping composite thrust pile located partly along and partly straddling the abrupt northward termination of crust similar to the troodos igneous complex at depth the 200 ma history of the lineament involved episodic rift passive margin active margin strike slip and uplift phases the area was rifted off gondwana in the late triassic to form a southerly turkish microcontinent capped by a gently subsiding carbonate platform after formation of a small ocean basin to the south during the cretaceous troodos ocean northward subduction began santonian the first major deformation d1 is attributed to pervasive dextral strike slip which removed the mesozoic passive margin and brecciated and metamorphosed the remaining platform in the maastrichtian and early tertiary the area subsided and scree breccias were shed from scarps into pelagic carbonate depositing seas while bimodal within plate type lavas were erupted in an extensional setting influenced by strike slip by mid eocene time shortening first evidence by flysch and olistostrome deposition culminated in strong southward thrusting d2 and localized metamorphism northward subduction south of cyprus ensued and the range lay in an extensional fore arc setting in late eocene and miocene time the area then subsided dramatically and accumulated thick turbidite sequences derived from eroding tauride mountain areas to the northeast faulting and general uplift in the late miocene was followed by renewed compressional deformation climaxing in mid pliocene time d3 with large scale thrusting and tilting pulsed vertical uplift continued through the quaternary similar volcanic and metamorphic rocks formed along the kyrenia lineament at intervals sedimentary rocks emerge as the most sensitive tectonic setting indicators long lived lineaments like the kyrenia range are inherently very complicated and perceived simple solutions in other cases should be viewed with some scepticism

late eocene neogene sedimentary geology of the girne kyrenia range northern cyprus a case history of sedimentation related to progressive and diachronous continental collision abstract sedimentary geology can shed light on the processes of continental collision the easternmost mediterranean provides an exceptional opportunity to study sediments deposited during progressive and diachronous continental collision with implications for comparable settings elsewhere here we focus on sediment sources pathways and deposition of mostly deep sea clastic sediments exposed in northern cyprus the sedimentary basin forms part of the northern continental margin of the southern neotethys ocean and is represented by a ca 200 km long e w trending arcuate lineament encompassing northern cyprus and its submarine link with turkey the upper eocene upper miocene basin was divided into northerly and southerly sub basins during mid to late miocene time by an e w trending inferred syn depositional fault lineament the sequence begins with non marine to shallow marine basal conglomerates late eocene that abruptly fine upwards into siliciclastic turbidites oligocene followed by biogenic calciturbidites and marls aquitanian langhian during mid late miocene the northerly sub basin was characterised by thin to medium bedded calciturbidites and marls serravallian overlain by thick bedded medium grained lithic sandstones tortonian in contrast the southern sub basin is dominated by siliciclastic turbidites with abundant sole structures burdigalian tortonian palaeocurrent evidence indicates dominantly westward sediment transport especially during the late miocene the serravallian tortonian sandstones of the northern sub basin are relatively rich in carbonates while the southern sub basin contains more siliciclastic and ophiolite derived detritus indicating differences in sediment supply in general the upper eocene basal conglomerates were mainly derived from the north from within the girne kyrenia range and its inferred northward extension in response to rapid subsidence reflecting possible southward subduction zone retreat clastic sediment sources to the north then submerged while clastic sediment was instead mainly supplied from the south neotethyan suture zone to the east and northeast in southern turkey reflecting diachronous collision deep water deposition persisted in the easternmost mediterranean basin further west until this was terminated in northern cyprus by thrusting folding during latest miocene earliest pliocene quaternary collision related uplift ensued similar sedimentary development is to be expected in collisional settings elsewhere e g tethyan closure in the himalayas iapetus closure in the appalachians

tectonic framework and late cenozoic tectonic history of the northern part of cyprus implications for earthquake hazards and regional tectonics abstract located near the triple junction of the african arabia and eurasian plate cyprus has had an active and complex neotectonic history which includes devastating historical earthquakes investigations into the tectonic framework of the northern part of cyprus provide important insights into regional tectonism of the eastern mediterranean and middle east the northern part of cyprus is divided into two tectono stratigraphic terranes the boundary of which is the ovgos fault zone in the middle miocene the ovgos fault zone was a marine platform margin which separated open marine platform carbonates from deep marine turbidites transpressive movement along easterly and northeasterly trending structures dominated the late miocene deposition and preservation of messinian evaporites occurred in grabens at intersections of these trends n s compression began in the early pliocene and produced contractional tectonism along east west trends including major thrusting of allochthonous rocks in the kyrenia range quaternary deformation has been dominated by strike slip faults along northeast and northwest trends movement during the pleistocene occurred on several of these faults holocene movement is documented on one of these faults a seismic hazard is implied for the nicosia area because its proximity to the quaternary faults since the miocene cyprus has been continuously uplifted but the tectonic setting is controversial as some researchers invoke a subduction zone setting and others ascribe to a regime of strike slip tectonics our neotectonic framework is consistent with a restraining bend model for cyprus in a regional strike slip regime

