geophysical remote sensing of historical aboriginal gravesites in southwestern western australia many suspected historical aboriginal gravesites are throughout southwestern western australia where individual burial locations remain unknown because of the cultural and historical importance of these heritage sites there is an increasing effort to identify such locations to enable better site preservation and appropriate commemoration gravesite reconnaissance routinely requires the investigation of large areas and it is inefficient and disrespectful to excavate large volumes in search of burials geophysical remote sensing offers a noninvasive alternative for identifying and delineating gravesites to these ends the university of western australia uwa society of exploration geophysicists seg student chapter has been working with the south west aboriginal land and sea council swalsc in a pilot study to acquire several near surface geophysical surveys at two historically documented aboriginal gravesites in quairading and toodyay western australia the resulting ground penetrating radar gpr magnetics conductivity mapping and resistivity profiling data sets identify subsurface anomalies that are consistent in location with historical documentation and elders recollections and with the expected geophysical signatures of historical burials and early development activities the geophysical survey results have been relayed to the swalsc and community decision makers to assist in upcoming preservation and commemoration efforts the pilot study could be helpful in identifying other aboriginal gravesites throughout western australia and would represent a positive step toward resolving key longstanding issues among different community interests surrounding the uncertainties of some sites of suspected aboriginal heritage

investigation of magnetic surveying data of buried grave jars in harmanoren necropolis turkey using linear transformations and analytic signal abstract harmanoren necropolis is the third biggest excavated necropolis in southwest anatolia dating back to 2500 b c the individual burials are composed of ceramic jars the dead bodies were placed in the fetal position in buried grave jars which were elongated eastwards buried burnt ceramics can be located by their own magnetic field directions thus magnetic surveying was used in the harmanoren necropolis in three different areas to locate buried grave jars ahead of archaeological excavation magnetic anomalies present some results but to identify these as buried grave jars advanced spectral methods were applied to the magnetic anomalies polarity orientations of magnetic anomalies are different from a north south direction due to remnant magnetization reduction to the pole transformation could not entirely remove disoriented polarities arising from the effect of remnant magnetization analytic signal transformation minimizes the disorientation caused by the effect of remanence magnetic susceptibility measurements of samples from the excavated jars indicate that the observed magnetic anomalies could be caused by them a good correlation was observed between the processed magnetic anomalies and excavation results

geochemistry of the mesozoic bedded cherts of central baja california vizcaino cedros san benito implications for paleogeographic reconstruction of an old oceanic basin abstract in central baja california vizcaino peninsula and cedros and san benito islands two distinct radiolarian bedded chert sequences of late triassic and late jurassic lowermost cretaceous age can be differentiated on lithostratigraphic and geochemical criteria these bedded chert sequences are part of the conformable sedimentary cover of more or less dismembered ophiolites which are overthrusted by the san andres cedros volcanic arc system of middle late jurassic age major and trace elements permit paleogeographic zonation of the late jurassic lowermost cretaceous radiolarites lying conformably upon ophiolites considered as fragments of an oceanic basin floor which developed westward of the san andres volcanic arc progressive accretion of this oceanic basin floor along the continental margin is supported by the fact that the more distal radiolarian chert sequences belong to the lowermost structural units of this area

