thermal infrared data analyses of meteor crater arizona implications for mars spaceborne data from the thermal emission imaging system thermal infrared tir data from the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster instrument are used to identify the lithologic distribution of the meteor crater ejecta blanket and nearby within 3 km region this has many applications to the analysis of data from the thermal emission imaging system themis instrument that is currently in orbit at mars aster and themis whereas orbiting different planets have similar spatial and spectral resolutions themis represents the highest spatial resolution 100 m to date of the martian surface thereby allowing small 1km impact craters to be studied in detail for the first time meteor crater serves as an analog for the many similar sized impact sites on the surface of mars these sites are future research targets with themis and aster data of meteor crater provides ideal data and geologic landscape in preparation for future themis investigations fieldwork at meteor crater yielded sample collection of the primary lithologies and an opportunity to validate previously collected high resolution 3 2 m airborne thermal imaging multispectral scanner tims data laboratory thermal emission spectra were obtained for the samples collected deconvolution of aster tir emissivity data were performed with image end members and sample end members comparisons of the spaceborne data to high resolution airborne tims data were used to assess the validity of the aster end member analyses the aster image end member analysis agreed well with the earlier tims end member analysis where the effects of resolution degradation were accounted for laboratory spectra and mineral spectral libraries provided poor fits of deconvolution of multispectral tir data lithologies with similar spectral signatures or with low areal abundances were difficult to identify using the same methodology as that applied to the aster tir data of meteor crater themis tir data of a small 1 km impact crater in syrtis major were analyzed the crater s rim and ejecta blanket was found to contain larger particle sizes than the surrounding ejecta free plain indicating a young fresh impact age and little or no accumulation of dust the composition of the rim ejecta and surrounding plain was determined to be basaltic it is hoped that the work performed here will complement future investigations of fresh impact sites with themis data that may be used to solve geologic questions such as 1 the composition of ejecta blocks that represent pre impact underlying stratigraphy in high albedo dust covered regions of mars 2 the approximate age of impact and 3 regolith dust thickness which appears to be a factor of 2

reservoir heterogeneity and quality of khuff carbonates in outcrops of central saudi arabia abstract the khuff carbonates host several main gas reservoirs in the middle east these reservoirs are known for their heterogeneity both of sub seismic scale and beyond the interwell spacing to get a better insight in these reservoirs the heterogeneity of the upper khartam member placed in a high frequency sequence stratigraphic framework was studied with a lateral resolution between logged sections of 5 m the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of four outcrop localities were studied and approximately 600 samples were collected for petrographic porosity and permeability analyses seventeen lithofacies types were recognised and six major diagenetic processes could be differentiated in the studied outcrops dissolution is likely the result of intensive circulation of meteoric water undersaturated with respect to calcite significantly cementation has blocked most of the original intergranular porosity pore lining detrital clay severely impacted reservoir permeability and complicated the pore geometry dolomitization is associated with the upper khuff sudair boundary and is likely the result of influx of water highly saturated with mg 2 that developed during the deposition of the sudair evaporites finally stylolites are to a major extend controlled by lithofacies and geobody configuration ten porosity types could be namely intergranular intragranular shelter dissolution enlarged moldic vuggy micro porosity and porosity in relation to dolomite dedolomite dolomite leaching and fracture development overall intertidal creeks are characterized by a complex and heterogeneous pore geometry if compared to the intertidal channels and this can be attributed to the geobody architecture with intertidal creeks being composed of dense and small tidal bodies 1 m in length and 20 cm in thickness while intertidal channels are composed of thick amalgamations of intertidal channels 5 m by 50 cm most critically the horizontal reservoir quality was influenced differentially by diagenesis which resulted in a lateral segmentation of single bodies into different hydraulic units the differential mold filling calcite cements have significantly reduced porosity and permeability generally mineral content has little impact on the reservoir quality although clay minerals played a central role in lining the pore space and affecting permeability finally horizontal reservoir heterogeneity seems to have been controlled by fractures and stylolites which respectively acted as conduits to and barriers for vertical fluid flow and hence controlled the differential cementation and dissolution processes

impact of atmospheric water vapor on the thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions a case study from the pu u o vent of kilauea volcano hawaii the december 18 1999 launch of nasa s terra satellite put two multispectral thermal infrared imaging instruments into earth orbit experiments with airborne instruments have demonstrated that the data from such instruments can be used to detect volcanic so2 plumes and clouds however one of the greatest challenges that will confront efforts to monitor volcanic so2 emissions from space is the need to characterize the local atmosphere in this paper we evaluate the sensitivity of the so2 retrieval procedure to our knowledge of the local atmospheric conditions we compare so2 retrievals obtained with distant radiosonde and local fourier transform infrared ftir soundings atmospheric measurements and find that the relative difference is typically 25 for ground temperature retrievals the relative difference is 1 5 these results lead us to conclude that while local measurements of atmospheric conditions are preferable useful retrievals can be obtained using atmospheric measurements from distant sites in addition we find very good agreement between so2 and ground temperature retrievals obtained from thermal infrared imagery and ftir soundings

radiometric normalization and image mosaic generation of aster thermal infrared data an application to extensive sand sheets and dune fields abstract data from the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster have a significant advantage over previous datasets because of the combination of high spatial resolution 15 90 m and enhanced multispectral capabilities particularly in the thermal infrared tir atmospheric window 8 12 m of the earth where common silicate minerals are more easily identified however the 60 km swath width of aster can limit the effectiveness of accurately tracing large scale features such as eolian sediment transport pathways over long distances the primary goal of this paper is to describe a method for generating a seamless and radiometrically accurate aster tir mosaic of atmospherically corrected radiance and from that extract surface emissivity for arid lands specifically sand seas the gran desierto in northern sonora mexico was used as a test location for the radiometric normalization technique because of past remote sensing studies of the region its compositional diversity and its size a linear approach was taken to transform adjacent image swaths into a direct linear relationship between image acquisition dates pseudo invariant features pifs were selected using a threshold of correlation between radiance values and change pixels were excluded from the linear regression used to determine correction factors the degree of spectral correlation between overlapping pixels is directly related to the amount of surface change over time therefore the gain and offsets between scenes were based only on regions of high spectral correlation the result was a series of radiometrically normalized radiance at surface images that were combined with a minimum of image edge seams present these edges were subsequently blended to create the final mosaic the advantages of this approach for tir radiance as opposed to emissivity data include the ability to 1 analyze data acquired on different dates with potentially very different surface temperatures as one seamless compositional dataset 2 perform decorrelation stretches dcs on the entire dataset in order to identify and discriminate compositional units and 3 separate brightness temperature from surface emissivity for quantitative compositional analysis of the surface reducing seam line error in the emissivity mosaic the approach presented here is valid for any aster related study of large geographic regions where numerous images spanning different temporal and atmospheric conditions are encountered

surface unit characterization of the mauna ulu flow field kilauea volcano hawai i using integrated field and remote sensing analyses abstract investigation of surface units in the mauna ulu flow field kilauea volcano hawai i was conducted through field and remote sensing analyses recently acquired advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster and master modis aster airborne simulator datasets which cover the visible through thermal wavelength region have been analyzed and correlated with a field based characterization of mauna ulu flow unit surfaces field observations were made of unit morphologies decimeter to decameter scale as well as small scale millimeter to centimeter scale surface textures estimates were made of the extent of surface crust spallation as well as the abundance of vesicles and phenocrysts on the surface crust and spallation surfaces the field based characteristics were compared with remote sensing data including visible and near infrared reflectance spectra thermal infrared emissivity spectra and emissivity derived small scale roughness visible wavelength characteristics are controlled primarily by color luster and decimeter to meter scale surface irregularities whereas thermal wavelength characteristics are primarily controlled by the abundance of small scale roughness elements such as vesicles although individual data pixels are not of sufficient resolution to identify typical individual lava flow units using point spectra mean spectra allow characterization of unit surface crusts flow unit morphologies and surface textures are related to differences in emplacement and post emplacement modification of a a and pahoehoe lobes pahoehoe surface properties reflect the flow regime during emplacement and the history of cooling degassing and crystal formation settling the nature of pahoehoe surface crusts indicates that within the wide range of emplacement conditions expressed within the flow field two sets of conditions are dominant producing a bronzy smooth crust or a dark rough crust the former makes up the majority of the pahoehoe surfaces and reflects minimal cooling and degassing prior to emplacement whereas the latter reflects cooling and crystallization during storage within the flow field this study provides a detailed characterization of mauna ulu surface units and presents an integrated field and remote sensing approach to mapping and interpreting the emplacement of lava flow fields

spaceborne observations of the 2000 bezymianny kamchatka eruption the integration of high resolution aster data into near real time monitoring using avhrr abstract since its launch in december 1999 the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster instrument has been observing over 1300 of the world s volcanoes during the day and night and at different times of the year at the onset of an eruption the temporal frequency of these regularly scheduled observations can be increased to as little as 1 3 days at higher latitudes however even this repeat time is not sufficient for near real time monitoring which is on the order of minutes to hours using poorer spatial resolution 1 km pixel instruments the eruption of bezymianny volcano kamchatkan peninsula russia in march 2000 was detected by the alaska volcano observatory avo and also initiated an increased observation frequency for aster a complete framework of the eruptive cycle from april 2000 to january 2001 was established with the advanced very high resolution radiometer avhrr data used to monitor the large eruptions and produce the average yearly background state for the volcano twenty nearly cloud free aster scenes 2 days and 18 nights show large thermal anomalies covering tens to hundreds of pixels and reveal both the actively erupting and restive background state of the volcano aster short wave infrared swir and thermal infrared tir data were also used to validate the recovered kinetic temperatures from the larger avhrr pixels as well as map the volcanic products and monitor the thermal features on the summit dome and surrounding small pyroclastic flows these anomalies increase to greater than 90 c prior to a larger eruption sequence in october 2000 in addition aster has the first multispectral spaceborne tir capability which allowed for the modeling of micrometer scale surface roughness vesicularity on the active lava dome where coupled with ongoing operational monitoring programs like those at avo aster data become extremely useful in discrimination of small surface targets in addition to providing enhanced volcanic mapping capabilities

