triggering and dynamic evolution of the lusi mud volcano indonesia abstract mud volcanoes are geologically important manifestations of vertical fluid flow and mud eruption in sedimentary basins worldwide their formation is predominantly ascribed to release of overpressure from clay and organic rich sediments leading to impressive build up of mud mountains in submarine and subaerial settings here we report on a newly born mud volcano appearing close to an active magmatic complex in a backarc sedimentary basin in indonesia the location of the mud volcano close to magmatic volcanoes results in a high background temperature gradient that triggers mineralogical transformations and geochemical reactions at shallow depth the eruption of 100 c mud and gas that started the 29th of may 2006 flooded a large area within the sidoarjo village in northeast java thousands of people have so far been evacuated due to the mud flood hazards from the eruption since the initial eruption the flow rate escalated from 5000 to 120 000 m 3 d during the first eleven weeks then the erupted volume started to pulsate between almost zero and 120 000 m 3 d in the period august 14 to september 10 whereas it increased dramatically following swarms of earthquakes in september before reaching almost 180 000 m 3 d in december 2006 sampling and observations were completed during two fieldwork campaigns on the site the eruption of boiling water is accompanied by mud aqueous vapour co 2 and ch 4 based on geochemical and field results we propose a mechanism where the eruptions started following the 27th of may earthquake due to fracturing and accompanied depressurization of 100 c pore fluids from 1700 m depth this resulted in the formation of a quasi hydrothermal system with a geyser like surface expression and with an activity influenced by the regional seismicity

corrigendum lusi mud eruption triggered by geometric focusing of seismic waves nature geoscience 6 642 646 2013 published online 21 july 2013 corrected after print 28 august 2014 in our 2013 article1 we adopted a published velocity profile2 described as check shot data which we used as an input constraint for our numerical simulations we were subsequently alerted to artefacts in that velocity profile so below we present revised simulation results based on additional data

ground deformation associated with the eruption of lumpur sidoarjo mud volcano east java indonesia abstract ground deformation associated with the eruption of lumpur sidoarjo mud volcano between 2006 and 2011 has been investigated from synthetic aperture radar images marked subsidence has been observed to the west of as well as around the vent line of sight changes in the both areas decayed since the middle of 2008 with a time constant of 1 5 2 5 years implying that the ongoing eruption won t last long this uniform decay time indicates that the western part is connected to the eruption center since the middle of 2008 to form a system with stationary geometry our observation that the decay started later to the west than around the vent suggests that the subsidence to the west has been triggered by the mud eruption a simple modeling suggests that 1 the conduit needs to be narrower at depth than at the surface 2 the effective rigidity of the mud needs to be lower than that estimated from the drilled sample or both to explain the observed decay constant of the deformation

holocene sea level changes along the mediterranean coast of israel based on archaeological observations and numerical model local sea level curves reflect global eustatic changes regional isostatic adjustments of the crust to changing ice and ocean volumes and tectonically controlled crustal movements in this study we evaluate the relative contribution of each of these factors to the holocene sea level curve of the mediterranean coast of israel we use archaeological data as constraints on palaeo sea levels and we then compare the observational limits with isostatic models for sea level change across the region the isostatic model includes the contribution arising from the relative minor increase in ocean volumes for the past 6000 years due to residual melting of ice sheets the effect of the changing shape of the ocean basin the time dependence of shorelines as sealevel changes and the changing surface area occupied by ice sheets differences if significant between the observed and predicted change are interpreted as being of tectonic origin the archaeological observations and the model sea level curve along the mediterranean coast of israel were found to be generally consistent and any discrepancies lie within the uncertainties of both values our model predicted that 8000 years ago sea level at the israel coast was at about 213 5 2 m whereas the archaeological data place it at 216 5 1 m by 7000 bp the predicted level has risen to about 27 1 m consistent with the archaeological evidences according to both observations and predictions sea level was still lower than 2 3t o24 5 m at 6000 bp and remained below its present level until about 3000 2000 bp the comparison between the model sea level curve and the archaeological observations also enable to conclude that the average rate of vertical tectonic movement for the last 8000 years at the carmel coast israel has been less than 0 2 mm year q 2001 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

middle and late holocene sea levels along the israel mediterranean coast evidence from ancient water wells during the course of a study of historical water wells along the israeli shore which has been in progress since 1984 an innovative method for investigating sea level fluctuations was developed eighteen ancient water wells were re dug 14 by the author and four by archaeologists most of the re dug wells are found at archaeological sites located a very short distance inland from the present shoreline evidence of ancient ground water levels found in the wells directly reflects on historic eustatic sea level changes and the rate at which the end of the post glacial transgression advanced a critical question concerns the durability and life span of these wells as the true age is very important for the accurate reconstruction of a sea level curve the pre pottery neolithic well of atlit yam which is the oldest known well in the world ca 8000 yr old enabled the most accurate sea level reconstruction for early holocene times sea level rise during that period of the atlit yam site was of the order of 20 mm yr 1 at the beginning slowing to 6 8 mm yr 1 at the abandonment of this site at ca 7 5 ka bp when it was flooded by the advancing and rising sea after reaching its present level sea level fluctuations for the past 2 5 millennia were not greater than 1 5 to 2 m 1997 john wiley sons ltd

