resolving three dimensional surface displacements from insar measurements a review abstract one dimensional measurement along the line of sight los direction has greatly limited the capability of insar technique in the investigation of surface displacements and their dynamics in recent years great efforts have been made to resolve complete three dimensional 3 d displacements from insar measurements this contribution is intended to provide a systematic review of the progress achieved in this field based on an analysis of the insar los measurements we first cover two commonly used techniques i e offset tracking and multi aperture insar mai with which the surface displacement in the azimuth direction can be measured together with the los displacement several methods for mapping 3 d displacements using insar measurements are subsequently presented and categorized into three groups i combination of multi pass los and azimuth measurements ii integration of insar and gps data and iii prior information assisted approaches the strengths and weaknesses of each method are analyzed to show the applicability of each method to specific 3 d displacement mapping cases in hope to provide a useful guidance in choosing a suitable approach accordingly finally suggestions for resolving the challenging issues and outlook of future research are given

deriving a time series of 3d glacier motion to investigate interactions of a large mountain glacial system with its glacial lake use of synthetic aperture radar pixel offset small baseline subset technique abstract we investigated the interactions of lake merzbacher with the southern inylchek glacier central tien shan using the synthetic aperture radar sar pixel offset small baseline subset po sbas to derive a time series of three dimensional 3d glacier motion the measurements of 3d glacier velocity were 17 more precise than a previous study that did not use the sbas estimation the velocities of the glacier were up to 58 cm day east 70 cm day north and 113 cm day vertically combining these data with landsat images indicated that movement of the glacier is sensitive to changes of lake merzbacher specifically the entry of more lake water into the glacier during the ablation season increased englacial ablation due to thermal erosion moreover ice calving begins when the lake water gradually lifts the ice dam calving can cause greater loss of glacier mass than normal ablation trying to replenish the front mass loss the distributary accelerates and the mass loss further intensifies a time series of the vertical velocity indicates that the glacier tongue has a huge englacial cavity we suggest that the lake outburst is directly related to the crack of this cavity bursting of the lake triggers a mini surge at the glacier tongue the vertical velocity at the ice dam was 60 cm day before the lake outburst and 113 cm day afterwards after drainage of the lake flow velocities at the distributary do not sharply decrease because pre drainage mass loss needs to be replenished by fast flow based on comparisons with previous measurements our results indicate that the lake had an increasing influence on the glacier from 2005 to 2009 this study demonstrates that a time series of 3d glacier motion based on the po sbas technique is effective for assessing the dynamics of a mountain glacial system and interactions with its glacial lake

greenland flow variability from ice sheet wide velocity mapping using radarsat synthetic aperture radar data we have mapped the flow velocity over much of the greenland ice sheet for the winters of 2000 01 and 2005 06 these maps provide a detailed view of the ice sheet flow including that of the hundreds of glaciers draining the interior the focused patterns of flow at the coast suggest a strong influence of bedrock topography differences between our two maps confirm numerous early observations of accelerated outlet glacier flow as well as revealing previously unrecognized changes the overall pattern is one of speed up accompanied by terminus retreat but there are also several instances of surge behavior and a few cases of glacier slowdown comprehensive mappings such as these at regular intervals provide an important new observational capability for understanding ice sheet variability

influence of ionospheric electron density fluctuations on satellite radar interferometry evidence is presented that auroral zone ionospheric disturbances can influence satellite radar interferometry sri obtained with the radarsat ers and jers 1 satellites fluctuations in ionospheric electron density can lead to an azimuth shift modulation in synthetic aperture radar sar imagery which can be detected using sri measurements of azimuth shift in sri can help to differentiate ionospheric from tropospheric propagation problems and to understand better the impact of the ionosphere on spaceborne sar further sri azimuth shift modulation may be useful in mapping patterns of polar auroral zone ionospheric disturbances over large distances

dike propagation energy balance from deformation modeling and seismic release magma is transported in the crust mainly by dike intrusions in volcanic areas dikes can ascend towards the free surface and also move by lateral propagation eventually feeding flank eruptions understanding dike mechanics is a key to forecasting the expected propagation and associated hazard several studies have been conducted on dike mechanisms and propagation however a less in depth investigated aspect is the relation between measured dike induced deformation and the seismicity released during its propagation we individuated a simple equation that can be used as a proxy of the expected mechanical energy released by a propagating dike and is related to its average thickness for several intrusions around the world afar japan mt etna we correlate such mechanical energy to the seismic moment released by the induced earthquakes we obtain an empirical law that quantifies the expected seismic energy released before arrest the proposed approach may be helpful to predict the total seismic moment that will be released by an intrusion and thus to control the energy status during its propagation and the time of dike arrest

comparison of lignin phenols and branched isoprenoid tetraethers bit index as indices of terrestrial organic matter in doubtful sound fiordland new zealand abstract the branched isoprenoid tetraether bit index has recently been proposed as a qualitative proxy for the relative amounts of soil and marine derived organic matter om in marine sediments we compare bit values with lignin phenol cuo oxidation products and bulk om proxies in surface sediment samples from doubtful sound a fjord in the southwestern end of new zealand s south island as well as in soils and leaf litter from the local pristine temperate rainforest watershed the region has extreme rates of annual rainfall 7 m year 1 and large mass wasting soil and vegetation events on fjord slopes which results in relatively high fluxes of terrestrial organic matter om terr to fjord sediments sediments contained up to 11 4 w w organic carbon oc with terrestrial to a mixture of terrestrial marine 13 c 24 3 to 28 7 and c n 14 7 36 8 signatures bit values ranged from 0 24 to 0 93 lignin abundance in sediments reported as 8 values mg 8 lignin phenols 100 mg oc 1 ranged from 2 7 to 11 2 a weak correlation was found between concentrations of lignin phenols and bit values r 2 0 313 the likely cause of the differences between the two proxies is differences in the relative amounts of soil om om soil and vegetation intact and detrital transported to the fjord by episodic mass wasting events and gradual accumulation from overland leaching by rainfall and riverine sources interestingly the bit index correlated significantly with bulk sedimentary om om sed proxies 13 c r 2 0 774 c n r 2 0 629 while lignin phenol values 8 exhibited a much weaker correlation with 13 c values r 2 0 320 and no correlation with c n values r 2 0 005 this suggests that om soil represents the dominant fraction of om terr delivered to fjord sediments

kalman filter based approach for multisensor multitrack and multitemporal insar a kalman filter based approach is presented for resolving 3 d surface displacements using multisensor multitrack and multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar sar measurements measurements from each interferogram are projected into the three reference directions and combined in the kalman filter model with displacements determined from previous interferograms to produce updated displacement measurements both simulated and real data sets are used to test the proposed approach it is found that the method works well when the measurement noise is low the displacements in the north direction however are much lower in accuracy than those in the other two directions and even become unstable when the measurement noise is high due to the polar orbiting imaging geometries of the current satellite sar sensors

organic carbon burial in fjords terrestrial versus marine inputs abstract fjords have been identified as sites of enhanced organic carbon oc burial and may play an important role in regulating climate change on glacial interglacial timescales understanding sediment processes and sources of sedimentary oc are necessary to better constrain oc burial in fjords in this study we use fiordland new zealand as a case study and present data on surface sediments sediment down cores and terrestrial end members to examine dynamics of sediments and the sources of oc in fjord sediments sediment cores showed evidence of multiple particle sources frequent bioturbation and mass wasting events a multi proxy approach stable isotopes lignin phenols and fatty acids allowed for separation of marine soil and vascular plant oc in surface sediments the relationship between mass accumulation rate mar and oc contents in fjord surface sediments suggested that mineral dilution is important in controlling oc content on a global scale but is less important for specific regions e g new zealand the inconsistency of oc budgets calculated by using mar weighted oc and oc accumulation rates ar 6 vs 21 31 tg oc yr 1 suggested that sediment flux in fjords was likely underestimated by using end member models we propose that 55 to 62 of total oc buried in fjords is terrestrially derived and accounts for 17 12 of the octerr buried in all marine sediments the strong correlation between mar and oc ar indicated that oc flux will likely decrease in fjords in the future with global warming due to decrease in sediment flux caused by glacier denudation

toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using insar 1 one of the limitations of deformation measurements made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is that an interferogram only measures one component of the surface deformation in the satellite s line of sight we investigate strategies for mapping surface deformation in three dimensions by using multiple interferograms with different imaging geometries geometries for both current and future missions are evaluated and their abilities to resolve the displacement vector are compared the north component is always the most difficult to determine using data from near polar orbiting satellites however a satellite with an inclination of about 60 120 would enable all three components to be well resolved we attempt to resolve the 3d displacements for the 23 october 2002 nenana mountain alaska earthquake the north component s error is much larger than the signal but proxies for eastward and vertical motion can be determined if the north component is assumed negligible inversions of hypothetical coseismic interferograms demonstrate that earthquake model parameters can be well recovered from two interferograms acquired on ascending and descending tracks

sources sinks and subsidies terrestrial carbon storage in mid latitude fjords this work was supported by the natural environment research council grant number ne l501852 1 with additional support from the nerc life science mass spectrometry facility ceh l 098 11 2015 and the nerc geophysical equipment facility nggfsc minor loan 1031

boundary layer mechanisms in extratropical cyclones this paper revisits the mechanism for the interaction of the boundary layer with extratropical cyclones two diagnostic approaches are compared ekman pumping and potential vorticity ekman pumping derives from the boundary layer stress which induces convergence and ascent boundary layer potential vorticity contains in a single quantity both the vorticity and stratification these quantities are compared for an idealized extratropical cyclone life cycle simulated with the met office unified model a significant component of the boundary layer stress and thus ekman pumping at occlusion is forced by the cold conveyor belt jet in the unstable boundary layer in contrast much of the boundary layer depth averaged potential vorticity is contained within the stable warm sector region inversion of the warm sector pv indicates a small local deepening of about 2 5 hpa moreover switching off the boundary layer mixing in the unstable cold sector has much more impact than in the stable warm sector the sensitivity of the cyclone and its boundary layer to basic state jet strength is then investigated the maximum friction velocity scales closely with the initial maximum jet strength this demonstrates the important role of the large scale flow in organizing the boundary layer structure changes in the minimum pressure produced by altering the boundary layer parametrization correspond closely to changes in the surface stress averaged over the cyclone different operational changes to the boundary layer scheme produce small and compensating changes to the cyclone minimum pressure over three days crown copyright 2007 reproduced with the permission of the controller of hmso published by john wiley sons ltd

simulation of the supersar multi azimuth synthetic aperture radar imaging system for precise measurement of three dimensional earth surface displacement the supersar imaging system a novel multi azimuth synthetic aperture radar sar system capable of detecting earth surface deformation in three dimensions from a single satellite platform has recently been proposed in this paper we investigate the feasibility of detecting precise 3 d surface displacement measurements with the supersar imaging system using a point target simulation from this simulation we establish both a relationship between the interferometric sar phase and the across track displacement and a relationship between the multiple aperture interferometry phase and the along track displacement based on the supersar imaging geometry the theoretical uncertainties of the supersar measurement are analyzed in the across and along track directions and the theoretical accuracy of the 3 d displacement measurement from the supersar system is also investigated according to both the decorrelation and the squint and look angles in the case that the interferometric coherence is about 0 8 and that five effective looks are employed the theoretical 2 d measurement precision values are about 3 67 and 6 35 mm in the across and along track directions respectively and the theoretical 3 d measurement precision values for 3 d displacement are about 4 05 4 56 and 3 45 mm in the east north and up directions respectively the result of this study demonstrates that the supersar imaging system is capable of measuring the 3 d surface displacement in all directions with subcentimeter precision

multi track extraction of two dimensional surface velocity by the combined use of differential and multiple aperture insar in the amery ice shelf east antarctica abstract glaciers and ice streams drain the ice from the ice sheets to the ice shelves and contribute to global sea level changes therefore ice velocity is an essential parameter for the assessment of mass balance in this paper we propose an approach for the multi track extraction of two dimensional ice surface velocity by the combined use of multiple aperture interferometry mai and differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry dinsar the azimuth and ground range ice movements of each individual track are first estimated by the use of mai and dinsar respectively a seamless two dimensional ice velocity map is then achieved by calibration and mosaicking of the estimated velocity of the multi temporal and multi track measurements over a large area finally the dynamic behavior of the amery ice shelf is analyzed by formulating a long term series of ice flow velocities consisting of historical surface velocities 1968 1990 the estimated surface velocity by the proposed method with ers 1 2 data 1996 existing surface velocity products such as the radarsat 1 antarctic mapping project ramp velocities 1997 2000 and rignot s results 2007 2010 as well as the estimated velocities obtained by the use of the offset tracking method from landsat 8 images 2013 2014 the results show that the estimated velocity obtained by the use of the proposed method is superior to the other methods and the long term series of ice velocity measurements shows that the ice velocity in the amery ice shelf has hardly changed over the past 45 years 1968 2014 we conclude that the ice flow velocity of the amery ice shelf has showed a slight deceleration over the past 45 years

surface deformation and coherence measurements of kilauea volcano hawaii from sir c radar interferometry the shuttle imaging radar c x synthetic aperture radar sir c x sar radar on board the space shuttle endeavor imaged kilauea volcano hawaii in april and october 1994 for the purpose of measuring active surface deformation by the methods of repeat pass differential radar interferometry observations at 24 cm l band and 5 6 cm c band wavelengths were reduced to interferograms showing apparent surface deformation over the 6 month interval and over a succession of 1 day intervals in october a statistically significant local phase signature in the 6 month interferogram is coincident with the pu u o o lava vent interpreted as deformation the signal implies centimeter scale deflation in an area several kilometers wide surrounding the vent peak deflation is roughly 14 cm if the deformation is purely vertical centered southward of the pu u o o caldera delays in the radar signal phase induced by atmospheric refractivity anomalies introduce spurious apparent deformation signatures at the level of 12 cm peak to peak in the radar line of sight direction though the phase observations are suggestive of the wide area deformation measured by global positioning system gps methods the atmospheric effects are large enough to limit the interpretation of the result it is difficult to characterize centimeter scale deformations spatially distributed over tens of kilometers using differential interferometry without supporting simultaneous spatially distributed measurements of refractivity along the radar line of sight studies of the interferometric correlation of images acquired at different times show that l band is far superior to c band in the vegetated areas even when the observations are separated by only 1 day these results imply longer wavelength instruments are more appropriate for studying surfaces by repeat pass observations

3 d surface deformation of the 2000 usu eruption measured by matching of sar images a subpixel level offset estimation technique was applied to sar synthetic aperture radar images of usu volcano japan using radarsat sar amplitude images acquired from ascending and descending orbits we generated a map of three dimensional displacement vectors showing ground deformation associated with criptdome formation in april 2000 moreover displacement velocities and volume changes were estimated from april 3 29 inflation was observed with vertical and horizontal displacements each exceeding 20m during the period of major activity from april 3 5 uplift and n s spreading velocities reached 3 3m day and 2 7m day respectively while volume change was 3 4 106 m day although this technique is less precise than other methods and is not very sensitive to local deformations it provides several key advantages including 1 personnel are not required to enter hazardous areas 2 it provides wide spatial coverage and 3 it does not depend on coherence making it more widely applicable than insar

an improvement of the performance of multiple aperture sar interferometry mai multiple aperture synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry mai enables the measurement of along track surface deformations by means of split beam sar processing this paper examines the effects of flat earth and topographic phases on the mai phase and derives formulas to correct them detailed mai processing steps are introduced and discussed with particular consideration given to coherence improvement as well as to computational efficiency forward and backward looking mai pairs have different perpendicular baselines which play a key role in phase distortion consequently an orbital deviation of only a few centimeters could result in a significant flat earth phase a second order polynomial model was used to estimate the perpendicular baseline difference european remote sensing 2 satellite sar data sets of the hector mine earthquake event in 1999 were used for performance evaluation the proposed processing with the flat earth and topographic phase corrections achieved precision of along track deformation ranging from 10 2 to 13 1 cm two coseismic pairs were compared and the standard deviation of the difference between the two independent measurements was 7 0 cm with a mean difference of 0 24 cm thus the measurement accuracy of mai was improved using flat earth correction and coherence enhancement

