mapping field scale hydromorphic horizons using radio mt electrical resistivity pedological soil surveys usually based on auger sampling encounter methodological and economic difficulties electrical resistivity er techniques could be used as a simple and practical method to determine their spatial variability however attempts to map soils using er techniques have very often limited success especially in bottomland areas due to large variations inherent in ground data the aim of this study is to seek the interest of a geophysical method the radio magnetotelluric resistivity radio mt to map field scale hydromorphic horizons for loamy pedological systems in bottomlands characterized by large variations of soil water content and depth to upper boundary of saprolite the sampling survey was carried in the armorican massif western france the electrical measurements were taken along transects on an agricultural field 80 150 m the soil sampling was performed on a regular grid with a mesh of 10 m on each point some soil properties were measured type and thickness of the loamy horizons depth to the upper boundary of saprolite soil water content at 10 20 40 and 60 cm depths a direct relationship between apparent resistivity and horizon type distribution was not established the best correlations were between the electrical conductivity and depth to the upper boundary of saprolite and topsoil water content the correlation coefficients r are 0 51 and 0 34 respectively to identify the soil types we modeled the influence of these two soil properties by multiple regression technique deviations from the regression model were then interpreted by taking into account the succession of soil horizons these results seem to indicate that the electrical method used in this study could not be directly used to evaluate spatial prediction of the hydromorphic soil distribution but indirectly by taking into account soil properties such as the soil water content and the upper boundary of saprolite

lidar and 2d electrical resistivity tomography as a supplement of geomorphological investigations in urban areas a case study from the city of wroclaw sw poland in urbanized areas particularly in lowland terrains and floors of large river valleys the natural land configuration is often hard to recognize due to a long history of human activity accordingly archaeological works in cities which supply knowledge on settlement conditions are usually accompanied by geological and geomophological research lately data from light detection and ranging lidar have become a valuable source of information on urban land configuration geophysical methods are also becoming increasingly popular in background studies the paper presents a method of using and linking these sources of spatial information about landforms in such areas the main aim is to identify to what extent these complementary sources of data and the proposed method can be used in such a specific environment to reconstruct natural buried terrain morphology the city of wroclaw in central europe serves as an example to this end geomorphometric studies were conducted with the use of digital elevation models dems based on lidar scanning and derivated land surface parameters saga wetness index channel network base level and altitude above channel network the study also involved determining morphological edges and measurements of the meanders of the odra as well as expanding information on the spatial distribution of alluvia and the structure of slope breaks to this end geophysical measurements were conducted using the two dimensional electrical resistivity tomography method additionally five typical sequences of man made ground present within the perimeter of the city were distinguished as a result a map of the main landforms of wroclaw is presented finally we argue that although high resolution dem and derivate land surface parameters are very useful in terrain analysis places with thick man made ground or strongly levelled areas must be recognized by geoarchaeological excavations or geological bore holes the geophysical survey is useful to identify buried morphological edges and older relief elements in open areas

shallow geophysical survey at the archaeological site of san miguel tocuila basin of mexico abstract a combined near surface geophysical survey conducted in san miguel tocuila show that geophysical methods offer the possibility to characterize and reconstruct the geometry of subsurface structures without destroying the deposits providing a way to find solutions to the questions of archaeological or engineering significance the survey consisted of the application magnetometry seismic refraction tomography srt and ground penetrating radar gpr within a depth range of 10 m before spanier conquest san miguel tocuila was a very prominent suburb of the main aztec ceremonial complex located on the eastern margin of lake texcoco central mexico where several mounds known as tlateles in nahuatl language have been identified nowadays the rapid expansion of mexico city s metropolitan area within the last four decades has strongly influenced tocuila s environment and has compromised several of its archaeological and ancient human settlements this study shows how the high resolution imagining of non invasive geophysical methodologies in addition with surface archaeological studies parsons j r 1971 prehistoric settlement patterns in the texcoco region mexico memoirs of the museum of anthropology university of michigan number 3 provide different kinds of information that characterize the subsoil and a buried structure based on the history of the ancient settlements in the zone and considering the characteristics of shape and height of the structure we interpreted that the subsurface images obtained depict a buried tlatel which corresponds to a ceremonial civic center of late aztec times

upper cretaceous exhumation of the western rhodope metamorphic province chalkidiki peninsula northern greece the vertiskos unit of northern greece is an elongated basement belt with a complex poly metamorphic history it extends from greece chalkidiki peninsula to the south up to serbia in the north and arguably represents the westernmost part of the rhodope metamorphic province northern greece to southern bulgaria the vertiskos unit experienced a medium pressure lower amphibolite facies metamorphic overprint during the alpine orogeny the available medium temperature geochronology implies that it remained at temperature of approximately 300 c or slightly higher during lower cretaceous in order to constrain its post lower cretaceous thermal history until near surface exposure we applied apatite fission track analysis the central ages obtained range from 68 5 3 8 to 46 6 3 6 ma uppermost cretaceous to middle eocene and mean track lengths between 13 and 13 5 m we applied two inverse thermal modeling approaches using either each sample independently high degree of freedomin the thermal history better data fit or all samples together interpreting them as a vertical profile simpler thermal history worse data fit irrespective of the modeling approach we conclude that the bulk thermal history of the vertiskos unit crosses the high temperature limit of the apatite partial annealing zone by the uppermost cretaceous and reaches near surface conditions as early as lower middle eocene these results contrast with the thermal history of the other domains of the rhodope metamorphic province further east namely the southern rhodope core complex and the northern rhodope complex and establish the vertiskos basement complex as the oldest exhumed coherent basement fragment of the rhodope metamorphic province and greece

on the effectiveness of 2d electrical inversion results an agricultural case study electrical resistivity tomography was used in beauce france to assess the water extraction by corn plants evapotranspiration the acquired pseudosections show conductive anomalies under the plants a 2d inversion of measurements led us to identify clear resistive features associated with the water losses under the corn plant rows new models have been calculated with two different 3d algorithms finite difference and moment method to take into account 3d structure of the ground and to confirm that periodic resistive features may generate shifted apparent resistivity anomalies

prospection of two circular bronze age ditches with multi receiver electrical conductivity sensors north belgium two types of electrical conductivity sensors were evaluated to prospect circular ditches surrounding former bronze age burial mounds complementing aerial photography the first sensor was based on the electrical resistivity er method while the second sensor was based on frequency domain electromagnetic induction fdem both sensors were designed with multiple receivers which measure several depth sensitivities simultaneously first the sensors were tested on an experimental site where a rectangular structure with limited dimensions was dug in a sandy soil the structure appeared as a higher conductivity anomaly in the low conductivity sand then both methods were applied on two bronze age sites with different soil properties which were discovered by aerial photography the first site in a sandy soil gave only very weak anomalies soil augering revealed that the ditch filling consisted of the same sandy material as the surrounding therefore this filling was not able to cause a high conductivity contrast due to its lower sensitivity to noise in the low conductive range the er sensor produced a more pronounced anomaly than the fdem sensor the second site was located on top of a ridge with a shallow substrate of tertiary coastal sediments the ditch was very clearly visible on the sensor maps as a conductive low at this location the soil augering revealed that the ditch was dug through an alternating clay sand layer and subsequently filled up with silty material from the topsoil overall the shallow receiver separation produced anomalies that were both stronger and that corresponded better to the geometry of the ditches the other receiver separations provided more information on the natural soil layering and in the case of the er array they could be used to obtain a cross section of the actual electrical conductivity with 2 d inversion modelling the results of this study proofed that conductivity sensors can detect bronze age ditches with varying contrast depending on the soil geomorphology moreover the sensor maps combined with soil observations by coring provided insight in the environmental conditions that influence the contrast of the anomalies seen on the aerial photographs and the sensor maps

determination of electrical properties of the ground at shallow depth with an electrostatic quadrupole field trials on archaeological sites1 knowledge of both the electrical resistivity and the dielectric permittivity of the ground is important for the determination of characteristics such as granularity porosity moisture and salt content whereas the measurement of is very common and can be achieved using either the d c resistivity method or a wide variety of em devices remains practically unknown in the low frequency domain between the ip domain and the high frequency domain following the principle of the quadrupole technique used in d c prospecting and of the quadrupolar probe for measuring the complex permittivity of the ionosphere we propose a new approach which does not require any galvanic contact between the poles and the ground the transfer impedance can be evaluated using the quasi static approximation for low frequency or the full em theory for higher frequencies the conditions under which both calculations apply are discussed at low frequencies and for low resistivity ground the electrostatic quadrupole measures exactly as with the d c technique for higher resistivities or frequencies the simultaneous measurement of both properties becomes possible examples in archaeological prospecting are presented and checked against independent d c resistivity measurements or excavation analyses

classification and mapping of anthropogenic landforms on cultivated hillslopes using dems and soil thickness data example from the sw parisian basin france this study focuses on linear anthropogenic landforms of decametric width on cultivated hillslopes and their relations to soil thickness variability the 16 ha study area shows a rolling topography supported by cretaceous chalk of the sw parisian basin france two types of landforms were identified lynchets similar to those described as soil terraces occurring on downslope field parts in other contexts and undulations linear convex landforms that cut across fields accurate dem construction and a detailed soil thickness survey were performed all over the study area soil samples were classified considering their location on specific types of anthropogenic landforms the classification tree ct method was applied to assess whether lynchets and undulations can be discriminated through morphometric attributes slope curvature profile curvature and planform curvature and soil thickness ctsoil or through morphometric attributes only cttopo the ct application establishes predictive classification models to map the spatial distribution of lynchets and undulations over the whole study area the validation results of the ctsoil and cttopo applications show model efficiencies of 83 and 67 respectively both models performed well for lynchets errors arise mainly from difficulties in unequivocally discriminating gently convex undulations and undifferentiated surfaces especially when soil thickness is not accounted for mean values of soil thickness are 1 08 0 62 and 0 45 m in lynchets undulations and undifferentiated areas respectively the general shape of the thickened soil is characteristic to each type of anthropogenic landform multi temporal mapping of field border networks shows that undulations are linked to borders that were removed during the latest land consolidation lynchets are associated with current field borders lynchets and undulations which cover 39 of the study area define topographic indicators of human induced soil accumulations the method involves perspectives for efficiently mapping and quantifying the anthropogenically modified spatial variability of soil thickness on agricultural hillsides

detection of near surface ice on mars with electromagnetic techniques on board future surface vehicles 1 after reviewing our knowledge about the presence of water on mars and the potential advances that can be expected from the projects under development we estimate the mission profile and potential targets of a future long range surface vehicle liquid water can be detected by electromagnetic techniques through its high dielectric constant and electrical conductivity and cold ice can be identified without ambiguity through the variations of its permittivity versus frequency at a fixed temperature we assume a superficial layer of 1 2 m of dry nonconductive regolith covering a half space mixture containing 20 of ice as a model of the subsurface at middle to moderately high latitudes we show that a linear wenner mutual impedance array of 6 m trailed behind a vehicle should detect the presence of ice at a commensurate depth we find that the optimal frequency range is centered around 2 20 hz at 190 k we discuss the synergy of these measurements with those of the ground penetrating radar technique which can reach larger depths we also simulate the performance of an array accommodated on a drill or a penetrator