evolution of structurally contrasting anatectic migmatites in the 3 kbar ballachulish aureole scotland anatectic migmatites of contrasting structural style are found adjacent to the contacts of the ballachulish igneous complex argyllshire scotland on the east flank evidence for migmatization is largely restricted to the local development of millimetre centimetre scale kfs qtz rich leucocratic segregations which accompany fragmentation of brittle hornfels layers and ductile deformation of mm cm scale semipelitic layers large volumes of semipelitic rock rich in feldspar and quartz on the east flank show no migmatitic features and bedding is usually preserved undisturbed right up to the contact on the west flank in contrast similar semipelitic rocks show widespread migmatitic features and disruption of layering is substantial and widespread over a 400 m wide zone within the west flank migmatites 1 100 cm scale rigid bedding fragments schollen may be suspended and disoriented in a semipelitic matrix that underwent ductile deformation the p t conditions on both flanks are in the same range 3 kbar and 650 700 c the contrast in gross structural style is believed to result from differences in the volumes of melt produced and differences in the proportion of rock in which the critical melt fraction of the rocks was exceeded on the east flank only on a mm cm scale was enough melt locally accumulated to cause disruption of some layers and segregation of melt on the west flank melting proceeded substantially in a broad tract of semipelitic rocks resulting in larger scale contrasts in rheology that led to the present chaotic structures in this zone because migmatization occurred at a pressure too low for muscovite dehydration melting and at temperatures too low for substantial biotite dehydration melting the different amounts of melting on the east and west flanks most probably resulted from the introduction of differing amounts of externally derived water on the east flank and throughout most of the aureole the absence of melting even in quartzofeldspathic protoliths indicates that there was no substantial movement of fluid towards or away from the igneous complex during migmatization the contrasting situation on the west flank may have resulted from devolatilization of underlying quartz diorite magma 690 710 c which released heat and fluids into the overlying quartz and feldspar rich semipelites solidus temperature 650 680 c

impact melt products of chondritic material a large variety of objects in chondritic meteorites formed as a result of impact melting shock veins metal troilite mixtures metal and sulfide nodules melt pockets vugs agglutinates glassy and crystalline spherules and numerous types of melt rock clasts the type of object produced in an impact event is related to the interaction of the shock waves with the particular target rock impact melting has also affected large portions of several chondrite breccias many of these contain vugs and patches of silicate glass some workers have suggested that various iron meteorites including groups iab iiicd and iie as well as several ungrouped irons were formed from individual impact melt pools in chondritic regoliths the eagle station trio pallasites and several ungrouped meteorites bencubbin weatherford enon acapulco and allan hills a77081 may have formed from impact melted chondritic material it is also possible that the parent magmas of ureilites were derived from impact melted metal rich carbonaceous chondrite material

the timing and p t conditions of regional metamorphisni in the central highlands scotland the central highlands of the scottish caledonides are dominated by a sequence of poly deformed metasedimentary rocks largely belonging to the grampian and appin groups of the dalradian supergroup in the northern part of the area these are separated from a suite of variably gneissose to locally migmatitic rocks by a number of prominent mid crustal shear zones the early evolution of the central highlands is interpreted in terms of regional d1 d2 folding and n to nw directed thrusting accompanied by kyanite grade metamorphism p 7 0 8 0 kbar t 500 600 c the later stages of this event were characterized by continued ductile shearing along the pre existing shear zones under sillimanite grade metamorphic conditions p 4 7 5 9 kbar t 585 695 c the exact age of this progressive tectonothermal event remains uncertain however available geochronological data can be interpreted as indicating an entirely precambrian age c 840 800 ma this questions previously held views of an entirely caledonian age for deformation throughout the highlands

late pliocene early pleistocene athalassa formation north central cyprus carbonate sand bodies in a shallow seaway between two emerging landmasses the late pliocene early pleistocene athalassa formation accumulated within the neogene mesaoria basin of northern cyprus bordered by two subdued but rising landmasses the kyrenia range to the north and the troodos ophiolitic massif to the south in the eastern part of the basin the formation is dominated by cross stratified bioclastic rich sandstones interpreted as shallow marine carbonate sand bodies the sediments are described in terms of six calcarenite facies and subfacies and one sandstone fades palaeocurrent analysis indicates that the carbonate sand bodies formed near the southern margin of the kyrenia landmass and then migrated southwards across a shallow marine platform the driving force is believed to have been storms generated by strong winds such winds during the late pliocene early quaternary were probably stronger than today in this area other factors influencing deposition of the formation include minor tectonic instability and probable eustatic sea level changes study of the athalassa formation thus provides insights into late pliocene pleistocene palaeoenvironments in the easternmost mediterranean

structural development of the central kyrenia range north cyprus in its regional setting in the eastern mediterranean region a detailed structural analysis of the mesozoic cenozoic geological development of the central segment of the kyrenia range in its regional tectonic context is given here the structural evidence comes from five structural traverses outcrop observations small scale structures and related regional evidence the majority of the structures are fault planes of which a subordinate number exhibit slickenlines fault plane data n 2688 with kinematics n 537 additional kinematic data were obtained from c s fabrics and folds small scale structures in each stratigraphic unit were backstripped to reveal relative chronology synthesis of the structural information indicates three phases of convergence related deformation 1 late cretaceous associated with greenschist facies metamorphism followed by exhumation that was probably associated with wnw ese to ene wsw trending high angle faulting 2 mid eocene associated with southward thrusting coupled with n s strike slip transfer faulting and oblique faulting in an overall sinistral transpressive stress regime 3 late miocene earliest pliocene involving southward thrusting and folding localised back thrusting extensive fault reactivation and large scale segmentation of the range intense uplift of the kyrenia range took place during the plio pleistocene possibly related to the collision of the eratosthenes seamount with the cyprus trench to the south of the island the three main convergent phases relate to stages of northward subduction and diachronous continental collision affecting the northerly active continental margin of the southern neotethys