flow of glaciar moreno argentina from repeat pass shuttle imaging radar images comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry high resolution radar images of glaciar moreno argentina acquired by the shuttle imaging radar c sir c on 9 and 10 october 1994 at 24 cm wavelength l band are utilized to map the glacier velocity both interferometrically and using the phase correlation method the precision of the interferometric ice velocities is 1 8 cm d 1 6 m a 1 1 the phase correlation method measures ice velocity with a precision of 14 cm d 1 50 m a 1 with image data at a 6 m sample spacing acquired 1 day apart averaged strain rates are measured with a precision of 10 4 d 1 at a 240 m sample spacing with the phase correlation method and 10 5 d 1 with radar interferometry the phase correlation method is less precise than radar interferometry but it performs better in areas of rapid flow is more robust to temporal changes in glacier scattering and measures the glacier velocity in two dimensions with only one image pair using this technique we find that glaciar moreno flows at 400 m a 1 in the terminal valley and 800 m a 1 at the calving front in agreement with velocities recorded a decade ago assuming steady state flow conditions the vertical strain rates measured by sir c are combined with prior data on mass ablation to estimate the glacier thickness and ice discharge the calculated discharge is 0 6 0 2 km3 ice a 1 at 300 m elevation and 1 1 0 2 km3 ice a 1 at the equilibrium line elevation 1150 m which yields a balance accumulation of 6 1m ice a 1

measuring ground displacements from sar amplitude images application to the landers earthquake ers sar amplitude images are utilized to map ground displacements from a sub pixel correlation method it yields a ground two dimensional displacement field with independent measurements about every 128m in azimuth and 250m in range the accuracy depends on the characteristics of the images for the landers test case the 1 uncertainty is 0 8m in range and 0 4m in azimuth we show that this measurement provides a map of major surface fault ruptures accurate to better than 1km and information on coseismic deformation comparable to the 92 gps measurements available although less accurate this technique is more robust than sar interferometry and provides complementary information since interferograms are only sensitive to the displacement in range

surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003 bam iran earthquake from envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery 1 the mw 6 6 26 december 2003 bam iran earthquake was one of the first earthquakes for which envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar asar data were available using interferograms and azimuth offsets from ascending and descending tracks we construct a three dimensional displacement field of the deformation due to the earthquake elastic dislocation modeling shows that the observed deformation pattern cannot be explained by slip on a single planar fault which significantly underestimates eastward and upward motions se of bam we find that the deformation pattern observed can be best explained by slip on two subparallel faults eighty five percent of moment release occurred on a previously unknown strike slip fault running into the center of bam with peak slip of over 2 m occurring at a depth of 5 km the remainder occurred as a combination of strike slip and thrusting motion on a southward extension of the previously mapped bam fault 5 km to the east

estimating source parameters from deformation data with an application to the march 1997 earthquake swarm off the izu peninsula japan we have applied two monte carlo optimization techniques simulated annealing and random cost to the inversion of deformation data for fault and magma chamber geometry these techniques involve an element of randomness that permits them to escape local minima and ultimately converge to the global minimum of misfit space we have tested the monte carlo algorithms on two synthetic data sets we have also compared them to one another in terms of their efficiency and reliability we have applied the bootstrap method to estimate confidence intervals for the source parameters including the correlations inherent in the data additionally we present methods that use the information from the bootstrapping procedure to visualize the correlations between the different model parameters we have applied these techniques to gps tilt and leveling data from the march 1997 earthquake swarm off of the izu peninsula japan using the two monte carlo algorithms we have inferred two sources a dike and a fault that fit the deformation data and the patterns of seismicity and that are consistent with the regional stress field

sources and distribution of terrigenous organic matter delivered by the atchafalaya river to sediments in the northern gulf of mexico abstract suspended sediments ss from the atchafalaya river ar and the mississippi river and surficial sediment samples from seven shallow cross shelf transects west of the ar in the northern gulf of mexico were examined using elemental oc c n isotopic 13c 14c and terrigenous biomarker analyses the organic matter om delivered by the ar is isotopically enriched 24 5 and relatively degraded suggesting that soil derived om with a c4 signature is the predominant om source for these ss the shelf sediments display oc values that generally decrease seaward within each transect and westward parallel to the coastline a strong terrigenous c n 29 signal is observed in sediments deposited close to the mouth of the river but values along the remainder of the shelf fall within a narrow range 8 13 with no apparent offshore trends depleted stable carbon isotope 13c values typical of c3 plant debris 27 are found near the river mouth and become more enriched 22 to 21 offshore the spatial distribution of lignin in shelf sediments mirrors that of oc with high lignin yields found inshore relative to that found offshore water depth 10 m the isotopic and biomarker data indicate that at least two types of terrigenous om are deposited within the study area relatively undegraded c3 plant debris is deposited close to the mouth of the ar whereas more degraded isotopically enriched soil derived om appears to be deposited along the remainder of the shelf an important input from marine carbon is found at the stations offshore from the 10 m isobath quantification of the terrigenous component of sedimentary om is complicated by the heterogeneous composition of the terrigenous end member a three end member mixing model is therefore required to more accurately evaluate the sources of om deposited in the study area the results of the mixing calculation indicate that terrigenous om soil derived om and vascular plant debris accounts for 79 of the om deposited as inshore sediments and 66 of om deposited as offshore sediments importantly the abundance of terrigenous om is 40 higher in inshore sediments and nearly 85 higher in offshore sediments than indicated by a two end member mixing model such a result highlights the need to reevaluate the inputs and cycling of soil derived om in the coastal ocean

the fate of soil organic carbon upon erosion transport and deposition in agricultural landscapes a review of different concepts abstract erosion and deposition redistribute large quantities of sediment and soil organic carbon soc in agricultural landscapes in the perspective of global carbon cycling the coupling between erosion processes and the fate of soc is of particular interest however different concepts have been proposed to assess the impact of erosion induced lateral and vertical carbon fluxes on landscape scale this resulted in contrasting conclusions if agricultural soils represent either a carbon sink or source the large global area of arable soil and generally high erosion rates make these insights important in this review we aim to give an overview of the different conceptual relations described governing c dynamics at sites of erosion along the transport pathway and at depositional sites and the current state of knowledge on the fate of soc upon erosion transport and deposition in agricultural landscapes the impact of erosion on soc dynamics differs for sites of erosion deposition and during transport with further influences by agricultural practices e g tillage and fertilisation controlling processes are the detachment of sediment and soc net primary production resulting in dynamic replacement and changes in mineralisation upon transport and deposition due to aggregate breakdown and deep burial respectively however the exact magnitude and dominance of these processes are debated resulting in a controversy whether arable land functions as a sink or source for atmospheric co2 global estimations range between a net sink strength of 0 06 1 versus a source of 0 27 1 14 gt c yr 1 for agricultural soils an eco geomorphologic approach which encompasses physical and biological driven factors e g spatio temporal variation in biological geomorphological and biological processes environmental conditions mineralisation and net primary production is of importance to balance the carbon budget and ascertain sink or source formation at landscape scale high spatio temporal variability on process scale imposes constrains to measure and model the fate of soc upon erosion with limited quantitative data available prospective research across the landscape eroding sites transport pathway and depositional sites should include all relevant processes at broad temporal and spatial scales definitive resolution of the sink source controversy lies in further eco geomorphologic research on the fate of soc focussing on long term and spatial extensive monitoring studies combined with advanced measuring modelling and extrapolation techniques to cover broad spatio temporal soc dynamics ascertainment of carbon dynamics in agricultural landscapes provides important insights to balance the carbon budget and finally holds the answer on sink source formation

ice velocity determined using conventional and multiple aperture insar abstract we combine conventional interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar and multiple aperture insar mai to determine the ice surface velocity on the langjokull and hofsjokull ice caps in iceland in 1994 this approach allows the velocity of the 20 principal ice cap outlet glaciers to be fully resolved we show that mai leads to displacement estimates of finer resolution 15 versus 150 m and superior precision 5 versus 15 cm to those afforded by the alternative technique of speckle tracking using sar data acquired in ascending and descending orbits we show that ice flows within 15 of the direction of maximum surface slope across 66 of the ice caps it is therefore possible to determine ice displacement over the majority of the ice caps using a single sar image pair thereby reducing errors associated with temporal fluctuations in ice flow