infrared thermography of the fumarole area in the active crater of the aso volcano japan using a consumer digital camera abstract thermal information of volcanoes is crucial for understanding their magmatic activity in active volcanoes the fumarole temperature is measured in order to monitor the magmatic activity in this study a consumer digital camera has been used as an infrared thermometer in order to obtain the infrared images for a fumarole area in the active crater of the aso volcano japan the temperature of the fumaroles that are more than a few centimeters in diameter can be estimated from the recorded images the aperture value and the exposure time of the digital camera can be optimized manually and clear images can be obtained in a wider temperature range of fumaroles by using the digital camera than by the consumer camcorder used in the previous study the spatial resolution can also be chosen by changing the lens the sensor of the digital cameras is sensitive to the near infrared wavelengths of light and the temperature estimation by using light of these wavelengths is robust against disturbances such as atmospheric absorption the temperature size and spatial distribution of the fumaroles estimated by using this thermometer are considered to be more reliable than those measured by the dedicated thermometer used in the aso volcano and the consumer camcorder used in the previous study the thermometer used in this study is handy and cost effective moreover it has better temperature and spatial resolutions for monitoring high temperature volcanic activity

spectral characterization of igneous rocks in the 8 to 12 μm region variation in the spectral response of silicates in the thermal infrared tir from 8 to 12 m is the foundation for potentially important applications in the lithologic characterization of terrestrial and extraterrestrial surfaces the purpose of this study is to elucidate the crystallo chemical basis for the variation in spectral behavior in terms which may be useful in remote sensing this has led to the definition of a new parameter scfm which is defined as the ratio sio2 sio2 cao feo mgo in minerals and rocks this parameter reflects the degree of depolymerization of the silica tetrahedra and is therefore highly correlated with the structure of tir reflectance spectra of major silicate minerals in both fine and coarse grained igneous rocks it is also a good numerical descriptor of igneous rock composition thus scfm is proposed as a very useful determinant for spectral identification of igneous rocks the scfm parameter was used to assess the effect of variations in location number and width of bands in discriminating rock composition an unfortunate ambiguity exists in the use of the term band which in spectroscopy indicates a feature in a spectrum and in remote sensing signifies a specific wavelength increment or channel the latter definition is used in this paper spectra of coarse particulate mineral and solid rock samples were acquired in the laboratory a regression analysis of bands varying in width from 0 2 to 1 4 m versus scfm results in coefficients of determination correlation coefficients r2 ranging from 0 88 for two 1 2 m wide bands to 0 97 for seven 0 2 m wide bands deletion of bands in the ozone absorption region 9 4 10 2 m results in a decrease in r2 by only 0 01 stimulation of system noise by addition of 5 random counts to the bands decreases r2 by only 0 03 because spectra structure is modified by weathering alteration and texture of the samples the validity of these results is limited to fresh igneous rocks with this constraint it is concluded that accurate spectral identification of igneous rock composition is not greatly affected by bandwidth or system noise it is the overall spectral envelope rather than the fine structure in the tir which contains most of the information diagnostic of igneous rock composition this permits design of remote sensing systems with broad bands and corresponding higher signal to noise which can be traded off against the important requirement for higher spatial resolution

what can thermal infrared remote sensing of terrestrial volcanoes tell us about processes past and present on mars over the past fifty years a diverse set of thermal infrared tir remote sensing data has been acquired from the orbits of earth and mars which both have ubiquitous volcanic landforms these data vary in spatial spectral and temporal resolution and are critical for investigating an ever expanding set of science applications including the focus of this review paper volcanic processes volcanic studies using tir data include active monitoring of flows and plumes on earth and mapping the compositional and thermophysical diversity on mars furthermore recent advances in high resolution low cost ground and laboratory tir instrumentation now help to augment the orbital data through a synergistic approach to data analysis and validation field and laboratory studies also serve as terrestrially focused analogues that provide important insights to interpret the geologic processes that have operated on other planetary surfaces including mars this review expands upon our invited talk of the same title at the 2014 geological society of america meeting to include several case studies designed to give the reader an overview of how tir data can be applied to volcanic processes on earth and mars these case studies highlight prior work by the authors presented at past meetings but which have not been published elsewhere the examples were chosen specifically to identify the tir data similarities between the two planets and include analyses of volcanic surfaces to 1 derive composition and texture using tir spectra earth and mars 2 analyze mantled flows with thermophysical data earth and mars 3 estimate lava discharge rate using tir derived temperature earth with application to mars and 4 model flow dynamics based on geomorphic measurements mars because of our focus on the tir we do not attempt to document other remote sensing wavelength regions nor even every volcanic study using tir data as tir instruments have improved over time along similar trajectories the higher spatial and spectral resolutions provide the ability to examine volcanic processes in more quantitative ways despite the fact that no tir instrument has ever been designed solely to study volcanic phenomena whether these trends continue for both planets will depend on the design of new tir technologies the data they produce and the science that results from the data

surface cooling advection and the development of different surface textures on active lavas on kilauea hawai i the validity of lava flow cooling models were investigated using data from a high resolution high frame rate thermal imaging camera on kilauea hawai i during august 2004 once the surface temperature data for small lava flow and lobes were corrected for emissivity viewing distance humidity and viewing angle it was clear that their upper surfaces were thermally stratified on eruption the interior of a stationary lava lobe was exposed by removing the crust and its cooling rate was measured at 30 hz for this flow the measured cooling trend was successfully modelled using a finite difference cooling model however modelled and measured cooling rates of a pahoehoe lobe and a small channelised lava flow were only in agreement until the crust began to deform the departure from the modelled trend at this point is attributed to two factors one is the complex cooling regime of a highly deformed ropy crust in which exposed lava at the crests of the ropes radiates in all directions compared with lava in the troughs where radiative cooling is less effective the second and more important reason for the difference is the reduced flow rate of the crust once it begins to be compressed the underlying visco elastic zone beneath the crust flows more rapidly than the crust and consequently advective heat flow significantly reduces cooling rates variations in heat loss from different flow textures and the incorporation of different advective heat components is clearly important in future flow models one of the critical parameters in such models is the temperature at which different surface textures develop temperature profiles along lobes and flows also revealed that rope textures developed on pahoehoe lavas when temperatures were in the range of 700 800 c brittle deformation of pahoehoe crust occurred when temperature dropped below 700 c and small pahoehoe lobes stopped advancing at temperatures of 600 650 c it is important to recognise that the flow front temperatures at which these flows stop advancing will be significantly greater than for larger flows on similar gradients the higher internal and basal shear stresses of large lava flows will allow the flow to advance until the visco elastic layer at the front of a front is significantly cooler than the temperatures recorded on these small flows on kilauea

noise simulation and correction in synthetic airborne tir data for mineral quantification rock forming minerals such as feldspar and quartz can be identified and quantified from thermal infrared tir laboratory spectroscopy using spectral models this paper uses synthetic airborne tir spectra to test whether the hyperspectral spatially enhanced broadband array spectrograph system sebass would theoretically be able to detect quartz and feldspar minerals and quantitatively predict mineral modes in felsic igneous rocks data from a previous laboratory study were used to simulate tir spectra with band locations and noise levels of the sebass sensor the quantitative partial least squares regression plsr models from that study were applied to newly created synthetic sebass data and results were compared with the predictions from the previous study predicted compositions based on sebass band positions are nearly identical rho 0 995 to those based on laboratory resolution results are still reliable prediction errors within 0 4 absolute to the original laboratory plsr predictions when adding up to 1 noise about five times the sebass noise level to the synthetic data prediction errors rapidly increase when noise levels beyond 1 are used these results show that sebass spectral resolution spectral coverage and signal to noise levels are sufficient to quantitatively predict quartz and feldspar amounts and feldspar compositions with models based on plsr spectral distortions such as reduced spectral contrast tilts and vertical shifts must be compensated for before these quantitative models are applied a mean and standard deviation masd normalization is proposed using a set of ground data for compensating systematic errors that are common to all image pixels

review of the utility of infrared remote sensing for detecting and monitoring volcanic activity with the case study of shortwave infrared data for lascar volcano from 2001 2005 this chapter provides a historical review of the use of infrared remote sensing for the monitoring of volcanic activity it 1 examines the theoretical basis for infrared observations of thermally anomalous volcanic features 2 presents the various sensors that have been used and are currently available and 3 describes the techniques that have been developed to analyse such data the chapter ends with a case study of data derived from advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer shortwave infrared observations of lascar volcano in chile this case study aims to highlight the utility of infrared observations in volcano logical studies assessing the various techniques that can be used and examining the different factors which influence these analyses the chapter ends discussing future prospects for volcanic infrared remote sensing

seamless geological map generation using aster in the broken hill curnamona province of australia abstract the availability of multiple aster image acquisitions enables regional scale geological mapping though instrument irradiance atmospheric and surface scattering effects can cause problems in generating seamless mosaics of geological information products these issues including shortwave infrared swir crosstalk were addressed in producing seamless aster geological maps over the curnamona province associated with the world class pb zn ag broken hill deposit over 35 aster scenes covering an area of approximately 52 000 km2 from 14 different overpass dates were acquired maps of al oh and mg oh carbonate were generated from aster swir data as well as a map of quartz content from the thermal infrared tir data maps of ferrous iron content were also generated from the swir data of individual aster scenes the swir bands also enabled qualitative mapping of the al oh composition though garnet and feldspar rich units were not well mapped using the tir field sampling and spectral measurements together with detailed 1 25 000 mapping and large scale hymap surveying constrained the accuracy of the aster derived geological products