sedimentary development and correlation of late quaternary terraces in the kyrenia range northern cyprus using a combination of sedimentology and optical luminescence data this study focuses on the younger of a series of quaternary terraces along the flanks of the kyrenia range in northern cyprus specifically the kyrenia girne and the koupia terraces the kyrenia girne terrace is tentatively correlated with oxygen isotope stage 5 125 ka and the koupia terrace with oxygen isotope stage 3 50 ka along the northern flank of the range the kyrenia girne terrace deposits 5 20 m above modern sea level typically begin with a basal lag conglomerate and then pass upwards into shallow marine calcarenites and then into variable aeolianites paleosols and fluvial deposits up to 20 m thick in contrast the koupia terrace 2 m above modern sea level consists of aeolianites and shallow marine calcarenites up to 8 m thick the equivalent deposits along the southern flank of the range are entirely non marine fluvial mud sands and conglomerates the marine to continental terrace systems can be tentatively correlated based on mapping height above modern sea level and sedimentary facies however variable preservation and patchy exposure require such correlations to be independently tested to achieve this a portable optically stimulated luminescence osl reader was used to determine the luminescence characteristics of the two terrace systems luminescence profiles show major differences in luminescence characteristics between the two terrace depositional systems which can be related to sedimentary processes provenance and age these features allow sections in different areas to be effectively correlated individual sections show luminescence properties that are generally consistent with an expected up sequence decrease in age however the younger koupia terrace deposits show higher luminescence intensities compared with the older kyrenia girne terrace deposits this can be explained by multiple phases of reworking of the kyrenia girne terrace deposits which changed the luminescence characteristics of the sediment the use of the portable osl reader is therefore an effective means of correlating late quaternary terrace deposits in northern cyprus and probably also elsewhere

landscape preservation under post european settlement alluvium in the south eastern australian tablelands inferred from portable osl reader data human land use changes leading to widespread erosion and gully incision have been well studied but the effects that erosion and sediment mixing which accompany the deposition of post european settlement alluvium psa have in valley bottoms and wetlands receive considerably less attention psa overlying pre disturbance swampy meadow sm wetland sediments is commonly exposed along incised stream channel gully walls throughout the south eastern australian tablelands providing an ideal setting in which to assess and understand better how psa deposition affects valley bottoms and the wetland environments that often occupy them portable optically stimulated luminescence posl reader data were measured on bulk sediment samples from sm psa stratigraphies at 16 locations throughout the south eastern australian tablelands to assess the effects of erosion and sediment mixing at the sm psa boundary trends of posl data with depth at each profile were used in conjunction with visual profile descriptions to identify the stratigraphic boundary between sm and psa sediment and to infer the degree of valley bottom erosion and sediment mixing during psa deposition at most sites sm sediments experienced minimal if any disturbance during psa deposition and we refer to these as non eroded sites many sites however experienced a significant degree of erosion and sediment mixing eroded sites often corresponding to visually diffuse sedimentary boundaries between the two stratigraphic units our findings demonstrate that sm landscapes in the tablelands can be preserved with minimal disturbance under psa at non eroded sites and are preserved beneath a mixing zone at all eroded sites copyright 2016 john wiley sons ltd

quaternary uplift and sea level change at an active plate boundary cyprus a combination of northward underthrusting of the african plate and serpentinite diapirism resulted in progressive uplift of cyprus during the quaternary the uplift was associated with the development of succession of alluvial fans and marine terraces marine terraces in coastal southern cyprus are developed at 350 360 m 110 100 m 60 50 m 11 8 m and 2 3 m above present sea level the terraces display sequences of regressive deltaic carbonate and siliciclastic sub littoral to littoral and sub aerial type alluvial fans of the fanglomerate group crop out on the northern flanks of the troodos massif forming extensive dissected peneplaned terraces later uplift resulted in the formation of channel fans and river terraces proximal sheetflood conglomerates pass distally into channelized braid plain environments on the southern margin of the troodos massif the fanglomerate group comprises braided channelized and floodplain sequences which pass laterally into littoral facies provenence studies indicate that uplift and resulting erosion of cyprus was centred on the troodos massif mount olympus radiometric dates indicate that uplift was rapid in the early and mid pleistocene in the late pleistocene holocene eustatic sea level changes and anthropogenic effects dominated while the rate of uplift was reduced with local submergence of southern coastal areas

chondrules and other components in c o and e chondrites similarities in their properties and origins we describe three types of chondrules that are common to h3 ll3 cm2 co3 and cv3 chondrites low and high feo porphyritic olivine chondrules contain olivine with fa0 3 8 and fa5 50 respectively and can easily be distinguished petrographically poikilitic pyroxene chondrules have 1 20 vol olivine fa0 2 8 enclosed by low ca pyroxene fs0 5 7 and also occur in e chondrites these three types formed in separate nebular regions which had dimensions and spacings such that a few percent of the chondrules that collided to form compound chondrules were of different types sorting of chondrule precursor material and mixing of chondrule types probably account for most variations in bulk and mineral chemistry among chondrite groups metallic fe ni grains containing 0 1 1 cr si and p are present in low feo olivine chondrules from all type 2 and least metamorphosed type 3 chondrites metal compositions reflect reduction during chondrule formation in the nebula not nebular condensation opaque matrices in type 3 ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites are somewhat similar in composition and mineralogy and probably have related origins we conclude that chondrules in all known chondrite groups share similar nebular origins