error estimation in multitemporal insar deformation time series with application to lanzarote canary islands 1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is a reliable technique for measuring crustal deformation however despite its long application in geophysical problems its error estimation has been largely overlooked currently the largest problem with insar is still the atmospheric propagation errors which is why multitemporal interferometric techniques have been successfully developed using a series of interferograms however none of the standard multitemporal interferometric techniques namely ps or sb persistent scatterers and small baselines respectively provide an estimate of their precision here we present a method to compute reliable estimates of the precision of the deformation time series we implement it for the sb multitemporal interferometric technique a favorable technique for natural terrains the most usual target of geophysical applications we describe the method that uses a properly weighted scheme that allows us to compute estimates for all interferogram pixels enhanced by a montecarlo resampling technique that properly propagates the interferogram errors variance covariances into the unknown parameters estimated errors for the displacements we apply the multitemporal error estimation method to lanzarote island canary islands where no active magmatic activity has been reported in the last decades we detect deformation around timanfaya volcano lengthening of line of sight subsidence where the last eruption in 1730 1736 occurred deformation closely follows the surface temperature anomalies indicating that magma crystallization cooling and contraction of the 300 year shallow magmatic body under timanfaya volcano is still ongoing

sedimentary organic matter geochemistry of clayoquot sound vancouver island british columbia surface sediment samples from three interconnected fjords of clayoquot sound british columbia were density fractionated 1 6 g cm 3 to isolate discrete organic debris od from mineral associated organic matter mom total organic carbon oc values varied greatly ranging from 0 1 to 8 8 by weight with a general decreasing trend from fjord head to the continental shelf within the sediment terrestrial om was present either as vascular plant debris or soil mom down fjord the woody vascular plant material in the od fraction acquires nitrogen which is hypothesized to be due to the bacterial incorporation of nitrogen from the water terrestrial oc in the mom is incompletely replaced by marine oc within the fjords resulting in a 65 net loss of mom sediments deposited under oxic and intermittently anoxic water column conditions have organic carbon to surface area ratios oc sa ranging from 0 4 to 1 2 mg c m 2 similar to that of typical continental margin sediments given that temperate fjords contain an estimated 12 of the continental margin sediment deposited during the last 100 000 yr and that they bury at least a margin equivalent amount of oc either weight or surface area normalized we hypothesize that temperate fjords may contain 12 or more of the sedimentary oc buried during this time

evidence for subglacial water transport in the west antarctic ice sheet through three dimensional satellite radar interferometry 1 radarsat data from the 1997 antarctic mapping mission are used interferometrically to solve for the 3 dimensional surface ice motion in the interior of the west antarctic ice sheet wais an area of 125 km2 in a tributary of the kamb ice stream slumped vertically downwards by up to 50 cm between september 26 and october 18 1997 areas in the bindschadler ice stream also exhibited comparable upward and downward surface displacements as the uplift and subsidence features correspond to sites at which the basal water apparently experiences a hydraulic potential well we suggest transient movement of pockets of subglacial water as the most likely cause for the vertical surface displacements these results and related lidar observations imply that imaging the change in ice surface elevation can help reveal the key role of water in the difficult to observe subglacial environment and its important influence on ice dynamics

using multiple radarsat insar pairs to estimate a full three dimensional solution for glacial ice movement 1 multiple sar interferograms are used to solve for the full 3 dimensional displacement of the surface of the henrietta nesmith glacier in northern ellesmere island canada the approach exploits the incidence angle flexibility of different ascending and descending beam modes and the azimuth angle diversity which occurs when different incidence angles are used at high latitudes line of sight displacements are estimated in 3 different orientations from the terrain corrected unwrapped differential phase and used to solve for the displacements in a local east north up frame uncertainty in the absolute line of sight displacements limits the absolute accuracy for vertical displacement however the relative solution coupled with knowledge of the surface slope allows spaceborne mapping of relative glacier thickening or thinning with unprecedented spatial resolution and with an accuracy of order a millimeter per day

complete three dimensional coseismic deformation field of the 2016 central tottori earthquake by integrating left and right looking insar observations with the improved sm vce method

displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 kashmir earthquake from sar imagery 1 the 8th october 2005 kashmir earthquake mw 7 6 involved primarily thrust motion on a ne dipping fault sub pixel correlation of envisat sar images gives the location of the 80 km long fault trace within 300 800 m and a 3d surface displacement field with a sub metric accuracy covering the whole epicentral area the slip distribution inverted using elastic dislocation models indicates that slip occurs mainly in the upper 10 km between the cities of muzaffarabad and balakot the rupture reached the surface in several places in the hanging wall horizontal motions show rotation from pure thrust to oblique right lateral motion that are not observed in the footwall a segmentation of the fault near muzaffarabad is also suggested north of the city of balakot slip decreases dramatically but a diffuse zone of mainly vertical surface displacements which could be post seismic exists further north where most of the aftershocks occur aligned along the nw se indus kohistan seismic zone

radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth s surface geophysical applications of radar interferometry to measure changes in the earth s surface have exploded in the early 1990s this new geodetic technique calculates the interference pattern caused by the difference in phase between two images acquired by a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar at two distinct times the resulting interferogram is a contour map of the change in distance between the ground and the radar instrument these maps provide an unsurpassed spatial sampling density 100 pixels km 2 a competitive precision 1 cm and a useful observation cadence 1 pass month 1 they record movements in the crust perturbations in the atmosphere dielectric modifications in the soil and relief in the topography they are also sensitive to technical effects such as relative variations in the radar s trajectory or variations in its frequency standard we describe how all these phenomena contribute to an interferogram then a practical summary explains the techniques for calculating and manipulating interferograms from various radar instruments including the four satellites currently in orbit ers 1 ers 2 jers 1 and radarsat the next chapter suggests some guidelines for interpreting an interferogram as a geophysical measurement respecting the limits of the technique assessing its uncertainty recognizing artifacts and discriminating different types of signal we then review the geophysical applications published to date most of which study deformation related to earthquakes volcanoes and glaciers using ers 1 data we also show examples of monitoring natural hazards and environmental alterations related to landslides subsidence and agriculture in addition we consider subtler geophysical signals such as postseismic relaxation tidal loading of coastal areas and interseismic strain accumulation we conclude with our perspectives on the future of radar interferometry the objective of the review is for the reader to develop the physical understanding necessary to calculate an interferogram and the geophysical intuition necessary to interpret it

locations and types of ruptures involved in the 2008 sichuan earthquake inferred from sar image matching 1 we have detected detailed ground displacements in the proximity of the longmen shan fault zone lmsfz by applying a sar offset tracking method in the analysis of the 2008 sichuan earthquake an elevation dependent correction is indispensable for achieving sub meter accuracy a sharp displacement discontinuity with a relative motion of 1 2 m appears over a length of 200 km along the lmsfz which demonstrates that the main rupture has proceeded on the beichuan fault bf among several active faults composing the lmsfz and a new active fault is detected on the northeastward extension of the bf the rupture on the bf is characterized by a right lateral motion in the northeast while in the southwest an oblique right lateral thrust slip is suggested in contrast to the northeast where a major rupture proceeded on the bf only in the southwest multiple thrust ruptures have occurred in the southeastern foot of the pengguan massif

entrainment and detrainment in cumulus clouds abstract vertical redistribution of air and its properties inside convective clouds can be studied by standard thermodynamic analyses paluch and saturation point diagrams if the clouds are nonprecipitating and ice free it is shown from such analysis that the linear patterns often seen in these diagrams can result from continued lateral entrainment the observations are consistent with the hypothesis that buoyancy sorting is an important factor in determining cloud composition this yields a simple graphical means for estimating the thermodynamic properties of in cloud air at any pressure field observations of detrained fluxes near cumulus clouds reveal the existence of rather thin detrainment layers which can occur anywhere over the cloud layer these observations are shown to be consistent with the conclusion of bretherton and smolarkiewicz that detrainment is governed by vertical gradients of cloud buoyancy this allows prediction of detrainment regions from cloud base temperature and pressure an