rare earth major and trace element composition of monterey and dsdp chert and associated host sediment assessing the influence of chemical fractionation during diagenesis abstract chert and associated host sediments from monterey formation and deep sea drilling project dsdp sequences were analyzed in order to assess chemical behavior during diagenesis of biogenic sediments the primary compositional contrast between chert and host sediment is a greater absolute sio2 concentration in chert often with final sio2 98 wt this contrast in sio2 and si al potentially reflects precursor sediment heterogeneity diagenetic chemical fractionation or both sio2 concentrations and si al ratios in chert are far greater than in modern siliceous oozes however and often exceed values in acid cleaned diatom tests compositional contrasts between chert and host sediment are also orders of magnitude greater than between multiple samples of the host sediment calculations based on the initial composition of adjacent host observed porosity reductions from host to chert and a postulated influx of pure sio2 construct a chert composition which is essentially identical to observed sio2 values in chert thus precursor heterogeneity does not seem to be the dominant factor influencing the current chert composition for the key elements of interest in order to assess the extent of chemical fractionation during diagenesis we approximate the precursor composition by analyzing host sediments adjacent to the chert the sio2 concentration contrast seems caused by biogenic sio2 dissolution and transport from the local adjacent host sediment and subsequent sio2 reprecipitation in the chert along with sio2 other elements are often added with respect to al to monterey and dsdp chert during silicification although absolute concentrations decrease the two monterey quartz chert nodules investigated in contrast to the opal ct and quartz chert lenses formed primarily by extreme removal of carbonate and phosphate thereby increasing relative sio2 concentrations dsdp chert formed by both carbonate phosphate dissolution and sio2 addition from the host manganese is fractionated during chert formation resulting in mno al 2 o 3 ratios that no longer record the depositional signal of the precursor sediment ree data indicate only subtle diagenetic fractionation across the rare earth series ce ce values do not change significantly during diagenesis of either monterey or dsdp chert eu eu decreases slightly during formation of dsdp chert la n yb n is affected only minimally as well during formation of one monterey opal ct chert lens ree al ratios show subtle distribution changes at gd and to a lesser extent near nd and ho ree compositional contrasts between diagenetic states of siliceous sediment and chert are of a vastly smaller scale than has been noted between different depositional environments of marine sediment indicating that the paleoenvironmental ree signature is not obscured by diagenetic overprinting

on the origin of continental precipitation 1 about 9 out of 10 liters of water evaporated from the oceans every year precipitates back onto oceans however the remaining 10 that get transported to continents play an irreplaceable role feeding the land branch of the hydrological cycle here we use an objective 3 d lagrangian model flexpart to detect major oceanic moisture source areas and the associated continental regions significantly influenced by each moisture source our results reveal a highly asymmetrical supply of oceanic moisture to the continents with the northern atlantic subtropical ocean source impacting the continents considerably more than the large southern indian and north pacific sources also the small mediterranean sea and red sea basins are important moisture sources for relatively large land areas the indian subcontinent receives moisture from six different major oceanic source regions future changes in meteorological conditions over the oceanic moisture source regions may have an impact on water availability for many river basins

geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of cherts and associated rocks in the franciscan and shimanto terranes abstract analyses of 122 jurassic cretaceous rock samples from the franciscan terrane california and 24 cretaceous samples from the shimanto terrane southwest japan show that the cherts and associated rocks accompanied by pillow basalts are enriched in fe and mn which may have been derived from hydrothermal activities the results of the fraction analyses for terrigenous basaltic hydrothermal and biogenic end members in the franciscan rocks show that hydrothermal emanations caused iron and manganese enrichment in the rock samples and played an important role in the formation of siliceous rocks vertical variations of the hydrothermal fraction and tio2 normalized values for hydrothermal elements such as fe mn ni zn y and pb show a possibility that the bedded cherts of the franciscan terrane were deposited in a hydrothermal field on or near some active oceanic ridge for more than 30 ma and were a remnant slice of oceanic crust added to the north american continent on the other hand from the field occurrences and vertical variations of tio2 normalized values of hydrothermal elements the shimanto rocks are inferred to have been deposited in a hemipelagic environment such as marginal and inter arc basins

permian radiolarian faunas from thailand and their paleogeographic significance abstract chert and fine grained clastic rocks in thailand contain rich permian radiolarian faunas we have discriminated eight radiolarian assemblages in these rocks pseudoalbaillella bulbosa upper carboniferous to lowermost permian gzhelian to asselian pseudoalbaillella simplex lowermost permian asselian pseudoalbaillella lomentaria lower permian asselian to sakmarian pseudoalbaillella scalprata lower permian sakmarian follicucullus monacanthus middle permian wordian follicucullus porrectus upper middle to lowermost upper permian capitanian to lower wuchiapingian neoalbaillella ornithoformis upper permian wuchiapingian and neoalbaillella optima upper permian changsingian assemblages in stratigraphic order these radiolarians have a potential to contribute to understanding the history of the paleotethys based on the radiolarian biostratigraphy and lithological characteristics lower to lower upper permian radiolarian bearing cherts are thought to have been deposited in a pelagic environment in a deep basin far from land the uppermost permian radiolarian bearing cherts however reveal differences in their depositional environments in northern thailand the uppermost permian to middle triassic radiolarian chert was deposited in a pelagic basin while in eastern thailand the uppermost permian chert and the conformably overlying clastic rocks show a change in depositional environment across the p t boundary from a deep pelagic or hemipelagic to shallow seas in the triassic