modeling the effect of stratification on cemented layer formation in sulfide bearing mine tailings abstract reactive transport simulations have been applied to investigate possible effects of stratification on the potential of sulfide bearing mine tailings to form protective cemented layers the simulations are based on characteristic strata found at a german tailings site including sulfide enriched heavy mineral layers mica enriched silt layers and homogeneously mixed layers the simulated secondary phases jarosite gypsum amorphous ferric arsenate amorphous fe hydroxide alunite amorphous silica and kaolinite are similar to those observed in the field using scanning electron microscope analyses of cemented layers it has been observed that the pore area becomes disconnected if the porosity is decreased to values below 15 which would indicate a strong decrease in permeability stratification was found to play a crucial role in cemented layer formation cemented layers are absent or insignificant in systems with a homogeneous distribution of fe bearing sulfides they are extensively developed in systems with a an arsenopyrite rich layer or b a mica enriched layer situated immediately below an fe sulfide enriched layer the modeling results have clearly demonstrated that the key processes operating in scenario a are very different from the key processes in scenario b in scenario a the oxidation of arsenopyrite is followed by the precipitation of amorphous ferric arsenate which can be solely responsible for significant pore reduction in scenario b the presence of a large amount of reactive aluminosilicates e g biotite and ca bearing plagioclase immediately below the fe sulfide rich layer appears to be crucial key processes are extensive formation of acid rock drainage ard followed by enhanced ph driven weathering of aluminosilicates resulting in the accumulation of secondary phases directly below the fe sulfide rich layer in both scenarios a cemented layer is formed that effectively retards the further downward movement of the oxidation front the presented details on the role of stratification in the formation of cemented layers could be considered in the construction of mining heaps as a possible measure to stimulate natural attenuation

a mineralogical and geochemical study of element mobility in sulfide mine tailings of fe oxide cu au deposits from the punta del cobre belt northern chile two flotation tailings sites ojancos and p cerda from the fe oxide cu au punta del cobre belt south of copiapo atacama desert northern chile are geochemically largely using sequential extractions and mineralogically compared main ore minerals are pyrite magnetite and or hematite and chalcopyrite gangue is dominantly calcite with minor quartz the host silicate assemblage is largely controlled by hydrothermal alteration and consists of variable amounts of the following minerals k feldspar ca amphibole biotite sericite chlorite tourmaline epidote quartz in this study both the ojancos and the p cerda tailings were deposited in valley dam impoundments and when they were filled new tailings were deposited upstream as a result high quantities of seepage migrated downstream into the older tailings impoundment at ojancos the recent upstream tailings have excess of acid potential 7 1 wt calcite and 3 5 wt pyrite whereas the older downstream tailings are characterized by alternations of several meter thick intervals with high neutralizing potential about 40 wt calcite and 2 wt pyrite and intervals with high acid potential about 3 wt calcite and 4 wt pyrite acid mine drainage amd with the precipitation of schwertmannite ph 3 15 and chalcoalumite ph 4 9 flows out at the interface between the uphill and downstream tailings strong downstream element transport is taking place and contributes to the formation of the cementation zone mainly gypsum ferrihydrite and goethite and locally jarosite in the older downstream impoundment the cementation zone ph 4 shows strong enrichment of heavy metals e g up to 6800 ppm cu 680 ppm zn 1100 ppm as mainly adsorbed and as secondary sulfides e g covellite in contrast at the p cerda tailings impoundment carbonates are homogeneously distributed and the overall neutralization potential exceeds the acid potential average of about 10 wt calcite and up to 2 5 wt pyrite the up to 5 m thick oxidation zones paste ph 6 9 8 3 at p cerda are characterized by interlayering of coarser dark gray unoxidized layers with fine grained fe iii hydroxide rich ochre to red brown colored horizons the hyperarid climate dries out first the coarse sulfide rich horizons of the tailings and limits so the oxidation which is restricted to the fine grained due to their higher moisture retention capacity however results indicate that during operation an important element transfer from the younger upstream tailings to the older downstream tailings impoundment took place possibly by sorptive transport at ferric polymers or colloids in the form of neutral mine drainage nmd this would explain the metal enrichments in the cementation zone which are mainly associated to the exchangeable fraction and not as secondary sulfides this results in both cases in ojancos mainly as amd and in p cerda mainly as nmd in fe iii input as ferric cation as ferric polymer or co3 complexes to the downstream impoundment this constitutes a very effective acid potential transfer to the older downstream material because oxidation via input of external fe iii produces 16 mol of protons per mol fes2 i e eight times more than via oxidation with oxygen in addition the created acidity favors dissolution of the abundant fe oxides magnetite and hematite of this ore deposit type providing so additional fe iii for sulfide oxidation

mobility and retention of trace elements in hardpan cemented cassiterite tailings north queensland australia this study reports on the mobility and retention of trace elements in cassiterite tailings at the inactive jumna mill tropical north queensland since the 1980s the uncapped tailings have developed laterally discontinuous fe rich hardpans which are located in the higher parts of gently sloping tailings masses and at the top 50 cm of the tailings piles hardpan cemented tailings comprise thin layers typically 0 2 2 mm thick of hfo hydrous ferric oxides and sulfate efflorescences cementing tailings grains in comparison to the tailings the hardpan cemented tailings contain significantly higher median as ca cd co cu fe in mn mo stotal th u y and zn values partial leaching studies of tailings and pond water analyses indicate that wetting and acidification of fe cemented tailings removes significant proportions of trace elements into pore and surface waters tin shows no mobility due to the presence of weathering resistant cassiterite sno2 and as and pb display limited mobility possibly due to their coprecipitation with jarosite type phases and hfo materials at the top of the tailings profile by contrast the trace elements cd ce cu la ni pb u and zn display the greatest mobility possibly due to their incorporation in soluble sulfate efflorescences and sorption onto mineral and hfo surfaces hence the fe rich hardpans do not protect the sulfidic tailings from further oxidation nor do they cause permanent sequestration of trace elements