monnig collection meteorites from forestburg davy harrison township and gurram kond we report the histories and classifications of poorly known meteorites from the oscar monnig meteorite collection forestburg a texas is an l4 s2 ordinary chondrite forestburg b texas is a shock blackened l5 s5 ordinary chondrite containing an impact melt clast davy a texas l4 s2 is represented by several highly weathered stones davy b texas is a single stone classified as h4 s2 harrison township kansas l6 s4 was found in the vicinity of several meteorites grouped as ladder creek but appears distinct we have identified the second and largest fragment of the 1814 october gurram konda india l6 s3 meteorite fall and uncovered details of its early history

sedimentology of two fan delta systems in the pliocene pleistocene of the mesaoria basin cyprus abstract two fan delta systems have been recognised in the pliocene pleistocene deposits of the mesaoria basin an asymmetrical half graben located on the northern side of the troodos ophiolite cyprus the older fan delta system the pliocene nicosia formation was deposited when the mesaoria basin was actively subsiding it comprises a number of small isolated fan deltas which built across a narrow

multi phased uplift of the southern margin of the central anatolian plateau turkey a record of tectonic and upper mantle processes abstract uplifted neogene marine sediments and quaternary fluvial terraces in the mut basin southern turkey reveal a detailed history of surface uplift along the southern margin of the central anatolian plateau from the late miocene to the present new surface exposure ages 10be 26al and 21ne of gravels capping fluvial strath terraces located between 28 and 135 m above the goksu river in the mut basin yield ages ranging from ca 25 to 130 ka corresponding to an average incision rate of 0 52 to 0 67 mm yr published biostratigraphic data combined with new interpretations of the fossil assemblages from uplifted marine sediments reveal average uplift rates of 0 25 to 0 37 mm yr since late miocene time starting between 8 and 5 45 ma and 0 72 to 0 74 mm yr after 1 66 to 1 62 ma together with the terrace abandonment ages the data imply 0 6 to 0 7 mm yr uplift rates from 1 6 ma to the present the different post late miocene and post 1 6 ma uplift rates can imply increasing uplift rates through time or multi phased uplift with slow uplift or subsidence in between longitudinal profiles of rivers in the upper catchment of the mut and ermenek basins show no apparent lithologic or fault control on some knickpoints that occur at 1 2 to 1 5 km elevation implying a transient response to a change in uplift rates projections of graded upper relict channel segments to the modern outlet together with constraints from uplifted marine sediments show that a slower incision uplift rate of 0 1 to 0 2 mm yr preceded the 0 7 mm yr uplift rate the river morphology and profile projections therefore reflect multi phased uplift of the plateau margin rather than steadily increasing uplift rates multi phased uplift can be explained by lithospheric slab break off and possibly also the arrival of the eratosthenes seamount at the collision zone south of cyprus

high resolution regional hydrogeochemical baseline mapping of stream water of wales the welsh borders and west midlands region abstract the stream water hydrogeochemical database produced by the geochemical baseline survey gbase of the british geological survey has recently been enhanced in the light of experimental pilot studies in north wales to meet a wider range of economic and environmental objectives which require modern integrated and strategic geochemical surveys for their implementation hydrogeochemical data are therefore now collected in conjunction with geochemical data for stream sediments soil samples and mineral concentrates the density of sampling based on the collection of stream water at near baseflow conditions during the late summer period each year has been increased to one site per 1 75 km 2 and a broader spectrum of geochemical determinants introduced provisional regional datasets are being prepared for an extensive region covering wales the welsh borders and part of the west midlands representing over 17 000 sample sites bedrock geology and base metal sulphide mineralisation are particularly well reflected in the stream water chemistry at the regional scale the influence of secondary factors such as geomorphology atmospheric controls and anthropogenic contamination due to agriculture urban industrial and military developments can also be readily distinguished the data obtained by systematic high resolution sampling of first and second order streams vary in concentration over three or four orders of magnitude for many of the analytes studied here this compares with a range of only one or two orders of magnitude for many of the analytes in stream sediment samples the extended range in values for stream water is an important factor in the gridding plotting and production of relatively stable maps they are relatively unaffected either by short temporal changes in stream water flow which are attributable either to storm events noted during the sampling campaign or by annual differences between wet and dry summers in different years this has enabled a series of robust surface hydrogeochemical maps to be prepared for analytical data collected during the summer sampling campaigns conducted annually from 1989 to 1994 these maps provide a unique source of synoptic baseline information for a wide range of economic and environmental applications especially when combined with other geoscience datasets in a gis environment

discussion on the grampian group a major late proterozoic clastic sequence in the central highlands of scotland reply article original glover b w winchester j a 1989 journal of the geological society london 146 85 96