secondary detachments within carbonates of the saraburi group triassic khao khwang fold and thrust belt thailand abstract permian limestones of the saraburi group in central thailand deformed during the triassic indosinian orogeny exhibit detachments formed in response to the following variations in lithology thin shale beds within a limestone sequence massive limestone overlaying well bedded limestone massive limestone overlying interbedded limestones and shales within well bedded limestones thin shales interbedded with limestones overlying limestones where shales are present the decoupling of layers is similar to examples previously described in the literature from outcrop and analogue models however more unusually detachments are also present within limestone units while detachment folds are typically developed above a basal weak unit usually salt or shale in the study area is an example developed entirely within well bedded limestones instead of flow of the weak unit into the core of the fold room problems in the core of the fold are accommodated by pressure solution parallel to bedding thrusts small fault propagation folds and intense folding variations in structural style are largely influenced by the spacing intensity of bedding limestone clay content and the efficiency of pressure solution during deformation and the presence absence and thickness of interbedded shales a ductile detachment zone is developed between well bedded limestones and overlying massive limestones the detachment zone separates highly folded sequence dominated by steep dips from a weakly folded sequence dominated by gentle dips pressure solution processes and variability in pressure solution intensity related to clay content play a very strong role in accommodating the difference in deformation styles across the detachment

images of buried graves in bayat afyon turkey from high resolution magnetic data and their comparison with preliminary excavations dedemezari necropolis the site of our study is located in the west of turkey near afyon archaeologists think that it belongs to the middle bronze age a high resolution magnetic survey identified buried material highly accurately in particular anomalies which are transformed by the analytic signal method clarify the observed magnetic anomalies magnetic surveying was applied in three different areas in this study the map of analytic signal transformed anomalies presented good results on preliminary excavation in trenches a and b two types of graves are found in the study area one is made of clay and the second is carved in the rocks shapes of the buried graves are mainly cylindrical and elliptical most of the magnetic anomalies are elliptical and reflect the shape of the buried materials future excavations in dedemezari necropolis will be able to be carried out more easily due to the known locations of the buried graves

understanding sibumasu in the context of ribbon continents abstract well described ribbon continent collision belts and modern examples with 2d seismic coverage particularly zealandia provide analogues for the permo triassic development of sibumasu two key parameters for the ribbon continents are their width and how rifting developed which in turn impact the structural metamorphic igneous and stratigraphic development of ribbon continents in ways that make them significantly different from the collisional development of major continents key characteristics of the tectonics of sibumasu are 1 a tendency towards basin inversion during the late triassic and possibly early jurassic and mixed thick skinned and thin skinned style deformation 2 extensional collapse around 215 ma is an important feature of sibumasu particularly in northern thailand and probably other areas too 3 slab delamination and extension related decompression melting were probably important mechanisms for generating granites in addition to crustal thickening 4 metamorphism is relatively high temperature lower pressure

chert geochemistry depositional setting stratigraphic and structural significance for the permian nong pong formation khao khwang fold and thrust belt saraburi thailand abstract the deepwater chert shale limestone tuff permian nong pong formation npf of the saraburi group is a major unit within the triassic indosinian orogeny khao khwang fold and thrust belt kkftb whether the npf was deposited in a continental margin or ocean basin remains uncertain and impacts structural sedimentary and stratigraphic interpretations of the kkftb this study investigates chert geochemistry from a 60 m section of the formation near muak lek town to determine its depositional environment radiolarian fauna from the chert beds includes follicucullus porrectus rudenko probable late guadalupian late middle permian indicating the npf is time equivalent to adjacent carbonate platform deposition khao khwang and khao khad formations high ratios of sio2 sio2 al2o3 fe2o3 and fe al mn plots indicate a biogenic origin radiolarians sponge spicules for the cherts far from a hydrothermal source trace element ratios for u th sc th and sr ba and ce anomalies in the nasc normalized ree distribution are ambiguous and range between shallow to deep ocean basin and continental margin settings major elements analysis of cherts show 1 high ratios of sio2 sio2 al2o3 fe2o3 range 0 60 0 82 0 76 average 2 al al fe mn range 0 67 0 82 and 3 average mno tio2 0 14 the mno tio2 and al2o3 al2o3 fe2o3 ratio 100 fe2o3 sio2 vs 100 al2o3 sio2 and fe2o3 100 sio2 vs al2o3 100 sio2 diagrams indicate deposition on a continental margin the lan cen versus al2o3 al2o3 fe2o3 discrimination diagram indicates a pelagic continental margin setting combined geochemical structural and sedimentary facies analyses suggests the npf was deposited in a deep marine normal fault bounded basin on a rifted ribbon continent margin where carbonate platforms grew on structural highs

