extension crustal structure and magmatism at the outer voring basin norwegian margin regional analysis of new 2d and 3d multichannel seismic data has improved interpretation of the crustal configuration and structural style along the norwegian margin five domains with different structural styles and evolutions are defined along the outer voring basin 1 the nyk high naglfar dome 2 the north gjallar ridge 3 the gleipne saddle 4 the south gjallar ridge 5 the ran ridge early campanian early paleocene and early to mid cretaceous extensional events are evidenced timing of deformation and structural styles observed along each segment reflect a lateral variation of the rifted system probably affected by magma tectonic processes correlation with the deep structures of the outer voring basin shows that the shallow structure in that basin is directly controlled by a deep seated strong high amplitude reflection the t reflection marking the top of a high velocity body v p 7 km s 1 the relation between the lower crustal architecture and the subsurface basin structures has implications for the margin evolution and for the nature of the high velocity body

source parameters of the 2014 mw 6 1 south napa earthquake estimated from the sentinel 1a cosmo skymed and gps data abstract using the combination of two insar and one gps data sets we present the detailed source model of the 2014 mw 6 1 south napa earthquake the biggest tremor to hit the san francisco bay area since the 1989 mw 6 9 loma prieta earthquake the insar data are from the sentinel 1a s1a and cosmo skymed cs satellites and gps data are provided by nevada geodetic laboratory we firstly obtain the complete coseismic deformation fields of this event and estimate the insar data errors then using the s1a data to construct the fault geometry one main and two short parallel sub faults which haven t been identified by field investigation as expected the geometry is in good agreement with the aftershock distribution by inverting the insar and gps data we derive a three segment slip and rake models our model indicates that this event was a right lateral strike slip earthquake with a slight reverse component in the west napa fault as we estimated the fault is 30 km long and more than 80 of the seismic moment was released at the center of the fault segment where the slip reached its maximum up to 1 m we also find that our geodetic moment magnitude is 2 07 1018 nm corresponding to mw 6 18 larger than that of usgs mw 6 0 and gcmt mw 6 1 this difference may partly be explained by our insar data including about one week s postseismic deformation and aftershocks the results also demonstrate high snr and great ability of the newly launched sentinel 1a in earthquake study furthermore this study suggests that this earthquake has potential to trigger nearby faults especially the green valley fault where the coulomb stress was imparted by the 2014 south napa earthquake

active thrusting and folding along the northern tien shan and late cenozoic rotation of the tarim relative to dzungaria and kazakhstan we have studied geometries and rates of late cenozoic thrust faulting and folding along the northern piedmont of the tien shan mountain belt west of urumqi where the m 8 3 manas earthquake occurred on december 23 1906 the northern range of the tien shan rising above 5000 m overthrusts a flexural foredeep filled with up to 11 000 m of sediment of the dzungarian basement our fieldwork reveals that the active thrust reaches the surface 30 km north of the range front within a 200 km long zone of neogene quaternary anticlines fault scarps are clearest across inset terraces within narrow valleys incised through the anticlines by large rivers flowing down from the range in all the valleys the scarps offset vertically the highest terrace surface by the same amount 10 2 0 7 m inferring an early holocene age 10 2 kyr for this terrace which is continuous with the largest recent fans of the piedmont yields a rate of vertical throw of 1 0 0 3mm yr on the main active thrust at the surface a quantitative morphological analysis of the degradation of terrace edges that are offset by the thrust corroborates such a rate and yields a mass diffusivity of 5 5 2 5 m 2 kyr a rather fresh surface scarp 0 8 0 15 m high that is unlikely to result from shallow earthquakes with 6 m 7 in the last 230 years is visible at the extremities of the main fold zone we associate this scarp with the 1906 manas earthquake and infer that a structure comprising a deep basement ramp under the range gently dipping flats in the foreland and shallow ramps responsible for the formation of the active fault propagation anticlines could have been activated by that earthquake if so the return period of a 1906 type event would be 850 380 years the small size of the scarp for an earthquake of this magnitude suggests that a large fraction of the slip at depth 2 3 is taken up by incremental folding near the surface comparable earthquakes might activate flat detachments and ramp anticlines at a distance from the front of other rising quaternary ranges such as the san gabriel mountains in california or the mont blanc aar massifs in the alps we estimate the finite cenozoic shortening of the folded dzungarian sediments to be of the order of 30 km and the cenozoic shortening rate to have been 3 1 5 mm yr assuming comparable shortening along the tarim piedmont and minor additional active thrusting within the mountain belt we infer the rate of shortening across the tien shan to be at least 6 3 mm yr at the longitude of manas 85 5 e a total shortening of 125 30 km is estimated from crustal thickening assuming local airy isostatic equilibrium under the same assumption serial n s sections imply that cenozoic shortening across the belt increases westwards to 203 50 km at the longitude of kashgar 76 e as reflected by the westward increase of the width of the belt this strain gradient implies a clockwise rotation of tarim relative to dzungaria and kazakhstan of 7 2 5 around a pole located near the eastern extremity of the tien shan west of hami 96 e 43 5 n comparable to that revealed by paleomagnetism between tarim and dzungaria 8 6 8 7 a 6 mm yr rate of shortening at the longitude of manas would imply a rate of rotation of 0 45 m y and would be consistent with a shortening rate of 12 mm yr north of kashgar taking such values to be representative of late cenozoic rates would place the onset of reactivation of the tien shan by the india asia collision in the early to middle miocene 16 22 9 m y in accord with the existence of particularly thick late neogene and quaternary deposits such reactivation would thus have started much later than the collision roughly at the time of the great mid miocene changes in tectonic regimes denudation and sedimentation rates observed in southeast asia the himalayas and the bay of bengal and of the correlative rapid change in seawater sr isotopic ratio 20 to 15 ma like these other changes the rise of the tien shan might be a distant consequence of the end of indochina s escape

inelastic surface deformation during the 2013 mw 7 7 balochistan pakistan earthquake comprehensive quantification of the near field deformation associated with an earthquake is difficult due to the inherent complexity of surface ruptures the a d 2013 m w 7 7 balochistan pakistan earthquake dominated by left lateral motion with some reverse component ruptured a 200 km long section of the hoshab fault we characterize the coseismic rupture in detail along its entire length optical and radar satellite images are combined to derive the full three dimensional far field displacement 115 m pixel size and the high resolution 2 5 m pixel horizontal displacement field resulting from the earthquake we show that the vertical deformation is significant in several locations the high resolution near field horizontal displacement 1 km around the rupture reveals inelastic shortening at the fault surface significantly larger than expected from simple elastic modeling a zone of extension in the hanging wall as much as 1 km wide concentrating numerous tensile cracks visible in submeter scale optical images compensates for this excess shortening