changes in the velocity structure of the greenland ice sheet using satellite radar interferometry observations of greenland we detected widespread glacier acceleration below 66 north between 1996 and 2000 which rapidly expanded to 70 north in 2005 accelerated ice discharge in the west and particularly in the east doubled the ice sheet mass deficit in the last decade from 90 to 220 cubic kilometers per year as more glaciers accelerate farther north the contribution of greenland to sea level rise will continue to increase

modeling tropical precipitation in a single column abstract a modified formulation of the traditional single column model for representing a limited area near the equator is proposed this formulation can also be considered a two column model in the limit as the area represented by one of the columns becomes very large compared to the other only a single column is explicitly modeled but its free tropospheric temperature rather than its mean vertical velocity is prescribed this allows the precipitation and vertical velocity to be true prognostic variables as in prior analytical theories of tropical precipitation two models developed by other authors are modified according to the proposed formulation the first is the intermediate atmospheric model of j d neelin and n zeng but with the horizontal connections between columns broken rendering it a set of disconnected column models the second is the column model of n o renno k a emanuel and p h stone in the first model the set of disconnected column models is run with a fixed temperature

assessing the importance of terrestrial organic carbon in the chukchi and beaufort seas abstract the western arctic ocean is a unique part of the world s oceans and is an area undergoing significant climate changes the effects and possible climate feedbacks of these changes are not yet fully understood decreased sea ice cover could lead to increased productivity in the water column or a reduction in total productivity through the loss of sea ice algal contributions climate change could also alter the patterns of terrestrial inputs from rivers and coastal erosion in order to better understand the balance of organic material inputs in the western arctic ocean this report presents carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotopic compositions from 19 surface sediment samples and 7 cores from 4 shelf to basin transects as evidence of the sources of organic matter buried in the sediments of the chukchi and alaskan beaufort seas the c n ratios for surface sediments were between 5 3 and 11 5 mean 9 0 1 3 the mean toc was 1 2 0 3 and mean tn was 0 16 0 02 the highest toc contents were observed in the barrow canyon transect likely reflecting heightened overlying productivity the 13 c of this preserved material varied from 22 1 to 16 7 mean 19 4 1 3 a trend to depletion in 13 c and higher c n in eastern sites was observed among the surface samples 15 n varied from 4 1 to 7 6 mean 5 7 1 1 an evaluation of the inputs of organic matter to the western arctic sediment was accomplished using 13 c and 15 n values with the novel technique of a bayesian analysis multi source mixing model this model was used to estimate proportional contributions of sea ice algae water column phytoplankton and terrestrial organic matter we conclude that water column productivity is the source of between 50 and 70 of the organic carbon buried in this portion of the western arctic the remaining 25 35 of carbon is mainly supplied by sea ice algal productivity with at most 15 of sedimentary carbon derived from terrestrial inputs

validation of alpine glacier velocity measurements using ers tandem mission sar data five ascending and four descending ers 1 2 tandem mode synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry insar data pairs with useful scene coherence are used to measure the surface flow field of an alpine glacier in the canadian rocky mountains the topographic component of the interferogram phase is calculated by using a digital elevation model dem of the terrain and precise orbit data to reconstruct the ers insar imaging geometry the dem is derived from the canada centre for remote sensing ccrs convair 580 airborne sar interferometer as dual line of sight los measurements are not sufficient to completely resolve the three dimensional 3d surface flow field several different assumptions for determining the missing variables are considered and the 3d surface flow field is estimated by using single and dual los measurements the insar results agree with historic and coincident displacement measurements made using traditional point surveying techniques

preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter the amount and type of organic matter in the sediments of lakes and oceans contribute to their paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatological records only a small fraction of the initial aquatic organic matter survives destruction and alteration during sinking and sedimentation selective degradation modifies the character of the surviving small fraction of organic matter which becomes incorporated in bottom sediments organic matter alterations can continue to sub bottom depths of hundreds of meters corresponding to millions of years source and paleoenvironmental information nonetheless remains preserved in the molecular elemental and isotopic compositions of organic matter c n and 13c values of total organic matter in particular appear to retain paleoenvironmental information for multi myr time periods

synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure earth s surface topography and its deformation synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar from earth orbiting spacecraft provides a new tool to map global topography and deformation of the earth s surface radar images taken from slightly different viewing directions allow the construction of digital elevation models of meter scale accuracy these data sets aid in the analysis and interpretation of tectonic and volcanic landscapes if the earth s surface deformed between two radar image acquisitions a map of the surface dis placement with tens of meters resolution and subcentimeter accuracy can be con structed this review gives a basic overview of insar for earth scientists and presents a selection of geologic applications that demonstrate the unique capabilities of insar for mapping the topography and deformation of the earth

lipid biomarker δ13c and plant macrofossil stratigraphy of a scottish montane peat bog over the last two millennia abstract seven horizons of a peat core covering the last 2000 years from moine mhor a blanket bog in the cairngorm mountains scotland have been examined for the carbon number distributions of the long chain hydrocarbon alcohol and acid components using gas chromatography gc and gas chromatography mass spectrometry gc ms compound specific 13 c values for individual n alkanes were obtained using gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry gc irms the lipid biomarker distributions and the 13 c values have been compared with those of eleven species of living plant dominant at the contemporary surface of the bog the observed lipid stratigraphy shows only partial agreement with that calculated using macrofossil abundance data and the lipid distributions for the living taxa a result which reflects the inherent uncertainties in both the lipid biomarker and the macrofossil approaches to palaeoenvironmental stratigraphy the carbon isotope values for the individual n alkanes of the plants 27 6 to 36 6 and of the peat layers 29 to 31 7 are as expected for the c 3 photosynthetic pathway however the n alkanes from the surface samples were more depleted by 2 in 13 c than those from the rest of the core a negative shift which may in part reflect the shift 1 2 in 13 c estimated for co 2 in a pre industrialised to an industrialised atmosphere

carbon cycling and burial in new zealand s fjords understanding carbon cycling in continental margin settings is critical for constraining the global carbon cycle here we apply a multiproxy geochemical approach to evaluate regional carbon cycle dynamics in six new zealand fjords using carbon and nitrogen concentrations and isotopes lipid biomarkers and redox sensitive element concentrations we show that the new zealand fjords have carbon rich surface sediments in basins that promote long term storage i e semirestricted basins with sediment accumulation rates of up to 4 mm yr 1 using 13c distributions to develop a mixing model we find that organic carbon in fjord sediments is well mixed from marine and terrestrial sources in down fjord gradients this is driven by high regional precipitation rates of 6 m yr 1 which promote carbon accumulation in fjord basins through terrestrial runoff in addition we have identified at least two euxinic subbasins based on uranium molybdenum iron and cadmium enrichment that contain 7 organic carbon because the strength and position of the southern hemisphere westerly winds control precipitation and fjord circulation carbon delivery and storage in the region are intimately linked to westerly wind variability we estimate that the fjord region 759 km2 may be exporting up to 1 4 107 kgc yr 1 outpacing other types of continental margins in rates of carbon burial by up to 3 orders of magnitude

satellite interferometry for mapping surface deformation time series in one two and three dimensions a new method illustrated on a slow moving landslide abstract space borne differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar dinsar has been extensively used in the last two decades to measure ground surface deformation providing key information for the characterization and understanding of many natural and anthropogenic processes however conventional dinsar technique measures only one component of the surface deformation i e the satellite s line of sight los causing the interpretation of dinsar measurements to be challenging and potentially narrowing the understanding of the mechanisms and dynamics of the deformation processes at work presently available methods that estimate 3d surface deformation from dinsar generally operate on individual interferograms and therefore do not produce 3d surface deformation time series however the availability of time series is essential for studying surface deformation processes bringing information on e g temporally and spatially variable external forcing conditions and characteristics of future deformation patterns the multidimensional small baseline subset msbas method was already able to produce 2d east and vertical surface deformation time series from multi tracks and multi sensors dinsar data here we propose a novel version of the msbas msbas 3d method that can produce 3d north east and vertical surface deformation time series from ascending and descending dinsar data this new method proposes measuring the surface deformation for processes producing motion parallel to the surface such as landslides and glacier flows while conserving the dinsar accuracy the ability of msbas 3d to capture the full 3d deformation pattern of processes with a surface signature is illustrated for a large slow moving deep seated landslide for which long dinsar and dgnss time series as well as ground truth data are available surface deformation is measured over a four year period using 1d los 2d and 3d msbas methods and the advantages and limitations of each approach are described in this case the novel msbas 3d technique produces superior results that greatly simplify interpretation of the processes at work the msbas 3d software can be downloaded from http insar ca