new data on the indosinian orogeny from central thailand the main aspects of the geosynclinal and orogenic evolution of the petchabun foldbelt in central thailand are described this area was previously thought to be deformed by the indosinian triassic orogeny the new data show that the main orogenic event in thailand can be dated post lower permian pre uppermost permian evidence is given that paleotethys closed on thai territory during this orogenic event the known upper triassic deformations in northern thailand are supposed to be strictly intracontinental and therefore of minor importance

structure of the sibumasu indochina collision central thailand a section through the khao khwang fold and thrust belt abstract mainland se asia is composed of a number of continental fragments and volcanic arcs separated by oceanic suture zones which were accreted to the growing asian continent during the triassic indosinian orogeny the evolution of this orogeny has always been quite controversial indeed the effects of this orogeny in thailand have often been interpreted without considering the detailed tectonic evolution of the portion of the indochina block s margin formed by khao khwang platform area of the saraburi group in central thailand this area is unusual because 1 an extensive area representing a thin skinned fold and thrust belt is well exposed due to quarrying and 2 the fold and thrust belt displays a series of e w and wnw ese striking thrusts and associated folds that are not easily explained in the context of the traditional interpretation where the terranes have been accreted broadly along n s striking collisional zones detailed structural observations in numerous quarries around highway 21 in a 13 km long dip direction traverse have revealed that overall the thrust belt is composed of several large thrusts with an approximately northwards transport direction in the southern part of the area south verging structures are present although the dominant structural trend is northwards verging interference structures and late strike slip faults indicate there is more than one phase of structural development present

interactions between mesoscale eddies and synoptic oscillations in the bay of bengal during the strong monsoon of 2019

hydrothermal chert and associated siliceous rocks from the northern pacific their geological significance as indication od ocean ridge activity adachi m yamamoto k and sugisaki r 1986 hydrothermal chert and associated siliceous rocks from the northern pacific their geological significance as indication of ocean ridge activity sediment geol 47 i25 148 analyses of 42 cretaceous rock samples from deep sea drilling project dsdp leg 32 in tile northern pacific show that chert and porcellanite are enriched in fe mn p cu ba mo ni and pb relative to both triassic biogenic cherts of central japan and cretaceous dsdp cherts of leg 62 the iron enrichment up to 6 68ve fe20 as total iron is most prominent in chert immediately overlying basal basah which is the only chert free of radiolarians and veined by megaquartz containing many fluid inclusions chemical features characterized by a low ratio for a1 ai fe mn and ai z tio 2 and a high ratio for total fe2oj tio 2 mno tio 2 and mo tio 2 as well as petrological evidence indicatc that the cherts formed in an intense submarine hydrothermal environment on or near the cretaceous japanese spreading center which separated the kula plate from the pacific plate the spreading rate of the cretaceous japanese spreading center estimated from the chemical composition of the cherts was about 3 7 cm r i the rate is comparable to that inferred from the geomagnetic data