characterized source model for simulating strong ground motions during the 2008 wenchuan earthquake extremely valuable strong motion records during the 2008 wenchuan earthquake were obtained at a number of stations close to the source region we estimate the characterized source model for simulating ground motions using the empirical green s function egf method and the hybrid method using strong motion data from the earthquake the characterized source model consists of several asperities with large slip in the entire rupture area of the earthquake the locations of the asperities that generate strong motions were determined from the timing of pulse arrivals in observed records near the source fault because aftershock records of the earthquake had not been released yet observed records from an aftershock m w 4 9 of the 2008 iwate miyagi nairiku earthquake m w 6 9 which occurred in the shallow inland crust of the northeastern region in japan are used as substitutes for the egfs the synthetic motions obtained by the egf method agree well with the observed records with respect to acceleration and velocity waveforms in the period range of less than 2 s broader band strong motions are simulated by the hybrid method which combines the numerical method for periods longer than 2 s with the egf method for periods shorter than 2 s the best fit source model was obtained with stress drop on each asperity of approximately 13 mpa the ground motions numerically simulated at the bajiao station sfb near an asperity and in the forward rupture direction show directivity effects that are too strong in comparison with the observed motions we examined the influence of rupture velocity fluctuation on the synthetic waveforms in the forward rupture direction near the asperity finding that the forward directivity effects decrease with increase in velocity variances

seismic potential around the northeastern edge of the longmenshan fault zone as inferred from seismological observations we assessed the seismic potential around the northeastern edge of the longmenshan fault zone lfz by analyzing the aftershocks of the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake focusing on the right lateral strike slip qingchuan fault qcf the data used in the present study were collected from a dense network of broadband seismographs installed after the mw 7 9 mainshock by the china earthquake administration we analyzed 440 aftershocks that occurred around the northeastern part of the aftershock area between december 2008 and june 2009 the local magnitudes ml of which ranged from 2 0 to 5 2 we determined 127 well constrained focal mechanism solutions for these aftershocks down to ml 2 5 by using p wave polarity data in conjunction with body wave amplitudes an analysis of the stress tensor inversion revealed that upon approaching the qcf from the lfz the stress field changes from a reverse faulting regime to a mixed regime containing strike slip components and the orientation of the maximum compressional stress changes from a nw se to a wnw ese direction this stress field favors a right lateral strike slip movement along the fault the slip tendency analysis revealed that the qcf is regarded as being favorably oriented to the present day stress field the coseismic coulomb stress changes induced by the mainshock increased along the preferred fault plane in the northeastern half of the qcf which is further loaded by viscoelastic relaxation this evidence suggests that the potential for a future earthquake in the qcf is high

mantle dynamics uplift of the tibetan plateau and the indian monsoon convective removal of lower lithosphere beneath the tibetan plateau can account for a rapid increase in the mean elevation of the tibetan plateau of 1000 m or more in a few million years such uplift seems to be required by abrupt tectonic and environmental changes in asia and the indian ocean in late cenozoic time the composition of basaltic volcanism in northern tibet which apparently began at about 13 ma implies melting of lithosphere not asthenosphere the most plausible mechanism for rapid heat transfer to the midlithosphere is by convective removal of deeper lithosphere and its replacement by hotter asthenosphere the initiation of normal faulting in tibet at about 8 3 ma suggests that the plateau underwent an appreciable increase in elevation at that time an increase due solely to the isostatic response to crustal thickening caused by india s penetration into eurasia should have been slow and could not have triggered normal faulting another process such as removal of relatively cold dense lower lithosphere must have caused a supplemental uplift of the surface folding and faulting of the indo australian plate south of india the most prominent oceanic intraplate deformation on earth began between about 7 5 and 8 ma and indicates an increased north south compressional stress within the indo australian plate a tibetan uplift of only 1000 m if the result of removal of lower lithosphere should have increased the compressional stress that the plateau applies to india and that resists india s northward movement from an amount too small to fold oceanic lithosphere to one sufficient to do so the climate of the equatorial indian ocean and southern asia changed at about 6 9 ma monsoonal winds apparently strengthened northern pakistan became more arid but weathering of rock in the eastern himalaya apparently increased because of its high altitude and lateral extent the tibetan plateau provides a heat source at midlatitudes that should oppose classical symmetric hadley circulation between the equator and temperate latitudes and that should help to drive an essentially opposite circulation characteristic of summer monsoons for the simple case of axisymmetric heating no dependence on longitude of an atmosphere without dissipation theoretical analyses by hou lindzen and plumb show that an axisymmetric heat source displaced from the equator can drive a much stronger meridianal monsoonlike circulation than such a source centered on the equator but only if heating exceeds a threshold whose level increases with the latitude of the heat source because heating of the atmosphere over tibet should increase monotonically with elevation of the plateau a modest uplift 1000 2500 m of tibet already of substantial extent and height might have been sufficient to exceed a threshold necessary for a strong monsoon the virtual simultaneity of these phenomena suggests that uplift was rapid approximately 1000 m to 2500 m in a few million years moreover nearly simultaneously with the late miocene strengthening of the monsoon the calcite compensation depth in the oceans dropped plants using the relatively efficient c4 pathway for photosynthesis evolved rapidly and atmospheric co2 seems to have decreased suggesting causal relationships and positive feedbacks among these phenomena both a supplemental uplift of the himalaya the southern edge of tibet and a strengthened monsoon may have accelerated erosion and weathering of silicate rock in the himalaya that in turn enhanced extraction of co2 from the atmosphere thus these correlations offer some support for links between plateau uplift a downdrawing of co2 from the atmosphere and global climate change as proposed by raymo ruddiman and froehlich mantle dynamics beneath mountain belts not only may profoundly affect tectonic processes near and far from the belts but might also play an important role in altering regional and global climates