global climate instability reflected by eastern mediterranean marine records during the late holocene abstract extremely high sediment accumulation rates in the southeastern se mediterranean off israel make this region ideal for high resolution paleoceanographic reconstructions two cores were examined and foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope composition as well as physical and geochemical properties of the sediments were used to reconstruct the climatic and environmental changes of the se mediterranean basin during the late holocene 3 6 ka the 18o values of globigerinoides ruber suggest that the freshwater balance changed several times during this time interval humid phases took place between 3 5 3 0 ka bp and 1 7 1 0 ka bp the later was accompanied by enhanced preservation of terrestrial organic matter within the sediment ors event relatively more arid conditions prevailed in this area between 3 0 and 1 7 ka bp during the last millennia at ca 0 8 and 0 27 ka two climatic events occurred which are probably correlative to both the medieval warm period and the cooling global event known as the little ice age respectively a long term slight increase in planktonic foraminiferal 18o values occurs together with a gradual decrease in the 13c values of both g ruber and the benthic foraminifera uvigerina mediterranea this trend is associated with an increase in sedimentation rates ti al ratio magnetic susceptibility and color index of the sediments we suggest that this trend shown by various independent proxies seems to be related to the aridification process that started ca 7 0 ka in the mid low latitude desert belt and the se mediterranean region and continuous until the present the long term 13c decrease shown by surface and bottom water foraminifera reflects a gradual change in the 13c of the dissolved co2 of the entire se mediterranean water column this follows the global co2 rise in the late holocene as a result of the terrestrial biomass destruction during the aridification process moreover the gradual reduction of the vegetation cover in east africa led to an increased erratic flood related sediment flux via the nile river up to the present this is reflected by the general change in the local sediment composition at 3 6 ka the saharan eolian input reached 65 whereas at about 0 3 ka 70 of the se mediterranean sediment was composed of nile particulate matter

what can a sessile mollusk tell about neotectonics article i nfo dendropoma petraeum are fixed vermitids mollusk that colonize and construct abrasion platform rims along rocky shorelines these endemic mollusks are considered good relative sea level indicators in the eastern and the southern mediterranean due to their narrow habitat below the sea surface about 10 cm the observed relative sea level values recorded submerged uplifted or at present mean sea level reflect a superposition of eustatic isostatic tectonic and possibly local sedimentary instabilities the present study examines fossil dendropoma samples gathered along the levant coast from northern israel to eastern turkey conventional radiocarbon dates from turkey syria and partly in lebanon and 14 c accelerator mass spectrometer ams from lebanon and israel yields dendropoma ages ranging through late holocene a numerical model is used for calculating the change in sea level through the holocene as a function of glacio hydrology and isostasy of the eastern mediterranean space time dependent subtractions of the model values are used to eliminate the eustatic component of the relative sea level in order to obtain the tectonic component results show a general northward increase in tectonic uplift of the levantine coast with different rates in different tectonic segments this differential uplift corresponds well to the major tectonic segments comprising the levantine continental margin since the pleistocene from the carmel fault to the east anatolian fault hence these segments were still active during the last thousands years and even during the last hundreds years the general trend of northward increase in vertical displacement is predominantly dictated by the convergence between the sinai and arabian plates with anatolia and eurasia across the cyprus arc and zagros belt and the secondarily dictated by the northward increase in convergence component across the sinistral dead sea fault plate boundary

formation of sequences of cemented layers and hardpans within sulfide bearing mine tailings mine district freiberg germany abstract the roles of mineral dissolution precipitation transformation and mass transport processes related to formation of characteristic cemented layer hardpan sequences were studied in low sulfide and low carbonate freiberg polymetallic mine tailings using high resolution profiling combined geochemical geomicrobiological and geophysical methods allowed description of the process of weathering of reactive mineral phases and the position of the oxidation front in detail as well as revealing the mechanisms of cementation of tailings predominantly by the formation of gels poorly crystalline phases autochthonous and allochthonous gels reduced the porosity of cemented layers to values 1 whereas secondary crystalline phases were less efficient in filling the pore space electron microprobe analysis of cemented tailings showed that common jarosite group minerals contained up to about 8 wt pbo and 0 2 1 9 wt as 2 o 5 iron as si gels reached contents of up to 44 wt as 2 o 5 in gel rich cemented layers zinc was below the detection limit in the studied secondary phases sequential extraction of cemented and related oxidized brown silt layers confirmed that the bulk of as was bound to amorphous poorly crystalline hydrous oxides of fe whereas pb was often bound to jarosite zinc was found preferentially in the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions in the grey silt and the sand directly underlying the oxidized layers as pb and zn occurred as sulfide minerals the main effects of the cemented layer hardpan sequences at the studied site are 1 a temporary natural attenuation of the toxic compounds 2 a restriction of the downward movement of the oxidation front and 3 a reduction of the extent of the erosion of the surface of the tailings impoundment by wind and water the potential of a heap to form cemented layers and hardpans is greatly increased by a heterogeneous distribution of grain sizes and reactive materials in the topmost zone as well as by the occurrence of sulfide rich tailings on top of layers with low permeability

neotectonic activity in caesarea the mediterranean coast of central israel abstract evidence for neotectonic activity along the coast of the southern levant exists in the ancient harbor of caesarea in central israel where large herodian breakwaters are presently submerged 5 8 m below sealevel whereas other contemporary coastal installations in the same area remain at sealevel high resolution seismic reflection surveys on the very shallow continental shelf encountered a series of coast parallel faults that displace both the eolianite which crops out along the coastal zone and the submerged breakwaters the faults have 1 3 m of offsets downthrowing their seaward flank and leaving their landward flank stable we suggest that the subsidence of the ancient breakwaters was caused by neotectonic displacements on these faults and enhanced by solifluction records of historical earthquakes in the coastal levant region and archaeological evidence of faulting are compatible with the geophysical findings the neotectonic activity of the mediterranean coast of israel which is a consequence of the plio quaternary subsidence of the southeastern mediterranean basin has shaped the coast of the southern levant even during the past 2000 years