capacitive conductivity logging and electrical stratigraphy in a high resistivity aquifer boise hydrogeophysical research site we tested a prototype capacitive conductivity borehole tool in a shallow unconfined aquifer with coarse unconsolidated sediments and very low conductivity water at the boise hydrogeophysical research site bhrs examining suchahigh resistivitysystemprovidesagoodtestforthecapacitive conductivity tool because the conventional induction conductivity tool known to have limited effectiveness in high resistivity systems did not generate expressive well logs at the bhrs the capacitive conductivity tool demonstrated highly repeatable low noise behavior but poor correlation with the induction tool in the lower conductivity portions of the stratigraphy where the induction tool was relatively unresponsive singular spectrum analysis of capacitive conductivity logs reveals similar vertical length scales ofstructurestoporositylogsatthebhrs also majorstratigraphic units identified with porosity logs are evident in the capacitive conductivity logs however a previously unrecognized subdivision in the upper portion of one of the major stratigraphicunitscanbeidentifiedconsistentlyasarelatively low conductivity body i e an electrostratigraphic unit between the overlying stratigraphic unit and the relatively high conductivity lower portion despite similar porosity and lithology in adjacent units the high repeatability and resolutionandthewidedynamicrangeofthecapacitive conductivity tool are demonstrated here to extend to high resistivity unconsolidatedsedimentaryaquiferenvironments

resistivity and induced polarization monitoring of salt transport under natural hydraulic gradients we demonstrate the use of resistivity induced polarization ip monitoring of salt transport under natural hydraulic loads electrical monitoring of saline tracer transport during forced injection has been demonstrated previously detection of tracer transport under natural hydraulic loading is difficult because neither the hydraulic load nor the tracer resistivity can be controlled in one study we identify the electrical response to salt transport in a dynamic beach environment resistivity ip imaging resolved the structure of the saltwater freshwater interface and evidence for tide induced groundwater transport resistivity increases in the near surface and at depth upbeach of the high tide mark accompanied by tidal transgression we attribute this to desaturation and decreasing salinity in the near surface and to decreasing salinity at depth despite tidal transgression monitoring of groundwater levels indicates a phase lag between the tide level and groundwater level supporting the electrical da

the detection of monumental tombs buried in tumuli by seismic refraction a tumulus is a construction erected to cover a tomb some tumuli are impressively massive and may conceal architectural masterpieces seismic refraction is employed to locate the tomb and to allow selective excavation without destroying the tumulus the detectors are spread along a circular profile on the periphery of the tumulus and acoustic waves are generated on its top time delays observed in the arrivals of the headwaves reveal the position of the monument the delays are not caused by the monument itself but are an effect caused by the presence of a ramp that was dug in the undisturbed soil to help in the construction of the tomb three case histories in northern greece establish the efficiency of the technique in the first example an experiment was conducted at a previously excavated tumulus and time delays attributed to the revealed ramp are observed the second case study led to the discovery of an impressive monument 3 d modeling by finite difference verifies the interpretation a third s

field scale estimation of the volume percentage of rock fragments in stony soils by electrical resistivity abstract analysing the properties and functional characteristics of heterogeneous soils containing several phases requires a correct estimation of the volume proportion of each phase in the case of stony soils the volume percentage of the content of rock fragments remains difficult to estimate in situ this paper presents a method that uses field spatial electrical resistivity measurements to determine the volume proportion of rock fragments based on the hypothesis that the electrical resistivity signal noise increases as the proportion of rock fragments increases a model was developed that uses the standard deviation of the apparent electrical resistivity measurements over a small area as an indicator of rock fragment contents the model was tested on three study areas of several hectares containing soil units with varying quantities of rock fragments the estimation of the rock fragment content was accurate and the error estimation of about 6 was the same order of magnitude as the bussian model 1983 the developed model strongly depends on the water content in the soil and the rock type and must be calibrated in each context nevertheless estimations of the rock fragment content in stony soils can be performed efficiently in the surface horizon as well as all along the soil profile

integrated geophysical surveys at the archaeological site of tindari sicily italy abstract the results of geophysical survey carried out at the archaeological site of tindari located 70 km west north west of messina sicily italy are presented and discussed the site is one of the most important archaeological sites about 90 ha large on the north eastern side of sicily and it was one of the last greek settlements in sicily keeping in mind the vastness of the site according to the archaeologists an area of about 1200 m2 was selected for a geophysical survey electrical resistivity tomography ert including induced polarization ip measurements and seismic refraction tomography were applied in the course of geophysical exploration in the area the objective of this preliminary geophysical investigation was to verify the effectiveness of the technique for a spatial definition of the buried archaeological structures mostly walls columns etc to determine their characteristics and to study the presence of collapsed columns within the zone of archaeological interest in view of their application in the rest of the site that for obvious reasons could not be entirely excavated in brief times the geophysical data visualized in 3d space revealed a distribution of low contrast shallow anomalies that indicate the presence of different types of buried structures in the surveyed area also the probable accumulations of collapsed columns could be determined these results confirm the hypothesis of a large northern extension of the archaeological site and provide useful information to design a more efficient excavation plan

self potential global tomography including topographic effects this paper is an extension of a previous study in which the principles of self potential ground surface tomography were outlined the new arguments which are here set forth are the proper accounting for the topographic effects and a robust approach to global 3d tomography the 2d case is initially considered in order to facilitate a full understanding of the new method in order to gauge the topographic distortions the concepts of slope effect and surface regularization are introduced as suitable means to compute point by point correction factors of the measured self potential data prior to the recognition of the tomographic images of the primary and induced electric sources underground the tomographic approach is then developed by introducing again the concepts of the scanning function and of the charge occurrence probability function which were amply dealt with in the previous paper the new approach to 3d global tomography means here the composition of charge occurrence probability functions related to any two orthogonal surface components of the natural electric field in order to account fully for the total surface component of the self potential field and hence to elicit the greatest amount of information two field examples are presented to show the full effectiveness of the proposed method they refer respectively to a near surface investigation for archaeological purposes and to a very deep investigation in an active volcanic area

a numerical comparison of 2d resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays numerical simulations are used to compare the resolution and efficiency of 2d resistivity imaging surveys for 10 electrode arrays the arrays analysed include polepole pp pole dipole pd half wenner hw wenner wn schlumberger sc dipole dipole dd wenner wb array gm multiple or moving gradient array gd and midpoint potential referred measurement mpr arrays five synthetic geological models simulating a buried channel a narrow conductive dike a narrow resistive dike dipping blocks and covered waste ponds were used to examine the surveying efficiency anomaly effects signal to noise ratios and the imaging capabilities of these arrays the responses to variations in the data density and noise sensitivities of these electrode configurations were also investigated using robust l1 norm inversion and smoothness constrained least squares l2 norm inversion for the five synthetic models the results show the following i gm and wn are less contaminated by noise than the other electrode arrays ii the relative anomaly effects for the different arrays vary with the geological models however the relatively high anomaly effects of pp gm and wb surveys do not always give a high resolution image pd dd and gd can yield better resolution images than gm pp wn and wb although they are more susceptible to noise contamination sc is also a strong candidate but is expected to give more edge effects iii the imaging quality of these arrays is relatively robust with respect to reductions in the data density of a multi electrode layout within the tested ranges iv the robust inversion generally gives better imaging results than the l2 norm inversion especially with noisy data except for the dipping block structure presented here v gd and mpr are well suited to multichannel surveying and gd may produce images that are comparable to those obtained with dd and pd accordingly the gd pd dd and sc arrays are strongly recommended for 2d resistivity imaging where the final choice will be determined by the expected geology the purpose of the survey and logistical considerations

characteristics and origin of the major authigenic minerals and their impacts on reservoir quality in the permian wutonggou formation of fukang sag junggar basin western china abstract this research is focused on the characteristics and origin of major authigenic minerals and the influences on the reservoir quality of the permian wutonggou formation sandstones in the eastern slope of fukang sag junggar basin western china authigenic cements were observed and described from thin sections scanning electron microscopy fluorescence and cathodoluminescence the elemental concentrations of the authigenic minerals were measured by electron probe microanalysis additional characterizations were obtained from o and c stable isotope ratios and from the homogenization temperature of aqueous fluid inclusions the results show that the sandstones in the wutonggou formation are dominated by volcanic lithic fragments carbonates and laumontites are the major authigenic minerals in the study area authigenic quartz and kaolinite can also be observed two types of carbonate cements are identified the first type is calcite with yellow fluorescent hydrocarbon inclusions the carbon and oxygen isotopes in the calcites are highly c depleted and o depleted the homogenization temperatures of the aqueous fluid inclusions in the calcite cements are higher than the highest paleogeotemperatures during the burial history combined with the presence of authigenic fibrous illites and the illitization of kaolinites it is determined that the precipitation of the calcites is related to the upwelling of deep fluids and was impacted by the co 2 from the thermal decarboxylation of organic matters during the middle late jurassic the second type is ferroan calcite with blue fluorescent hydrocarbon inclusions and higher contents of fe mn cr and mg than in the calcites the ferroan calcites in the beisantai uplift are rich in 13 c 13 c v pdb values are 22 10 and 22 16 the precipitation of these ferroan calcites was impacted by the co 2 from crude oil biodegradation after the late jurassic two types of laumontites are identified the first type is partially dissolved and is characterized by a high ca na ratio and low fe contents the second type is hardly dissolved has hydrocarbon inclusions with yellow and blue fluorescence and is characterized by a low ca na ratio and high fe contents the first type of laumontite was precipitated prior to hydrocarbon charging and the second type was formed after hydrocarbon charging and meteoric water leaching the hydration of the volcanic debris provided the source materials for both types of laumontite the authigenic quartz and kaolinite were formed by the alteration of feldspars laumontites and volcanic materials the evolution of the reservoir properties was impacted by various degrees of cementation and dissolution as a result the reservoir quality in the beisantai uplift was better than in the shaqiu area