development of the khao khwang fold and thrust belt implications for the geodynamic setting of thailand and cambodia during the indosinian orogeny abstract the indosinian orogeny in thailand is often viewed as having developed between strongly linear terranes which today trend approximately n s the terranes were subsequently disrupted by later tectonics particularly nw se trending cenozoic strike slip faults the ene wsw to ne sw striking thrusts and folds in the khao khwang platform area of the saraburi group on the sw margin of the indochina terrane are not easily explained in the context of this traditional view reversal of the clockwise rotation shown to have affected the block north of the mae ping fault zone only enhances the e w orientation of structures in the fold and thrust belt and moves the belt further east towards cambodia one solution for the trend that fits better with regional understanding from hydrocarbon exploration of the khorat plateau is that the indochina terrane was actually a series of continental blocks separated by permian rifting during the early triassic the early stages of collision south china cathaysian terrane collision with vietnam indochina resulted in the amalgamation of disparate blocks that now form the indochina terrane by closure along the rifts at the same time or following on from the collision there was closure of the back arc area between indochina and the sukhothai zone the rift basins were thrusted and inverted during the early stages of the indosinian orogeny and only underwent minor reactivated when later sibumasu collided with sukhothai zone indochina terrane margin during the late triassic the scenario described above requires the presence of a minor e w trending suture in nw cambodia evidence for this suture is suggested by the presence of permo triassic calc alkaline volcanism

inheritance of jurassic rifted margin architecture into the apennines neogene mountain building a case history from the lucretili mts latium central italy the western lucretili mts in the central apennines latium italy have been recently re mapped in great detail and are the subject of combined stratigraphic sedimentological and structural investigations in this paper we present a new stratigraphic interpretation of the jurassic paleogeography of western lucretili mts where a rift derived intrabasinal paleo high of the alpine tethys has been identified for the first time by means of facies analysis and biostratigraphic dating recognised facies associations combined with dated stratigraphic sections allow to define the morphology of the structural paleo high and to identify the associated gravity driven deposits olistoliths accumulated in the surrounding basin furthermore we investigated the modes of interaction between jurassic extensional structures and the subsequent contractional patterns developed during the tertiary mountain building in detail the role played during apennines tectonics by the paleo escarpments bounding the paleo high and by the surrounding olistoliths has been analysed the paleo escarpments either acted as focussing features for ene directed frontal thrust ramp localisation and were offset with small shortening amounts or reactivated as nne striking high angle transpressional faults or preserved the original geometries as a result of variable orientation of paleo escarpments with respect to the neogene compressive stress field with ene oriented sigma1 newly formed ene striking tear faults connect these either inherited or neo formed discontinuities this complex stratigraphic and structural pattern is substantially different from the previous interpretations of this portion of the central apennines based on a hypothesised layer cake stratigraphy deformed by neo formed neogene thrusts this contribution strengthens the importance of integrating facies analyses and structural investigations to detect the influence of pre orogenic structures on compressive structural patterns in an area where commercial seismic lines are not available and cannot help in reconstructing the subsurface geometries

hydrothermal venting and basin evolution devonian south china constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert this paper presents rare earth element ree geochemistry of siliceous deposits from which hydrothermal activity and basin evolution are elucidated in the late devonian in the yangshuo basin south china where siliceous deposits widely occurred as nodular chert in the deep water limestones and bedded chert interbeded with tuffaceous chert in the early late devonian both nodular and bedded cherts are characterized by very low la abundances avg 2 07 and 2 49 ppm respectively intermediate negative ce anomalies ce ce avg 0 69 and 0 61 slight to intermediate positive eu anomalies eu eu avg 1 33 and 1 57 and low to intermediate shale normalized lan ybn values avg 0 86 and 0 52 and intermediate lan cen values avg 1 61 and 1 72 these suggest both nodular and bedded cherts formed in the open marine basin of south china rather than in the intracontinental rift basin as previously assumed with involvement both with seawaters as indicated by intermediate negative ce anomalies and generally lree depleted patterns and hydrothermal vent fluids as indicated by convex less lree depleted patterns with apparent positive eu anomalies in comparison with nodular and bedded chert the tuffaceous chert has the highest la abundances avg 17 11 ppm similar ranges of ce anomalies avg 0 63 and lan cen values avg 1 77 but lower lan ybn values avg 0 48 and no apparent positive eu anomalies avg 0 97 this suggests that the tuffaceous fallouts were also significantly modified by the hydrothermal fluid and seawater rapid spatial variations of eu eu values and degree of lree depletions in the studied basin are recognized characterizing a spatially differential hydothermal activity that is not well discriminated by major element features such a difference in hydrothermal activity is interpreted as having been related to the intensity and depth of syndepositional tectonic activity reconciling the structural pattern unraveled by stratigraphic packages d 2005 elsevier b v all rights reserved