ancient wells and their geoarchaeological significance in detecting tectonics of the israel mediterranean coastline region eight ancient water wells representing the late bronze age to the crusades period ca 3100 700 b p have recently been excavated six by the authors and reopened at archaeological sites tels along the southern and central mediterranean coast of israel evidence of ancient freshwater levels directly reflects on possible neotectonics of the region and on eustatic changes of sea level there is substantial disagreement about the tectonic stability of the israel mediterranean coastal region during the past 3500 yr whether there was a large magnitude tectonic event one of the largest known for recent times during the period in discussion or whether the region was tectonically quiet we tested the instability hypothesis by using geoarchaeological data from the wells and found no evidence for significant tectonic deformation of the central and southern israel coast in the past 3100 yr the ancient water well method can with appropriate modifications be used all around the mediterranean and other coasts elsewhere in the world where ground water sea level relations are alike

the submerged pre pottery neolithic water well of atlit yam northern israel and its palaeoenvironmental implications the recent discovery of a vertical open shaft identified as a well of the pre pottery neolithic period was found in a large submerged village off the atlit promontory northern israel this well indicates that the exploitation of groundwater through wells commenced at the beginning of the eighth millennium bp or possibly earlier the well lies some 10 m below present sea level a few hundred metres off the carmel coast it is almost 1 5 m in diameter and some 5 7 m in depth which proves that the top of the well has been around 5 m above the contemporaneous sea level i e that sea level of the carmel coast was some 16 m below present sea level at c 7900 bp its fill provides evidence of the surrounding fauna and flora and the material culture of coastal neolithic communities the prevailing hydrological conditions provide important information on ancient sea levels at the end of the post last glaciation transgression rates of sea level rise at the period of the village occupation is estimated to

modeling study of growth and potential geohazard for lusi mud volcano east java indonesia abstract the mud volcano known as lusi first erupted in may 2006 in east java indonesia the eruption has continued for over two years and potentially will continue for many years to come impacting an ever larger area an obvious and significant question is how extensive the impacted area will become in the coming years the answer is important for planning scenarios for the relocation of people and infrastructure and for managing the environment and economy to make such a prediction an understanding of the geological processes controlling the mud volcanic evolution is needed a three dimensional simulation model was built to predict the area affected by the mudflow over a ten year period with a special focus on the period from december 2007 until june 2010 the primary model inputs are the mud debit rate the rate of subsidence and the topography the model prediction was validated at the december 2007 time step by comparing the results with satellite images from the same period the simulation was found to provide a good approximation for the mud overflow and growth the results indicate that the mudflow tends to spread to the west and particularly to the east and north from the currently inundated area the model predicts that in june 2010 the peak of the mud volcano will have risen 26 m above the original ground level and the maximum subsidence will have been 63 m below the original ground level the dynamic subsurface condition in the area creates geohazard risks and these are also discussed in this paper

influence of climate mineralogy and mineral processing on the weathering behaviour within two low sulfide high carbonate gold mine tailings in the eastern desert of egypt despite its importance within environmental management strategies little concern is shown to sulfide oxidation and or hardpan formation at neutral ph where dry condition prevails two gold mine tailings in egypt el sid and barramiya were studied for their geochemical mineralogical properties and climate influence on hardpan formation the tailings are characterised by homogeneous silt sized sediments 42 have high carbonate predominantly as calcite for el sid and dolomite ankerite for barramiya and low sulfide contents chiefly as pyrite galena and sphalerite for el sid and arsenopyrite pyrite for barramiya el sid is characterised by high average concentrations of pb 2 758 mg kg and zn 2 314 mg kg its lower part dominated by mafics overlaid by granitoids barramiya has higher as average 2 836 mg kg content and represents a mixture of mica schists mafics ultramafics during field investigations no hardpans were identified only bassanite and gypsum were found at the surface of el sid tailings forming thin layers and desiccation crack fillings column experiments showed a thin crust consisting of gypsum halite and sodium sulfate formed at the top of the column of el sid tailings after 2 weeks this was not recognized in the column from barramiya the homogenous thickened tailings deposition in both areas did not favour hardpan formation since the critical amounts of reacting sulfides were never achieved in individual lamina due to missing mineral grain size fractionation the high temperature low water availability characteristic for desert climate regions did not allow significant sulfides oxidation therefore both tailings will suffer from continuous erosion and spreading out of contaminants to the environment for a prolonged period of time by sporadic flash floods

a new classification of the gold deposits of egypt abstract gold deposits and occurrences located in the nubian shield have been known in egypt since predynastic times despite the fact that these deposits were long under exploitation and investigated many times they are still insufficiently classified in harmony with the crustal evolution models suggested for the evolution of the nubian shield several plate tectonic models were proposed for the development of the nubian shield and the present classification relies heavily on the model that implies collision of arc inferred continent through subduction and obduction of oceanic lithosphere a three fold classification of gold deposits of egypt is offered here in harmony with this evolutionary model these are stratabound deposits and non stratabound deposits hosted in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well as placer gold deposits the stratabound deposits are hosted in island arc volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of comparable composition formed in ensimatic island arcs they are thought to have formed by exhalative hydrothermal processes during the waning phases of sub marine volcanic activity stratabound deposits are sub divided into three main types gold bearing algoma type banded iron formation gold bearing tuffaceous sediments and gold bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits non stratabound deposits occur in a wide range of igneous and metamorphic rocks they were formed during orogenic and post cratonization periods by mineralizing fluids of different sources non stratabound deposits are divided into vein type mineralization which constituted the main target for gold in egypt since pharaonic times and disseminated type mineralization hosted in hydrothermally altered rocks alteration zones which are taken recently into consideration as a new target for gold in egypt placer gold deposits are divided into modern placers and lithified placers the former are sub divided into alluvial placers and beach placers conglomerates occurring on or near ancient eroded surfaces represent lithified placers