kinematic fault slip evolution source models of the 2008 m7 9 wenchuan earthquake in china from sar interferometry gps and teleseismic analysis and implications for longmen shan tectonics the m w 7 9 2008 wenchuan earthquake ruptured about 280 km of faults in the longmen shan of sichuan province china at the eastern edge of the tibetan plateau we use teleseismic waveforms with geodetic data from global positioning system synthetic aperture radar interferometry and image amplitude correlation to produce a source model of this earthquake the model describes evolution of fault slip during the earthquake the geodetic data constrains the spatial distribution of fault slip and the seismic waveforms constrain mostly the time evolution of slip we find that the earthquake started with largely thrust motion on an imbricate system of faults beneath the central longmen shan including the beichuan fault and pengguan fault with fault slip at depth extending up to 50 km northwest of the mountain front the fault ruptures continued northeast along the beichuan fault with more oblique slip right lateral and thrust and the proportion of lateral motion increasing in the northern longmen shan the northernmost fault segment has a much steeper dip consistent with nearly pure strike slip motion the kinematic source model shows that the rupture propagated to the northeast at about 2 5 3 0 km s 1 producing a cascade of subevents with a total duration of about 110 s the complex fault ruptures caused shortening and uplift of the extremely steep central longmen shan which supports models where the steep edge of the plateau is formed by thrusting over the strong crust of the sichuan basin

evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the mw7 6 manyi tibet earthquake satellite synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry shows that the magnitude 7 6 manyi earthquake of 8 november 1997 produced a 170 kilometer long surface break with up to 7 meters of left lateral slip reactivating a n76 e quaternary fault in western tibet the radar interferometric map reveals asymmetric along strike displacement profiles between the two sides of the surface rupture a pattern that cannot be explained with linear elastic theory this observation suggests that the elastic moduli of the crust in tension and in compression are different because of the presence of cracks in the crust at shallow depth a model indicates that a ratio of 2 between compressive and tensile elastic moduli can account for the observed asymmetry a ratio that is consistent with laboratory and borehole measurements

co seismic ruptures of the 12 may 2008 ms 8 0 wenchuan earthquake sichuan east west crustal shortening on oblique parallel thrusts along the eastern edge of tibet abstract the m s 8 0 wenchuan earthquake which devastated the mountainous western rim of the sichuan basin in central china produced a surface rupture over 200 km long with oblique thrust dextral slip and maximum scarp heights of 10 m it thus ranks as one of the world s largest continental mega thrust events in the last 150 yrs field investigation shows clear surface breaks along two of the main branches of the ne trending longmen shan thrust fault system the principal rupture on the nw dipping beichuan fault displays nearly equal amounts of thrust and right lateral slip basin ward of this rupture another continuous surface break is observed for over 70 km on the parallel more shallowly nw dipping pengguan fault slip on this latter fault was pure thrusting with a maximum scarp height of 3 5 m this is one of the very few reported instances of crustal scale co seismic slip partitioning on parallel thrusts this out of sequence event with distributed surface breaks on crustal mega thrusts highlights regional ew directed present day crustal shortening oblique to the longmen shan margin of tibet the long rupture and large offsets with strong horizontal shortening that characterize the wenchuan earthquake herald a re evaluation of tectonic models anticipating little or no active shortening of the upper crust along this edge of the plateau and require a re assessment of seismic hazard along potentially under rated active faults across the densely populated western sichuan basin and mountains

measuring ground displacements from sar amplitude images application to the landers earthquake ers sar amplitude images are utilized to map ground displacements from a sub pixel correlation method it yields a ground two dimensional displacement field with independent measurements about every 128m in azimuth and 250m in range the accuracy depends on the characteristics of the images for the landers test case the 1 uncertainty is 0 8m in range and 0 4m in azimuth we show that this measurement provides a map of major surface fault ruptures accurate to better than 1km and information on coseismic deformation comparable to the 92 gps measurements available although less accurate this technique is more robust than sar interferometry and provides complementary information since interferograms are only sensitive to the displacement in range

southeast baffin volcanic margin and the north american greenland plate separation plate breakup over plumes is characterized by the development of margins showing extensive magma production both underplated at moho level and extruded as thick piles of seaward dipping lava formations the disko svartenhuk area in west greenland is one of the few places in the world with exposed seaward dipping basalts forming a prism whose thickness increases seaward we present a quantitative tectonic study of this margin which we tentatively restored in its geodynamic position during the different stages of plate separation between greenland and north america our structural data are constrained with recently published 39ar 40ar and new and coherent 40k 40ar geochronology in dikes of different orientations the first order structure is that of a tectonically driven seaward crustal flexure linked to definitive plate breakup between greenland and baffin island during the eocene coeval with the formation of the upper part of the exposed seaward dipping volcanic prism this flexing is associated with a significant crustal stretching associated with arrays of continentward dipping normal faults this across strike structure is correlated to a fundamental along strike segmentation with the three segments adopting a zigzag strike there is a clear increase of extensional strain at the extremities of the segments eocene extension trended n060 on average in the northern and southern segments but was nw trending in the central ne trending nugssuaq segment we discuss the interpretation of such an extension perpendicular to the different margin segments from a regional point of view the n060 extension is distinct in orientation from the approximately n s trend of plate separation between north america and greenland in the baffin bay during the eocene however the extension recorded in the margin is nearly perpendicular to the obliquely spreading eocene accretion axis in the baffin bay this latter point suggests a mantle or ridge control of the development of the margin over regional far field lithospheric stress models

the coastal flexure of disko west greenland onshore expression of the oblique reflectors there is a clear analogy between the coastal flexured basalts of the disko island w greenland and the offshore oceanward dipping reflectors otherwise observed in the volcanic margins of the thulean province our tectonic analysis suggests that the coastal flexure is of both syn magmatic and tectonic origin it is contemporaneous with dyke injection parallel to the axis of the flexure and to an increase in the extension across the area during the palaeocene the proposition that the coastal flexure of disko island is syn tectonic and syn magmatic throws new light on its origin we propose that this flexure and by extrapolation part of the plume related seaward dipping reflectors elsewhere may correspond to volcanic layers forming a roll over anticline overlying a continentward dipping detachment