varnish sediment and rock controls on spectral reflectance of outcrops in arid regions field observations in the meatiq dome eastern desert egypt show that amphibolite weathers to form massive outcrops and dense desert pavements that are extensively varnished laboratory based reflectance spectra of representative samples covering 5 cm 2 and spectra extracted from landsat thematic mapper data covering 2 25 x 10 4 m 2 confirm that varnish dominates the reflectance properties of amphibolite outcrops field laboratory and landsat data indicate that granite gneiss weathers to expose mainly bare rock whereas granitic out crops evolve to a mix of rock and locally generated sediment penetrative foliation in quartz phyllonite leads to production of slab shaped clasts that cover the surface the data show that mass wasting of the slabs results in a mix of rock varnish and sediment exposures outcrop reflectance properties for arid regions are thus dependent on both rock mineralogy and texture because both parameters modulate bedrock weathering and erosion

generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth and disintegration of glassy rinds 1 the deposits of mafic hydromagmatic eruptions are more fine grained and variable in vesicularity than dry magmatic deposits blocky equant shapes of many hydromagmatic clasts also contrast with droplet thread and bubble wall morphology of dry magmatic fragments small 180 m blocky hydromagmatic pyroclasts have traditionally been interpreted to result from discrete vapor explosions although such explosions tend to occur only under certain conditions this paper considers a process of hydromagmatic ash formation that involves repeated growth and disintegration of glassy rinds on pyroclast surfaces as they deform within turbulent flows this process termed turbulent shedding may occur during the expansion phase of vapor explosions or during turbulent but nonexplosive mixing of magma with water steam or water sprays the occurrence of turbulent shedding and the resulting fragment sizes depend on the timescale for rind growth and the timescale between disturbances that remove or disintegrate glassy rinds turbulent shedding is directly observable in some small littoral jets at kilauea calculations suggest that in the presence of liquid water or water sprays glassy rinds having a thickness of microns to millimeters should form in milliseconds to seconds this is similar to the timescale between turbulent velocity fluctuations that can shred lava globules and remove such rinds the fraction of a deposit consisting of fine ash should increase with the duration of this process large scale surtseyan jets generate hundreds or thousands of shedding events bubble bursts or tephra jets at kilauea s coast may produce only a few

thermal infrared analysis of weathered granitic rock compositions in the sacaton mountains arizona implications for petrologic classifications from thermal infrared remote sensing data 1 critical to spectral interpretations of geologic surfaces on the earth and mars is an understanding of the relationship between the composition of weathered rock surfaces and whole rock mineralogy in this study thermal infrared spectroscopic and remote sensing analyses were used to determine the composition of weathered granitoid rock surfaces in the sacaton mountains arizona a linear spectral deconvolution approach was employed to determine the mineralogies of naturally exposed weathered surfaces and artificially exposed fresh rock surfaces deconvolution results from fresh rock surfaces yield similar bulk mineralogy to results from point counting of rock slabs and thin sections deconvolution of weathered rock spectra indicate that compared to fresh samples weathered surfaces are deficient in plagioclase feldspar and are enriched in clay minerals the differential weathering of feldspar minerals impacts the interpretation of whole rock mineralogy and the spectral classification of bedrock geology which for plutonic rocks is dependent on the relative proportions of different feldspars deconvolutions of multispectral remote sensing or laboratory data show a deficiency of total feldspar in the weathered rock units but lack sufficient spectral resolution for the discrimination between different feldspars these results demonstrate that the differential breakdown and removal of primary minerals in rock surfaces due to weathering can affect the interpreted rock petrology from remote sensing studies the relationships observed in our granitic samples could be applied to any rock type and may be important to consider for remote sensing of mars

split window retrieval of particle size and optical depth in contrails located above horizontally inhomogeneous ice clouds multichannel radiometer measurements of a newly formed contrail taken from a nasa er 2 aircraft over northern oklahoma during the fire cirrus ii experiment are used in a split window retrieval of the contrail s particle size and optical depth the effect of horizontal inhomogeneity in an underlying cirrus layer on the contrail retrieval is studied through the use of multi dimensional radiative transfer model simulations estimates of the contrail s effective radius are significantly smaller 5 7 m than those in the underlying cirrus 21 m the effect of horizontal inhomogeneity in the underlying cirrus on contrail particle size and optical depth retrievals is generally smaller than the corresponding effects of particle shape or spectral variations in surface emissivity on the retrievals the differences in particle size retrievals are 10 percent or less as a result of the inhomogeneity while they are from 10 to 40 percent for ice cylinders and range from 1 to 40 percent for ice spheroids horizontal inhomogeneity affected the optical depth retrievals by only one or two percent while surface emissivity variations affected the retrievals by 12 to 24 percent and particle shape produced differences as large as 9 percent

the thermal stealth flows of santiaguito dome guatemala implications for the cooling and emplacement of dacitic block lava flows thick slow moving block lava flows are associated with extrusive activity in dacitic systems where lava core depressurization during flow front collapse generates devas tating block and ash flows dimensional and rare thermal data collected during jan uary 2000 for an active dacitic block flow at santiaguito guatemala provide insight into cooling and emplacement mechanisms flow velocity was low 12 5 m d 21 in spite ginal shear zones the axial part of the flow front was thicker than the marginal zones and was oversteepened this geometry can be explained by a higher vertical velocity gradient in the axial zone causing more frequent and larger volume flow front col lapses axial zone collapses also penetrate farther up flow but not sufficiently to de pressurize the flow core and generate a block and ash flow for such a block and ash flow to occur we calculate that an in crease in velocity and or thickness due to increased slope or topographic confine ment must occur whereas low surface temperatures make block flows invisible to short wave infrared sensors the low veloc ity also contributes to the stealthy behavior of these flows their stealthy nature how ever masks the fact that they can extend many kilometers moving block and ash flow sources closer to vulnerable communities

surface mineral mapping at steamboat springs nevada usa with multi wavelength thermal infrared images abstract the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of airborne multispectral and hyperspectral thermal infrared tir image data for mapping surface minerals characteristic of active geothermal systems tir image data from the master multispectral spectrometer and the sebass hyperspectral spectrometer were acquired over steamboat springs nevada usa in september 1999 spectral emissivity information was extracted from the data and used to generate mineral maps using the master data it was possible to map the extent of the active geothermal area as well as silica rich vs clay rich areas using the sebass data the same areas could be mapped and additionally the presence of several minerals including opal quartz alunite anorthite albite and kaolinite could be identified the sebass data also detected previously unidentified hydrous sulfate minerals tamarugite and alunogen forming around active fumaroles laboratory spectral data and xrd analyses of field samples confirmed the dominant mineral phases identified remotely the airborne field and laboratory data together with temperature anomaly and fumarole location data from other studies were synthesized and linked to the surface geology to determine the diagnostic surface mineral expression that could be mapped with tir remotely sensed data for future exploration for similar geothermal systems opaline sinter deposits are the most diagnostic surface expression of hot spring activity at steamboat springs because they represent areas of the recent geyser activity the differentiation between opal and chalcedony deposits and the identification of hydrous sulfate minerals forming around active fumaroles are also important because chalcedony represents ancient sinter deposits and hydrous sulfate minerals indicate locations of fumaroles that may be venting diffusely with no geyser activity the surface expression of the geothermal system at steamboat springs is small which emphasizes the need for high spatial resolution airborne imagers the 90 m pixels of aster tir data over the same area were only capable of resolving the area of past and recent sinter deposits together master multispectral tir data covered the entire area 12 km 2 at 5 m spatial resolution and were capable of defining the extent of the sinter deposits and zones of hydrothermally altered rocks the sebass image swath was too narrow 256 m to add significant spatial information to the overall map but the high spectral content identified several important minerals related to the local geology and the mineralogic surface expression of the geothermal system

dynamics of surges generated by hydrothermal blasts during the 6 august 2012 te maari eruption mt tongariro new zealand abstract the 6 august 2012 te maari eruption produced violent and widespread cold pyroclastic density currents pdcs following unroofing of the pressurized hydrothermal system despite an erupted volume of only 5 10 5 m 3 and lacking any juvenile component the 340 000 m 3 of pdcs spread over an area of 6 1 km 2 and had mobilities that were on the order of volcanic blasts or blast like pdcs this great mobility was due to strong lateral focussing of explosion energy producing jets with initial velocities 100 m s we present a type stratigraphy for these hydrothermal derived low temperature pdcs that show a tripartite deposit sequence each of the deposit units dominates respectively three outward gradational sedimentary facies reflecting transitions in the propagating pdc transport and depositional mechanisms the largest pdcs directed west and east of the upper te maari area were generated from outer cone breccias and tuffs that were mostly highly hydrothermally altered landsliding and the geometry of the hydrothermal area led to the directed jetting initial particle laden jets laid sheets grading into lobes of proximal massive sand to gravel rich facies dominated by unit a and extending up to 1 km from the vents as the jets were collapsing a vertically and longitudinally stratified pdc developed within the first few hundred metres from source exponential thinning and coarse tail grading dominated fining with radial distance of massive unit a resulted from fast deposition and progressive depletion of the most concentrated flow region behind the pdc head markedly slower tractional sedimentation from the passing pdc body and tail deposited the highly stratified and ripple bedded fine coarse ash of unit b this formed distinctive dune fields of the medial dune bedded ash rich facies upwards in depositional sequences the waning of the current can be seen by replacement of higher energy bedforms to progressively lower ones downstream progressive waning and further depletion are characterised by the development of the distal wavy to planar bedded ash rich facies this is increasingly dominated by the uppermost deposition unit c of laminated fine med ash deposited by gently turbulent dilute phoenix clouds these high energy pdcs sourced from flank hydrothermal systems should be regarded as a serious threat in any multihazard assessment of a stratovolcano even though they may not be one of the major magmatic vent sites in addition further detailed studies of these hydrothermal jetting events and their deposits should be pursued in order to better understand large volume volcanic blasts which appear to be a larger scale sibling phenomenon

numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 okmok eruption approach and analysis 1 throughout february and march of 1997 okmok volcano in the eastern aleutian islands of alaska erupted a 6 km long lava flow of basaltic a a within its caldera a numerical model for lava flow cooling was developed and applied to the flow to better understand the nature of its cooling radiation and convection from the surface as well as conduction to the ground were used to transport the flow s heat to its surroundings in the model internally a conduction only approach moved heat from the interior outward vesiculation latent heat generation and thermal conductivity changes with temperature are among the other factors that were dynamically accounted for results indicate that ambient temperature fluctuations on the scale of days to weeks must be taken into account to create an accurate short term prediction of lava surface temperature daily data of rainfall and ambient temperature as opposed to yearly averages greatly increased the accuracy of the model furthermore convective cooling of the lava surface was observed to be a dominant heat loss process during the first 200 days indicating the convective heat transfer coefficient is a prime determinant of the accuracy of the model for predicting surface temperatures over a longer cooling period 2 years thermal conductivity and porosity proved to be among the dominating factors for heat loss because of the limiting role of conductive heat flow in the interior the model s flexibility allows application to flows other than the 1997 okmok eruption

time series analysis of effusive volcanic activity using the ers along track scanning radiometer the 1995 eruption of fernandina volcano galapagos islands abstract the ers 1 along track scanning radiometer atsr provides frequent shortwave and longwave infrared radiance data of every terrestrial volcanic region at a spatial resolution of 1 km 2 by adopting a simplified model that assumes that any observed active lava flow is composed of two distinct thermal components we present techniques that allow subpixel lava flow areas to be estimated from the atsr spectral radiance data such estimates are especially useful in documenting effusive volcanic activity occurring in remote regions where ground observations may be sparse or completely lacking we use a time series atsr dataset to document the 1995 eruption of fernandina volcano an important but isolated volcanic island in the galapagos archipelago we estimate that in 1995 fernandina produced a 6 km 2 lava flow field with a volume of around 20 million m 3 a similar magnitude to previously studied fernandina eruptions this is the first time series analysis of an active galapagos lava flow produced using remotely sensed data previous fernandina flows have been investigated many months or years after the activity had ceased the current and future availability of frequent low spatial resolution infra red radiance data from spaceborne sensors such as the advanced along track scanning radiometer aatsr and the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer modis should ensure that adaptations of these techniques can be used to document future volcanic eruptions occuring in similarly isolated regions

shelf sequence and characteristic bounding surfaces in a wave dominated setting latest pleistocene holocene examples from northeast japan abstract this paper presents modern models for coastal to shelf sequences in a microtidal and wave dominated setting based on detailed analyses of latest pleistocene holocene sequences on the pacific side of northeast japan the latest pleistocene holocene sequences on the pacific side of northeast japan created in response to sea level changes for the last 30 kyr can be assigned to lowstand transgressive and highstand systems tracts related to sea level changes and show characteristic bounding surfaces and depositional systems these basically support the sequence architecture model of vail however transgression and regression occurred almost simultaneously with rise and fall of sea level in the study areas and so inflection points of sea level curves where the absolute slope or the rate of change is greatest are less significant for these high frequency sequences the characteristic bounding surfaces are a sequence boundary a transgressive surface which is the boundary between the lowstand and the transgressive systems tracts a ravinement surface which is found mainly in deposits of the transgressive systems tract and a maximum flooding surface which is the boundary between the transgressive and the highstand systems tracts the sequence boundary was created in response to falling sea level fluvial entrenchment shifted seaward with falling sea level therefore the boundary is a time transgressive unconformity and is not an isochronous boundary the transgressive surface is a nearby isochronous boundary that occurred when the shoreline had started to move landward from its maximum seaward excursion the ravinement surface is a diachronous surface created by shoreface erosion during transgression the shoreface erosion shifted landward with rising sea level and so the erosion surface created is time transgressive this surface is the most distinct bounding surface in the shelf sequence these characteristics of the bounding surfaces support and clarify the model of thorne and swift 1991 the transgressive systems tract on the shelf can be divided into two backstepping wedges separated by the ravinement surface the lower wedge consists of coastal plain and fluvial systems and the upper wedge is composed of transgressive sand and or sand ridges both the wedges show a backstepping depositional pattern which can be recognized in seismic records and cores these wedges correspond to the backstep backbarrier wedge and backstep shelf wedge of thorne and swift 1991 respectively

quartzose mafic spectral feature space model a methodology for extracting felsic rocks with aster thermal infrared radiance data abstract the original spectral features of felsic rocks are often intermingled with other surface objects which results in difficulty of detecting felsic rocks using remote sensing techniques few felsic rock indices were proposed and visual interpretation with rgb false color composition is widely used to detect felsic rocks this paper aims to construct a two dimensional spectral feature space model to extract felsic rocks using aster thermal infrared radiance data the study area is located in northern qinghai province western china with average altitude of approximately 4200 m a large number of training pixels of mafic ultramafic rock quartz rich rock felsic rock carbonate rock and vegetation were selected from the aster images as samples of these surface objects then we used a quartz rich rock index qi qi band14 0 844 band12 1 897 and a mafic ultramafic rock index mi mi 0 915 band10 band13 1 437 to generate a two dimensional scatter plot the plot was named after quartzose mafic spectral feature space qmfs the samples show an approximate triangular shape in the qmfs mafic ultramafic rock quartz rich rock and carbonate rock are located in separate locations in the three vertex regions respectively while felsic rock is located in the central region of the triangle next we calculated a linear belt of silicate rocks in which silicate rocks vary regularly by using a linear regression analysis in the qmfs statistical characteristics of the felsic rock samples are analyzed afterwards a polygon which delineates the distribution of felsic rock samples was constructed from the linear belt of silicate rocks then we generated a system of inequalities based on the equations of the edges of the polygon the application of the inequalities to the aser images shows a good performance of the qmfs for extracting felsic rocks

the 1997 eruption of okmok volcano alaska a synthesis of remotely sensed imagery abstract okmok volcano in the eastern aleutian islands erupted in february and march of 1997 producing a 6 km long lava flow and low level ash plumes this caldera is one of the most active in the aleutian arc and is now the focus of international multidisciplinary studies a synthesis of remotely sensed data airsar derived dems landsat mss and etm data avhrr ers jers radarsat has given a sequence of events for the virtually unobserved 1997 eruption elevation data from the airsar sensor acquired in october 2000 over okmok were used to create a 5 m resolution dem mosaic of okmok volcano avhrr nighttime imagery has been analyzed between february 13 and april 11 1997 landsat imagery and sar data recorded prior to and after the eruption allowed us to accurately determine the extent of the new flow the flow was first observed on february 13 without precursory thermal anomalies at this time the flow was a large single lobe flowing north according to avhrr band 3 and 4 radiance data and ground observations the first lobe continued growing until mid to late march while a second smaller lobe began to form sometime between march 11 and 12 this is based on a jump in the thermal and volumetric flux determined from the imagery and the physical size of the thermal anomalies total radiance values waned after march 26 indicating lava effusion had ended and a cooling crust was growing the total area 8 9 km 2 thickness up to 50 m and volume 1 54 10 8 m 3 of the new lava flow were determined by combining observations from sar landsat etm and airsar dem data while the first lobe of the flow ponded in a pre eruption depression our data suggest the second lobe was volume limited remote sensing has become an integral part of the alaska volcano observatory s monitoring and hazard mitigation efforts studies like this allow access to remote volcanoes and provide methods to monitor potentially dangerous ones

analysis of hot springs and associated deposits in yellowstone national park using aster and aviris remote sensing the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster and the airborne visible ir image spectrometer aviris data were used to characterize hot spring deposits in the lower midway and upper geyser basins of yellowstone national park from the visible near infrared vnir to thermal infrared tir wavelengths field observations of these basins provided the critical ground truth for comparison with the remote sensing results fourteen study sites were selected based on diversity in size deposit type and thermal activity field work included detailed site surveys such as land cover analysis photography global positioning system gps data collection radiometric analysis and vnir spectroscopy samples of hot spring deposits geyser deposits and soil were also collected analysis of aster data provided broad scale characteristics of the hot springs and their deposits including the identification of thermal anomalies aviris high spectral resolution short wave infrared swir spectroscopy provided the ability to detect hydrothermally altered minerals as well as a calibration for the multispectral swir aster data from the image analysis differences in these basins were identified including the extent of thermal alteration the location and abundance of alteration minerals and a comparison of active near extinct and extinct geysers we determined the activity level of each region using a combination of the vnir swir tir spectral differences as well as the presence of elevated temperatures detected by the tir subsystem of aster the results of this study are applicable to the exploration of extinct mineralized hydrothermal deposits on both earth and mars

surface and crater exposed lithologic units of the isidis basin as mapped by coanalysis of themis and tes derived data products 1 the stratigraphy and mineral heterogeneity of surface and crater exposed deposits in the southwestern portion of the isidis basin were investigated using spatial spectral visible and thermophysical data sets from both the mars global surveyor and odyssey missions four themis spectral surface units were identified progressing from the libya montes highlands to the inner lowland plains of isidis planitia lithologic determinations of these spectral units were made by linear deconvolution analysis of tes data olivine rich surface materials correlate with a well documented high thermal inertia unit based on spatial and stratigraphic relationships interpreted from both crater exposed and surface exposures the olivine rich unit was determined to have formed subsequent to the isidis basin forming event morphology occurrence and linear deconvolution of this unit suggests that it may represent noachian age to hesperian age picritic lavas that erupted as early stage lavas originating from sources such as syrtis major beneath isidis and as far as tyrrhena patera these lavas are suggested to have partially filled the basin based on crater exposed occurrences and were subsequently buried by further evolved olivine poor lavas later these lavas were exposed by erosion and subsequent impacts into the basin crater scaling suggests significant infilling of the basin by these lavas that may account for craters with very high d d ratios and the well developed positive mass anomaly associated with the basin this study also demonstrates that the remote sensing of impact craters in conjunction with surface mapping is a potent mapping tool for understanding stratigraphy and the petrogenesis of the martian crust