the influence of parent material on small scale spatial changes in streamwater chemistry in scottish upland catchments abstract spatial changes in streamwater chemistry in seven upland catchments in ne scotland have been studied using samples collected at 250 m intervals from the stream source to the catchment outlet the catchments contain a number of different parent materials including granites and diorite from the lochnagar complex and metasediments and metabasites from the argyll and appin groups of the dalradian supergroup samples were collected under low flow conditions between june 1989 and january 1990 and ten component ions were determined this paper concentrates on ph ca mg na and k all seven catchments show major changes in stream solute concentrations along their length samples collected immediately downstream of the source typically show a rapid increase in ph with distance reflecting degassing in the stream of co 2 from the soil solution further down the catchment small scale spatial changes in streamwater chemistry appear to be strongly influenced by the underlying geology as the stream flows over parent materials with distinctly different geochemical characteristics the ph and ca and mg concentrations in the stream show rapid changes reflecting changes in the underlying lithology in a number of the catchments k also exhibits significant spatial variability along the length of the stream the underlying geology appears to have little effect on na concentrations which typically increase from the source to the bottom of the catchment these data suggest that small scale spatial changes in streamwater chemistry may provide a useful tool for identifying changes in the underlying geology in poorly exposed areas in addition they also have implications for regional critical load mapping and prediction of streamwater sensitivity to acidification

pleistocene terrace deposition related to tectonically controlled surface uplift an example of the kyrenia range lineament in the northern part of cyprus abstract in this study we consider how surface uplift of a narrow mountain range has interacted with glacial related sea level cyclicity and climatic change to produce a series of marine and non marine terrace systems the terrace deposits of the kyrenia range record rapid surface uplift of a long lived tectonic lineament during the early pleistocene followed by continued surface uplift at a reduced rate during mid late pleistocene six terrace depositional systems are distinguished and correlated along the northern and southern flanks of the range termed k0 to k5 the oldest and highest k0 terrace system is present only within the central part of the range the k2 k5 terrace systems formed later at sequentially lower levels away from the range the earliest stage of surface uplift k0 terrace system comprises lacustrine carbonates interbedded with mass flow facies early pleistocene the subsequent terrace system k1 is made up of colluvial conglomerate and aeolian dune facies on both flanks of the range the later terrace systems k2 to k5 each begin with a basal marine deposit interpreted as a marine transgression deltaic conglomerates prograded during inferred global interglacial stages overlying aeolian dune facies represent marine regressions probably related to global glacial stages each terrace depositional system was uplifted and preserved followed by subsequent deposits at progressively lower topographic levels climatic variation during interglacial glacial cycles and autocyclic processes also exerted an influence on deposition particularly on short period fluvial and aeolian deposition

towards more detailed methods for quantifying the acid susceptibility of rocks and soils the sensitivity of rocks and soils to acidification is best described by their acid base titration curves these curves tend to be relatively featureless but can be usefully summarized in terms of their initial ph the buffer capacity at this ph and the total acidity to ph 8 3 unfortunately the shapes of soil titration curves depend on the type and concentration of background electrolyte and the rate of titration therefore while a set of standard titration conditions can be defined the resulting titration curves will not simulate those applicable to in situ field conditions as required for modelling purposes to progress it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the sources of and sinks for acidity in rocks and soils for soils partitioning of the acidity into soil solution neutral salt extractable and solid phase but not neutral salt extractable components provides a promising approach this is demonstrated using a series of soil samples derived from an extremely acid humus iron podzol overlying eocene sand near wokingham berks

timing of uplift of the troodos massif cyprus constrained by sedimentary and magnetic polarity evidence abstract plio pleistocene sediments exposed around the ophiolitic troodos massif document spectacular uplift from below sea level to a maximum height of c 2000 m sedimentation reflects a dominant control of focused tectonic uplift modified by the effects of glacio eustatic sea level change and climatic change understanding the uplift and controls on deposition has been hindered by an inadequate age model here we present a preliminary investigation of the polarity of remanent magnetizations recorded within the upper part of the pliocene succession in the pissouri and mesaoria basins and from the pleistocene marine terrace deposits that border the troodos massif when integrated with available lithostatigraphic and biostratigraphic data the main results are as follows focused uplift of the troodos massif began during the late pliocene either between 2 14 and 1 95 ma or immediately prior to 1 77 ma shallow marine ophiolite derived clastic and bioclastic sediments accumulated in both the mesaoria and pissouri basins implying that the troodos massif was uplifted as a single tectonic entity non marine deltaic and fluvial facies prograded into both of the basins during the pleistocene 1 77 ma recent marine terraces in sw and south cyprus were cut and covered by littoral sediments from

luminescence characterisation of quartz rich cover sands from ne thailand abstract the genesis of a several meter thick cover sand layer which is widely distributed in mainland se asia has been the subject of much debate being considered by some to be an aeolian mantle of late pleistocene early holocene origin and by others to represent a holocene biomantle samples were collected from three sites in nw thailand in 1998 to assess the potential of luminescence studies for characterisation and chronometric studies of the layer the material is a quartz rich iron stained sand with high luminescence sensitivities a pronounced 325 c tl peak and high sensitivity to phototransfer and osl a number of methods for estimating stored dose were assessed of which additive tl and regenerative osl procedures produced good laboratory results these methods have been used to produce stored dose and apparent age profiles for one of the sites the data are consistent with a late pleistocene holocene aeolian deposition process possibly modified in the upper layers by bioturbation however the possibility that the recorded profiles are the result of heterogeneous mixing of bleached and unbleached grains within the biomantle model cannot at this stage be excluded the material has excellent luminescence properties and it is likely that further luminescence studies will be able to distinguish between the formation models and contribute significantly to understanding of these regionally significant sediments