transpressional rupture cascade of the 2016 mw 7 8 kaikoura earthquake new zealand large earthquakes often do not occur on a simple planar fault but involve rupture of multiple geometrically complex faults the 2016 m w 7 8 kaikoura earthquake new zealand involved the rupture of at least 21 faults propagating from southwest to northeast for about 180 km here we combine space geodesy and seismology techniques to study subsurface fault geometry slip distribution and the kinematics of the rupture our finite fault slip model indicates that the fault motion changes from predominantly right lateral slip near the epicenter to transpressional slip in the northeast with a maximum coseismic surface displacement of about 10 m near the intersection between the kekerengu and papatea faults teleseismic back projection imaging shows that rupture speed was overall slow 1 4 km s but faster on individual fault segments approximately 2 km s and that the conjugate oblique reverse north striking faults released the largest high frequency energy we show that the linking conway charwell faults aided in propagation of rupture across the step over from the humps fault zone to the hope fault fault slip cascaded along the jordan thrust kekerengu and needles faults causing stress perturbations that activated two major conjugate faults the hundalee and papatea faults our results shed important light on the study of earthquakes and seismic hazard evaluation in geometrically complex fault systems

displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 kashmir earthquake from sar imagery 1 the 8th october 2005 kashmir earthquake mw 7 6 involved primarily thrust motion on a ne dipping fault sub pixel correlation of envisat sar images gives the location of the 80 km long fault trace within 300 800 m and a 3d surface displacement field with a sub metric accuracy covering the whole epicentral area the slip distribution inverted using elastic dislocation models indicates that slip occurs mainly in the upper 10 km between the cities of muzaffarabad and balakot the rupture reached the surface in several places in the hanging wall horizontal motions show rotation from pure thrust to oblique right lateral motion that are not observed in the footwall a segmentation of the fault near muzaffarabad is also suggested north of the city of balakot slip decreases dramatically but a diffuse zone of mainly vertical surface displacements which could be post seismic exists further north where most of the aftershocks occur aligned along the nw se indus kohistan seismic zone

a possible tectonic response between the qingchuan faultand the beichuan yingxiu fault of the longmen shan fault zone evidence from geologic observations by paleoseismic trenching and radiocarbon dating

locations and types of ruptures involved in the 2008 sichuan earthquake inferred from sar image matching 1 we have detected detailed ground displacements in the proximity of the longmen shan fault zone lmsfz by applying a sar offset tracking method in the analysis of the 2008 sichuan earthquake an elevation dependent correction is indispensable for achieving sub meter accuracy a sharp displacement discontinuity with a relative motion of 1 2 m appears over a length of 200 km along the lmsfz which demonstrates that the main rupture has proceeded on the beichuan fault bf among several active faults composing the lmsfz and a new active fault is detected on the northeastward extension of the bf the rupture on the bf is characterized by a right lateral motion in the northeast while in the southwest an oblique right lateral thrust slip is suggested in contrast to the northeast where a major rupture proceeded on the bf only in the southwest multiple thrust ruptures have occurred in the southeastern foot of the pengguan massif

geodetic model of the 2015 april 25 mw 7 8 gorkha nepal earthquake and mw 7 3 aftershock estimated from insar and gps data

volcanism on the rockall continental margin continental break up in the northern north atlantic was accompanied by massive volcanism this produced sequences of basalt flows erupted close to sea level which are imaged as seaward dipping reflectors on seismic reflection profiles they comprise the upper 4 5 km of transitional crust in both the edoras bank and hatton bank areas of the rockall continental margin detailed surveys show that the reflectors are convex upward on dip lines but are sub horizontal on strike lines they are probably produced by aerially extensive basalt flows extruded from linear fissure vents aligned parallel to the rift axis along the rockall margin two sequences of seaward dipping reflectors occur separated by an 9outer high9 near the foot of the continental margin the landward set of basalt flows are emplaced above stretched and intruded continental crust while the seaward set span the region from highly distended continental crust to fully oceanic crust the outer high is capped by basalt flows but exhibits little coherent internal reflectivity we discuss possible origins of the outer high as a residual block of thinned and intruded continental crust or as a central volcano cut by fissure vents similar to those found in the neovolcanic zones of iceland

the e greenland rifted continental margin an examination of the coastal flexure the structure of the e greenland coastal flexure a major structure developed during continental break up is interpreted on the basis of field observations an earlier model which involves normal inland dipping antithetic faulting and seaward rotation of fault blocks is confirmed and amplified this model requires that regional dips are very much less than dips measured on bedding planes thus leading to considerably reduced thicknesses for the tertiary volcanic succession in e greenland detailed mapping confirms the validity of these thickness estimates and leads to the conclusion that the volcanic extrusion rate was similar to that of present day iceland thus obviating the need for special mechanisms of magma generation comparable structures occur in other regions of continental break up and voluminous basalt discharge and it is suggested that the flexure developed by collapse of the attenuated crust subsequent to the massive extrusion of plateau basalts

horizontal coseismic deformation of the 2003 bam iran earthquake measured from spot 5 thr satellite imagery 1 on 26 december 2003 a destructive mw 6 5 earthquake occurred in kerman province iran killing more than 30 000 people around the ancient city of bam we map the fault zone and determine the slip distribution using sub pixel correlation of images taken by the spot 5 thr sensor before and after the main shock our results show that the surface displacement occurred on a blind fault oriented n174 and located south of bam a 15 km along strike profile depicts a distribution with a maximum displacement of 1 2 0 15 m near the centre of the fault the mean slip that we infer 0 77 0 05 m is much higher than the ground displacement measured in the field 0 2 m we suggest that field measured displacements are underestimated due to slip accommodation within an 500 m wide shear zone furthermore we demonstrate for the first time the relevancy of 2 5 m spot 5 thr images for sub pixel ground displacement measurements

fault source modeling of the 2008 wenchuan earthquake based on alos palsar data abstract we use crustal deformation data sets derived from satellite based synthetic aperture radar sar to develop a fault source model of the 2008 m w 7 9 wenchuan earthquake china that occurred at the longmen shan fault zone the data sets include interferometric sar insar range offset and azimuth offset data acquired at seven ascending paths the range and azimuth offset data are particularly important exhibiting a single major rupture to the northeast ne and multiple ruptures to the southwest sw our preferred model consists of six segments four follow the previously mapped traces of the beichuan fault bf and its ne extension one corresponds to the pengguan fault pf to the sw and the other is included to represent a conjugate fault to the sw fixing the location and geometry of those segments we solve the variable slip distribution whose patch size increases toward the greater depth we use a nonnegative least squares method with a smoothing constraint on the distributed slip the geodetically estimated moment is 1 05 10 21 n m m w 7 9 which is close to the seismological estimate and suggests that there are insignificant postseismic signals in the data maximum slip of 10 m consisting of both thrust and right lateral slip components is identified at the shallowest patches to the ne along the bf the multiple fault segments to the sw show that the thrust slip component initially dominates and the strike slip becomes significant toward the ne examining the sensitivity of the predicted azimuth offset data to the assumed dip angle we found that the dip angle changed significantly from 35 45 at the sw fault segment for the pf to 80 90 at the ne extension of the bf