mineralogic information from a new airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner a new six channel aircraft multispectral scanner has been developed to exploit mineral signature information at wavelengths between 8 and 12 micrometers preliminary results show that igneous rock units can be identified from their free silica content and that carbonate as well as clay bearing units are readily separable on the digitally processed images

numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 okmok eruption comparison with advanced very high resolution radiometer thermal imagery 1 throughout february and march 1997 okmok volcano in the eastern aleutian islands of alaska erupted a 6 km long lava flow of basaltic a a within its caldera in the first part of the study a numerical model for lava flow cooling was developed by patrick et al and applied to the flow to better understand the nature of its cooling in this second part of the study the model predictions for lava surface temperature over a 200 day cooling period were compared to advanced very high resolution radiometer avhrr thermal imagery various methods were used to extract the subpixel lava temperature from the avhrr pixel integrated values including the dual band method and pixel merging inherent to these approaches is the multicomponent modeling of the lava surface temperature whereas active flows have been shown to have several thermal components so too do flows undergoing extended cooling because of the dependence of the methods on the avhrr instantaneous field of view ifov the scan dependent ifov dimensions and overlap values were considered results from patrick et al indicate that convective heat loss from the surface largely controls surface temperature during extended cooling but the functions governing this heat loss mechanism are poorly understood avhrr derived temperatures from this part of the study suggest that values for the convective heat transfer coefficient for this flow were most commonly between 50 and 100 w m 2 k 1 and generally above 25 w m 2 k 1 these results are in agreement with previously measured values from the field but are significantly higher than those assumed in other remote sensing studies of cooling lava also the avhrr data corroborate the modeled prediction of seasonal warming of the lava surface

satellite thermal analyses of lava dome effusion rates at unzen volcano japan this paper presents analyses of infrared remote sensing data of the 1992 1994 lava dome growth episode of unzen volcano japan the primary aim is to determine whether such data can indicate trends in the rate of magma supply to the dome since this is one of the principal factors controlling the frequency of pyroclastic flow spaceborne low spatial resolution infrared radiance data correctly delimit the two discrete phases of magma supply to the dome and during phase 1 the short wavelength data are found to be strongly correlated with ground based estimates of lava effusion rate the correlation is however significantly weaker during phase 2 analysis of high spatial resolution data from airborne and satellite based systems allows us to determine the principal source of shortwave infrared flux as fumarolically heated dome surfaces these being significantly hotter than the actively growing lava lobes variations in the low spatial resolution shortwave infrared signal are therefore directly attributed to fluctuations in the size and temperature of the fumarolically heated area these fumarolic variations are largely dependent upon the flux rate of magmatic gas which in turn is partly dependent upon the rate of magma supply gas fluxes measured using correlation spectrometer cospec measurements of so2 concentration indicate that the relationship between fumarolic discharge and the effusion rate of lava was relatively stable during phase 1 but highly variable during phase 2 we suggest these variations as an explanation for the differing correlations observed between the emitted shortwave infrared flux and the effusion rate of lava during phases 1 and 2 we conclude that appropriate analysis of high and low spatial resolution shortwave infrared remote sensing data may assist in elucidating trends in lava supply at volcanoes exhibiting similar dome growth episodes to that experienced at unzen

mapping playa evaporite minerals and associated sediments in death valley california with multispectral thermal infrared images efflorescent salt crusts and associated sediments in death valley california were studied with remote sensing data acquired by the nasa thermal infrared multispectral scanner tims nine spectral classes that represent a variety of surface materials were distinguished including several classes that reflect important aspects of the playa groundwater chemistry and hydrology evaporite crusts containing abundant thenardite sodium sulfate were mapped along the northern and eastern margins of the cottonball basin areas where the inflow waters are rich in sodium gypsum calcium sulfate crusts were more common in the badwater basin particularly near springs associated with calcic groundwaters along the western basin margin evaporite rich crusts generally marked areas where groundwater is periodically near the surface and thus able to replenish the crusts though capillary evaporation detrital silicate minerals were prevalent in other parts of the salt pan where shallow groundwater does not affect the surface composition the surface features in death valley change in response to climatic variations on several different timescales for example salt crusts on low lying mudflats form and redissolve during seasonal to interannual cycles of wetting and desiccation in contrast recent flooding and erosion of rough salt surfaces in death valley probably reflect increased regional precipitation spanning several decades remote sensing observations of playas can provide a means for monitoring changes in evaporite facies and for better understanding the associated climatic processes at present such studies are limited by the availability of suitable airborne scanner data however with the launch of the earth observing system eos am 1 platform in 1998 multispectral visible near infrared and thermal infrared remote sensing data will become globally available

ejecta distribution patterns at meteor crater arizona on the applicability of lithologic end member deconvolution for spaceborne thermal infrared data of earth and mars 1 a spectral deconvolution using a constrained least squares approach was applied to airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner tims data of meteor crater arizona the three principal sedimentary units sampled by the impact were chosen as end members and their spectra were derived from the emissivity images to validate previous estimates of the erosion of the near rim ejecta the model was used to identify the areal extent of the reworked material the outputs of the algorithm reveal subtle mixing patterns in the ejecta identified larger ejecta blocks and were used to further constrain the volume of coconino sandstone present in the vicinity of the crater the availability of the multialtitude data set also provided a means to examine the effects of resolution degradation and quantify the subsequent errors on the model these data served as a test case for the use of image derived lithologic end members at various scales which is critical for examining thermal infrared data of planetary surfaces the model results indicate that the coconino ss reworked ejecta is detectable over 3 km from the crater this was confirmed by field sampling within the primary ejecta field and wind streak the areal distribution patterns of this unit imply past erosion and subsequent sediment transport that was low to moderate compared with early studies and therefore places further constraints on the ejecta degradation of meteor crater it also provides an important example of the analysis that can be performed on thermal infrared data currently being returned from earth orbit and expected from mars in 2002

effects of surficial modification processes on thermal infrared signatures in the arid southwestern united states thermal infrared spectra from both laboratory and remote sensing instruments were used to distinguish different age lava flows with varying amounts of surficial modification at cima and lunar crater volcanic fields the modification processes affecting the lava flows cause spectral differences that can be seen in remotely sensed emittance spectra from the thermal infrared multispectral scanner important influences on the thermal infrared spectra include aeolian mantling vegetation lava flow roughness and rock varnish laboratory thermal infrared reflectance spectra of the subaerially exposed surfaces of 1 15 cm basalt fragments at cima volcanic field show a feature attributable to rock varnish on the younger flows 0 14 0 75 m y that is lacking on the older flows 0 8 m y this suggests that rock varnish is thinner on the older flows at cima volcanic field scanning electron microscope images and thin sections of the different age flows at cima volcanic field support the conclusion that rock varnish is thinner and may be eroding on the older flow surfaces

effects of a volcanic plume on thermal imaging data ground based thermal imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for volcano surveillance however the impact of volcanic plumes on quantitative measurements of surface temperature has not been previously evaluated here we use a radiative transfer model to simulate gas primarily h2o and so2 and aerosol absorptions over the path between a thermal camera and a heat source on stromboli volcano italy a ftir spectrometer was used to quantify path amounts of gases likely to be encountered when making thermal measurements of the active craters we find that when using a camera sensitive from 7 5 to 13 mu m underestimates of similar to 400 k may be produced when viewing a source with an actual temperature of 1200 k cameras that operate between 3 and 5 mu m are somewhat less susceptible to these errors

investigating crater lake warming using aster thermal imagery case studies at ruapehu poas kawah ijen and copahue volcanoes abstract a two channel or split window algorithm designed to correct for atmospheric conditions was applied to thermal images taken by the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster of lake yugama on kusatsu shirane volcano in japan in order to measure the temperature of its crater lake these temperature calculations were validated using lake water temperatures that were collected on the ground overall the agreement between the temperatures calculated using the split window method and ground truth is quite good typically 1 5 c for cloud free images data from fieldwork undertaken in the summer of 2004 at kusatsu shirane allow a comparison of ground truth data with the radiant temperatures measured using aster imagery further images were analyzed of ruapehu poas kawah ijen and copahue volcanoes to acquire time series of lake temperatures a total of 64 images of these 4 volcanoes covering a wide range of geographical locations and climates were analyzed results of the split window algorithm applied to aster images are reliable for monitoring thermal changes in active volcanic lakes these temperature data when considered in conjunction with traditional volcano monitoring techniques lead to a better understanding of whether and how thermal changes in crater lakes aid in eruption forecasting

surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on kilauea volcano hawai i systematic hand held radiometer measurements of lava surface temperatures in active flows and tubes on kilauea volcano hawai i reveal complexities that cannot be resolved in remotely sensed data from aircraft or satellites using portable infrared minolta land cyclops radiometers we measured surface temperatures of flows at various distances from their sources and investigated cooling rates and the development of crust our measurements suggest that the upper surface of these lava flows can be split into a minimum of four thermal components core 1050 c visco elastic skin 750 900 c rigid solid crust 750 c and flow margins 175 c for the a a flows investigated a cool rigid crust characteristically developed in the central part of channels within 30 m of the source vent and incandescent lava was exposed in the marginal shear zones of channels this affects the heat loss and morphology of lava in active channels our investigations of temperature distributions on pahoehoe flow fields reveal temperature anomalies of up to 150 c above active tubes and tumuli

emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 3 5 μm atmospheric window remotely sensed infrared radiance emitted by a surface is a function both of its kinetic temperature and its spectral emissivity consequently assumptions are usually made about the emissivity of earth surface materials to allow their temperatures to be determined or vice versa to increase the accuracy of these assumptions the directional hemispherical spectral reflectance of a wide range of natural earth surface materials has been measured and is summarized here these include igneous metamorphic and sedimentary rocks desert varnish soils vegetation water and ice kirchhoff s law can be used to predict directional spectral emissivity from these data