sea level change and vertical land movements since the last two millennia along the coasts of southwestern turkey and israel abstract this paper provides new relative sea level data inferred from coastal archaeological sites located along the turkish coasts of the gulf of fethye 8 sites and israel between akziv and caesarea 5 sites the structures selected are those that for effective functioning can be accurately related to sea level at the time of their construction thus their positions with respect to present sea level provide a measure of the relative sea level change since their time of construction useful information was obtained from the investigated sites spanning an age range of 2 3 1 6 ka bp the inferred changes in relative sea level for the two areas are distinctly different from a rise of 2 41 to 4 50 m in turkey and from 0 to 0 18 m in israel sea level change is the combination of several processes including vertical tectonics glacio hydro isostatic signals associated with the last glacial cycle and changes in ocean volume for the israel section the present elevations of the mis 5 5 tyrrhenian terraces occur at a few meters above present sea level and vertical tectonic displacements are small data from gps and tide gauge measurements also indicate that any recent vertical movements are small the mis 5 5 shorelines are absent from the investigated section of the turkish coast consistent with crustal subsidence associated with the hellenic arc the isostatic signals for the israel section of the coast are also small ranging from 0 11 mm yr to 0 14 mm yr depending on site and earth model and the observed eustatic average sea level change corrected for this contribution is a rise of 13 5 2 6 cm during the past 2 ka this is attributed to the time integrated contribution to sea level from a combination of thermal expansion and other increases in ocean volume the observed sea levels from the turkish sites in contrast indicate a much greater rise of up to 2 2 mm yr since 2 3 ka bp occurring in a wide area between knidos and kekova the isostatic signal here is also one of a rising sea level of up to 1 mm yr and site and earth model dependent and the corrected tectonic rate of land subsidence is 1 48 mm yr this is the primary cause of dramatic relative sea level rise for this part of the coast

geochemical mineralogical and microbiological characterization of a sulphide bearing carbonate rich gold mine tailings impoundment joutel quebec abstract the results of an integrated geochemical and mineralogical study conducted at the agnico eagle gold mine tailings impoundment joutel quebec are correlated with bacterial populations determined from an enumeration of 3 groups of thiobacilli the tailings were determined to contain approximately 5 wt sulphide s predominantly as pyrite and up to 30 wt carbonate minerals chiefly as dolomite ankerite and siderite the objective of the study was to evaluate the potential for the development of acidic drainage and dissolved metal migration in carbonate rich tailings impoundments and to compare the results of the geochemical and microbiological characterization of the tailings sulphide oxidation reactions have proceeded to a depth of 20 100 cm below the tailings surface pyrrhotite consistently shows more alteration than pyrite and arsenopyrite pyrrhotite is altered mainly through the replacement by goethite the most abundant thiobacilli are neutrophilic bacteria of the thiobacillus thioparus type the maximum most probable number values for these bacteria occur 20 40 cm below the tailings surface a depth that coincides with the disappearance of oxide coatings this observation coupled with the sharp decline in gas phase o 2 concentration suggests that rapid bacterially mediated s oxidation is occurring at this depth the pore water ph throughout the tailings varies between 6 5 and 8 5 no low ph waters were observed in the impoundment these neutral ph conditions are attributed to the effect of acid consuming carbonate mineral dissolution reactions which are also indicated by increased concentrations of mg and ca and alkalinity in the shallow zone of the tailings as a result of these acid neutralization reactions dissolved metal concentrations are low

a mechanism of aluminosilicate cementation to form a hardpan abstract deposition of hydrous allophane from groundwater discharging from a bore drilled in a saline seep has been observed at yalanbee near bakers hill in western australia similar allophane forms a part of the cementing agent of an extensive hardpan developed within a near surface horizon of a lateritic pallid zone derived from granitic rocks currently allophane is being precipitated where acid highly saline and co2 saturated groundwater contained in this pallid zone is discharged at a surface seepage which is persistent throughout the year as co2 is released the resultant increase in ph allows dissolved aluminum and silica to combine and precipitate as an allophane both the mechanism of precipitation and the precipitate itself are very similar to that reported at silica springs in new zealand however the new zealand materials are deposited in a stream bed from highly carbonated waters of volcanic origin a condition quite different from the yalanbee situation

composition and flux of explosive gas release at lusi mud volcano east java indonesia the lusi mud volcano has been erupting since may 2006 in the densely populated sidoarjo regency east java indonesia forcing the evacuation of 40 000 people and destroying industry farmland and over 10 000 homes mud extrusion rates of 180 000 m 3 d 1 were measured in the first few months of the eruption decreasing to a loosely documented 4000 m for methane and approximately 600 m for carbon dioxide however the mass fractions of these gases are insufficient to explain the observed dynamics rather the primary driver of the cyclic bubble bursting activity is decompressional boiling of water which initiates a few tens of meters below the surface setting up slug flow in the upper conduit our measured gas flux and conceptual model lead to a corresponding upper bound estimate for the mud water mass flux of 10 5 m 3 d 1