marine electrical resistivity tomography for shipwreck detection in very shallow water a case study from agropoli salerno southern italy abstract a marine electric resistivity survey was carried out over a submerged beach along the agropoli shore salerno italy to detect buried objects of archaeological interest below the sandy seabed we found a shipwreck a military vessel that probably sunk during the salerno landing operations of the allied forces in the second world war resistivity data provide information on the vertical and horizontal extension of the shipwreck which is characterized by very low calculated resistivity values about 2 5 ohm m such values differ significantly from the sand and the bedrock values 5 40 ohm m although the presence of the shipwreck is clearly visible from geoelectric data the joint application of electric magnetic and multibeam bathymetric techniques reduces the ambiguities inherent in each method as shown in the electrical resistivity tomography ert and confirmed by the digital elevation model obtained from the processing of bathymetric data the shipwreck extends more than 30 m in ne sw direction and it is about 13 m wide the global extension of the relic is consistent with the magnetic data that are characterized by a magnetic anomaly with an amplitude of about 1800 nt and similar dimension as inferred from the estimation of source boundaries obtained from the computation of the analytic signal the results of our survey encourage the use of marine geoelectrical methods for the detection of buried archaeological targets particularly in locations where the use of seismic prospecting is not effective e g very shallow water with sandy sea bottoms the integration of different geophysical methods allows to better define the extension depth and thickness of buried objects suggesting that such an approach is the most effective for underwater archaeological investigations

sheet erosion rates determined by using dendrogeomorphological analysis of exposed tree roots two examples from central spain this paper describes the determination of sheet erosion rates by using dendrogeomorphological methods on exposed tree roots two sites on the northern slope of the guadarrama mountains central spain were studied a popular trail in a scots pine forest senda schmidt valsain growing on granites and gneisses and an open holm oak forest on granitic slopes monterrubio these sites were selected because they showed high denudation morphologies due to accelerated soil erosion processes caused by human influence trampling by continuous trekking and overgrazing resulting in exposed roots the method applied is based on the morphological pattern of roots defined by the growth ring series of the sampled roots in order to confirm the validity of the criteria used and to make the estimations of erosion more accurate several anatomical indicators of exposed and non exposed pinus sylvestris roots were characterized the study entailed a statistical analysis of exposure time and erosion depth the influence of environmental factors affecting the variation in velocity of the erosion processes was also examined

on thermal interaction between the earth s core and mantle an annular channel model abstract core mantle thermal interaction has long been recognized as having a critical influence over the dynamics of the earth s fluid core and long term variations of the geomagnetic field this paper studies the core mantle thermal coupling by investigating non linear convection in an annular channel rotating about a vertical axis heated uniformly from below with heat flux anomalies on its sidewalls in the absence of the heat flux anomalies convection is characterized by two steady travelling waves one in the vicinity of the outer wall propagates against the sense of rotation and the other near the inner wall propagates in the same sense as rotation in the presence of the heat flux anomalies however non linear convection either exhibits complete locking onto the corresponding lateral heterogeneity on the sidewall or becomes strongly time dependent interspersed with the intervals of nearly no fluid motions implications of the results for the core convection and geodynamo are discussed

multidisciplinary approaches to the geoarchaeological evaluation of deeply stratified sedimentary sequences examples from pleistocene and holocene deposits in southern england united kingdom archaeological evaluation of deeply stratified sedimentary sequences from lowland river valleys can be problematic because of the often excessive depth of the deposits the associated high level of the water table and ground instability in such situations conventional archaeological survey techniques are inappropriate and alternative methodologies are required one suitable approach is to model subsurface stratigraphy in an attempt to determine potential locations for buried archaeology using an integrated borehole and geophysical program of ground investigation information of this type is often available in the form of geotechnical data that can be usefully augmented by geoarchaeological targeting of selected areas of the site for further information in this paper we show how such techniques can be used to model buried gravel surfaces peats within alluvial stacks and buried former clifflines in holocene and pleistocene sediments from southern england

geophysical prospecting and remote sensing for the study of the san rossore area in pisa tuscany italy abstract with the dual purpose of extending knowledge about the archaeological site of san rossore and of assisting archaeologists in the recovery process of the ships geophysical surveys integrated with remote sensing analyses were performed the surveys were conducted at selected locations placed on the plan of excavation approximately 5 m above the ancient surface and near the archaeological excavation area passive self potentials and active induced polarization electrical methods were used the choice of geophysical methods was due to the peculiarity of the geological characteristics of the site in fact the sediments embodying the archaeological remains are mainly silts and silty sands which are moderately conductive furthermore a shallow groundwater hosted in the alluvial deposits at approximately 2 m below the surface plane is present in the site induced polarization results inside the excavation area allowed identifying some anomalies related to the ship boundaries as well as other anomalies probably attributable to archaeological features additionally the self potentials measurements carried out in the area near the archaeological excavation evidenced the presence of other archaeological features such as two ships a pier and other structures furthermore the multitemporal remote sensing data allow the identification of many traces related to filling of channels and ditches finally the integration of the data contributed to a better interpretation of the archaeological site

palaeointensities determined from the middle cretaceous basalt in liaoning province northeastern china abstract a palaeomagnetic and geochronologic investigation has been conducted on a basalt lava sequence at jianguo in liaoning province northeastern china radiometric 40 ar 39 ar dating experiments indicate the volcanism occurred in relatively short time intervals between 105 5 and 102 2 ma thermomagnetic experiments and electron microprobe show that main primary carrier of remanence to be titanomagnetite with curie temperature of 300 c a modified version of the thellier thellier technique with systematic partial thermoremanent magnetization ptrm checks was used for palaeointensity determinations fourteen out of 61 samples from the studied lavas yield reliable palaeointensity estimates with a mean virtual dipole moment vdm of 4 07 0 2 1022 am2 about half the strength of the modern day field

effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water at different spatial scales a review this paper reviews the various effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water since these effects are scale dependent they are investigated at three different nested spatial scales the microplot 4 10 6 100m2 the mesoplot 10 2 102 m2 and the macroplot 101 104 m2 for each scale the corresponding process mechanisms are discussed particular attention is paid to the effects of rock fragment cover on the intensity of soil erosion processes at the mesoplot scale i e on interrill areas rock fragments at the soil surface can have negative as well as positive effects on sediment yield these ambivalent effects are conditioned by the type of fine earth porosity soil surface slope vertical position and size of rock fragments and by the occurrence of horseshoe vortex erosion at the microplot scale i e the soil surface area which is covered by a single rock fragment and at the macroplot scale i e upland areas where both interrill and rill erosion takes place rock fragments at the soil surface have a negative effect on sediment yield in these two scales rock fragments can thus be considered as natural soil surface stabilizers at the macroplot scale the mean decrease of relative interrill and rill sediment yield with rock fragment cover can be expressed by an exponential decay function the scatter of the data indicates that a given rock fragment cover can have different efficiencies in reducing interrill and rill sediment yield depending on the varying intensities of the hydrological and erosion subprocesses these findings have implications for erosion modelling and soil conservation

the myth of the pacific dipole window the angular dispersion of virtual geomagnetic poles vgp from lava flows is often cited as having been anomalously low in the pacific during the brunhes epoch because the dispersion from hawaiian lavas is said to be much lower than measured elsewhere this led to the concept of the pacific dipole window or pacific non dipole low because lavas tend to be erupted in bursts of activity many of the hawaiian data are serially correlated and thus cannot necessarily be treated as independent observations geochronological controls as are available for hawaii have been used in a previous analysis to thin the data to try to avoid repeated sampling of the same geomagnetic field unfortunately in that analysis the angular dispersion of vgps was calculated about the mean vgp instead of about the spin axis and thus underestimated the dispersion we have therefore reanalyzed the relevant data using the following criteria 1 only those lavas with 95 10 have been considered 2 a latitude dependent cut off angle is used to eliminate those vectors that are not part of the normal secular variation 3 we have developed a statistical method to rationalise those flows that have repeatedly sampled the same geomagnetic field vector because suitable geochronological controls are rarely available application of this new method to the hawaiian data shows excellent agreement with the results from using geochronological controls where possible we have therefore included this method in our overall analysis as expected the resulting global data are compatible with a fisher distribution about the spin axis brunhes age data from hawaii n 96 independent measurements give a vgp angular dispersion about the spin axis of sf 12 4 and for the pacific region as a whole sf 12 5 n 190 between latitudes 15 and 30 north or south these values are the same as sf 12 4 n 160 calculated for the rest of the world in the same latitude range this clearly demonstrates that the hypothesis of the pacific dipole window may confidently be rejected

simple relative space time scaling of electrical and electromagnetic depth sounding arrays implications for electrical static shift removal and joint dc tem data inversion with the most squares criterion a simple scaling relationship is shown to facilitate comparison correlation and integration of data recorded using the common experimental configurations in electrical and electromagnetic depth sounding applications of the scheme to field data from typical geological and landfill environments show that it is robust and where transient electromagnetic tem data are available enables easy identification and quantification of electrical static shift galvanic distortion in magnetotelluric and direct current dc sounding curves tem based procedures are suggested for both the direct removal of static shift in dc sounding curves and effective joint data inversion with the most squares criterion in the presence of static shift a case study of aquifer characterization using sounding data from borehole sites in the vale of york in england shows that static shift is a common problem in this glacial covered terrain and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed joint dc tem inversion strategy in handling distorted soundings

erosion rates in badland areas recorded by collectors erosion pins and profilometer techniques ebro basin ne spain abstract in badland areas of the ebro basin in a semiarid climate two erosion plots 257 m2 5 slope and 128 m2 23 slope on exposed tertiary clays were monitored over two years nov 1991 nov 1993 this material is characterized by high sodium absorption ratios which lead to high soil dispersivity the dominant erosion processes in both plots are rilling and sheet erosion rainfall intensity was recorded at a weather station connected to a data logger sediment production for single events was collected in tanks and ground lowering was measured every six months by erosion pins and microtopographic profile gauge techniques significant runoff was produced only by rainfall events above 5 mm another threshold at 20 mm rain was noted for rainfalls higher than 20 mm the 23 slope plot shows a greater runoff response than the 5 one rainfall events exceeding this threshold showed a higher sediment production for the steeper slope in the relationship between precipitation and sediment concentration an envelope curve can be drawn indicating that any rainfall event of a given amount and intensity has a maximum sediment concentration which we speculate to be a function of the runoff sediment transport capacity runoff response and sediment yield in the studied plots are controlled by the rainfall and soil characteristics and their seasonal variations in both plots the erosion pins show that erosion rates in rill areas are 25 50 higher than in the interrill areas sediment yield recorded by collector devices was higher than the rates measured by erosion pins the erosion rates based on rill cross sections by profilometers were higher than the ones recorded by collectors