surface rupture and slip distribution of the 1940 imperial valley earthquake imperial fault southern california implications for rupture segmentation and dynamics we analyzed high resolution aerial photography taken soon after the 1940 imperial valley earthquake to provide a higher resolution distribution of displacement with which to test variation in lateral slip to compare the difference in making slip measurements parallel to local or regional fault strike and to compare to the seismo logical properties of the 1940 earthquake we performed 648 new measurements of displacement along the 15 km section of rupture for which imagery exists nearly 7 m of maximum displacement occurred within 2 km of the border which was higher than previous estimates with an average slip of about 5 5 m for this section there is considerable variation along the strike on the order of 1 m of variability across hundreds of meters of lateral distance in the section of high slip areas of larger offset tend to have greater variations in displacement from these observations we conclude that lateral variability of displacement typically varies by as much as 30 along a rupture section the difference in measured displacement at a specific point along the fault varied considerably when using local fault strikes versus that of regional or average fault however the overall average difference between measurements for different azimuths at a specific point is only 0 01 0 19 m indicating that this is not a major issue if one is consistent finally abrupt changes in displacement along a strike are apparently related to segmentation and the rupture process and mimic the subevents as documented through seismological methods the largest moment pulse corresponds to the section south of the border whereas the greatest displacements occurred north of the border where the average moment release is inferred to be less we explain this by inferring a strong shallow as perity in the border region consistent with 1979 rupture event beneath it online material high resolution imagery of the 1940 rupture with locations of offset measurements and tabulated offset values

the landslide story the catastrophic wenchuan earthquake induced an unprecedented number of geohazards the risk of heightened landslide frequency after a quake with potential secondary effects such as river damming and subsequent floods needs more focused attention

fault geometries and structures associated with the rupture endpoints of the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake eastern tibet plateau china

slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 wenchuan earthquake the devastating wenchuan earthquake in 2008 struck along a fault zone that showed low rates of deformation analysis of gps and insar data suggests that as structural barriers failed during a single earthquake the rupture cascaded across multiple fault segments which may explain the high magnitude of the event

coseismic fault slip of the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake estimated from insar and gps measurements 1 we infer co seismic fault slip during the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake from interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar and gps observations of ground deformation we use alos palsar data from ascending orbits on six tracks and we do not use data that are strongly affected by ionospheric perturbations we use a fault model composed of three planar fault segments of the beichuan fault and one planar segment representing the parallel pengguan fault maximum thrust slip is up to 6 7 m near the surface and occurs in two locations near yingxiu in the south and beichuan in the center of the rupture maximum strike slip is over 4 m and occurs near pingtong and nanba along the northern end of the rupture we find that the ratio of coseismic thrust to strike slip on the beichuan fault decreases from 1 5 to 0 7 from the sw to the ne citation feng g e a hetland x ding z li and l zhang 2010 coseismic fault slip of the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake estimated from insar and gps measurements geophys res lett 37 l01302 doi 10 1029 2009gl041213

co seismic thrusting rupture and slip distribution produced by the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake china field investigations reveal that the mw 7 9 wenchuan china earthquake of 12 may 2008 produced a 285 km long surface rupture zone with dominantly thrusting slip accompanied by a right lateral component along the central northern segments of the zone and left lateral component along the southern segment along the longmen shan thrust belt eastern margin of the tibetan plateau the co seismic ruptures mainly occurred along the pre existing yingxiu beichuan guanxian anxian and qingchuan faults which are the main faults of the longmen shan thrust belt the displacements measured in the field are approximately 0 5 6 5 m in the vertical typically 1 3 m accompanied by an average left lateral component of 2 m along the 50 km long southernmost segment of the rupture zone and an average right lateral component of 1 m along the 150 km long central northern segments the maximum thrust slip amount is estimated to be 10 m accompanied by 9 m of shortening across the rupture zone this finding is consistent with estimates based on seismic data the rupture length and maximum vertical displacement are the largest among all intracontinental thrust type earthquakes reported to date our findings demonstrate that i the wenchuan earthquake occurred upon pre existing active faults of the longmen shan thrust belt thereby controlling the spatial distribution of co seismic surface rupture and displacement and the rupture processes of the earthquake ii the long rupture length and large thrusting slip resulted from compressive stress associated with eastward extrusion of the tibet plateau as it accommodates the ongoing penetration of the indian plate into the eurasian plate and iii present day shortening strain upon the eastern margin of the tibetan plateau is mostly released by seismic slip along thrust faults within the longmen shan thrust belt

rupture of deep faults in the 2008 wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the longmen shan the longmen shan mountains rise up 6 000 m over a distance of just 100 km but the mechanisms driving formation of this striking topography are debated analyses of crustal movements during the 2008 wenchuan earthquake suggest that fault induced uplift plays a role in building the high topography

coseismic reverse and oblique slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake china the mw 7 9 wenchuan china earthquake ruptured two large thrust faults along the long menshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the tibetan plateau this earthquake generated a 240 km long surface rupture zone along the beichuan fault and an additional 72 km long surface rupture zone along the pengguan fault maximum vertical and horizontal offsets of 6 5 m and 4 9 m respectively were measured along the beichuan fault a maximum vertical offset of 3 5 m was measured along the pengguan fault coseismic surface ruptures integrated with aftershocks and industry seismic profiles show that two imbricate structures have ruptured simultaneously resulting in the largest continental thrust event ever documented large oblique thrusting observed during this earthquake indicates that crustal shortening is an important process responsible for the high topography in the region as everywhere along the edge of tibetan plateau

evidence for tear faulting from new constraints of the 23 october 2011 mw 7 1 van turkey earthquake based on insar gps coastal uplift and field observations