a new hydrothermal scenario for the 2006 lusi eruption indonesia insights from gas geochemistry abstract the 29th of may 2006 gas and mud eruptions suddenly appeared along the watukosek fault in the north east of java indonesia within a few weeks several villages were submerged by boiling mud the most prominent eruption site was named lusi to date november 2011 lusi is still active and a 7 km2 area is covered by the burst mud breccia the mechanisms responsible for this devastating eruption remain elusive while there is consensus about the origin of the erupted mud the source of water is uncertain the origin of the gas is unknown and the trigger of the eruption is still debated in order to shed light on these unknowns we acquired a wide set of data of molecular and isotopic composition of gas sampled in several lusi vents in the surrounding mud volcanoes in the closest natural gas field wunut and in the hydrothermal vents at the neighbouring volcanic complex in the period 2006 2011 the boiling fluids erupted in the crater zone are apparently co2 dominated while colder ch4 dominated and c2 c3 bearing fluids are identified at several sites around the crater zone gas genetic diagrams maturity plots and gas generation modelling suggest that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic 13c1 up to 35 13c2 up to 20 deriving from marine kerogen with maturity of at least 1 5 ro for instance in the 4400 m deep ngimbang source rocks co2 released from the crater and surrounding seeps is also thermogenic 13c from 15 to 24 related to kerogen decarboxylation or thermal ch4 oxidation in deep rocks although three vents just outside the crater showed an apparent inorganic signature 7 5 4000 m magmatic intrusions and hydrothermal fluids responsible for the enhanced heat that altered source rocks and or gas reservoirs the neighbouring magmatic arjuno complex and its fluid pressure system combined with high seismic activity could have played a key role in the lusi genesis and evolution within this new model framework lusi is better understood as a sediment hosted hydrothermal system rather than a mud volcano

coastal neo tectonics of the mediterranean from tide gauge records abstract records from tide gauges in israel and egypt supplement the many geological and archeological investigations that have contributed information about relative sea level changes in the mediterranean region seven such records reveal changes during the past few decades that accord with prior inferences about land movements in this region emergence along the coast of israel and at alexandria and subsidence at the nile delta and the head of the gulf of suez twenty four other tide gauge records for the rest of the mediterranean region indicate more uniformity submergence of land or rise of sea level in the west but with greater movements of the land attributed to probable plate underthrusting in turkey and greece to volcanism near mount etna to deltaic compaction at izmir and to deltaic compaction coupled with water pumping at the po delta

ore microscopic and geochemical characteristics of gold bearing sulfide minerals el sid gold mine eastern desert egypt gold deposits at el sid are confined to hydrothermal quartz veins which contain pyrite arsenopyrite sphalerite and galena these veins occur at the contact between granite and serpentinite and extend into the serpentinite through a thick zone of graphite schist gold occurs in the mineralized zone either as free gold in quartz gangue or dissolved in the sulfide minerals ore microscopic study revealed that au bearing sulfides were deposited in two successive stages with early pyrite and arsenopyrite followed by sphalerite and galena gold was deposited during both stages largely intergrown with sphalerite and filling microfractures in pyrite and arsenopyrite

subsidence associated with the lusi mud eruption east java investigated by sar interferometry abstract a mud volcano lusi initiated its eruption on 29 may 2006 adjacent to a hydrocarbon exploration well in east java ground subsidence in the vicinity of the lusi eruptive vent was well recorded by a synthetic aperture radar sar palsar onboard the japanese alos satellite we apply an interferometric sar insar technique on ten palsar data scenes acquired between 19 may 2006 and 21 may 2007 in order to obtain continuous maps of ground displacements around lusi although the displacements in the area closest to the eruptive vent spatial extension of about 1 5 km are not detectable because of the erupted mud all the processed interferograms indicate subsidence in an ellipsoidal area of approximately 4 km north south 3 km east west centered at the main eruptive vent in particular interferograms spanning the first four months until 4 oct 2006 and the subsequent 46 days between 4 oct 2006 and 19 nov 2006 show at least about 70 cm and 80 cm of displacements away from the satellite respectively possible causes of the subsidence i e 1 loading effect of the erupted mud 2 creation of a cylindrical mud conduit and 3 pressure decrease and depletion of materials at depth are investigated the effects of the first two causes are found to be insufficient to explain the total amount of subsidence observed in the first six months the third possibility is quantitatively examined using a boundary element approach by modeling the source of deformation as a deflating oblate spheroid the spheroid is estimated to lie at depths of a few hundred to a thousand meters the estimated depths are significantly shallower than determined from analyses of erupted mud samples the difference is explained by presence of significant amount of inelastic deformation including compaction and downward transfer of material

multiscale derivative analysis a new tool to enhance detection of gravity source boundaries at various scales 1 potential fields generally require to be analyzed by different scales owning to sources of different depth and extent fourier or wavelet filtering not always yield an optimal separation of those different source effects often introducing some amount of distortion we propose therefore a new method the multiscale derivative analysis mda based on the enhanced horizontal derivative ehd of the field which does not imply any separation of the effects but simply enhances those related to a given scale such process based on a weighted sum of increasing order derivatives of the field converges quickly toward the actual boundaries of the sources mda applied to gravity data of the of thyrrenian sea italia yields 3 maps of structural lineaments each one characterized by a different scale known partially known or relatively new structures are described in the maps allowing a rapid analysis of all the gravity related structural lineaments of this region

flow dynamics in mid jurassic dikes and sills of the ferrar large igneous province and implications for long distance magma transport abstract magma flow paths in sill fed dikes of the ferrar large igneous province lip contrast with those predicted by classic models of dike transport in lips and magmatic rift settings we examine anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams flow paths in dike networks at terra cotta mountain and mt gran which intruded at paleodepths of 2 5 and 1 5 km these intrusions up to 30 m thick exhibit irregular interconnected dike sill geometries and adjoin larger sills 200 300 m thick at different stratigraphic levels both shallowly dipping and sub vertical magma flow components are interpreted from ams measurements across individual intrusions and often match macroscopic flow indicators and variations in dike attitudes flow paths suggest that intrusive patterns and magma flow directions depended on varying stress concentrations and rotations during dike and sill propagation whereas a regional extensional tectonic control was negligible or absent unlike giant dike swarms in lips elsewhere e g 1270 ma mackenzie lip dikes of the ferrar lip show no regionally consistent vertical or lateral flow patterns suggesting these intrusion were not responsible for long distance transport in the province in the absence of regionally significant colinear dike swarms or observed intrusions at crustal depths 4 km we suggest that long distance magma transport occurred in sills within beacon supergroup sedimentary rocks this interpretation is consistent with existing geochemical data and thermal constraints which support lateral magma flow for 3 500 km across the gondwana supercontinent before freezing