post emplacement dynamics of andesitic lava flows at volcan de colima mexico revealed by radar and optical remote sensing data abstract we used optical and radar remote sensing datasets to map estimate the volume and measure the surface displacements of lava flows emplaced on the flanks of volcan de colima mexico by extrusion of lava dome material from the end of 2014 to early 2016 our main result is that the flow motion of the lava contributes significantly to the recorded displacements several months after its emplacement first we mapped the deposits and estimated their volumes using two digital elevation models dem one derived from radar data acquired before the peak of activity and one derived from optical images acquired just after this peak of activity coherence information derived from the radar dataset added some temporal constraints on the timing of emplacement of various deposits we thus estimated a mean extrusion rate of 1 2 m3 s 1 between november 2014 and february 2015 we then used a new approach to reconstruct the 3d displacement field taking advantage of images acquired by the same satellite on both ascending and descending tracks and using a physical a priori on the direction of horizontal displacements our results show that about 2 cm yr 1 of horizontal motion is still recorded a few months after the emplacement on the sw lava flow which is the only one covered by the two acquisition geometries in order to differentiate the potential causes of the observed displacements we modeled the thermal contraction of the lava flow using a finite element numerical method removing the contribution of thermoelastic contraction from the measured displacements enable to infer both the viscoelastic loading and flow motion effects from the residuals results show that thermal contraction flow motion and viscoelastic loading contribute significantly to the displacements recorded

high resolution imaging of hydrothermal heat flux using optical and thermal structure from motion photogrammetry abstract quantifying hydrothermal heat flux at meter scale resolution over 0 25 km2 is required to bridge in situ heat flux and satellite based measurements we advance a methodology that blends ground based daytime optical and nighttime thermal infrared tir imagery using structure from motion photogrammetry to map radiant hydrothermal heat flux over these scales at sites with low signal to noise ratios that would otherwise be difficult to characterize using for example unmanned aerial systems the improved method uses a computerized telescopic mount to relocate and align daytime optical acquisitions with nighttime tir imagery thereby enabling tir acquisition from multiple camera orientations positioned throughout a study area this facilitates mapping of thermal features at sites of varying size and complexity and helps to ameliorate topographic occlusion effects and geometric distortions that can bias radiant hydrothermal heat flux estimates derived from the resulting orthorectified thermal maps we assessed detection thresholds of this method at three sites across central california which range in size topography and heat flux conditions we found that blending of optical and thermal acquisitions successfully detected anomalous heat flux even in cases where temperatures were only slightly greater than background this approach might be applied to a variety of volcanic and hydrothermal systems to quantify the spatial distribution of heat flux and how this may relate to factors such as the distribution of ground fractures and lava flow rheology

thermal infrared radiative transfer within three dimensional vegetation covers 1 the angular distribution of thermal infrared tir radiation emitted by vegetation covers can vary widely depending on environmental conditions and canopy structure as an aid in the interpretation of tir remotely sensed data from vegetated surface with incomplete canopies we developed a three dimensional radiative transfer model in the thermal infrared domain the model simulates the tir radiative budget and upward spectral radiance of vegetation covers the model is an extension to the tir region of the dart discrete anisotropic radiative transfer model developed for the short wave domain radiative transfer simulation relies on discrete 3 d scene representations which include any distribution of trees and ground covers possibly with topography propagation of emitted and scattered radiation is tracked with a ray tracing approach and the discrete ordinate method the model was successfully tested against a physically based model for homogeneous canopies and a partial validation was carried out with directional tir measurements on a cotton row crop model simulations are presented to illustrate the influence of the canopy geometric structure on the directional apparent temperature of hypothetical vegetation covers

new aster derived thermal indices to delineate mineralogy of different granitoids of an archaean craton and analysis of their potentials with reference to ninomiya s indices for delineating quartz and mafic minerals of granitoids an analysis in dharwar craton india abstract we processed five thermal infrared tir bands of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster at sensor radiance level 1b data to derive few new indices to delineate variation in quartz feldspar and mafic minerals in three different variants of granitoid commonly occurring quartz bearing intrusive rock group in this regard three indices named as quartz bearing rock index qri feldspar bearing rock index fri and mafic bearing rock index mri were proposed qri index was derived using band 10 band 12 and band 13 band 10 band 12 band 13 band 12 of aster radiance image mri index was derived using band 12 band 13 and band 14 band 12 band 13 band 13 band 14 of aster radiance bands while band 10 band 11 were combined to derive fri band 10 band 11 index three indices were combined in false colour composite image fcc and three dimensional scatter plot to delineate granite alkali granite and mafic rich granodioritic gneiss from each other as these granitoids had variable abundances of quartz feldspar and mafic minerals qri and mri were compared with the corresponding quartz and mafic indices proposed by ninomiya 2005 it was observed from the respective ratio images and their regression plots that mri and ninomiya s mafic index nmi were complementary to each other on the other hand qri image was better in enhancing quartz enrichment in alkali granites than ninomiya s quartz index nqi however qri index was comparable with the quartz index proposed by rockwall and hofstra 2008 in terms of delineating quartz enrichment in alkali granite mutual exclusive nature of mafic minerals and quartz in granitoids was also evident from the negative correlation between mri and qri indices of the granitoids on the other hand fri and qri were negatively correlated with low regression value this was resulted due to the combined effect of inverse relation of abundance of two dominant feldspars with quartz in different granitoids in granitoids abundance of plagioclase is known to increase with decreasing quartz content in granodiorite and tonalite although alkali feldspar bearing granites are characterised with high silica content results of discrimination of granitoids using proposed indices were validated based on deriving emissivity spectra of rocks and comparing them with aster tir band resampled laboratory spectra of respective granitoids in addition to use geological map of the study area emissivity spectra of granitoids were derived from emissivity image derived using emissivity normalisation method after geospatially tagging it with qri fri mri image composite which was used to delineate exposures of granitoids further we also found that the qri mri and fri indices had poor temperature dependence when these indices were compared with relative surface temperature image derived from radiance bands using emissivity normalisation algorithm therefore proposed indices can be implemented for delineating mineralogical variations of granitoids irrespective of surface temperature condition hence proposed indices may be used successfully to delineate different granitic intrusions and relating their mineralogical variations with metallogeny

regional mineral mapping of island arc terranes in southeastern mongolia using multi spectral remote sensing data abstract over the last few decades many porphyry cu deposits have been discovered in southeastern se mongolia in particular the gurvansayhan and mandalovoo island arc terranes have high potential for ore deposits regional mineral mapping of these terranes using data from the landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus etm and the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer aster have provided new geological information on the metallogenic province revealing potential mineral deposits for future explorations iron oxides hydroxides with high etm band 1 3 ratio values occur extensively in quaternary deposits located at the boundary between the gurvansayhan and mandalovoo island arcs terranes and basins the high average band ratios 1 35 registered for the porphyry cu and au deposits and their occurrences are associated with iron oxidation which originates from the erosion and weathering of ore zones regional mapping of the island arc terranes using the aster shortwave infrared swir logical operators showed circular or semicircular alteration patterns which usually cluster along faults the mineral assemblages mapped by the aster swir analysis in five major porphyry cu districts can be divided into two types the first type includes argillic phyllic and propylitic mineral assemblages as exemplified by the shuteen ikh shankhai and oyu tolgoi deposits the second type of assemblage includes phyllic and propylitic mineral assemblages as exemplified by the kharmagtai and tsagaan suvarga deposits within the deposits of the first type quartz was also mapped using the aster thermal infrared tir mineral index the difference between the two types may be related to the presence of a lithocap the results of a field survey including spectral reflectance measurements in the ikh shankhai porphyry cu district showed a good correlation with the image analysis results

the rocks of gusev crater as viewed by the mini tes instrument 1 the miniature thermal emission spectrometer mini tes on board the mars exploration rover spirit is part of a payload designed to investigate whether a lake once existed in gusev crater mini tes has observed hundreds of rocks along the rover s traverse into the columbia hills yielding information on their distribution bulk mineralogy and the potential role of water at the site although dust in various forms produces contributions to the spectra we have established techniques for dealing with it all of the rocks encountered on the plains traverse from the lander to the base of the columbia hills share common spectral features consistent with an olivine rich basaltic rock known as adirondack class beginning at the base of the west spur of the columbia hills and across its length the rocks are spectrally distinct from the plains but can be grouped into a common type called clovis class these rocks some of which appear as in place outcrop are dominated by a component whose spectral character is consistent with unaltered basaltic glass despite evidence from other rover instruments for significant alteration the northwest flank of husband hill is covered in float rocks known as wishstone class with spectral features that can be attributed uniquely to plagioclase feldspar a phase that represents more than half of the bulk mineralogy rare exceptions are three classes of basaltic exotics found scattered across husband hill that may represent impact ejecta and or float derived from local intrusions within the hills the rare outcrops observed on husband hill display distinctive spectral characteristics the outcrop called peace shows a feature attributable to molecular bound water and the outcrop that hosts the rock called watchtower displays a dominant basaltic glass component despite evidence from the rover s payload for significant alteration of some of the rocks no unambiguous detection of crystalline phyllosilicates or other secondary silicates has been observed by mini tes the mineralogical results supplied by mini tes provide no clear evidence that a lake once existed in gusev crater