glacier motion estimation using sar offset tracking procedures two image to image patch offset techniques for estimating feature motion between satellite synthetic aperture radar sar images are discussed intensity tracking based on patch intensity cross correlation optimization and coherence tracking based on patch coherence optimization are used to estimate the movement of glacier surfaces between two sar images in both slant range and azimuth direction the accuracy and application range of the two methods are examined in the case of the surge of monacobreen in northern svalbard between 1992 and 1996 offset tracking procedures of sar images are an alternative to differential sar interferometry for the estimation of glacier motion when differential sar interferometry is limited by loss of coherence i e in the case of rapid and incoherent flow and of large acquisition time intervals between the two sar images in addition an offset tracking procedure in the azimuth direction may be combined with differential sar interferometry in the slant range direction in order to retrieve a two dimensional displacement map when sar data of only one orbit configuration are available

lateral offsets on surveyed cultural features resulting from the 1999 izmit and duzce earthquakes turkey surveys of offset linear cultural features that cross the surface ruptures of the 17 august and 12 november 1999 earthquakes on the north anatolian fault in turkey yield slip values as large as or larger than those recorded by near field measurements in the same areas immediately after the earthquake using long linear alignments of trees fence lines walls and canals we demonstrate as much as a 2 m increase in observed slip over the initial field measurements on an average we observed about 15 of the total lateral slip as off fault deformation with values ranging from 0 to 40 of the total slip part of this lateral deformation is accom modated by bending or drag in a zone as much as 30 m in width although usually the zone varies between 5 and 20 m in width this supports the idea that substantial nonbrittle off fault deformation is associated with ruptures in areas of alluvial fill alternatively there may have been substantial afterslip although none has been recognized on postearthquake repaired structures our observations suggest that post earthquake measurements of fault slip using tape measures on offset geomorphic features may underestimate the actual amount of slip in that event where the non linearity of the offset feature does not allow recognition of the warping surveys of multiple tree lines within groves of poplar trees planted in straight lines across the fault prior to the earthquake show surprisingly large lateral varia tions in one grove slip increases by nearly 1 8 m or 35 of the maximum measured value over a lateral distance of nearly 100 m this and other observations along the 1999 ruptures suggest that the lateral variability of slip observed from displaced geomorphic features in many earthquakes of the past may represent a combination of 1 actual differences in slip at the surface and 2 the difficulty in recognizing distributed nonbrittle deformation

three dimensional surface displacement of the 2008 may 12 sichuan earthquake china derived from synthetic aperture radar evidence for rupture on a blind thrust summary the sichuan earthquake mw 7 9 struck the longmen shan lms range front china on 2008 may 12 affecting an area of moderate historical seismicity where little active shortening has been previously reported recent studies based on space geodesy have succeeded in retrieving the far field surface displacements caused by the earthquake but the near field 25 km from the faults coseismic surface displacement is still poorly constrained thus shallow fault geometry and shallow coseismic slip are still poorly resolved here for the first time for this earthquake we combine c and l band synthetic aperture radar offsets data from ascending and descending tracks to invert for the 3 d surface displacement in the near coseismic field of the sichuan earthquake our data coupled with a simple elastic dislocation model provide new results strongly suggesting the presence of a blind thrust striking along the range front and being active at depth during the earthquake the presence of a rupture on a blind thrust brings new evidence for an out of sequence thrusting event and new elements for interpreting the tectonic strain partitioning in the lms which has important implications both for seismic hazard assessment and long term evolution of the mountain belt

which fault segments ruptured in the 2008 wenchuan earthquake and which did not new evidence from near fault 3d surface displacements derived from sar image offsets the 2008 m w 7 9 wenchuan earthquake ruptured a complex thrust faulting system at the eastern edge of the tibetan plateau and west of sichuan basin though the earthquake has been extensively studied several details about the earthquake such as which fault segments were activated in the earthquake are still not clear this is in part due to difficult field access to the fault zone and in part due to limited near fault observations in interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar observations because of decorrelation in this study we address this problem by estimating sar image offsets that provide near fault ground displacement information and exhibit clear displacement discontinuities across activated fault segments we begin by reanalyzing the coseismic insar observations of the earthquake and then mostly eliminate the strong ionospheric signals that were plaguing previous studies by using additional postevent images we also estimate the sar image offsets and use their results to retrieve the full 3d coseismic surface displacement field the coseismic deformation from the insar and image offset measurements are compared with both global positioning system and field observations the results indicate that our observations provide significantly better information than previous insar studies that were affected by ionospheric disturbances we use the results to present details of the surface faulting offsets along the beichuan fault from the southwest to the northeast and find that there is an obvious right lateral strike slip component as well as thrust faulting along the southern beichuan fault in yingxiu county which was strongly underestimated in earlier studies based on the results we provide new evidence to show that the qingchuan fault was not ruptured in the 2008 wenchuan earthquake a topic debated in field observation studies but show instead that surface faulting occurred on a northward extension of the beichuan fault during or immediately following the mainshock electronic supplement 1 parallel ascending orbit track coseismic deformation 1 http www bssaonline org lookup suppl doi 10 1785 0120160126 dc1

shortcomings of insar for studying megathrust earthquakes the case of the mw9 0 tohoku oki earthquake 1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar observations are sometimes the only geodetic data of large subduction zone earthquakes however these data usually suffer from spatially long wavelength orbital and atmospheric errors that can be difficult to distinguish from the coseismic deformation and may therefore result in biased fault slip inversions to study how well insar constrains fault slip of large subduction zone earthquakes we use data of the 11 march 2011 tohoku oki earthquake mw9 0 and test insar derived fault slip models against models constrained by gps data from the extensive nationwide network in japan the coseismic deformation field was mapped using insar data acquired from multiple ascending and descending passes of the alos and envisat satellites we then estimated several fault slip distribution models that were constrained using the insar data alone onland and seafloor gps acoustic data or combinations of the different data sets based on comparisons of the slip models we find that there is no real gain by including insar observations for determining the fault slip distribution of this earthquake that said however some of the main fault slip patterns can be retrieved using the insar data alone when estimating long wavelength orbital atmospheric ramps as a part of the modeling our final preferred fault slip solution of the tohoku oki earthquake is based only on the gps data and has maximum reverse and strike slip of 36 0 m and 6 0 m respectively located northeast of the epicenter at a depth of 6 km and has a total geodetic moment is 3 6 1022 nm mw 9 01 similar to seismological estimates