depositional setting and paleoenvironment of an alatoconchid bearing middle permian carbonate ramp sequence in the indochina terrane abstract a middle permian carbonate sequence at khao somphot in the south of the khao khwang platform has been measured and analyzed this sequence is characterized by prolific fossil content and large bizarre alatoconchid bivalves nine major microfacies types are differentiated and consist of algal foram facies fusuline facies alatoconchid facies lime mudstone wackestone facies laminated bindstone facies fine grained cortoid grainstone facies coral biostrome facies crinoidal packstone facies and carbonate breccia conglomerate facies laminated bindstone lime mudstone with fenestral fabric and algal foram facies represent loferites deposited in a restricted intertidal zone of an inner ramp fusuline grainstone and cortoid grainstone facies indicate sand shoals of an inner ramp the fusuline wackestone packstone and alatoconchid facies were deposited in a subtidal below fair weather wave base environment in the mid ramp the crinoidal facies which overlies collapse breccia possibly accumulated during transgression in the deeper part of the mid ramp storm deposits are prevalent throughout as thin accumulates and as alatoconchid floatstone rudstone coquinite layers and are common in mid ramp setting the khao khwang platform probably evolved from a rimmed platform in the early permian to a ramp in the middle permian the general trend of 13c composition from both brachiopod shell and rock matrix from the lower part of the study section wordian is significantly high moreover the 13c signature from this interval is up to 8 vpdb which suggests high productivity on the tropical tethyan shelf of the indochina terrane an abrupt negative shift in 13c in the late wordian and late capitanian indicating significant changes in paleoenvironment productivity and the carbon cycle is probably contemporaneous with the kamura event recorded from sediments of the mid panthalassa ocean in japan and elsewhere related to global cooling and a sea level lowstand

geodynamic evolution of loei and phetchabun regions does the discovery of detrital chromian spinels from the nam duk formation permian north central thailand provide new constraint abstract the discovery of the chromian spinel detritus in sandstones from the permian nam duk formation phetchabun region confirms that the siliciclastic part of this formation is related to the erosion of a mountain belt caused by compressional deformation the question discussed is whether this detritus is derived from an older orogen exposed today in the region of loei east of the nam duk basin or it is from a mountain belt which evolved during permian times in the west nan uttaradit region in the first case the nam duk formation would represent the passive continental margin sequence of the indochina craton and in the second case it would be part of the sedimentary wedge associated with the compressional deformation and subsequent uplift to the erosional level during middle to upper permian of a rising mountain belt further in the west in this contribution arguments in favour of the second scenario are discussed the region close to the nan uttaradit suture zone shows evidence of compressional deformation and subsequent uplift to an erosional level in the permian when the chromian spinel detritus was deposited in the nam duk formation

the role of sea ice and other fresh water in the arctic circulation salinity stratification is critical to the vertical circulation of the high latitude ocean we here examine the control of the vertical circulation in the northern seas and the potential for altering it by considering the budgets and storage of fresh water in the arctic ocean and in the convective regions to the south we find that the present day greenland and iceland seas and probably also the labrador sea are rather delicately poised with respect to their ability to sustain convection small variations in the fresh water supplied to the convective gyres from the arctic ocean via the east greenland current can alter or stop the convection in what may be a modern analog to the halocline catastrophes proposed for the distant past the north atlantic salinity anomaly of the 1960s and 1970s is a recent example it must have had its origin in an increased fresh water discharge from the arctic ocean similarly the freshening and cooling of the deep north atlantic in recent years is a likely manifestation of the increased transfer of fresh water from the arctic ocean into the convective gyres finally we note that because of the temperature dependence of compressibility a slight salinity stratification in the convective gyres is required to efficiently ventilate the deep ocean

permian circumpacific deep water faunas from the western tethys sicily italy new evidences for the position of the permian tethys abstract circumpacific deep water faunas characterized mainly by radiolarians paleopsychrospheric ostracods and conodonts were found in the early middle and late permian deposits pertaining to the sicanian paleogeographic domain of western sicily near the western end of the eurasiatic tethys similar permian deep water faunas are known from the phyllite unit of crete and from oman in the latter area partly above oceanic crust all these occurrences indicate the presence of a late paleozoic tethys ocean immediately north of gondwana