lithology landscape structure and management practice changes key factors patterning vineyard soil erosion at metre scale spatial resolution in vineyards soil erosion is controlled by complex interactions between geomorphological and anthropogenic factors leading to intra plot spatial topsoil heterogeneities that are observed at a 1 m scale this study explores the relative impacts of slope lithology historical landscape structure and present day management practices on soil erosion on vineyard hillslopes the selected plot is located in the monthelie vineyard hillslopes cote de beaune france where intensive erosion occurs during high intensity rainfall events soil erosion quantification was performed at a square metre scale using dendrogeomorphology for the same plot planted in 1972 an initial erosion map was drawn in 2004 with a second map being produced in 2012 these two maps combined with lithology and slope data the evolution of landscape structure and the evolution of management practices allow the driving factors of water erosion to be assessed from the 2004 erosion map we observed that the spatial distribution of erosion for the thirty year period after planting was mainly controlled by lithology and historical landscape structure whatever the slope by subtracting 2004 data from the 2012 data and thus evaluating erosion over the last decade we discovered that the erosion rate had increased significantly that spatial distribution of erosion had changed and is now basically controlled by slope steepness and present day vineyard management practices erosion patterns for the last decade show that the impact of historical landscape structure is gradually declining this study shows that it is crucial to take into account the pre plantation history of vineyard plots and management practices to further increase our understanding of the spatial distribution of erosion on vineyard hillslopes

induced polarization of shaly sands equations have been developed that relate induced polarization ip in shaly sands to measurable petrophysical parameters the induced polarization process has been modeled in terms of two mechanisms clay counterion displacement and membrane blockage the resulting equations can be used to determine shaliness brine conductivity and oil saturation from in phase and out of phase conductivities laboratory measurements have confirmed the ip dependence on these variables as well as on temperature

marine self potential gradient exploration of the continental margin the self potential sp method for mineral exploration is seldom used on land primarily because of electrode noise problems and nonunique interpretations marine measurements of the horizontal gradient of the sp field on the other hand are relatively simple to make with an array of electrodes towed behind a ship with low ship speeds of 5 to 10 km hour dense spatial sampling 1 m can be obtained with resolution of better than 1 v m in this paper we report on gradient sp data recorded on the continental shelf of south australia by a horizontal array of towed electrodes approximately 20 m above the seafloor ocean waves and swells with periods of 5 to 15 s yielded large amplitude signals 20 v m but subseafloor mineralization produced sp gradient anomalies of 50 v m and widths of 2 km or more in a number of parallel traverses integrating the observed sp gradients along each line delineated sp anomalies of amplitude up to 100 mv self potential and magnetic anomaly data show limited spatial cor

genesis and geomorphic evolution of the velke pinky stopes in the zlatohorska highlands eastern sudetes montanogenic landforms are commonly viewed as hazards by society but they are also holders of specific and uncommon morphology with unique dynamics that act as remarks on landscape history the velke pinky stopes in the zlatohorska highlands eastern sudetes are naturally revitalized post mining landforms with long term geoecological succession their genetic origin is diverse but recent processes such as deep seated slope deformations rockfalls and ground subsidence have resulted in a distinct morphology dominated by rock walls and the accumulation of blocks and debris wedges this morphology predisposes the stopes to become the core area of the most recent dynamic geomorphic activity within the wider relatively homogenous area by dendrogeomorphic techniques we identified more than 20 rockfall events within three of the stopes with increased activity since the 1980s only the 1991 and 2006 events were identical for all three stopes we obtained the years of exposures from 10 roots revealing the ground subsidence and opening of tension cracks or even the lateral retreat of the flanks of minor depressions the schmidt hammer test revealed the most recent and fresh gravitational activity in one of the stopes a relationship between the superficial morphology and underground structure was proven by electrical resistivity profiling compared to the previous studies engaged with the abandoned mines we presented how complex their evolution can be our study brings new information about the historical development of anthropogenic relief forms moreover our results suggest that standard research approaches can be successfully applied for development analysis of these specific forms

significant rotations related to cover substratum decoupling example of the dome de barrot southwestern alps france the barrot area presents an important contrast of deformation between a foliated faulted and non rotated permian substratum and a folded and strongly rotated meso cenozoic sedimentary cover the permian substratum and the sedimentary cover are separated by a decollement level of triassic gypsum while numerous studies have been done on the dome de barrot i e the permian substratum we focused our work on the deformed meso cenozoic sedimentary cover around the dome de barrot where we measured and analyzed both the magnetic susceptibility fabrics and the paleomagnetic directions our results highlight an arcuate pattern of the directions of shortening trajectories revealed by type ii iii fabrics of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility which predates the folding and a later syn or post folding anticlockwise rotation of large amplitude 64 14 for the sedimentary cover the arcuate pattern of the directions of shortening and the different rotations between the permian substratum and the sedimentary cover can be partly explained after restoring the paleogeographic location of the sedimentary cover before the oligocene alpine compression event we tend to interpret the remaining 30 anticlockwise rotation as a result of the high efficiency of the triassic gypsum decollement surface a nearby regional left lateral shear zone rdfz and a possible near field gravitational sliding near the later exhumed dome de barrot

integrated geophysical surveys for the subsurface mapping of buried structures under and surrounding of the agios voukolos church in izmir turkey abstract this work presents the results of the integrated usage of geophysics in the agios voukolos church one of the unique orthodox constructions in izmir the surveys had two main objectives to define subsurface characteristics inside and around the church and search for possible structural damage such as cracks and fissures that may exist in the subfloor of the church magnetic gradiometry ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography were used in the investigations this study is the first indoor application of magnetic gradiometry the studies revealed that several suspicious relics and crypts might have existed under the floor of the church in addition investigations of the courtyard area indicated potential buried structures under the settling area of the church this study demonstrates the importance of the integrated usage of non destructive geophysical techniques in searching for possible hidden subsurface structures in standing historical buildings in addition magnetic gradiometry might be useful in indoor studies assuming that there are no important magnetic sources near the site

mechanism for geomagnetic polarity reversals recent studies of old magnetic observations1 and the seismic velocity of the lower mantle2 suggest that at least part of the geomagnetic secular variation is driven by temperature anomalies in the solid mantle3 in particular a patch of flux of opposite sign to that expected for a dipole field occurs beneath southern africa it has intensified throughout the twentieth century by a process that is believed to be flux expulsion associated with a particularly hot part of the lowermost mantle and is drifting westwards a similar patch lies beneath south america here i show that the present fall in the dipole moment is directly related to the intensification and southward movement of these patches and suggest the fall occasionally leads to polarity reversal the almost linear increase in the frequency of polarity reversals that has occurred since the cretaceous quiet interval is attributed to the growth of the hot patch of mantle presently under southern africa

patterns of geochemical variability in relation to turbidite facies in the gres d annot formation the deep marine gres d annot formation is one of the best exposed analogues to sand rich turbidite sub surface systems provenance and reservoir heterogeneities have been investigated through a geochemical study of different areas and facies in this formation most compositions may be described as mixtures between carbonate and three clastic end members i e clay framework grains and a subset of the heavy minerals zircon tioxide apatite monazite these end members have a nearly uniform chemistry over the studied area and a granite dominated provenance consistent with a corsica sardinia source hypothesis this rather uniform provenance makes the annot formation a favourable case for exploring the relationships between facies and geochemistry not only do different facies differ in average composition but chemical variations at the bed scale fingerprint the depositional mechanism archetypal graded turbidites and traction dominated over bank deposits display contrasting variation trends in geochemical plots the local scale variation patterns and the general relationship between grain size and chemistry are tentatively integrated in a single differentiation model providing a rationale for the use of geochemistry in provenance studies and a possible way to characterize sedimentary facies

detection of subsurface ice and water deposits on mars with a mutual impedance probe 1 a mutual impedance probe also called quadrupolar probe or permittivitymeter measures the complex permittivity of materials with a spatial resolution comparable to the average separation between its four sensors this instrument is ideally suited for the detection of subsurface water deposits at shallow depths on mars since water mixtures are generally characterized by relatively large dielectric constant and conductivity permittivitymeters have been developed for commercial and space applications an instrument identical to that which will land on titan in 2004 has been tested with success in the field and the results obtained on humid sand and in dry snow are presented the possible applications of mutual impedance probes to the localization of water on mars are discussed

a survey of current trends in near surface electrical and electromagnetic methods electricalandelectromagnetice emmethodsfornearsurface investigations have undergone rapid improvements over the past few decades besides the traditional applications in groundwater investigations natural resource exploration and geological mapping a number of new applications have appeared these include hazardous waste characterizationstudies precision agricultureapplications archeological surveys and geotechnical investigations the inclusion of microprocessors in survey instruments development ofnewinterpretationalgorithms andeasyaccesstopowerful computers have supported innovation throughout the geophysical community and the e em community is no exception most notable are development of continuous measurement systems that generate large dense data sets efficiently these have contributed significantly to the usefulness of e em methods by allowing measurements over wide areas without sacrificing lateral resolution the availability of theseluxuriantdatasetsinturnspurreddevelopmentofinterpretation algorithms including laterally constrained 1d inversionaswellasinnovative2d and3d inversionmethods taken together these developments can be expected to improve the resolution and usefulness of e em methods and permit them to be applied economically the trend is clearly towarddensesurveyingoverlargerareas followedbyhighly automated post acquisition processing and interpretation to provide improved resolution of the shallow subsurface in a cost effectivemanner

rapid least squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi newton method1 a fast inversion technique for the interpretation of data from resistivity tomography surveys has been developed for operation on a microcomputer this technique is based on the smoothness constrained least squares method and it produces a two dimensional subsurface model from the apparent resistivity pseudosection in the first iteration a homogeneous earth model is used as the starting model for which the apparent resistivity partial derivative values can be calculated analytically for subsequent iterations a quasi newton method is used to estimate the partial derivatives which reduces the computer time and memory space required by about eight and twelve times respectively compared to the conventional least squares method tests with a variety of computer models and data from field surveys show that this technique is insensitive to random noise and converges rapidly this technique takes about one minute to invert a single data set on an 80486dx microcomputer

soil resistivity a non invasive tool to map soil structure horizonation abstract since geophysical methods are non invasive they can be of great help in soil studies because they disturb neither the structure nor the dynamics of the soil moreover data are acquired with reliable spatial sampling the usual ways of investigation like augering and excavation disturb the soil and are totally incompatible with a spatially dense sampling strategy which would destroy the object of the study both approaches are complementary when excavations have a limited extent and are distributed according to the information conveyed by the geophysical investigation a basic principle of applied geophysics is to measure different physical parameters without direct access to the studied volume horizontal and or vertical variations of the parameter s can be recorded possible soil parameters should be restricted to measurements which do not alter the medium reversible effect to be significant the variations of the parameter s should exhibit a wide dynamic range over different soil types and should be correlated in some way to soil parameters such as particle size or hydraulic conductivity after summarising the soil properties two examples are shown whereby electrical resistivity was used the first example is a specific soil so called hardpan sandy soil in arid area in lagadge north cameroon using resistivity surveys the three dimensional extension of a very coherent horizon was mapped this horizon is delineated by low resistivities 10 ms m because of the disposition of clay particles around the quartz grains in a second example a homogeneous area ought to be found delimit the extent of a surface where a pesticide transfer experiment is to take place accurate mapping of soil horizons was not feasible by augering resistivity data have clearly shown the three dimensional extension of clayey horizons in the complex delta context