comments on new insight into the structure of the nuussuaq basin central west greenland from chalmers pulvertaft marcussen and pedersen marine and petroleum geology 1999 16 197 234

faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern asia we determine approximate average rates of deformation in portions of eastern and central asia for the last 80 years these rates are based on estimates of source dimensions average displacements seismic moments and orientations of faults of all large earthquakes m 7 5 and as many other major earthquakes m 7 0 as possible in asia since 1900 a major part of this study is the compilation of these data for separate parts of asia we combine seismic moment tensors to estimate the average rotational strain or deformation tensors for these regions for the last 80 years we estimate that shortening across the tien shan has occurred at 11 mm yr between 5 and 19 mm yr left lateral shear on easterly trending planes in mongolia in northwestern tibet gansu and ningxia and on the xianshuihe fault in western sichuan has been very rapid more than 10 mm yr in each region and apparently as rapid as 40 mm yr in northwestern tibet gansu and ningxia slower rates of a few to 10 mm yr appear to characterize east west extension and conjugate north south shortening of tibet the earthquake history of the himalaya is consistent with rates of underthrusting of more than 10 mm yr but is probably less than the convergence rate of india with eurasia of about 50 mm yr the overall strain field is consistent with a large part of india s penetration into eurasia being absorbed by the extrusion of material out of india s way as a result southeast china moved at about 21 mm yr east southeast with respect to eurasia in the last 80 years with an uncertainty of about a factor of 2 in this estimated rate

coseismic deformation from the 2008 wenchuan china earthquake derived from alos palsar images abstract we analyzed alos palsar images along eight paths acquired before and after the mainshock of an earthquake in wenchuan in the sichuan province of china may 12 2008 we found entire coseismic deformation features and detected many fringes in an approximately 100 km wide region surrounding the longmen shan fault zone we found 6 7 broad elliptic fringes north of the epicenter which indicated around 70 80 cm increase in range distance between the ground and satellite this pattern corresponded to subsidence or eastward shift of ground which is often seen above the lower margin of a low angled thrust we also counted 8 9 fringes i e 90 100 cm range decrease between the fault zone and chengdu chengdu is located roughly 50 km away from the pengguan fault which is the southernmost trace of the longmen shan fault zone as this area is located on the footwall side the pattern suggested a westward shift of the earth s surface however we could not obtain high correlations due to large displacements in the about 240 km long belt along the surface faults several concentric fringes were found along the beichuan fault which is the central trace of the longmen shan fault zone this implied that the rupture process of this earthquake was complicated we also performed pixel matching to estimate offsets in the region of low correlation positive and negative range offsets larger than 2 m were found on the north and south sides of the beichuan fault respectively we observed a belt of negative range and azimuth offsets between the beichuan and pengguan faults we calculated an interferogram using a multi segment fault model with uniform slip along the beichuan and pengguan faults and estimated the slip distribution based on previous seismological studies we assumed that the southwestern part dipped toward the northwest by 33 degrees whereas the central and northeastern parts had a much steeper dip angle we found two regions of slips larger than 4 m in the southwest and central parts of the beichuan fault the pengguan segments may have much smaller slips around 1 m the southwestern segments of the beichuan fault and the entire pengguan fault had dominant thrust components whereas dextral slip prevailed in the central and northeastern segments of the beichuan fault the estimated geodetic moment was 5 87 1020nm mw 7 78

amounts and styles of coseismic deformation along the northern segment of surface rupture of the 2008 wenchuan mw 7 9 earthquake china abstract the may 12 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake occurred along the longmen shan fault zone a thrust fault zone on the eastern margin of tibet plateau and ruptured the ground surface for more than 200 km a field investigation suggests that the earthquake also ruptured the northern segment from beichuan to qingchuan along which active evidence had been less identified before 75 95 km long this rupture commonly presents a relatively simple 1 to 6 m high scarp with folding and tension cracks along the crest and with minor deformation on both the hanging wall and the footwall the maximum measured vertical and dextral displacements along this segment are 9 0 m and 3 0 m respectively the amounts of the vertical coseismic displacements decrease from southwest to northeast but the amounts of the dextral displacements increase toward the northeastern end of the rupture the surface rupture apparently terminates as mainly strike slip faulting at the northeastern end the observable rupture zone is about 75 km long between beichuan and shuiguan showing mainly thrust slip with a component of dextral strike slip dipping nw at an angle of 54 84 the surface deformation along this segment is classified into five characteristic styles that range from pure thrusting a mixture of thrust and dextral slip to pure dextral slip the amount of shortening is estimated to be minor 0 2 1 0 m

oblique high angle listric reverse faulting and associated development of strain the wenchuan earthquake of may 12 2008 sichuan china the 2008 wenchuan earthquake occurred on imbricate oblique steeply dipping slowly slipping listric reverse faults measurements of coseismic slip the distribution of aftershocks and fault plane solution of the mainshock all confirm this style of deformation and indicate cascading earthquake rupture of multiple segments each with coseismic slip occurring in the shallow crust above a depth range of 10 to 12 km interactions among three geological units eastern tibet the longmen shan and the sichuan basin caused slow strain accumulation in the longmen shan so that measurable preearthquake slip was minor coseismic deformation however took place mostly within the interseismically locked longmen shan fault zone the earthquake may have initiated from slip on a fault plane dipping 30 40 northwest in a depth range from 15 to 20 km and triggered oblique slip on the high angle faults at depths shallower than 15 km to form the great wenchuan earthquake

evidence of sudden rupture of a large asperity during the 2008 mw7 9 wenchuan earthquake based on strong motion analysis 1 we investigate the rupture process of the 12 may 2008 wenchuan earthquake using the records of 26 strong motion stations located 20 120 km from the seismic fault and with a good azimuthal coverage the wave velocity model required to conduct this analysis has been validated against aftershocks for which the point source hypothesis is a very good approximation the inversion of the main shock rupture process confirms the slip distribution and the average rupture velocity 3 km s previously determined however a very peculiar behavior is clearly resolved by the extensive data set used in this study the major slip area of the wenchuan earthquake located at 20 50 km north east of the epicenter is shown to break almost simultaneously 25 s after earthquake initiation this implies that slip in this part of the fault cannot be understood by simple stress release at the rupture front a more likely interpretation is the presence of a strong asperity which could break only when it was completely surrounded by stress increase resulting in a delayed but brutal rupture