on large scale circulations in convecting atmospheres the dominant thinking about the interaction between large scale atmospheric circulations and moist convection holds that convection acts as a heat source for the large scale circulations while the latter supply water vapour to the convection we show that this idea has led to fundamental misconceptions about this interaction and offer an alternative paradigm based on the idea that convection is nearly in statistical equilibrium with its environment according to the alternative paradigm the vertical temperature profile itself rather than the heating is controlled by the convection which ties the temperature directly to the subcloud layer entropy the understanding of large scale circulations in convecting atmospheres can therefore be regarded as a problem of understanding the distribution in space and time of the subcloud layer entropy we show that the subcloud layer entropy is controlled by the sea surface temperature the surface wind speed and the large scale vertical velocity in the convecting layer and demonstrate how the recognition of this control leads to a simple physically consistent view of large scale flows ranging from the hadley and walker circulations to the 30 50 day oscillation in particular we argue that the direct effect of convection on large scale circulations is to reduce by roughly an order of magnitude the effective static stability felt by such circulations and to damp all of them

fault slip distribution of the 1999 mw 7 1 hector mine california earthquake estimated from satellite radar and gps measurements we use a combination of satellite radar and gps data to estimate the slip distribution of the 1999 m w 7 1 hector mine earthquake a right lateral strikeslip earthquake that occurred on a northwest southeast striking fault in the southern california mojave desert the data include synthetic aperture radar interferograms insar from both ascending and descending orbits radar amplitude image offset fields sario for both ascending and descending azimuth directions and campaign gps observations from 55 stations provided by agnew et al 2002 we model the fault with nine segments derived from the field mapped fault rupture the sario data and aftershock locations we first estimate the dip of each fault segment as well as a single constant strike slip component across each segment resulting in an average dip of 83 to the northeast and slip of up to 5 6 m then we fix the optimal fault segment dip discretize the fault segments into 1 5 km 1 5 km patches and solve for the variable slip distribution using a nonnegative least squares method that includes an appropriate degree of smoothing our preferred solution has both right lateral strike slip and reverse faulting the estimated geodetic moment is 5 93 10 19 n m m w 7 1 similar to seismological estimates indicating that there are insignificant interseismic and postseismic deformation signals in the data we find strike slip displacements of up to 6 0 m and reverse faulting of up to 1 6 m with the maximum slip located just northwest of the epicenter most of the slip is concentrated northwest and south of the epicenter little slip is found on the northeastern branch of the fault the sario data and our modeling indicate that the amount and extent of surface fault rupture were underestimated in the field

a method for measuring 3 d surface deformations with insar based on strain model and variance component estimation interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar technique is a proven technique for measuring 3 d surface deformations by combining insar measurements from different techniques i e differential insar multiaperture insar and pixel offset tracking and different tracks i e ascending and descending on a pixel by pixel basis however it is difficult to obtain the exact a priori variances or weights for such different kinds of insar measurements resulting in inaccurate estimations of 3 d deformations this paper proposes a method to retrieve 3 d deformations with insar by integrating the strain model and variance component estimation algorithm which can exploit the spatial correlation of the adjacent points deformations and produce accurate weights for multiple insar measurements the proposed method is assessed with both simulated and real data sets the results have shown that the proposed method can accurately measure 3 d surface deformations associated with geohazards and even those occurring in a transient or short term period e g earthquake and volcanic eruption in the case study of the 2007 eruption of kilauea volcano hawai i improvements of 51 2 22 4 and 18 5 have been achieved for the derived east north and up displacements respectively with respect to those derived from the classical weighted least squares method

three dimensional deformation mapping of a dike intrusion event in sakurajima in 2015 by exploiting the right and left looking alos 2 insar one of the limitations of the interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is its one dimensional measurement capability although three dimensional 3 d deformation can be studied if there are three or more measurements with different viewing geometries it has not been executed because almost all sar data are acquired using a right looking geometry for the sakurajima volcanic activity on 15 august 2015 alos 2 conducted sar observations from four different viewing directions ascending descending and right left looking enabling the retrieval of 3 d deformation data only from the insar results we have retrieved 3 d deformation with high precision and resolution by a weighted least squares approach expansive deformation of over 10 cm has been observed with standard errors of 0 8 3 4 and 0 7 cm for east west north south and up down components respectively it is inferred that a dike of 1 7 106m3 volume intruded beneath the showa crater at a depth of 0 4 1 2 km

the fate of terrestrial organic matter in two scottish sea lochs abstract sea lochs are zones of rapid organic matter om turnover most of this om is of allochthonous origin being introduced into the lochs via freshwater input in this study the behaviour of terrestrially derived om was elucidated using a combination of parameters which indicate om diagenesis in the near surface sediments from two scottish sea lochs loch creran and loch etive alkaline cuo oxidation was used to determine lignin phenols which serve as biomarkers for terrestrial om in sediments stable carbon isotope total carbon and nitrogen and total om including the labile and refractory fractions compositions were also determined lignin materials in the lochs were generally highly degraded and undergo little degradation further seaward the vanillic acid to vanillin ratio ad al v in the lochs ranged from 0 52 to 2 69 however there was a fraction of relatively fresh land derived om still undergoing degradation adding to the carbon cycling in the lochs as indicated by the rp values ratio of refractory to total om and oc n ratios in the surface sediments the hydrological and hydrodynamic regimes in loch creran result in several phenomena such as the transportation of terrestrial debris via hydrodynamic sorting processes and the promotion of surface sediment diagenesis by bioturbation frequent water renewal results in better water circulation and oxygenation which facilitate om decomposition in loch etive the less frequent renewal gives rise to a more constant om diagenesis along the loch

geochemical expressions of anoxic conditions in nordasvannet a land locked fjord in western norway abstract the nordasvannet fjord in western norway is a modern semi enclosed basin suitable for studying sedimentary cycles as they occur under anoxic bottom conditions it is characterized by strongly anoxic conditions in the water column and bottom sediments diagenetic pyrite formation occurs in the sediments and syngenetic pyrite is formed in the lower water column organic matter burial in the fjord exceeds that of other environments with normal marine or upwelling conditions this is due to the better preservation of organic matter organic matter composition appears to have changed over time with higher fractions of terrigenous organic matter being present in the most recent sediments this may be a result of increased input of terrigenous organic matter possibly due to sewage supply to the fjord over the last decades organic c and caco3 contents of the sediments do not appear to reflect a productivity signal calcium carbonate content is influenced by chemogenic calcite formation biogenic opal content appears to reflect a productivity signal but different degrees of dissolution may obscure its clear recognition

rapid reinflation following the 2011 2012 rhyodacite eruption at cordon caulle volcano southern andes imaged by insar evidence for magma reservoir refill cordon caulle is a large fissural volcano that has erupted rhyodacitic magma of the same composition in its past three historical eruptions in 1921 1960 and 2011 2012 there was significant ground deformation observed before and during the 2011 2012 eruption here we use c and x band insar time series results to document post eruptive uplift up to 0 8 m between march 2012 and may 2015 with los rates up to 45 cm yr that have been largely aseismic along with subsidence in the 2011 2012 lava flow the 2012 uplift rate is one of the largest for silicic systems and was likely produced by the intrusion of 0 125 km3 of magma in the same tectonically controlled plumbing system that has been active during the historical eruptions nevertheless the uplift ended before the reservoir refilled with the erupted volume maybe due to a change in the pressure gradient produced by the 2011 2012 eruption