tectonic control on diagenesis in a foreland basin combined petrologic and thermochronologic approaches in the gres d annot basin late eocene early oligocene french italian external alps introductionpropagation of mountain belt thrustfront can submit foreland basin sedi ments to tectonic deformation andburial below thrust units soon aftertheir deposition thus playing a majorrole in their compaction temperatureand uid rock interaction history inthis paper we describe the case historyof the gre sdannot formation apalaeogene turbidite succession of thealpine foreland basin of se france the gre sdannot have been thesource of in uential models of turbi ditic system development joseph andlomas 2004 but although severalstudies dealt with the sandstonepetrography jean et al 1985 garciaet al 2004 there is no publishedwork on their diagenetic evolution combining a petrographic study withapatite ssion track analysis apatitefta we show the strong correlationbetween the gradient of diagenesisacross the basin and the westwardwedging of the nappes that over thrust the basin soon after turbiditedeposition geological settingthe gre sdannot formation caps themesozoic palaeogene succession ofthe inner part of the external alpineunits the digne castellane and nicearcs the palaeozoic substratum ofwhich outcrops in two antiformalstructures the argentera and barrotmassifs fig 1 in the ne the gre sdannot are thrust by the penninicfront ahead of this front the north ern part of the formation is covered bythe embrunais ubaye nappes issuedfrom the internal alpine domain andmainly composed of late cretaceoushelminthoid flysch equivalent nap pes also occur se of the argenteramassif the gre sd relatively sedimentation migratedannot formation cor responds to a sand rich turbidite sys tem fed from the south by fan deltasand featuring a down current transi tion from channel ll deposits in these to tabular sand bodies in the nw du fornel et al 2004 joseph andlomas 2004 the sandstone has anarkosic composition mainly sourcedin the variscan crystalline basement ofthe corsica sardinia massif jeanet al 1985 garcia et al 2004 foreland subsidence in the externalalps began during the middle lateeocene and resulted in the successivedeposition of transgressive platformlimestones slope hemipelagic marl stones and the gre sdannot turbi dites ravenne et al 1987 the onsetof turbidite deposition registered thewestward shift of depocentres frombartonian in the east to early rup elian in the west ford et al 1999 dufornel et al 2004 the turbidites lled distinct se nw trending depo centres formed by early folding of thesub stratum apps et al 2004 withlocal thicknesses of up to 1200 m their deposition ceased during therupelian with the emplacement of anolistostrome derived from the front ofthe embrunais ubaye nappes fol lowed by thrusting of the lower nap pes the autapie and subbrianc onnaisnappes above the ne part ofthe basin kerckhove 1969 cor south westward in shallow marine continental depocentres ford et al 1999 further thrusting above thegre sdannot occurred during thelate oligocene earliest miocene withthe emplacement of the penninic frontand upper embrunais ubaye nappe the parpaillon nappe kerckhove 1969 fry 1989 corsini et al 2004 during the miocene basement thrust ing uplifted the argentera and barrotmassifs bigot cormier et al 2006 and gravitational equilibration of thethickened crust resulted in the forma tion of normal faults that cut thenappes and their substratum down toabstract

on convection in the earth s core driven by lateral temperature variations in the lower mantle summary lateral variations in heat flux or temperature in the lowermost mantle associated with mantle convection will drive fluid flow in the liquid core the effect is modelled by a rotating spherical shell with uniform lower boundary temperature and a laterally varying upper surface temperature and the solutions found by numerical calculation some for a density stratified fluid the problem depends upon two dimensionless numbers a horizontal rayleigh number and a stratification parameter the calculations are restricted to surface temperatures which are symmetric about the equator and steady solutions are found induced toroidal flows near the surface are closely linked with the applied temperature profile through the thermal wind equation and coriolis forces make the convection penetrate into the shell stratification acts mainly to suppress radial flow but the surface toroidal flow is relatively unaffected the results illustrate the powerful influence exerted by the surface temperature but are difficult to apply directly to the earth s core because molecular values of the thermal diffusivity entail a very long time scale assuming a turbulent thermal diffusivity equal to the magnetic diffusivity gives a more realistic time scale and it is possible to recover for specific simple imposed temperature profiles flows similar to those found in the earth s core from inversion of geomagnetic secular change

magnetic imaging and electrical resistivity tomography studies in a roman military installation found in satala archaeological site northeastern anatolia turkey abstract satala is one of the last great military centers in the roman east available for archaeological and historical investigations this archaeological site is situated on the crossing of two singularly important routes in north east asia minor only little archaeological fieldwork in and around satala has so far been carried out thus delimiting our knowledge of the site and its role within the roman military structure of the east in order to provide further data on the site we carried out geophysical surveys including the application of magnetic and electrical resistivity techniques in an area north of the sadak village the geophysical surveys within this area supposedly part of the roman military camp proceeded in two stages the first stage saw magnetic gradiometer imaging studies being carried out on 2 1 ha measured by a geoscan fm 36 fluxgate gradiometer by using 0 5 1 m grid intervals for the second stage a different geophysical technique was used resistivity tomography resistivity data were collected using a number of combined 2d resistivity pseudosections in the eastern part of the area which contained very regular magnetic anomalies the 3d data were obtained by the combination of all survey lines collected from 2d data sets and thereafter the arranged data were processed by using the 3d robust inversion modified from the smoothness constrained algorithm electrical resistivity tomography investigations revealed that the buried archaeological structures might be located near the surface except for some structures found in the middle of the studied area the archaeological structures were furthermore determined by realistic model sections and volumetric representations magnetic imaging and electrical resistivity tomography surveys show that the combined usage of these techniques advances the understanding of archaeological structures beneath the surface

erosion rates and sediment budgets in vineyards at 1 m resolution based on stock unearthing burgundy france abstract a new and simple method is developed to efficiently quantify erosion and deposition rates based on stock unearthing measurements this is applicable to spatial scales ranging from plot to hillslopes and to time scales ranging from single hydrologic events to centennial scales the method is applied to a plot area on vineyard hillslopes in burgundy monthelie france with measurement of 4328 vine plants a sediment budget established at the plot scale shows a mean soil lowering of 3 44 1 cm over 20 years involving a minimal erosion rate of 1 7 0 5 mm yr 1 locally erosion rates can reach up to 8 2 0 5 mm yr 1 this approach allows the sediment redistribution to be mapped and analyzed at 1 m resolution it provides novel insights into the characterization of erosion patterns on pluri decennial scales and into the analysis of spatial distribution of erosion processes on cultivated hillslopes

a regional scale study of multi decennial erosion of vineyard fields using vine stock unearthing burying measurements abstract erosion and deposition rates were quantified in a vineyard context languedoc france using a method based on vine stock bio markers the within field spatial structure of erosion field erosive state was described based on maps of unearthing height of vine stock the factors affecting variability of soil erosion slope gradient slope length soil type and field boundaries characteristics were analysed in relation to quantitative and spatial erosion data when this method was applied to a sample of 49 fields the intensity of erosion in the study area mean erosion rate 10 5 t ha 1 year 1 showed a high variability between fields the field erosive states fes were classified into five categories based on the intensity and spatial structure of the erosion such as uniform erosion of the field transfer of sediments from upslope to downslope regions and concentrated erosion on rills this study highlights the influence of the connectivity between fields on erosion intensity and variability

long lasting transcurrent tectonics in sw alps evidenced by neogene to present day stress fields abstract the sw alps are an active orogen undergoing intra mountainous extension and peripheral compression we discuss the significance of syn orogenic extension based on a comparison of paleo stress derived from fault slip data inversion reflecting the long term

recognizing episodic lithospheric thinning along a convergent plate margin the example of the early oligocene alps large scale tectonic mode switches from lithospheric shortening to lithospheric extension may play a fundamental role in the tectonometamorphic evolution of orogens located along convergent plate margins short lived episodes of lithospheric extension can be inferred from the concomitant occurrence of bimodal magmatism rapid exhumation of rock units activity of extensional shear zones steep geothermal gradients and possibly topographic collapse of the orogenic belt here we provide a synthesis of existing data from the european alps supporting the hypothesis on tectonic mode switches data are interpreted to suggest that at ca 38 34 ma a period of n s orogen perpendicular shortening led to the formation of medium to ultra high pressure mineral assemblages by lithosphere scale thrust imbrication a tectonic mode switch took place at ca 34 ma marked by the onset of e w extension during this extensional event internal units of the western and central alps were rapidly exhumed to mid crustal level in the footwall of regional scale extensional shear zones tectonic thinning was also accomplished through pervasive e w stretching of the nappe pile lithospheric stretching resulted in the onset of an anomalous thermal regime which was responsible for the overprint of the older medium to ultra high pressure mineral assemblages by barrovian type mineral assemblages and by migmatization at the same time attenuation of the isotherms led to partial melting of mantle lithosphere and to bimodal magmatism contemporaneous topographic collapse of the orogen is suggested by the deposition in the foreland of flysch units rich in minerals that were probably derived from erosion of the early oligocene calc alkaline volcanics erupted in the hinterland this short lived episode of lithospheric stretching took place in no more than 4 myr from ca 34 ma to ca 32 30 ma renewed lithospheric thickening which is observed in seismic tomography studies resulted in large scale folding of the extensional structures and the in rapid generation of topographic relief feeding abundant clastic sedimentation in the peripheral basins

three dimensional image of seismic refraction tomography and electrical resistivity tomography survey in the castle of occhiola sicily italy a geophysical survey was carried out at the ruins of occhiolacastle sicily italy a medieval village located at the north western part of a hill named terravecchia at 491 m asl in order to map the archaeological structures such as walls and burrows electrical resistivity to mography ert and seismic refraction tomography methods were used the resistivity variations are known to correlate quite well with the lithology thus providing important information for identifying the buried archaeological remains on the other hand seismic velocity variations provide information about the geometrical features of the remains the two geophysical methods are used in an enjoined way to better aid the interpretation and evaluate the significance and reliability of the results obtained with each single method the electrical and seismic data are displayed in three dimensions by using the iso resistivity and iso velocity surfaces respectively this allows us to effectively define the location of the anomalies present in the single electrical and seismic sections the results obtained in the survey highlight the presence of structures of regular shape probably due to features of archaeological interest 2006 elsevier ltd all rights reserved

recent developments in shallow depth electrical and electrostatic prospecting using mobile arrays application of mobile electrical and electrostatic quadripoles during the past ten years has allowed a considerable increase in the size of the surveyed areas together with keeping a high spatial resolution and a reduction of the total cost of a survey two new developments of towed arrays are illustrated here 1 a pole pole array pulled by the operator provides a lightweight solution for mapping large surfaces at a unique given depth of investigation as shown by the prospection of the roman british city of wroxeter and 2 a multipole multidepth system allows a 3 d investigation of the ground resistivity as illustrated by the experiments undertaken on the test site of garchy and on the archaeological site of montbaron indre france