field evidence of rupture of the qingchuan fault during the 2008 mw7 9 wenchuan earthquake northeastern segment of the longmen shan thrust belt china abstract although many studies of the 2008 mw 7 9 wenchuan earthquake have described the ground deformation features rupture mechanism and structural features of the seismogenic fault zone associated with this event debate remains concerning the total length of the co seismic surface rupture zone and whether the earthquake ruptured the qingchuan fault in the northeastern segment of the longmen shan thrust belt lstb china in this paper we present new field evidence that the qingchuan fault was ruptured by the 2008 wenchuan earthquake and that the total length of the co seismic surface rupture zone is up to 285 300 km field investigations reveal that the earthquake produced a 60 km long surface rupture zone along the pre existing qingchuan fault with the offset being mainly right lateral strike slip and a distinct component of vertical slip co seismic surface ruptures are characterized by faults and extensional cracks field measurements indicate co seismic right lateral strike slip displacements along the qingchuan fault of 0 3 0 6 m and vertical offsets of 0 2 0 5 m which differs to the displacements observed along the central and southwestern segments of the wenchuan surface rupture zone in the displacement amount and sense the change in slip sense from thrust dominated slip in the central and southwestern segments of the lstb to right lateral strike slip dominated displacement along the qingchuan fault northeastern segment of the lstb reflects a change in the orientation of compressive stress along the lstb associated with eastward extrusion of the tibetan plateau as it accommodates the ongoing penetration of the indian plate into the eurasian plate

relatively recent construction of the tien shan inferred from gps measurements of present day crustal deformation rates the tien shan a high seismically active intracontinental mountain belt 1 000 2 000 km north of the himalaya has grown as a result of india s collision with asia1 the crustal shortening 200 50 km refs 2 3 and thickening that gave rise to the tien shan accommodates only a small fraction of india s total penetration into asia 2 000 3 000km and the temporal relationship of deformation in this belt to the india asia collision remains unclear here we report geodetic measurements of the tien shan using the global positioning system gps that indicate that the current crustal shortening rate is nearly half of india s convergence rate with eurasia in this area4 we infer a total shortening rate for the tien shan of 20 mm yr 1 which is approximately twice that inferred previously from the extrapolation of slip rates in the holocene3 and earthquake induced displacements during this century5 suggesting that the rate of mountain building in this region has accelerated several fold since the onset of collision 50 55 myr ago6 7 if as we argue the current shortening rate can be extrapolated to geological timescales then our results suggest that most of the tien shan has been constructed during the past 10 myr perhaps in response to an increased horizontal force following an abrupt rise of the tibetan plateau8 9

high resolution satellite imagery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribution of the mw 7 8 14 november 2001 kokoxili earthquake kunlun fault northern tibet china the mw 7 8 kokoxili earthquake of 14 november 2001 which ruptured a 450 km long stretch of the sinistral kunlun strike slip fault at the northeastern edge of the tibet plateau china ranks as the largest strike slip event ever recorded instrumentally in asia newly available high resolution satellite hrs images pixel size 1 m acquired in the months following the earthquake proved a powerful tool to complement field investigations and to produce the most accurate map to date of the coseismic displacements along the central kusai hu segment of the rupture the coseismic rupture geometry south and west of buka daban feng near the earthquake epicenter was also investigated in detail along the kusai hu segment slip parti tioning is for the first time observed to occur simultaneously during a single event with two parallel strands 2 km apart localizing almost pure strike slip and normal faulting in all 83 new hrs coseismic offset measurements some of which calibrated by field work show large well constrained variations 100 of the slip function over distances of only25 km tension cracks opening ahead of the shear dislocation and later offset by the upward propagating strike slip rupture were observed dem onstrating that the rupture front propagated faster at depth than near the surface the triple junction between the central kusai hu segment the kunlun pass fault where the rupture ended and the xidatan dongdatan segment which could be the next segment to fail along the main kunlun fault acted as a strong barrier implying that direct triggering of earthquake rupture on the xidatan dongdatan segment by kokoxili type earthquakes may not be the rule

coseismic surface ruptures and crustal deformations of the 2008 wenchuan earthquake mw7 9 china 1 the irregularly distributed surface fault ruptures of the wenchuan earthquake spanned over 200 km along the longmen shan lms fault zone through field investigations we found over 10 coseismic surface ruptures with maximum vertical displacements of approximately 6 m on the yingxiu beichuan fault and 2 m on the guanxian anxian fault however the entire fault rupture movement was still not clearly understood since high topographic areas were inaccessible thus we used interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar satellite observations to capture whole coseismic surface ruptures and crustal deformations across the lms faults we created a novel bi fault slip model to invert fault slips using insar information which yielded that thrust fault slips were dominant at yingxiu houshenggou and bajiaomiao in the near epicenter segment while the dextral fault slips were dominant at pingtong and nanba along the northeast segment the combination of field investigations and simulations suggested that the two coseismic fault zones ruptured with an irregular surface distribution accompanied by crustal deformations

coseismic slip model of the 2008 wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar gps and field data 1 we derived a coseismic slip model for the mw 7 9 2008 wenchuan earthquake on the basis of radar line of sight displacements from alos interferograms gps vectors and geological field data available interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar data provided a nearly complete coverage of the surface deformation along both ascending fine beam mode and descending orbits scansar to scansar mode the earthquake was modeled using four subfaults with variable geometry and dip to capture the simultaneous rupture of both the beichuan fault and the pengguan fault our model misfits show that the insar and gps data are highly compatible the combined inversion yields a 93 variance reduction the best fit model has fault planes that rotate from shallow dip in the south 35 to nearly vertical dip toward the north 70 our rupture model is complex with variations in both depth and rake along two major fault strands in the southern segment of the beichuan fault the slip is mostly thrust 13 m and occurred principally in the upper 10 km of the crust the rupture progressively transformed to right lateral strike slip as it propagated northeast with maximum offsets of 7 m our model suggests that most of the moment release was limited to the shallow part of the crust depth less than 10 km we did not find any shallow slip deficit in the slip depth distribution of this mixed mechanism earthquake aftershocks were primarily distributed below the section of the fault that ruptured coseismically