volcano surveillance using infrared cameras abstract volcanic eruptions are commonly preceded accompanied and followed by variations of a number of detectable geophysical and geochemical manifestations many remote sensing techniques have been applied to tracking anomalies and eruptive precursors and monitoring ongoing volcanic eruptions offering obvious advantages over in situ techniques especially during hazardous activity whilst spaceborne instruments provide a distinct advantage for collecting data remotely in this regard they still cannot match the spatial detail or time resolution achievable using portable imagers on the ground or aircraft hand held infrared camera technology has advanced significantly over the last decade resulting in a proliferation of commercially available instruments such that volcano observatories are increasingly implementing them in monitoring efforts improved thermal surveillance of active volcanoes has not only enhanced hazard assessment but it has contributed substantially to understanding a variety of volcanic processes drawing on over a decade of operational volcano surveillance in italy we provide here a critical review of the application of infrared thermal cameras to volcano monitoring following a summary of key physical principles instrument capabilities and the practicalities and methods of data collection we discuss the types of information that can be retrieved from thermal imagery and what they have contributed to hazard assessment and risk management and to physical volcanology with continued developments in thermal imager technology and lower instrument costs there will be increasing opportunity to gather valuable observations of volcanoes it is thus timely to review the state of the art and we hope thereby to stimulate further research and innovation in this area

thermal infrared 2 5 13 5 μm spectroscopic remote sensing of igneous rock types on particulate planetary surfaces fundamental molecular vibration bands are significantly diminished by scattering thus such bands in spectra of fine particulate regoliths i e dominated by 5 m particles or regoliths displaying a similar scale of porosity are difficult to use for mineralogical or rock type identification consequently other spectral features have been sought that may be more useful in spectroscopic remote sensing of composition we find that mineralogical information is retained in overtones and combination tones of the fundamental molecular vibrations in the 3 0 to 7 0 m region but that relatively few minerals have a sufficiently distinctive band structure to be unambiguously identified with currently available techniques more significantly identification of general rock type as defined by the scfm chemical index scfm sio2 sio2 cao feo mgo is possible using spectral features associated with the principal christiansen frequency and with a region of relative transparency between the si o stretching and bending bands however environmental factors may affect the appearance and wavelengths of these features finally prominent absorption bands may result from the presence of relatively small amounts of water hydroxyl or carbonate because absorption bands exhibited by these materials in the 2 7 to 4 0 m region where silicate spectra are otherwise featureless increase strongly in spectral contrast with decreasing particle size such materials are thus detectable in very small amounts in a particulate regolith composed predominantly of silicate minerals

pāhoehoe flow cooling discharge and coverage rates from thermal image chronometry 1 theoretically and empirically derived cooling rates for active p hoehoe lava flows show that surface cooling is controlled by conductive heat loss through a crust that is thickening with the square root of time the model is based on a linear relationship that links log time with surface cooling this predictable cooling behavior can be used assess the age of recently emplaced sheet flows from their surface temperatures using a single thermal image or image mosaic this allows quantification of the variation in areal coverage rates and lava discharge rates over 48 hour periods prior to image capture for p hoehoe sheet flow at k lauea hawai i this gives coverage rates of 1 5 m2 min at discharge rates of 0 01 0 05 m3 s increasing to 40 m2 min at 0 4 0 5 m3 s our thermal chronometry approach represents a quick and easy method of tracking flow advance over a three day period using a single thermal snap shot

thermal infrared remote sensing and kirchhoff s law 1 laboratory measurements by the end of this century the earth observing system eos will provide worldwide thermal infrared multispectral images of the earth presenting geologists with a new kind of remote sensing data for interpretation thus it has become essential to understand the spectral emittance behavior of terrestrial surface materials perhaps the most fundamental question to be answereed is the extent to which such materials follow kirchhoff s law epsilon 1 r under laboratory and field conditions especially when a sample displays a thermal gradient we present the first rigorous quantitative comparison of directional and hemispherical reflectance and directional emittance of rock and soil samples in the laboratory with thermal gradients induced by heating them from below and allowing them to radiate to a colder background the results show that only an extemeley low density sample composed of fine particles sifted into a fairy castle structure displays a thermal gradient steep enough within the infrared skin depth to cause significant 6 departure from kirchhoff s law there is no detectable effect on the more normal terrestrial samples such as soils and rocks measured in the laboratory even when semitransparent coatings are involved thus both emittance and reflectance measurements can be used to calculate sample emissivity for most terrestrial surface materieals however the effect on kirchhoffian behavior of different field environments which may induce a steeper thermal gradient in particulate samples has yet to be determined and some low density surface materials like newly fallen snow frost and efflorescent salts on playas have yet to be measured in emittance

precise emissivity of rock samples to differentiate among geological materials and vegetation using thermal infrared spectra radiometric measurements require corrections for local temperature variations and reflected radiation a laboratory technique is described for the determination of spectral emissivity signatures for natural geological samples using a fourier transform infrared spectrometer and the self emission of the scene the approach described does not require control of the sample temperature a quantitative assessment of uncertainties is presented comparison of the emissivity measurements from natural geological specimens with hemispherical reflectance data gave an average difference of about 0 01 in emissivity except near strong features of the spectra the technique is applicable to field measurements of high emissivity objects

spectral reflectance characterization 0 4 to 2 5 and 8 0 to 12 0 mu m of phanerozoic strata wind river basin and southern bighorn basin areas wyoming abstract reflectance spectroscopy a useful analytical tool available to geologists for over 100 years has not been widely used in petrologic or stratigraphic studies of sedimentary rocks we are routinely using laboratory spectral reflectance data covering the 0 4 to 12 0 m wavelength interval in an investigation of the stratigraphic and structural evolution of the wind river and bighorn basin areas wyoming two types of laboratory spectral reflectance measurements were made on 192 weathered outcrop bedrock and core samples 1 hemispherical reflectance from 0 4 to 2 5 m 229 spectra and 2 biconical reflectance from 8 0 to 12 0 m 84 spectra results show stratigraphic variations in the spectral properties of sedimentary rocks as encountered in the field sample mineralogy was determined using x ray diffraction and interpretation of spectra the mineralogy lithology and stratigraphic distribution of samples are diverse and representative of phanerozoic siliciclastic and carbonate strata encountered in foreland sedimentary basins spectra were sorted into 36 distinct groups according to the presence or absence of 68 visible and infrared reflectance features many spectral features can be assigned to specific molecular phenomena and allow rapid determination of specific minerals minerals detectable spectrally include gypsum kaolinite smectite analcime goethite jarosite calcite dolomite and feldspar results are contributing to our understanding of the depositional history of the wind river and bighorn basin areas more importantly results suggest that laboratory field and remote reflectance spectroscopy have more general geologic applicability in studies of sedimentary rocks reflectance spectroscopy can augment conventional laboratory and field methods for petrologic analysis correlation interpretation of depositional environments and construction of facies models

microwave radiometric signatures of different surface types in deserts in arid environments specific microwave signatures have been observed with the special sensor microwave imager ssm i for a given diurnal change in surface skin temperature the corresponding change in the microwave brightness temperature is smaller than expected with the help of a one dimensional time dependent heat conduction model this behavior is explained by microwave radiation coming from different depths in the soil depending on the soil type and on the microwave radiation frequency using the 8 times daily estimates of the surface skin temperature by the international satellite cloud climatology project isccp and a simple fresnel model collocated month long time series of the ssm i brightness temperatures and the surface skin temperatures give a consistent estimate of the effective microwave emissivity and penetration depth parameters results are presented and analyzed for the sahara and the arabian peninsula for july and november 1992 the case of the australian desert is also briefly mentioned assuming a reasonable thermal diffusivity for the soil in desert areas the microwave radiation is estimated to come from soil layers down to depths of at least five wavelengths in some locations regions where the microwave radiation comes from deeper soil layers also have large microwave emissivity polarization differences and large visible reflectances suggesting that these areas correspond to sand dune fields two soil classification data sets show good correspondence of sand dunes and the microwave signature of significant penetration this suggests that this analysis of microwave observations along with other remote sensing technics can be used to map the sand dunes in large poorly surveyed deserts a map of the sand dune fields in the sahara and saudi arabia is derived from ssm i observations

morphology and dynamics of inflated subaqueous basaltic lava flows during eruptions onto low slopes basaltic pahoehoe lava can form thin lobes that progressively coalesce and inflate to many times their original thickness due to a steady injection of magma beneath brittle and viscoelastic layers of cooled lava that develop sufficient strength to retain the flow inflated lava flows forming tumuli and pressure ridges have been reported in different kinds of environments such as at contemporary subaerial hawaiian type volcanoes in hawaii la reunion and iceland in continental environments states of oregon idaho washington and in the deep sea at juan de fuca ridge the galapagos spreading center and at the east pacific rise this study these lava have all undergone inflation processes yet they display highly contrasting morphologies that correlate with their depositional environment the most striking difference being the presence of water lava that have inflated in subaerial environments display inflation structures with morphologies that significantly differ from subaqueous lava emplaced in the deep sea lakes and rivers their height is 2 3 times smaller and their length being 10 15 times shorter based on heat diffusion equation we demonstrate that more efficient cooling of a lava flow in water leads to the rapid development of thicker by 25 cooled layer at the flow surface which has greater yield strength to counteract its internal hydrostatic pressure than in subaerial environments thus limiting lava breakouts to form new lobes hence promoting inflation buoyancy also increases the ability of a lava to inflate by 60 together these differences can account for the observed variations in the thickness and extent of subaerial and subaqueous inflated lava flows