multi depth electrical resistivity survey for mapping soil units within two 3 ha plots abstract spatial information on soils generally results from local observations that are destructive and time consuming especially in the case of heterogeneous soils geophysical technics can be a great help for soil mapping since they are non destructive and fast large areas can be surveyed with a high density of measurements electrical resistivity is particularly interesting for soil study because it covers a wide range of values several decades and depends on many characteristics of the soil the main objective of this paper was to study soil spatial variability using an original approach to electrical data processing electrical data from a 3 depth survey usually treated as three apparent resistivity maps were considered as many electrical soundings each with three apparent resistivity values the study of the vertical succession of these values led to define nine reference geophysical taxa this taxonomy relies on a parameter which discriminates soil layers and is defined as the interval in m beyond which two successive apparent resistivity values on a sounding are considered different geophysical taxa mapping highlighted their spatial coherence which was related to pedological characteristics such as the presence of a clay layer or the depth of the soil profile the comparison between the spatial distribution of geophysical taxa and a pre existing soil map showed that the delineations of taxa clusters closely matched soil unit boundaries but were much less smooth this method allowed the assignment to each soil type of a specific apparent electrical resistivity profile which was consistent with soil profile description the method is straightly applicable to data from other surveys and opens the way to the development of semi automatic soil mapping from electrical resistivity data

the early mesolithic haverbeck site northwest germany evidence for preboreal settlement in the western and central european plain abstract archaeological sites dating from the preboreal are of special interest since they mark the turning point in the transition between the cultures of the late pleistocene and the holocene in spite of their relevance only few sites in the western and central european plain have become known thus providing an inhomogeneous basis for further hypotheses in particular sites in the widespread aeolian landscapes have been neglected for a long time due to their uncertain genesis dating problems and obviously insufficient preservation our investigations of the haverbeck site situated in sandy aeolian substrate seek to enhance knowledge about the preboreal mesolithic the well preserved archaeological spatial technological and functional patterns and the geoarchaeological site formation were studied sedimentological and palaeopedological analyses supported by 14 c and osl dating results revealed that artefacts were deposited during the preboreal on sands which had accumulated during the younger dryas and were reactivated in subsequent periods atlantic subboreal subatlantic in spite of these processes the artefacts remained unimpaired in their relative horizontal positions enabling spatial analyses which show a zonal differentiation and a prevalence of retooling and replacing activities these results offer an insight into spatial and functional differentiations of the local early mesolithic subsistence evidently including particular places for gathering and processing raw material a comparison between the microlithic spectrum left behind and the number of points produced as concluded from the microburins indicates a greater typological differentiation than previously assumed for the early mesolithic the remarkable variability of scraper forms obviously intentionally abandoned in a high number and replaced by new tools emphasizes the strong influence of functional elements on the typological assemblage composition it is suggested that early mesolithic assemblages could display rather functional requirements or tasks performed than significant chronological or regional influences in addition the combination of 14 c osl and pedology helped to reconstruct the aeolian accumulation erosion dynamics and to present a considerable sequence of processes some of which are closely connected with human activities

investigation of a historic and recent landslide area in ultrahelvetic sediments at the northern boundary of the alps austria by ert measurements landslides and earth flows are major dangers in alpine areas therefore determining potential landslide zones and predicting earth flow events are of great importance in these areas

measuring the relative topographic position of archaeological sites in the landscape a case study on the bronze age barrows in northwest belgium abstract local topography is an important parameter determining the erection of a certain type of site on a certain location in the landscape despite the importance of topography in archaeological landscape research the role of local topography has remained rather unexplored compared to other specific topographic parameters such as slope aspect curvature or visibility therefore three methods to assess the relative topographic position of sites are applied and discussed here the bronze age barrow dataset of northwest belgium acts as the subject for this methodological case study first elevation percentile calculates the area that is lower than the central point within a predetermined neighborhood secondly difference from mean elevation measures the relative topographic position of the central point as the difference between the elevation of this central point and the mean elevation within a predetermined neighborhood and finally deviation from mean elevation calculates the relative topographic position of the central point as the difference from mean elevation divided by the standard deviation of elevation within a predetermined neighborhood these three methods each with their advantages and disadvantages prove to be an added value for archaeological landscape research

salt tectonics in the sw alps italy france from rifting to the inversion of the european continental margin in a context of oblique convergence abstract the sw alps result from the inversion of the european continental margin during the oblique convergence between europe and adria since the cretaceous the orogenic deformation is controlled by two factors the inherited sedimentary and structural record and the geodynamic interaction between the two plates in this paper we present a stratigraphic and structural analysis of the external sw alps ventimiglia menton area in order to define the sedimentary and deformational geometries of the chain and to reconstruct the evolutionary history the field data highlight the preeminent role played by inherited salt structures which derive from the depositional history experienced by the european margin since the mesozoic onwards from late triassic to jurassic evaporites and carbonates deposited as a response to the thetyan rifting the following emplacement of the cretaceous flysch and of the eocene foreland basin succession was strongly influenced by the extensionally triggered salt diapirism and by the interactions with deformations connected to the pyrenees dynamics the resulting geologic discontinuities i e diapir induced highs and basins inherited normal and trasform faults strongly influenced the successive oligo miocene evolution of the belt in the study area observed changes in the thrusts and folds kinematics are considered as the results of rotation during their approaching to inherited highs furthermore the overturning of thrusts and folds in the front of the diapiric flanks are associated with the progressively salt squeezing into the anticlines cores promoted by ongoing alpine compression finally the kinematic data from the study area show radical differences in the tectonic transport direction with respect to the rest of the sw alps nw to w ward in the ventimiglia menton area s to sw ward in provence and ligurian alps this difference is interpreted to be caused by the relative motions of crustal blocks dominated by transpressive tectonics in the frame of the oligo miocene western mediterranean geodynamics

investigation of the nature of slip surface using geochemical analyses and 2 d electrical resistivity tomography a case study from lapseki area nw turkey the nature and subsurface structure of the slip surface of a landslide was studied on the basis of geochemical analyses and 2 d electrical resistivity tomography ert survey head scarp and lateral slip surfaces of the landslide marked by clear slickensided shear planes were composed of the average amounts of clayey silt 32 5 and sand 67 5 energy dispersive x ray spectroscopy edx data revealed the enrichment of si 23 24 fe 12 2 al 9 51 and c 8 34 in the elemental composition of the disturbed slip surface from x ray diffractometry xrd data six main clay types were determined such as volkonskoite halloysite ferrosilite saponite illite and nontronite the ert survey displayed that the landslide developed as a reactivation on the upper part of an old landslide body

simultaneous use of electrostatic quadrupole and gpr in urban context investigation of the basement of the cathedral of girona catalunya spain there is a growing demand for nondestructive geophysical investigation in archaeology especially in an urban context this is a result of taking our heritage more seriously than in the past since excavations are possible only over a very limited area any a priori information brought by geophysical methods can help to focus these excavations the classical geophysical methods used in archaeology resistivity magnetism are not applicable in an urban context with problems of accessibility and inherent electromagnetic noise the potential of the combined use of ground penetrating radar gpr and electrostatic es quadrupole data is demonstrated in the investigation of the floor of the cathedral of girona in northern spain a 1 3 1 3 m electrostatic quadrupole was towed continuously over a set of parallel profiles to produce a resistivity map for a 20 60 m area a set of resistive anomalies corresponds with known structures probably graves the largest observed anomalies appear to be related to fou

a mobile four electrode array and its application to the electrical survey of planetary grounds at shallow depths this paper deals with a mobile array for mapping the electric properties of planetary surfaces with a resolution of the order of a few meters in all dimensions the principle of the measuring technique is first recapitulated the prototype model of this novel instrument is then described the array was operated at a frequency of 128 khz over a site with apparent resistivities in the range 20 100 m and the experimental results are found to be in excellent agreement with those derived from another independent technique it is demonstrated from measurements collected on a second site with resistivities of the order of several kilo ohm meters that this new technique also yields information about the dielectric constant of the ground this method is not only applicable to geological surveys on earth but also appears particularly attractive for the exploration of the surface of other planets by means of landers penetrators or unmanned rovers

soil degradation caused by a high intensity rainfall event implications for medium term soil sustainability in burgundian vineyards the purpose of this paper is to provide a sediment flux quantification in a vineyard context vosne romanee burgundy france where medium term soil budget and sustainability are controlled by complex interactions between natural processes rill erosion and anthropogenic processes earth supply transferred back into the rills by the winegrowers concentrated overland flows during the rainfall event resulted in the incision of 13 major rills in the inter rows carrying a sediment volume of about 4 77 m3 most of the rills were rectilinear and displayed a u shape with strong vertical walls rill incision began about 30 m from the upper plot boundary in the buffer zone located at the lower border of the plot seven fan systems developed from the material originating in one or two contributory rows accumulated volume is estimated at 1 6 m3 data from grain size distribution and rill and fan volumes show that erosion is dominated by rilling 70 of the sediment yield over sheet process 30 of the sediment yield the net exported soil loss corresponding to the balance between natural soil loss and anthropogenic supply ranges between 24 3 t ha 1 and 48 t ha 1 over the plot during one hydrologic event analyses of the grain size distribution in the reference soil sample and in the fans reveal that size selectivity has occurred with preferential export of the fine material 2 mm in the fans to evaluate the relative importance in grain size distribution of natural processes material loss over anthropogenic processes rill filling by winegrowers we simulated the temporal evolution of grain size distribution in surface soil during five successive rainfall events our results clearly show that more than 30 of fine material in surface soil was lost in these few events despite anthropogenic rill filling this fine fraction removal may have considerable impact on vineyard sustainability

applications and advantages of the slingram electromagnetic method for archaeological prospecting the electromagnetic slingram method can provide three types of information simultaneously 1 the apparent resistivity of the ground 2 its apparent susceptibility and 3 the characteristic signatures of buried metallic objects to build an apparatus with these three measurement capabilities requires an appropriate choice of parameters including frequency coil separation and coil orientation as well as calculations which take into account the electrical resistivity and the magnetic susceptibility of the ground the value of the slingram method for archaeological applications is shown by two examples 1 a gallo roman pottery workshop investigated with measurements of the apparent susceptibility using a reduced sampling wide mesh grid technique and 2 the study of a bronze hoard site located in a marsh capabilities of the slingram method may be improved by further study of an apparatus using several receivers which would increase the depth of investigation use of several frequencies would over