three dimensional glacial flow and surface elevation measured with radar interferometry outlet glaciers which serve to drain ice from ice sheets seem to be dynamically less stable in north greenland than in south greenland1 2 3 storstrommen a large outlet glacier in northeastern greenland which surged between 1978 and 1984 ref 2 has been well studied in general neither glacier surge mechanisms nor the geographical distribution of the surges are well known conventional satellite radar interferometry can provide large scale topography models with high resolution4 and can measure the radar line of sight component of ice flow vectors5 but cannot map full vector flow fields here we present an interferometry method that combines observations from descending and ascending satellite orbits which assuming ice flow parallel to the topographic surface allows us to use the differing view angles to estimate full three dimensional surface flow patterns the accuracy of our technique is confirmed by the good agreement between our radar based flow model and in situ global positioning system gps reference data at storstrommen radar measurements such as these made regularly and at high spatial density have the potential to substantially enhance our understanding of glacier dynamics and ice sheet flow as well as improve the accuracy of glacier mass balance estimates

the complete 3 d surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 mw7 1 hector mine earthquake california from space geodetic observations we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar data to derive continuous maps for three orthogonal components of the co seismic surface displacement field due to the 1999 m w7 1 hector mine earthquake in southern california vertical and horizontal displacements are both predominantly antisymmetric with respect to the fault plane consistent with predictions of linear elastic models of deformation for a strike slip fault some deviations from symmetry apparent in the surface displacement data may result from complexity in the fault geometry

complex crustal deformation of the 2016 kaikoura new zealand earthquake revealed by alos 2complex crustal deformation of the 2016 kaikoura new zealand earthquake revealed by alos 2

glacier motion estimation using sar offset tracking procedures two image to image patch offset techniques for estimating feature motion between satellite synthetic aperture radar sar images are discussed intensity tracking based on patch intensity cross correlation optimization and coherence tracking based on patch coherence optimization are used to estimate the movement of glacier surfaces between two sar images in both slant range and azimuth direction the accuracy and application range of the two methods are examined in the case of the surge of monacobreen in northern svalbard between 1992 and 1996 offset tracking procedures of sar images are an alternative to differential sar interferometry for the estimation of glacier motion when differential sar interferometry is limited by loss of coherence i e in the case of rapid and incoherent flow and of large acquisition time intervals between the two sar images in addition an offset tracking procedure in the azimuth direction may be combined with differential sar interferometry in the slant range direction in order to retrieve a two dimensional displacement map when sar data of only one orbit configuration are available

sediment yield estimated from reservoir siltation in the ochil hills scotland measurements made on the floors of the temporarily drained glenfarg and glenquey reservoirs indicate that sediments with wet volumes of 63 94 103 m3 and 12 64 103 m3 were deposited in 56 and 73 years respectively these figures represent 2 5 per cent and 1 1 per cent losses of original storage capacity when corrected for water organic and diatom skeleton contents and reservoir trap efficiency inorganic sediment yields of at least 31 3 tonnes km 2 yr 1 and of 9 0 tonnes km 2 yr 1 are suggested the difference is probably related to contrasts of land use

decorrelation of l band and c band interferometry over vegetated areas in california temporal decorrelation is one of the main limitations for recovering interseismic deformation along the san andreas fault system using interferometric synthetic aperture radar to assess the improved correlation properties of l band with respect to c band we analyzed l band advanced land observation satellite alos interferograms with a range of temporal and spatial baselines over three vegetated areas in california and compared them with corresponding c band european remote sensing satellite ers interferograms over the highly vegetated northern california forests in the coast range area alos remains remarkably well correlated over a 2 year period whereas an ers interferogram with a similar temporal and spatial baseline lost correlation in central california near parkfield we found a similar pattern in decorrelation behavior which enabled the recovery of a fault creep and a local uplifting signal at l band that was not apparent at c band in the imperial valley in southern california both alos and ers have low correlation over farmlands alos has lower correlation over some sandy surfaces than ers probably due to low signal to noise ratio in general l band interferograms with similar seasonal acquisitions have higher correlation than those with dissimilar season for both l and c band correlation over vegetated areas decreases with time for intervals less than 1 year and then remains relatively constant at longer time intervals the decorrelation time for l band is more than 2 years in the forest in california whereas that for c band is less than 6 months overall these results suggest that l band interferograms will reveal near fault interseismic deformation once sufficient data become available

gravity waves compensating subsidence and detrainment around cumulus clouds abstract gravity waves play an important role in the redistribution of heat and moisture in a deep convecting cloud field we explore this role in a two dimensional numerical experiment on a simple moist convecting system consisting of an isolated long lasting nonprecipitating cloud in a calm atmosphere with no surface forcing the cloud develops a horizontally averaged density variation with height which is neutrally buoyant with respect to a moist adiabatic the buoyancy difference between the cloud and the undisturbed sounding produces circulations that can be understood as spreading gravity waves which adjust the environmental buoyancy to be equal to the cloud buoyancy by compensating subsidence unlike the circulations inside clouds this adjustment takes place without turbulent mixing hence the buoyancy adjustment time t1 during which the environment comes into rough buoyant equilibrium with the clouds is much shorter than the mixing time t2 which it takes a tracer initially concentrated at s

convection in the atmospheric boundary layer abstract recent advances in the study of clear and partly cloudy convective boundary layers are reviewed the techniques and results of observational studies of the structure and dynamics of convective elements are discussed these findings have important consequences for pollution dispersion they also form the basis for a test of les dispersion models which is more discriminating than those based on replication of observed turbulence statistics several new approaches to cbl similarity theory and parameterization have appeared they avoid some of the problems associated with the over simplification of previous techniques particularly noteworthy is the ability to handle counter gradient fluxes with relatively simple models progress towards parameterization of cbl turbulence in the presence of horizontal inhomogeneity of the atmosphere or surface has been slower efforts to locate the limits of validity of the assumption of horizontal homogeneity have been more successful than the efforts to develop parameterizations which do not rely upon it mesoscale models need cbl parameterizations which are valid over complex terrain and in the presence of strong differential advection and mean vertical motion les models may prove useful in producing the data sets on which such parameterizations could be based

a combined eddy diffusivity mass flux approach for the convective boundary layer a better conceptual understanding and more realistic parameterizations of convective boundary layers in climate and weather prediction models have been major challenges in meteorological research in particular parameterizations of the dry convective boundary layer in spite of the absence of water phase changes and its consequent simplicity as compared to moist convection typically suffer from problems in attempting to represent realistically the boundary layer growth and what is often referred to as countergradient fluxes the eddy diffusivity ed approach has been relatively successful in representing some characteristics of neutral boundary layers and surface layers in general the mass flux mf approach on the other hand has been used for the parameterization of shallow and deep moist convection in this paper a new approach that relies on a combination of the ed and mf parameterizations edmf is proposed for the dry convective boundary layer it is shown that the edmf approach follows naturally from a decomposition of the turbulent fluxes into 1 a part that includes strong organized updrafts and 2 a remaining turbulent field at the basis of the edmf approach is the concept that nonlocal subgrid transport due to the strong updrafts is taken into account by the mf approach while the remaining transport is taken into account by an ed closure large eddy simulation les results of the dry convective boundary layer are used to support the theoretical framework of this new approach and to determine the parameters of the edmf model the performance of the new formulation is evaluated against les results and it is shown that the edmf closure is able to reproduce the main properties of dry convective boundary layers in a realistic manner furthermore it will be shown that this approach has strong advantages over the more traditional countergradient approach especially in the entrainment layer as a result this edmf approach opens the way to parameterize the clear and cumulus topped boundary layer in a simple and unified way

partitioning of organic carbon among density fractions in surface sediments of fiordland new zealand transport of particles plays a major role in redistributing organic carbon oc along coastal regions in particular the global importance of fjords as sites of carbon burial has recently been shown to be even more important than previously thought in this study we used six surface sediments from fiordland new zealand to investigate the transport of particles and oc based on density fractionation bulk biomarker and principle component analysis were applied to density fractions with ranges of 2 5 g cm 3 our results found various patterns of oc partitioning at different locations along fjords likely due to selective transport of higher density but smaller size particles along fjord head to mouth transects we also found preferential leaching of certain biomarkers e g lignin over others e g fatty acids during the density fractionation procedure which altered lignin based degradation indices finally our results indicated various patterns of oc partitioning on density fractions among different coastal systems we further propose that a combination of particle size density fractionation is needed to better understand transport and distribution of particles and oc