thermal monitoring of lascar volcano chile using infrared data from the along track scanning radiometer a 1992 1995 time series lascar volcano 22 22 s 67 44 w is the most active volcano of the central andes of northern chile activity since 1984 has been characterised by periods of lava dome growth and decay within the active crater punctuated by explosive eruptions we present herein a technique for monitoring the high temperature activity within the active crater using frequent measurements of emitted shortwave infrared swir radiation made by the spaceborne along track scanning radiometer atsr the atsr is an instrument of low spatial resolution pixels 1 km across that shares certain characteristics with the modis instrument planned for use as a volcano monitoring tool in the nasa eos volcanology project we present a comprehensive time series of over 60 cloud and plume free nighttime atsr observations for 1992 1995 a period during which lascar experienced its largest historical eruption variations in short wavelength infrared flux relate directly to changes in high temperature surfaces within the active crater from these data interpretations can be made that supplement published field reports and that can document the presence and status of the lava dome during periods where direct ground based observations are lacking our data agree with less frequent information collected from sensors with high spatial resolution such as the landsat thematic mapper oppenheimer et al 1993 and are consistent with field observations and models that relate subsidence of the dome to subsequent explosive eruptions matthews et al 1997 most obviously lascar s major april 1993 eruption follows a period in which the magnitude of emitted shortwave infrared radiation fell by 90 at this time subsidence of the 1991 1992 lava dome was reported by field observers and this subsidence is believed to have impeded the escape of hot volatiles and ultimately triggered the eruption smithsonian institution 1993a extrapolating beyond the period for which field observations of the summit are available our data show that the vulcanian eruption of 20 july 1995 occurred after a period of gradual increase in short wavelength infrared flux throughout 1994 and a more rapid flux decline during 1995 we attribute this additional otherwise undocumented cycle of increasing and decreasing swir radiance as most likely representing variations in degassing through fumaroles contained within the summit crater alternatively it may reflect a cycle of dome growth and decay the explosive eruption of 17 december 1993 appears to have followed a similar but shorter variation in swir flux and we conclude that large explosive eruptions are more likely when the 1 6 m signal has fallen from a high to a low level the atsr instrument offers low cost data at high temporal resolution despite the low spatial detail of the measurements atsr type instruments can provide data that relate directly to the status of lascar s lava dome and other high temperature surfaces we suggest that such data can therefore assist with predictions of eruptive behaviour deduced from application of physical models of lava dome development at this and similar volcanoes

a relation between lava discharge rate thermal insulation and flow area set using lidar data 1 a simple linear relation can be used to link time averaged discharge rate tadr and lava flow area a the relation applies to given insulation conditions as described by the characteristic flow surface temperature te and will vary from case to case depending on rheological and topographic influences on flow spreading most flows have insulation conditions that change through time modifying the relationship between tadr and area as insulation conditions evolve using lidar data we can define tadr the flow area that the discharge feeds and te allowing generation of a case specific relation to convert satellite data derived flow areas to tadr for etna s 2006 lava flow field we obtain a relation whereby tadr 5 6 10 6 a for well insulated conditions te 100 c and tadr 1 5 10 4 a for poorly insulated conditions te 600 c

high spatio temporal resolution observations of crater lake temperatures at kawah ijen volcano east java indonesia the crater lake of kawah ijen volcano east java indonesia has displayed large and rapid changes in temperature at point locations during periods of unrest but measurement techniques employed to date have not resolved how the lake s thermal regime has evolved over both space and time we applied a novel approach for mapping and monitoring variations in crater lake apparent surface skin temperatures at high spatial 32 cm and temporal every 2 min resolution at kawah ijen on 18 september 2014 we used a ground based flir t650sc camera with digital and thermal infrared tir sensors from the crater rim to collect 1 a set of visible imagery around the crater during the daytime and 2 a time series of co located visible and tir imagery at one location from pre dawn to daytime we processed daytime visible imagery with the structure from motion photogrammetric method to create a digital elevation model onto which the time series of tir imagery was orthorectified and georeferenced lake apparent skin temperatures typically ranged from 21 to 33 c at two locations apparent skin temperatures were 4 and 7 c less than in situ lake temperature measurements at 1 5 and 5 m depth respectively these differences as well as the large spatio temporal variations observed in skin temperatures were likely largely associated with atmospheric effects such as the evaporative cooling of the lake surface and infrared absorption by water vapor and so2 calculations based on orthorectified tir imagery thus yielded underestimates of volcanic heat fluxes into the lake whereas volcanic heat fluxes estimated based on in situ temperature measurements 68 to 111 mw were likely more representative of kawah ijen in a quiescent state the ground based imaging technique should provide a valuable tool to continuously monitor crater lake temperatures and contribute insight into the spatio temporal evolution of these temperatures associated with volcanic activity

regional earthquake as a trigger for enhanced volcanic activity evidence from modis thermal data 1 the magnitude 6 4 earthquake that occurred in java on 26 may 2006 provided us with data capable of revealing an immediate eruptive response at two javanese volcanoes merapi and semeru the availability of pre processed thermal data for volcanic hot spots detected by the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer modis and provided on http hotspot higp hawaii edu allowed us to produce heat and volume flux time series for these two erupting volcanoes covering a 35 day period spanning the earthquake our results revealed a coupled response by the volcanoes to the earthquake both experiencing increases in heat and volume flux beginning 3 days after the earthquake with the response lasting 9 days the response was felt at both volcanoes as a factor of two to three increase in the rate of volumetric output after which output returned to the pre response rates this implies that the earthquake triggered enhanced output at two erupting volcanoes 50 and 300 km distant from the earthquake epicenter and separated from each other by 260 km

a chronology of the 1991 to 1993 mount etna eruption using advanced very high resolution radiometer data implications for real time thermal volcano monitoring between december 1991 and march 1993 a continuous effusive eruption at mount etna built a 7 6 km2 lava flow field flows extended to within 1 km of the town of zafferana before a successful artificial diversion was carried out higher up the volcano during this eruption the spaceborne advanced very high resolution radiometer avhrr acquired 308 images on which the activity could be detected since these data can be freely and directly available such coverage potentially allows regular real time monitoring ground observations and a flow map that we produced using a spot image and electronic distance measurement allowed us to develop and test data extraction techniques avhrr radiance maps were consistent with known locations of surface activity these documented the transition from channel to tube fed phases the changing threat to zafferana and flow diversion quantitative analysis of the avhrr data enabled estimation of active lava area thermal flux effusion rates and total flow field volume our estimates for eruption rate and total flow field volume 5 6 to 7 6 m3 s and 220 106 to 300 106 m3 respectively are in agreement with published ground based estimates of 5 8 m3 s and 235 106 m3 these correlations demonstrate the high degree of confidence that can now be placed in interpretations of avhrr time series for eruptions where ground based data are scanty

mid infrared spectroscopy of impactites from the nordlinger ries impact crater abstract this study is part of an effort to build a mid infrared database 7 14 m of spectra for mertis mercury radiometer and thermal infrared spectrometer an instrument onboard of the esa jaxa bepicolombo space probe to be launched to mercury in 2017 mercury was exposed to abundant impacts throughout its history this study of terrestrial impactites can provide estimates of the effects of shock metamorphism on the mid infrared spectral properties of planetary materials in this study we focus on the nordlinger ries crater in southern germany a well preserved and easily accessible impact crater with abundant suevite impactites suevite and melt glass bulk samples from otting and aumuhle as well as red suevite from polsingen were characterized and their reflectance spectra in mid infrared range obtained in addition in situ mid infrared spectra were made from glasses and matrix areas in thin sections the results show similar but distinguishable spectra for both bulk suevite and melt glass samples as well as in situ measurements impact melt glass from aumuhle and otting have spectra dominated by a reststrahlen band at 9 3 9 6 m bulk melt rock from polsingen and bulk suevite and fine grained matrix have their strongest band between 9 4 and 9 6 m there are also features between 8 5 and 9 m and 12 5 12 8 m associated with crystalline phases there is evidence of weathering products in the fine grained matrix such as smectites mercury endured many impacts with impactors of all sizes over its history so spectral characteristics observed for impactites formed only in a single impact like in the ries impact event can be expected to be very common on planetary bodies exposed to many more impacts in their past we conclude that in mid infrared remote sensing data the surface of mercury can be expected to be dominated by features of amorphous materials

active mud volcanism observed with landsat 7 etm abstract mud volcanoes are relatively small spatter cones that erupt water laden mud and gases and occur throughout the world for many mud volcanoes the eruption of warm mud 10 40 c can be detected with high resolution thermal satellite imagery we demonstrate the utility of landsat 7 enhanced thematic mapper plus etm imagery for thermal monitoring of active mud volcanism we constrain the temperature and area of active mud discharge and estimate surface heat flux for two isolated mud volcanoes in the copper river basin alaska using band 6 10 4 12 5 m the heat flux results span a wide range due to uncertainties in the environmental conditions at the time of image acquisition but can be constrained to be less than 0 24 mw for each of the two mud volcanoes considering previously published field measurements with this higher resolution band 6 on the etm sensor as well as the high resolution thermal bands on the aster sensor reliable monitoring of mud volcanism on this scale is possible for the first time

quantitative estimation of granitoid composition from thermal infrared multispectral scanner tims data desolation wilderness northern sierra nevada california we have produced images that quantitatively depict modal and chemical parameters of granitoids using an image processing algorithm called minmap that fits gaussian curves to normalized emittance spectra recovered from thermal infrared multispectral scanner tims radiance data we applied the algorithm to tims data from the desolation wilderness an extensively glaciated area near the northern end of the sierra nevada batholith that is underlain by jurassic and cretaceous plutons that range from diorite and anorthosite to leucogranite the wavelength corresponding to the calculated emittance minimum min varies linearly with quartz content sio2 and other modal and chemical parameters thematic maps of quartz and silica content derived from min values distinguish bodies of diorite from surrounding granite identify outcrops of anorthosite and separate felsic intermediate and mafic rocks

emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8 14 μm wave band analysis of two field methods abstract the two variants of the box method with one and two lids has been rigorously analyzed as a result of this analysis a correction factor that takes into account the nonideality of the materials used for the box as well as its geometry has been derived a simple method for determining the effective downward atmospheric temperature that uses only the temperature measurement at the zenith also has been proposed finally by using one of the two variants of the box method 72 in situ emissivity measurements in the 8 14 pin wave band region of typical vegetation soils and rocks of europe and south america has been obtained the use of these data for the ernissivity correction of satellite thermal measurements has been analyzed and emissivities for the landsat thematic mapper band 6 and noaa advanced very high resolution radiometer channels 4 and 5 have been derived