the secular variation of earth s magnetic field models of the magnetic field at the core mantle boundary at selected epochs from 1715 0 to 1980 0 reveal novel features in the field at the core these suggest that the flow of core fluid is coupled to the mantle and that magnetic diffusion is significant

evaluation of landfill disposal boundary by means of electrical resistivity imaging this paper deals with an employment of electrical resistivity imaging eri for survey of leachate content on the waste disposal site in northern israel the research consisted of conducting ten eri lines and drilling investigation wells data simulation used a 2d earthimager inversion program analysis of 2d eri interpretation results shows that determination of the boundary between the landfill body bottom intensively saturated with leachates and underlying layers of highly water saturated fat nonconsolidated clays presents a challenge however statistical analysis of eri data indicates that standard deviation and confidence interval of a set of resistivity data measured in the landfill body are significantly larger than those in underlying clays moreover maximum changes of these parameters are found on the boundary between landfill body and underlying soil thus reflecting natural differences in scattering of resistivity data measured in these two objects

evidence of multi stage faulting by clay mineral analysis example in a normal fault zone affecting arkosic sandstones annot sandstones abstract fault affecting silicoclastic sediments are commonly enriched in clay minerals clays are sensitive to fluid rock interactions and deformation mechanisms in this paper they are used as proxy for fault activity and behavior the present study focuses on clay mineral assemblages from the point vert normal fault zone located in the annot sandstones a priabonian rupelian turbidite succession of the alpine foredeep in se france in this area the annot sandstones were buried around 6 8 km below the front of alpine nappes soon after their deposition and exhumed during the middle late miocene the fault affects arkosic sandstone beds alternating with pelitic layers and displays throw of about thirty meters the fault core zone comprises intensely foliated sandstones bounding a corridor of gouge about 20 cm thick the foliated sandstones display clay concentration along s c structures characterized by dissolution of k feldspar and their replacement by mica associated with quartz pressure solution intense microfracturation and quartz vein precipitation the gouge is formed by a clayey matrix containing fragments of foliated sandstones and pelites however a detailed petrographical investigation suggests complex polyphase deformation processes optical and sem observations show that the clay minerals fraction of all studied rocks pelites and sandstones from the damage and core zones of the fault is dominated by white micas and chlorite these minerals have two different origins detrital and newly formed detrital micas are identified by their larger shape and their chemical composition with a lower fe mg content than the newly formed white micas in the foliated sandstones newly formed white micas are concentrated along s c structures or replace k feldspar both types of newly formed micas display the same chemical composition confirmed microstructural observations suggesting that they formed in the same conditions they have the following structural formulas na0 05 k0 86 al 1 77 fe0 08 mg0 15 si3 22 al0 78 o10 oh 2 they are enriched in fe and mg compared to the detrital micas newly formed chlorites are associated with micas along the shear planes according to microprobe analyses they present the following structural formula al1 48 fe2 50 mg1 84 si2 82 al1 18 o10 oh 8 all these data suggest that these clay minerals are synkinematic and registered the fault activity in the gouge samples illite and chlorite are the major clay minerals smectite is locally present in some samples in the foliated sandstones kubler index ki 001 xrd peak width at half height data and thermodynamic calculations from synkinematic chlorite chemistry suggest that the main fault deformation occurred under temperatures around 220 c diagenesis to anchizone boundary ki measured on pelites and sandstones from the hanging and footwall display similar values coherent with the maximal burial temperature of the annot sandstones in this area the gouge samples have a higher ki index which could be explained by a reactivation of the fault at lower temperatures during the exhumation of the annot sandstones formation

2d electrical resistivity imaging of some complex landslides in lucanian apennine chain southern italy we use high resolution electrical resistivity imaging to delineate the geometry of complex landslides in the lucanian apennine chain of southern italy to identify the discontinuity between the landslide material and bedrock and to locate possible surfaces of reactivation the lucanian apennine chain is characterized by high hydrogeological hazard and shows a complete panorama of mass movements in this area all typologies of landslides markedly predisposed and tightly controlled by the geostructural characteristics are found rotational and translational slides rototranslational slides earth and mudflows as well as deep seated gravitational slope phenomena with a predominance of rototranslational slides evolving as earthflow slides three test sites characterized by complex geology and a high hydrogeologic hazard are studied the giarrossa and varco izzo earthflow slides are located to the west and east of the town of potenza whereas the latronico slide is located close to the town of latronico

the terramare and the surrounding hydraulic structures a geophysical survey of the santa rosa site at poviglio bronze age northern italy abstract the terramara santa rosa is a middle and late bronze age archaeological site located in the po alluvial plain northern italy it is constituted of two moated villages delimited by earthen ramparts the peripheral structures of the site are sealed by fine textured flood plain deposits and they have not been fully explored through excavation due to their large extent because the shape of the villages and their relation to moats and the fluvial network are of paramount importance to understanding the landscape management and the use of water resources in the terramare civilisation a geophysical survey was planned to extend the results of the existing archaeological excavations to the site scale a frequency domain electro magnetic sounding fdem and electrical resistivity imaging eri covered an area of approximately 26 ha eri was conducted for a total length 9000 m despite the predominance of electrically conductive fine textured sediments electrical resistivity anomalies were observed and they were attributed to subtle lithological differences in the sedimentary context of the alluvial plain the geophysical interpretation after the calibration with the excavation data revealed the structures of the terramara and of the surrounding hydraulic network which are not visible at the surface due to flood plain deposits the santa rosa site was founded in a favourable geomorphological position on the top of a crevasse splay lobe of the adjoining po palaeo channel rising above the surrounding alluvial plain the terramara and their surroundings were delineated through an artificial modification of this pre existing crevasse splay lobe and a well targeted urban design with the objective of diverting water most likely from a palaeo channel of the po river through the digging of peripheral moats used to collect water around the site and to distribute it to the surrounding fields for irrigation the water management documented by this study in the terramara santa rosa can be considered as paradigmatic for the whole terramare civilisation which is therefore responsible of the introduction of the irrigated agriculture into western europe for the first time

gully erosion impacts factors and control gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings poesen and valentin eds catena 50 2 4 87 564 li et al 2004 gully erosion under global change sichuan science technology press chengu china 354 pp this growing interest is associated with the increasing concern over off site impacts caused by soil erosion at larger spatial scales than the cultivated plots the objective of this paper is to review recent studies on impacts factors and control of gully erosion and update the review on dgully erosion and environmental change importance and research needst poesen et al 2003 catena 50 2 4 91 134 for the farmers the development of gullies leads to a loss of crop yields and available land as well as an increase of workload i e labour necessary to cultivate the land gullies can also change the mosaic patterns between fallow and cultivated fields enhancing hillslope erosion in a feedback loop in addition gullies tend to enhance drainage and accelerate aridification processes in the semi arid zones fingerprinting the origin of sediments within catchments to determine the relative contributions of potential sediment sources has become essential to identify sources of potential pollution and to develop management strategies to combat soil erosion in this respect tracers such as carbon nitrogen the nuclear bomb derived radionuclide 137 cs magnetics and the strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used to fingerprint sediment recent studies conducted in australia china ethiopia and usa showed that the major part of the sediment in reservoirs might have come from gully erosion gullies not only occur in marly badlands and mountainous or hilly regions but also more globally in soils subjected to soil crusting such as loess european belt chinese loess plateau north america and sandy soils sahelian zone north east thailand or in soils prone to piping and tunnelling such as dispersive soils most of the time the gullying processes are triggered by

high sampling rate measurement and data treatment for mobile investigations kinematic electrical resistivity tomography kert abstract this paper presents an innovative system which adapts electrical resistivity tomography ert for fast investigation on long transects the device consists in a set of on the go sensors allowing high sampling rate measurement for mobile prospections the weak contact between the mobile sensors and the soil to allow fast investigations induces very noisy raw datasets kinematic electrical resistivity tomography named kert is then associated with a data treatment process a two step process reveals the information contained in the datasets the first focuses on the procedure to remove noise through the use of a low pass filter the assessment of cutoff frequency for smoothing is deduced from a fast fourier transform fft analysis thus the value is adapted to the site and the prospection the second phase consists in calibration of the kert on a conventional static ert at this point a classical static ert was used as a reference and directed on a reduced part of the kert transect the estimation of a factor of calibration xc to correct bias revealed the resistivity variations along the entire transect and in depth in the last part of the paper the validation of the investigation method and data treatment methodology is performed on a real case study a 450 m transect is investigated in 5 min mean speed about 6 km h integrating 10 depths of investigation the steps of data processing are detailed to show the final results consisting in a zonation along the transect

evidence of seismic deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus at tindari ne sicily summary most of the ancient town of tindari ne sicily was settled on a plateau the most surficial layer of which was made of unconsolidated material ongoing excavations at the archaeological site at tindari uncovered a large portion of the decumanus which suffered deformations preliminarily assigned to coseismic effects an analysis of the local dynamic response through the simulation of strong seismic shaking to the bedrock and modelling of spectral ratios of the bedrock soft soil was carried out to verify the susceptibility of superficial terrains of the promontory to coseismic deformations to perform this simulation the finite element method fem was used four accelerometric recordings of three earthquakes of medium high magnitude recorded on rocky sites were chosen to simulate the seismic shaking using a constitutive law for the materials composing the promontory layers both of linear elastic type and of elastoplastic type the analysis of the linear elastic field allowed the definition of the frequencies for which the spectral ratios of the accelerations recorded the highest amplifications in particular the frequency range 31 5 37 2 hz can be combined with deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus the analysis in the elastoplastic field highlighted the zones of promontory more susceptible to suffer plasticization process the results show that the topmost layer of the decumanus is the most susceptible to suffer plasticization therefore the performed analysis lends greater support to the hypothesis that the deformations were produced by seismic shaking

connectivity assessment in mediterranean vineyards using improved stock unearthing method lidar and soil erosion field surveys the interaction between processes and landforms is accelerated in vineyards due to bare tilled soils that enhance splash runoff and erosion traditionally in order to assess these processes the stock unearthing method sum is considered a useful methodology that uses the graft union of the vine plant as passive bio indicator of the topsoil level changes however sum assumes that the topography between the rows is planar when development of a model of the current micro topography is performed thus we consider that there is a need to develop a new methodology isum improved sum that by adding new measurements in the inter row areas at least 3 allows inclusion of the absent micro topographical information of sum in this way the main aim of this research was to estimate the micro topographical changes and soil transport at three different slope positions upper middle and lower parts in a 25 years old vineyard in eastern spain lidar data were used to compare the connectivity processes at the catchment with the pedon scale we obtained maps that showed topsoil level changes and detected soil depletion and accumulation signals we estimated soil displacement rates of 1 6mghayr 1 depletion 2 8mghayr 1 and 13 3mghayr 1 accumulation at upper middle and lower slope positions respectively the total average soil erosion rates in the inter rows were 5 7mgha 1 yr 1 in the row areas deposition of 10 5mghayr 1 was measured field erosion marks surveyed after each rainfall event gave insights to the connectivity at the inter row and the slope scale it was found that at the row scale there were sinks of sediments underneath the vines and sources in the inter row parts although they are the highest and lowest local topographical terrain respectively this is due to tillage erosion that redistributed the sediments at the slope scale the lower part of the slope collected sediments from the upper slope positions which were transported along the middle part of the slope as the measurement of isum and the field survey after intense rainfall events demonstrated connectivity of the flows along the whole slope were rare twice and along individual slope parts connectivity was found eight times and 19 at the inter row scale after 8years of field observations