insights on the structure of lusi mud edifice from land gravity data abstract since may 2006 the active lusi mud eruption has continuously erupted boiling mud during the early stages of the eruption in 2006 previous gravity studies showed that the piling up of the mud constructed a large edifice that subsides within the unconsolidated sediment especially around a large area over the active crater after ten years of continuous eruption the size of the edifice has grown significantly over a surface framed by 10 m tall containment embankments in 2015 and 2016 several land gravity surveys were carried out to investigate the structure of the mud edifice and the effect of local geological active features the new residual bouguer anomaly map calculated for a reference density of 2670 kg m 3 shows significant changes in the local gravity field in comparison to the previous 2006 gravity map survey the new data set shows that the gravity decrease is generally restricted along the faulted and fractured zones around erupting vents and in the southern part of the mud edifice maximum gravity variations reach 1 4 mgal in some areas of the mud edifice in the region outside the embankment the gravity reductions are 0 6 mgal e w and 1 0 mgal n s a second vertical derivative analysis of gravity data indicates that the mud edifice continues to pile up and subside mostly in the western and southern part of the edifice results of a 3d forward model of a vertical cylinder shape allowed characterising the extent of compacted material along the watukosek fault system that originates from the neighbouring volcanic arc and crosses the mud edifice our results support the hypothesis of local pinched volume of mud ongoing between the subsided and uplifted masses of mud the density of compacted mud breccia material increases between 16 and 27 gravity data also shows that the lusi mud edifice is built over an extended nw se gravity increase interpreted as a sediment density variation within the basin and which is parallel to the trend of the basin

lusi mud eruption triggered by geometric focusing of seismic waves the lusi mud eruption in indonesia has been ongoing since 2006 numerical simulations show that a parabolic shaped layer in the rock surrounding the site of the lusi eruption could have amplified and focussed incoming seismic energy from an earthquake which then triggered the mud eruption

environmental geochemistry of rare earth elements in cu porphyry mine tailings in the semiarid climate conditions of sarcheshmeh mine in southeastern iran abstract sarcheshmeh mine is one of the largest oligo miocene porphyry cu deposits in the world it is located in the kerman cenozoic magmatic arc in southeastern iran this paper discusses the geo environmental behavior of rare earth elements rees in the sarcheshmeh dammed tailing pond situated in semiarid climate for this purpose solid and water samples were collected to consider 1 weathering oxidation reactions and upward migration of soluble elements 2 super saturation and formation dissolution of the secondary evaporative phases 3 hydro geochemical changes of the surface and groundwater resources 4 flotation of the cu sulfide ore and tailing management strategies the mean values of the rees for fresh and weathered tailings and the evaporative phases were 113 0 103 7 and 74 6 mg kg respectively when compared with the fresh and weathered tailings the evaporative phases showed significant enrichment of hrees and a well depleted pattern of lrees except for that of eu this geochemical pattern suggests a higher solubility and mobility potential of hrees and eu compared with lrees resulting in good fractionation and enrichment of these elements in the surface evaporative layer formed on top of the weathered tailings the water samples showed a range of hydro geochemical features under acidic ph of 2 5 to 4 7 near neutral ph of 6 4 to 7 9 alkaline ph of 8 to 10 and highly alkaline ph 10 conditions the maximum concentration of rees was observed in the acidic waters produced by the weathered tailings after rainfall rees of 489 to 1903 g l although rees decreased as the ph value increased the general trend was compatible with the highest concentration of hrees rather than lrees the speciation calculations indicate that lnso4 ln so4 2 and ln3 are the primary forms of dissolved rees at acidic and near neutral ph and the dominant species was lnso4 lnco3 40 78 ln co3 2 31 68 and lnso4 31 07 were the dominant species under alkaline conditions at high alkaline ph the speciation pattern changed to lnoh2 53 15 ln co3 2 44 88 and lnco3 2 61 where ln denotes lanthanide based on the results and considering previous works it appears that ionic potential plays an important role in the geo environmental behavior of rees of adsorption tendency mobility potential and ionic substitution

the formation and potential importance of cemented layers in inactive sulfide mine tailings abstract investigations of inactive sulfide rich tailings impoundments at the heath steele new brunswick and waite amulet quebec minesites have revealed two distinct types of cemented layers or hardpans that at heath steele is 10 15 cm thick occurs 20 30 cm below the depth of active oxidation is continuous throughout the tailings impoundment and is characterized by cementation of tailings by gypsum and fe ii solid phases principally melanterite hardpan at the waite amulet site is only 1 5 cm thick is laterally discontinuous 10 100 cm occurs at the depth of active oxidation and is characterized by cementation of tailings by fe iii minerals principally goethite lepidocrocite ferrihydrite and jarosite at heath steele an accumulation of gas phase co2 of up to 60 of the pore gas occurs below the hardpan the calculated diffusivity of the hardpan layer is only about 1 100 that of the overlying uncemented tailings the pore water chemistry at heath steele has changed little over a 10 year period suggesting that the cemented layer restricts the movement of dissolved metals through the tailings and also acts as a zone of metal accumulation generation of a cemented layer therefore has significant environmental and economic implications it is likely that in sulfide rich tailings impoundments the addition of carbonate rich buffering material during the late stages of tailings deposition would enhance the formation of hardpan layers