hydrogeochemistry as an aid to geological interpretation the glen roy area scotland the hydrochemistry of first and second order streams sampled at a density of 1 km 2 has been used to investigate ways of enhancing information obtained during regional geological mapping the glen roy area of scotland is a pristine area with large variations in bedrock geology ranging from dalradian metasediments including carbonates to granite granodiorite and appinite rocks coarse grained lamprophyre but with relatively minor drift alkalinity hco 3 is used to determine the extent of water rock interaction with both silicate and carbonate rocks the ratio na cl is also used to measure the extent of silicate reaction dolomitic facies are picked out in areas with carbonate by mg mn fe and y are useful indicators of the weathering of biotite and garnet a strong and well defined hydrogeochemical anomaly of ba sr and k outline the outcrops of the appinites together with hco 3 these three elements define an extended nw se lineament strath ossian lineament which includes possible concealed areas of appinite the bicarbonate probably reflecting the presence of a carbonate aureole derived from mantle co 2 in particular the bedrock characteristics in poorly exposed ground can be inferred and information obtained on the volume of bedrock through which the water has passed

non marine sedimentation associated with oligocene recent exhumation and uplift of the central taurus mountains s turkey abstract three related basins in southern turkey the ecemis basin the karsanti basin and the aktoprak basin document the neogene recent regional exhumation and surface uplift history of the central taurus mountains the regional tectonic framework was established by a late eocene phase of compressional deformation that ended tethys related marine deposition during the oligocene early miocene non marine sedimentation was dominantly from braided rivers flowing from the nascent taurus mountains and from the nigde metamorphic massif further north during this period erosion more or less kept pace with exhumation and the topography remained subdued allowing a marine incursion probably eustatically controlled into the karsanti basin in the east during early oligocene time regional exhumation was possibly controlled by thermal uplift of an actively extending area located behind the subducting s neotethys in the eastern mediterranean sea during exhumation largely ophiolitic rocks were eroded revealing the deformed mesozoic tauride carbonate platform beneath the area was affected by a short lived pulse of compressional deformation transpression probably in mid miocene time but extensional exhumation then resumed as indicated by the presence of metamorphic derived clasts from the adjacent nigde massif late miocene deposition was dominated by large inward draining lakes consistent with regional evidence of a humid climate during this time strong surface uplift took place during plio quaternary time drainage to the mediterranean became established allowing river valleys to incise deeply into the flanks of the taurus mountains palaeo valleys were successively infilled with coarse alluvial sediments this deposition was influenced by ne sw trending extensional faults in addition the sedimentary evolution of the area was strongly influenced by the nne ssw trending ecemis fault zone which has experienced ca 60 km of left lateral strike slip since the late eocene an important pulse of normal faulting transtension in latest miocene early pliocene time generated large fault scarps these acted as sources for large plio quaternary alluvial fans which prograded across active strike slip faults the morphology of these fans was influenced by a combination of quaternary climatic change axial fluvial downcutting and active strike slip tectonics in general the plio quaternary regional uplift of the taurus mountains may relate to underplating of material derived from the african plate during progressive collision with the anatolian eurasian plate in the vicinity of the easternmost mediterranean sea

micro zircon origin and evolution during metamorphism the size and distribution of zircon within a garnet mica schist from the scottish highlands were assessed using scanning electron microscopy the study reveals that abundant 0 2 3 0 m sized zircon is preferentially concentrated within garnet and biotite porphyroblasts the micro zircon has grown during regional metamorphism and represents 90 of the total number of zircon in the schist it is texturally distinct from a few larger detrital zircon grains in the schist that commonly preserve evidence of dissolution and more rarely small metamorphic outgrowths the sequential incorporation of zircon in porphyroblasts allows prograde changes in the morphology of the zircon population to be identified zircon is reactive and soluble and responds to medium grade metamorphism in a series of dissolution and crystallization events linked to possible changes in fluid composition deformation also has a significant influence on the distribution of zircon allowing inclusions previously trapped within biotite to react about 8 106 micro zircon occur as inclusions within a typical individual 5 mm garnet porphyroblast and their presence must be considered prior to trace element or isotopic analysis of such metamorphic phases

actualistic ophiolite provenance the cyprus case abstract the island of cyprus represents an excellent site to assess quantitatively petrologic clastic response to actively obducting oceanic sources in order to define an actualistic reference for ophiolite provenance in terms of framework composition and heavy mineral suites an improved methodology an extension of the classic ternary qfl logic to include a wider spectrum of key indexes and ratios provides an accurate synthesis of modal data and allows differentiation of three main petrographic provinces and at least seven subprovinces diagnostic signatures of detritus from various levels of an oceanic lithospheric source and criteria for distinguishing provenance from suprasubduction versus mid oceanic ophiolites are also outlined modern sands derived from the troodos ophiolite contain variable proportions of largely pelagic carbonate to chert boninite to basalt diabase to metabasite plagiogranite to gabbroic and cumulate grains supplied from progressively deeper seated levels of the multilay