ice sheet velocity mapping a combined interferometric and speckle tracking approach the first and second radarsat antarctic mapping missions amm 1 and 2 have now acquired interferometric synthetic aperture radar sar overmuch of the ice sheet the radarsat 24 day repeat cycle is nearly ideal for measuring slow ice motion e g 1 but application of sar interferometry is limited in faster moving areas with a 1day repeat period ers 1 2 tandem sar data are much better matched to fast motion but are not always available fortunately several authors have demonstrated the ability to measure velocity in fast moving areas by tracking sar speckle from image to image which works well even in the absence of visible features while these estimates have intrinsically lower resolution and poorer accuracy than direct phase measurements they serve well in areas where there are no data suitable for conventional interferometry this paper describes algorithms i have developed for merging interferometric and speckle tracking data from multiple swaths to form a single seamless mosaic of velocity at each point in the mosaic all the available data are combined to produce estimates of the velocity and the associated error this technique is demonstrated using radarsat data collected over lambert glacier antarctica during amm 1 and 2

three dimensional deformation monitoring of urban infrastructure by tomographic sar using multitrack terrasar x data stacks differential synthetic aperture radar tomography d tomosar similar to its conventional counterparts such as differential interferometric sar and persistent scatterer interferometry is only capable of capturing 1 d deformation along the satellite s line of sight in this paper we propose a method based on l1 norm minimization within local spatial cubes to reconstruct 3 d displacement vectors from tomosar point clouds available from at least three different viewing geometries the methodology is applied on two pairs of cross heading combination of ascending and descending terrasar x ts x spotlight image stacks over the city of berlin the linear deformation rate and the amplitude of seasonal deformation are decomposed and the results from two test sites with remarkable deformation pattern are discussed in detail the results to our knowledge demonstrate the first attempt for motion decomposition using tomosar data from multiple viewing geometries

deformation parameter estimation in low coherence areas using a multisatellite insar approach persistent scatterer ps interferometry and small baseline subset algorithms can be used to estimate time series of surface deformation with high precision in areas with low coherence and in the absence of sufficient ps the estimation of reliable phase information can be cumbersome here we report a successful approach for estimating deformation at pasture on drained peat soils using the integrated use of data from several satellite missions a parametric deformation model with a generalized least squares method and spatial averaging over statistically homogeneous pixels the developed methodology is analyzed and applied on a test site in the netherlands where we report local subsidence rates and periodic signal over the peat and pasture areas

2 5 d surface deformation of m6 1 earthquake near mt iwate detected by sar interferometry the two dimensional displacement vector field on the earth s surface associated with a large earthquake near iwate volcano in japan was mapped by combining satellite radar interferometry images from two different track directions the displacement reveals not only large main ruptures but details of many small faults movement of aftershocks and volcanic earthquakes the displacements of the aftershock faults coincide with a stress field reorganized by the main earthquake that accelerated the aftershock fault movements the displacements mimic the topography suggesting that repeated movements of the same faults in the quaternary have led to the presently existing topography

high resolution mapping of near field deformation with airborne earth observation data a comparison study we present an investigation into different approaches for high resolution mapping of near field surface displacement for strike slip earthquakes airborne laser scanning als and optical imagery are two common sources of earth observation data available to geoscientists for earthquake documentation and studies optical image correlation and point cloud differencing techniques are among the most widely used methods for retrieving displacement signals in the near field we compare the performances of these techniques for estimating near field deformation using pre and postevent high resolution als and airborne imagery of the august 24 2014 mw 6 0 napa california earthquake estimates of deformation agree with field observations within a decimeter at the expected accuracy level of the data we show that the correlation of intensity images from als data can unveil the near field deformation successfully and outperforms optical image correlation in vegetated areas as well as in the absence of geodetic markers man made structures furthermore we illustrate that the point clouds generated with structure from motion perform comparably to als point clouds for retrieving the displacement signal in unvegetated areas overall we conclude that als data are generally better than imagery for estimating near field deformation regardless of the estimation methodology and that the iterative closest point algorithm was more effective at recovering the displacement signal

measuring two dimensional movements using a single insar pair 1 we present a new method to extract along track displacements from insar data based on split beam insar processing to create forward and backward looking interferograms the phase difference between the two modified interferograms provides the along track displacement component thus from each conventional insar pair we extract two components of the displacement vector one along the line of sight the other in the along track direction we analyze the precision of the new method by comparing our solution to gps and offset derived along track displacements in interferograms of the 1999 hector mine earthquake the rms error between gps displacements and our results ranges from 5 to 8 8cm our method is consistent with along track displacements derived by pixel offsets which are limited to 12 15cm precision the theoretical precision of the new method depends on snr and coherence for a signal to noise ratio of 30 the expected precisions are 3 11cm for coherence of 0 8 0 4 respectively

isotopic constraints of sedimentary inputs and organic carbon burial rates in the saguenay fjord quebec abstract the saguenay fjord quebec has exceptionally high sedimentation rates resulting in up to 100 m thick holocene sequences filling some of its basins partly due the frequent occurrence of rapidly deposited layers landslides seismic events floods in the present study special attention is paid on the incidence of such events on organic carbon oc fluxes sources and burial rates using physical sedimentological geochemical and isotopic measurements on 4 sediment cores raised from the inner basin of the fjord and the adjacent baie des ha ha in these cores rapidly deposited layers rdl include notably a turbidite linked to a major earthquake in 1663 a landslide layer dating from 1971 saint jean vianney landslide and a flood layer from 1996 compared with background sediments rdl are characterized by low oc contents 3 contents 2 and low 13 c values in oc 13 c oc values 26 8 0 2 and c n ratios 17 7 1 7 in the pre industrial pre 1663 fjord sediments indicate that most sedimentary organic matter om was then of terrigenous origin paper mill activity during the 20th century has resulted in om fluxes growing almost exponentially until the mid 1960s when major changes in industrial practices and the implementation of environmental regulations during the 1970s and later on reduced the amount of industrial om discharged into the fjord this industrial om shows an isotopic signature of 26 34 0 02 and c n ratios 20 not unlike those of the regional terrestrial om oc burial rates since the 1663 earthquake varied between 20 and 290 gc m 2 yr 1 rdl seem to favour oc preservation in the fjord by reducing bioturbation and both oxic and anoxic oc degradation and by contributing themselves to higher carbon burial rates therefore transitional environments such as the saguenay fjord could represent significant long term carbon sinks

high rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally fjords have been hypothesized to be hotspots of organic carbon burial a global compilation of organic carbon data and sedimentation rates shows that fjords sequester twice as much carbon as other ocean regions

estimation of ice sheet motion using satellite radar interferometry method and error analysis with application to humboldt glacier greenland satellite radar interferometry provides glaciologists with an important new tool for determining the motion and topography of large ice sheets we examine the sources of error in interferometrically derived ice motion measurements including those errors due to inaccurate estimates of the interferometric baseline several simulations are used to assess baseline accuracy in terms of tie point error and the number and distribution of tie points these results give insight into how best to select tie points and also demonstrate the level of accuracy that can be achieved examination of two representative cases likely to occur in mapping ice sheet motion leads to the conclusion that with adequate tie point information ice velocity can be measured accurately to within a few meters per year a method to correct horizontal velocity estimates for the effect of vertical displacement using surface slopes is also developed finally we estimate the single component velocity field for an area on humboldt glacier northern greenland using interferograms formed from ers i sar images we estimate that these velocity measurements are accurate to within 2 3 m year 1

a unified eddy diffusivity mass flux approach for modeling atmospheric convection abstracta fully unified parameterization of boundary layer and moist convection shallow and deep is presented the new parameterization is based on the stochastic multiplume eddy diffusivity mass

estimation of 3 d surface displacement based on insar and deformation modeling a new approach is presented for mapping 3 d surface displacement caused by subsurface fluid volumetric change based on 1 d interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar line of sight measurements and surface deformation modeling the relationship between surface deformation and source fluid volumetric change is modeled according to elastic half space theory a distinctive advantage of the proposed approach is that it effectively extends the capability of the sun synchronous orbit side looking synthetic aperture radar that has been essentially only able to measure 1 d displacements accurately or at most 2 d displacements when insar measurements from more than one orbit or platform are combined experimental studies are carried out with both simulated and real data sets to test the performance of the method the results have demonstrated that the approach works very well