exhumation controlled by transcurrent tectonics the argentera mercantour massif sw alps new apatite fission track aft and u th he ages from the argentera mercantour external crystalline massif of the sw alps document an exhumation history along transcurrent dextral faults significant aft age differences across the strikes of the main faults have been obtained from the ne 12 9 ma to the sw 5 2 ma and are linked to vertical uplifts along these right lateral transpressional structures such segmentation is not observed in ahe ages ahe ages have preserved younger ages 4 5 ma on the eastern hangingwall side of the high durance extensional system such an exhumation history is interpreted to result from a transition of transpressional to transtensional regimes at 8 5 ma during continuing adria europe convergence these data show that recent extensional deformation in the sw alps can be related to the development of a transtensional domain in the ubaye embrunais depression linked to ongoing strike slip deformation along the argentera mercantour

integrated application of geophysical methods for investigation of the al berktain archaeological site in the city of jerash jordan the application of electrical resistivity tomography ert techniques involving the wenner and schlumberger electrode configurations was conducted at the ancient site of al berktain of jerash n jordan during june 2011 it may be considered as the first archaeogeophysical survey at this site the city lived by succession of ancient cultures and still has archaeological remains e g water pools which gave it historical value and boosted the archaeological interest to make this study the objective of the work was to determine the layout dimension and the depth of expected buried structures i e water channels related to the pool structure within the site and to provide recommendations for future excavation projects the results showed high resistivity anomalies red color located within the site these anomalies were interpreted as a part of a general infrastructure of ancient man made buried channels or supporting basins draining out or feeding water to the two the water pools especially at the western and eastern sides inside the pool the main structure in the site results of the survey showed anomalous thin shallow zone interpreted as a layer limestone pavement of a thickness of 1 m the ert successfully determined the dimensions of the buried features and proved that this site was water reservoirs to serve the ancient city of jerash or irrigations purposes beside its use for leisure i e presence of the theatre roman path and the pools

comparison of gpr 2d resistivity and traditional techniques for the subsurface exploration of the oschingen landslide swabian alb germany abstract numerous rotational and translational slides of different sizes cause considerable economic damage in the swabian alb sw germany and are a challenge for risk assessment the oschingen landslide is a typical example for landslides occurring along the escarpment lithology consists of jurassic sedimentary rocks involving clays overlain by marls and limestones a combination of traditional methods drilling mapping inclinometers and geophysical techniques 2d resistivity ert ground penetrating radar gpr was applied to gain knowledge about the thickness and internal structure of the landslide the drillings and penetration tests provided point information on landslide extent structure and material involved in general all inclinometers showed very little movement if at all the gpr results were affected by strong signal attenuation and by overhead reflections from the nearby woods despite these general obstacles for the application of gpr on landslides near surface sediment structures were detected in the 2d resistivity sections higher resistive limestone blocks reaching 10 15 m in thickness could be clearly distinguished from the underlying bedrock the detailed two dimensional data of the electrical resistivity tomography ert along with the rather high survey speed turned out to be the best choice to gain detailed spatial information on thickness and extent of the slope movement the measured profiles coincide with the gpr data and correspond to borehole data surprisingly all results from the applied methods clearly detected the absence of large landslide blocks in the north west of the study area this finding could not be concluded from local geomorphology of this area regarding the current landslide displacement derived from the inclinometer measurements the large landslide blocks seem to be dormant during the measured period

applying a simple methodology to assess historical soil erosion in olive orchards abstract although soil erosion is a well known problem in olive orchards causing both on site soil degradation and off site environmental pollution quantitative field measurements of soil erosion are scarce this situation has restrained the development of a reliable predictive soil erosion model for this land use this study applies a simple and inexpensive technique to measure soil losses in olive orchards over a medium term time scale the methodology is based on measuring the size of small mounds that form around individual trees the resulting historical soil loss rate averaged for seven sites and over a period between 55 100 years was 95 mg ha 1 yr 1 locally the historical soil loss rate amounted up to 184 mg ha 1 yr 1 the measurement of actual erosion by water yielded a soil loss rate between 70 100 mg ha 1 yr 1 this difference illustrates the important contribution of tillage translocation our approach provides novel insights into the intensity and processes of soil erosion in olive orchards it also provides valuable input for model calibration and validation

assessing the impact of soil surface characteristics on vineyard erosion from very high spatial resolution aerial images cote de beaune france we describe a new method to map intra plot soil surface heterogeneities at a 5 cm spatial resolution our approach unites aerial image classification acquired at very high spatial resolution vhsr with local soil sampling vhsr aerial image processing based on image classification allows precise mapping of the spatial distribution of soil surfaces soil sampling defines soil typology by physical and chemical characteristics this method has been applied to a plot area located on the hillslopes of burgundy vineyards monthelie france where decennial erosion data were already available in order to assess the effect of soil surface characteristics and slope angle on erosion intensity and localisation from this method four classes of radiance were distinguished and interpreted as four soil surface state classes ssc defining specific areas within the studied plot these sscs have been characterised by their grain size distribution their organic carbon calcium carbonate and total nitrogen contents by allowing soil surface states to be mapped at five centimetre resolution this approach provides novel insights into the characterisation of soil patterns and into erosion analysis on cultivated hillslopes our work shows that the spatial distribution of soil erosion is related to the local slope steepness but also to the spatial distribution of stoniness that results from water and tillage erosion processes

the response of a three dimensional magnetic and conductive body in shallow depth electromagnetic prospecting summary the study of the abilities of an e m apparatus for shallow depth prospecting necessitates that we analyse the experimental data through theoretical modelling a 3 d model for a magnetic and a conductivity contrast is presented here applied to the slingram type sh3 case intercoil spacing equal to 1 5 m and frequency to 8 khz it shows that this apparatus is roughly equivalent to the classical wenner 1 m array and is more sensitive than magnetic prospection to susceptibility changes occurring in the soil above 60 cm depth the 3 d model will also be very valuable for the conception of improvements in the apparatus

rapid 1d 3d inversion of shallow resistivity multipole data examples in archaeological prospection fifteen years ago the introduction of mobile multipole arrays led to substantial improvements in shallow electric prospection because it allowed information related to thevertical distribution of ground resistivity in complement to the horizontal pattern of the detected features to be extracted however to make full use of this wealth of information further progress is needed to extendthequalitativeinterpretationofdatatoamorequantitative evaluation of the explored terrain to that intent we developed a two step process in the first step a 1d electric model is fitted to the data over the full explored area and in the second step using the moment method localized 3d interpretation is applied to limited areas for which the characteristics of a given feature require closer scrutiny after a first test with synthetic data generated using the surface integral 3d modeling method this process was applied to three different archaeological sites and one test site for both handheld pole pole array systems and a multipole continuous electric profiling mechanically pulled system at the test site the characteristics of a known wall were accurately recovered at the duntzenheim site the thickness and width of the archaeological remains determined by 3d interpretation corresponded to the features observedthrough excavation at the other two sites 3d interpretation made it possible to establish that the conductive features extend across the full extent of the superficial resistive second layers

rates and spatial variations of soil erosion in europe a study based on erosion plot data an extensive database of short to medium term erosion rates as measured on erosion plots in europe under natural rainfall was compiled from the literature statistical analysis confirmed the dominant influence of land use and cover on soil erosion rates sheet and rill erosion rates are highest on bare soil vineyards show the second highest soil losses followed by other arable lands spring crops orchards and winter crops a land with a permanent vegetation cover shrubs grassland and forest is characterised by soil losses which are generally more than an order of magnitude lower than those on arable land disturbance of permanent vegetation by fire leads to momentarily higher erosion rates but rates are still lower than those measured on arable land we also noticed important regional differences in erosion rates erosion rates are generally much lower in the mediterranean as compared to other areas in europe this is mainly attributed to the high soil stoniness in the mediterranean measured erosion rates on arable and bare land were related to topography slope steepness and length and soil texture while this was not the case for plots with a permanent land cover we attribute this to a fundamental difference in runoff generation and sediment transfer according to land cover types on the basis of these results we calculated mean sheet and rill erosion rates for the european area covered by the corine database estimated rill and interrill erosion rates are ca 1 2 t ha 1 year for the whole corine area and ca 3 6 t ha 1 year 1 for arable land these estimates are much lower than some earlier estimates which were based on the erroneous extrapolation of small datasets high erosion rates occur in areas dominated by vineyards the hilly loess areas in west and central europe and the agricultural areas located in the piedmont areas of the major european mountain ranges c 2010 elsevier b v all rights reserved

three dimensional geophysical anatomy of an active landslide in lias group mudrocks cleveland basin uk a geoelectrical investigation of a slow moving earth slide earth flow in lower jurassic lias group rocks of the cleveland basin uk is described these mudrock slopes are particularly prone to failure and are a major source of lowland landslides in the uk but few attempts have been made to spatially or volumetrically characterise the subsurface form of these slides the primary aim of this study was to consider the efficacy of fully three dimensional geoelectrical imaging for landslide investigation with reference to a geological setting typical of lias group escarpments the approach described here included a reconnaissance survey phase using two dimensional electrical resistivity tomography ert resistivity mapping self potential sp profiling and mapping followed by a detailed investigation of an area of the landslide using three dimensional 3d ert and self potential tomography spt interpretation of the geophysical data sets was supported by surface observations aerial lidar and differential gps geomorphological surveys and intrusive investigations boreholes and auger holes the initial phase of the study revealed the existence of a strong sp signature at the site consistent with a streaming potential source and established the relationships between the main geological units the geomorphologic expression of the landslide and the resistivity of the materials in and around the study area the 3d spt model generated during the second phase of the study indicated drainage patterns across the landslide and preferential flow from the low permeability mud rocks into the underlying more permeable sandstone formation because of favourable resistivity contrasts between the clay rich whitby mudstone formation landslide material and the underlying staithes sandstone formation the volumetric 3d ert image allowed a number of surface and subsurface landslide features to be identified and spatially located these included the lateral extent of slipped material and zones of depletion and accumulation the surface of separation and the thickness of individual earth flow lobes and the dipping in situ geological boundary between the whitby mudstone and staithes sandstone bedrock formations