hydrochemical evolution of the east midlands triassic sandstone aquifer england a detailed hydrogeochemical interpretation has been made of the red bed sherwood sandstone triassic aquifer of the east midlands of england on which a radiocarbon model has been used to establish a chronology of groundwaters along the flow line groundwater evolution is dominated by carbonate and sulphate mineral solution and precipitation and by redox reactions cation exchange reactions are negligible and the hydrogeochemistry has evolved in the absence of residual saline water three distinct zones are recognised 1 i recent groundwater mainly 100 y oxidising dominated by congruent dissolution of dolomite and by inputs from atmospheric and anthropogenic sources 2 ii groundwater age 103 104 y predominantly reducing dominated by incongruent dissolution of dolomite 3 iii groundwater age 104 y reducing conditions approach to isotopic and chemical equilibrium in the carbonate system dominance of gypsum dissolution the minor and trace element variation can be interpreted in relation to the principal geochemical reactions and recharge history na cl f and b are controlled by atmospheric inputs sr2 and mn2 trends can be explained by carbonate and sulphate mineral dissolution ba2 is derived from carbonates but controlled by barite equilibrium fe so42 no3 and u are strongly influenced by redox reactions the concentrations of transition metals and other elements remain very low only li and k are considered to represent additions by reaction of silicate minerals the extent of direct anthropogenic influence is probably limited to enhanced so4 no32 and possibly cu zn and pb in zone i

sequential porphyroblast growth and crenulation cleavage development during progressive deformation abstract six stages of crenulation cleavage development during a single deformation event d2 can be recognised in both matrix and porphyroblast inclusion trails in the robertson river formation n e australia these stages progress from undeformed to crenulation and differentiated crenulation of s1 through development of differentiated crenulation cleavage s2 and differentiated schistosity s2 to homogeneous foliation s2 these rocks underwent prograde metamorphism during d2 and chloritoid garnet staurolite andalusite and sillimanite isograds have been mapped most rocks are rich in porphyroblasts which commonly contain well defined inclusion trails the geometry of these trails varies from one mineral type to the next depending on the timing of porphyroblast growth relative to the stage of crenulation cleavage development in the schistose matrix the deformation history involved progressive bulk inhomogeneous shortening and the strain is very heterogeneous on all scales partly as a consequence of this hence each of the six stages of crenulation cleavage development formed locally at various times during d2 therefore if a porphyroblast grew late in the deformation it could overgrow all stages of crenulation cleavage development including the very early ones the temperature increased during metamorphism in any one locality and consequently some porphyroblasts overgrew others that were unstable in the new conditions preserving them from destruction hence the precise timing of mineralogical reactions deduced from isograds and mineral chemistry relative to the stages in schistosity development can also be determined in the andalusite zone the sequence of porphyroblasts in decreasing order of age is biotite garnet biotite staurolite andalusite dissolution of garnet occurred during growth of staurolite and especially andalusite and dissolution of staurolite accompanied andalusite growth

a new geobarometer for the assemblage biotite muscovite chlorite quartz the equilibrium thermodynamics of the reaction 4kmga1si40 o oh mg5a1 si30 o oh muscovlte chlorite muscovite biotite ka13si 0 oh 3kmg3aisi 0 0 oh 7si0 4h o quartz fluid can be formulated as a geobarometer thermo dynamic data for the mg a1 celadonite end member of muscovite is derived from the reversed mineral equilibria experiments of velde i 965 using the calculation method of powell 1978 giving afh 1298 5823 5 kj s 1298 0 3060kjk v 1298 13 8kjkbar

a new microstructural mapping methodology for the identification analysis and interpretation of polyphase deformation within subglacial sediments although integrated clast macro and microfabric studies have been used to provide evidence of palaeo ice flow directions to discriminate between diamictons deposited in differing sedimentary environments and to model the response of tills to subglacial deformation such studies have typically only examined the bulk fabric developed within the diamicton largely ignoring the potential for several phases of fabric development within these typically polydeformed deposits we present a new graphical method for the identification description and analysis of clast microfabrics in polydeformed tills this method utilises high resolution digital scans of orientated thin sections imported into a standard computer graphics package to measure the orientation of long axes of detrital skeleton grains included within the till these data are then used to identify the main clast microfabrics present within the till allowing the delineation of clast microfabric domains in which elongate grains share a similar preferred orientation this process leads to the identification characterisation and most importantly the interrelationships between the various generations of microfabrics the relationships between these clast microfabrics and other microstructures e g plasmic fabrics turbate structures shears folds faults etc can also be examined providing a detailed microfabric microstructural map of the thin section clast long axis orientation data collected for different parts of a thin section are plotted on a series of rose diagrams allowing the variation in clast microfabric orientation to be displayed graphically a new set of terminology for the description of clast microfabrics in tills which is based upon the system used by metamorphic petrologists is also presented three case studies of the fabrics present within subglacial sediments of pleistocene age as well as the present are used as examples of how to apply this methodology

major minor and trace element mobility in the acidic upland forested catchment of the upper river severn mid wales variations in the major minor and trace element concentrations in two streams within a coniferous forest are described and are related to hydrological and hydrogeochemical factors the rainfall chemistry reflects a maritime influence although there are occasional pollutant inputs ph 4 5 streamwater chemistry variations are strongly dependent upon flow baseflow chemistry determined by reactions in the inorganic soils and bedrock is of a mg ca hco 3 type ph 6 7 5 mineralization yields up to a four fold increase in ca hco 3 zn and so 4 concentrations ph 0 5 units higher stormflow chemistry reflects hydrogeochemical processes in the organic soil horizons the stormflow waters are acidic ph 4 5 and are enriched by an order of magnitude in h ai y co and mn mineral equilibrium calculations have been applied to aluminium hydroxides crystalline and amorphous aluminosilicates and hydroxy aluminium sulphates to determine the degrees of mineral saturation in the streamwaters ion exchange reactions have been evaluated to describe the consequences of natural variations in atmospheric salt loadings and evapotranspiration on the stream water chemistry and to explain low na cl ratios in storm waters