subsidence and uplift of sidoarjo east java due to the eruption of the lusi mud volcano 2006 present global positioning system gps and satellite based insar interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements of the subsidence and uplift of a populated area of sidoarjo east java are due to the eruption of the lusi mud volcano 2006 present these data are the first direct quantitative measurements of deformation due to the growth of a mud volcano edifice the gps data were recorded over periods of a few hours to several months and show that between june 2006 and september 2007 the earth s surface has been subsiding at rates of 0 1 4 cm day maximum rates of subsidence occurred in an area 300 400 m to the northwest of the main mud volcano vent horizontal displacements were 0 03 0 9 cm day and were also towards this area in general uplifts of up to 0 09 cm day were recorded in areas outside of the edifice changes in elevation measured using satellite imagery insar technique provide regional datasets of subsidence and uplift they confirm that during the first year a roughly circular area was undergoing sag like subsidence centered to the northwest of the main vent and that uplift was occurring 3 4 months after the initiation of the eruption due to the movement watukosek fault system subsidence occurred due to the weight of mud and man made dams and the collapse of the overburden due to removal of mud from the subsurface assuming constant rates of subsidence of 4 cm day then in the centre of the edifice there would be up to 44 m of subsidence in 3 years and up to 16 m in 10 years the mud volcano is now in a self organizing state with new fluid conduits forming as a result of the collapse

the occurrence of bassanite in some australian arid zone soils abstract bassanite was found to be stable in restricted soil profiles of the australian arid zone the mineral was converted to gypsum when allowed to soak in water the field occurrence of the mineral seems to suggest that the present arid climate rather than past humid conditions has favoured the formation of bassanite

a high magnitude storm and flood in a hyperarid catchment nahal zin negev desert israel in october 1991 a high magnitude rainstorm flood estimated return period 40 years occurred in nahal zin a 1400 km2 catchment in the hyperarid negev desert the meso scale structure of the storm was a curved squall line that developed from a thunderstorm in accordance with the topography of the catchment divide by which it was strongly affected tropical moisture reached the area via the subtropical jet stream in conjunction with a lower level northward intrusion of the red sea trough rst n into the mediterranean sea rainfall as measured at the few and sparse gauging stations was much too small to account for the resulting large flood peak flow and other hydraulic characteristics of the flood were indirectly reconstructed the techniques of palaeoflood hydrology used were based on sedimentological evidence of fine grained flood sediments deposited in back flooded tributaries as well as on other stage indicators the hec 2 procedure was employed to determine water surface profiles the spatial and temporal characteristics of the event were studied through a combination of rainstorm analysis remote sensing hydrological and sedimentological data they jointly explain the magnitude and timing of tributary contributions producing the integrated flood in the main channel the flood as reconstructed reveals a three peak hydrograph two peaks were generated by the same storm but had different floodwave arrival times in the main channel the third resulted from a local rainstorm which occurred on the following day and covered only one tributary the curved structure of the storm and its dynamics in relation to catchment orientation resulted in storm move ment in tandem with the floodwave the synchronous contribution from all main tributaries preserved evidence of the floodwave both in stage and volume by replacing the transmission losses in the sections with thick alluvium other high magnitude floods on record for the large negev desert catchments are caused by a cold upper air incursion associated with the rst n most of them occur in the autumn and are caused by storms with high intensity rainfall this is in stark contrast with the flooding behaviour of the semi arid zone further north which is linked primarily to the core of the mediterranean winter the complexities involved in the generation of a large desert flood as revealed by this study illustrate the fallacy of applying routine hydrological modelling to such events and underline the need to study the processes involved in adequate detail 1998 john wiley sons ltd

beach deposits of mis 5e high sea stand as indicators for tectonic stability of the carmel coastal plain israel abstract ten beach deposits mainly beachrock on the carmel coastal plain northern israel are discussed six are reported for the first time the deposits are situated within or close to the following seasonal stream locally termed nahal channels nahal ahuza amiram ovadia galim megadim bir ibdawiya me arot and kebara the morphology and lithology of most of the deposits are similar their uppermost altitude varies from 0 to 9 m above the present sea level most of the deposits are composed mainly of fine quartz sand and marine mollusk shells carbonate cemented the dominant mollusk families are glycymerididae cardiidae and donacidae most of the beach deposits are situated between cemented aeolian sandstones locally termed kurkar layers on the carmel coast ridge in the nahal ahuza deposit a marine gastropod lentigo latus an index fossil for the mis 5e high sea stand in the mediterranean area was discovered according to lithology and chronostratigraphy the presence of lentigo latus th u aar and rtl dating and flint artifacts the beach deposits were related to the last interglacial maximum about 125 ka bp i e the mis 5e high sea stand these beach deposits are used to identify the palaeo sea levels and coastlines and to study the tectonics along the carmel coastal plain by comparing the elevations and characteristics of the beach deposits to known mis 5e deposits elsewhere and by analyzing archaeological data it is concluded that during the last 125 ka the maximum possible vertical displacement was less than 48 mm ka and the carmel coastal plain was relatively tectonically stable

the lusi mud volcano triggering controversy was it caused by drilling abstract following the yogyakarta earthquake on may 27th 2006 the subsequent eruption of a mud volcano has been closely observed and analyzed by the geological community the mud volcano known as lusi began erupting near the banjarpanji 1 exploration well in sidoarjo east java indonesia lusi offers a unique opportunity to study the genesis and development of a mud volcano for the first time this paper presents all raw and interpreted drilling data so any interested party can perform their own assessment our study suggests that lusi mud volcano was a naturally occurring mud volcano in an area prone for its mud volcanism pressure analysis done on the banjarpanji well shows that the pressure exerted at the well is lower than the fracture pressure at the last casing shoe and suggests that the well was intact and did not suffer an underground blowout this is further supported by evidence and observation made during drilling such as circulation was done on an open bop and subsequent relief wells sonan and temperature log runs this study offers a different alternative to earlier hypothesis that events at the banjarpanji well were the trigger for the lusi mud volcano more work is needed by the scientific community to study the sequence of events in order to explain and clarify the real trigger of lusi