evidence from the kyrenia range cyprus of the northerly active margin of the southern neotethys during late cretaceous early cenozoic time sedimentary geology and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy have shed light on the geological development of the northern active continental margin of the southern neotethys in the kyrenia range following regional triassic rifting a carbonate platform developed during jurassic cretaceous time followed by its regional burial deformation and greenschist facies metamorphism the platform was exhumed by late maastrichtian time and unconformably overlain by locally derived carbonate breccias passing upwards into upper maastrichtian pelagic carbonates in places the pelagic carbonates are interbedded with sandstone turbidites derived from mixed continental basic volcanic neritic carbonate and pelagic lithologies in addition two contrasting volcanogenic sequences are exposed in the western central kyrenia range separated by a low angle tectonic contact the first is a thickening upward sequence of campanian lower maastrichtian pelagic carbonates silicic tuffs silicic lava debris flows and thick bedded to massive rhyolitic lava flows the second sequence comprises two intervals of basaltic extrusive rocks interbedded with pelagic carbonates the basaltic rocks unconformably overlie the metamorphosed carbonate platform whereas no base to the silicic volcanic rocks is exposed additional basaltic lavas are exposed throughout the kyrenia range where they are dated as late maastrichtian and late paleocene middle eocene in age in our proposed tectonic model related to northward subduction of the southern neotethys the kyrenia platform was thrust beneath a larger tauride microcontinental unit to the north and then was rapidly exhumed prior to late maastrichtian time pelagic carbonates and sandstone turbidites of mixed largely continental provenance then accumulated along a deeply submerged continental borderland during late maastrichtian time the silicic and basaltic volcanogenic rocks erupted in adjacent areas and were later tectonically juxtaposed the campanian early maastrichtian silicic volcanism reflects continental margin type arc magmatism in contrast the upper maastrichtian and paleocene middle eocene basaltic volcanic rocks erupted in an extensional or transtensional setting likely to relate to the anticlockwise rotation of the troodos microplate

pliocene pleistocene sedimentary tectonic development of the mesaoria mesarya basin in an incipient diachronous collisional setting facies evidence from the north of cyprus

quantitative dating of pleistocene deposits of the kyrenia range northern cyprus implications for timing rates of uplift and driving mechanisms the kyrenia range underwent tectonically driven uplift during the pliocene to pleistocene in response to the interaction of various tectonic processes to understand the tectonic processes driving the uplift and how this is related to uplift of other areas of the eastern mediterranean uranium series disequilibrium and optically stimulated luminescence dating were applied to marine and non marine terrace deposits exposed on the northern flank of the range palaeomagnetism and strontium isotope dating were used in conjunction to date the final stages of the marine environment adjacent to the kyrenia range prior to major surface uplift uplift rates range from 1 2 mm a 1 inferred during the early pleistocene to 1 during the late pleistocene the new data show that the kyrenia range was uplifted contemporaneously with the troodos massif in southern cyprus the uplift of the kyrenia range appears to have been significantly faster than that affecting other comparable regions in the easternmost mediterranean during the pleistocene e g lebanon coast southern anatolian plateau the driving mechanism for the uplift of both the kyrenia range and the troodos massif is inferred to be the collision of the eratosthenes seamount with the cyprus trench to the south of cyprus supplementary material details of the methods used are available at https doi org 10 6084 m9 figshare c 3260977

pleistocene geomorphological and sedimentary development of the akaki river catchment northeastern troodos massif in relation to tectonic uplift versus climatic change the uplift of the troodos ophiolite is reflected in the development of the akaki river catchment in the northeast troodos massif four main stages f1 f4 of geomorphological terrace development and related deposits are recognised using satellite imagery and field observations the geomorphological terraces have been tectonically uplifted during the pleistocene so that they dip northwards from the troodos mountains until they merge with the mesaoria plain lithology e g hard diabase versus soft extrusive rock has exerted an important control on the geomorphology of the akaki river channel the f1 terraces and related deposits are well preserved in the lower reaches of the catchment the f2 terraces are more widely preserved but with few preserved deposits the f3 erosional surfaces e g strath terraces and related deposits are widespread up into the higher reaches of the catchment the f4 to recent geomorphological surfaces and deposits are confined to near the modern river channel the f1 to f3 aged deposits each include very high energy mass flow deposits and somewhat lower energy traction flow deposits with minimal sand preservation stages of fluvial aggradation were followed by soil development e g terra rossa the f1 to f4 aged terraces and related deposits mainly formed in response to a combination of very long term tectonic uplift and climatic related change long term and short term tectonic uplift was the dominant driver related to the updoming of the troodos ophiolite especially during the earlier time period f1 and f2 whereas climate related effects appear to have dominated more recently f3 and f4 sedimentary aggradation is likely to have predominated during interglacial periods while interglacial glacial transitions when climate fluctuated are seen as times of increased incision previous correlations of the f1 f4 fluvial deposits with similar deposits elsewhere in cyprus including coastal marine carbonate deposits suggest that the f1 and f2 deposits are likely to be of middle pleistocene age and the f3 f4 deposits of late pleistocene to holocene age