detection and characterisation of black death burials by multi proxy geophysical methods the construction of the new crossrail railway discovered 25 well preserved skeletons shallowly buried in central london in 2013 subsequent carbon dating and adna analysis confirmed the archaeological age and presence of the yersinia pestis black death plague epidemic strain here we present the non invasive multi proxy geophysical survey of the adjacent charterhouse square rapidly undertaken to detect any further burials and characterise the site historical records suggested the area was a burial ground for black death plague victims before subsequent cemetery and urban land use following initial trial surveys surveys imaged 200 isolated and similar sized burials in the south west of the site there were also two contrasting burial orientations present at various depths which suggested a series of controlled phased burials a well defined eastern burial boundary taking the form of a ditch and bank was also discovered geophysical surveys also identified a subsequent complex site history with multiple aged features this study revises knowledge of black death aged burials and provides important implications for successful geophysical burial detection with significant time and space limited site constraints

review of major shale dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone part i meso and macro scopic scale there is considerable variability in the thickness structure and macroscopic deformation style within shale prone major thrust zones which also impacts the structural style in the overlying and sometimes the underlying section the properties and percentages of clay minerals and percentages of organic material quartz and calcite affect fault zone weakness and behaviour the distribution of competent units within a shale prone zone can also significantly affect fault zone architecture even over short strike distance of 10s to 100s of metres other influences include high pore fluid pressures and associated veins deformation of the fault zone may disrupt the original principal displacement zones and force them to relocate including switching lithologies calcite veins can become concentrated locally in the fault zone and become a focus of fault zone weakness we still need many more descriptions of shale prone fault zones to understand the potential variations in thrust sheet structural style caused by differences in shale detachment characteristics the variations in structural style in the hanging walls of shale detachments are broad and range between the sledge runner style in many appalachian examples and the extensive closely spaced imbricate style of the osen roa detachment southern norway such contrasts are related to several factors including thrust sheet mechanical stratigraphy thickness of the overburden lateral continuity of the detachment detachment mechanical properties composition pore fluid pressures presence absence of higher level detachments and strain rate in many structural locations and at many scales shale prone sequences will pile up to produce over thickened masses cleavage duplexes s c fabrics duplexes imbricates pseudo duplexes and vein formation can all contribute to the thickening at nested scales a mixture of brittle and solution diffusion processes overall cause the affected unit to exhibit flow like characteristics while the broad principles are now well established considerable work remains to be done understanding the full range of structural geometries associated with shale detachments what factors regarding the nature of the detachments affect overlying structural styles rates of deformation and the controls on deformation mechanisms within the thrust zones

complex structure of an upper level shale detachment zone khao khwang fold and thrust belt central thailand abstract shale detachment zones have been previously described as largely mobile in character however increasing resolution of seismic images and understanding of these zones suggest brittle deformation may have a significant role in their deformational behaviour and in the deformation of overlying fold and thrust belts dependence on seismic imaging and other indirect and low resolution study methods has resulted from the lack of outcropping shale detachment zones both active and ancient for detailed study however a newly described upper level detachment zone in a shale unit in the khao khwang fold and thrust belt in central thailand is exceptionally well exposed we use detailed structural analysis to investigate deformational mechanisms of this ancient exhumed detachment zone as an analogue to active modern day examples through detailed field mapping we were able to construct multiple cross sections through the detachment zone these cross sections were subdivided into structural domains which display an increase in density and complexity of deformational structures folds faults and heterogeneity of their orientations toward the thrust at the base of the detachment zone contrasting strain rates in zones of continuous discontinuous deformation result from contrasting rock competencies through the sections we conclude that the fault damage zone in this study constitutes an upper level detachment and is potentially analogous to those in active collisional fold and thrust belts it displays mixed brittle ductile deformation and a complex three dimensional anastomosing fault system

early cretaceous tectonic rejuvenation of an early jurassic margin in the central apennines the mt cosce breccia abstract evidence for an extension dominated tectonic phase in the late early cretaceous has been identified for the first time at mt cosce in the narni ridge 60 km n of rome central apennines as a result of geological mapping there the umbria marche sabina pelagic succession overlies shallow water carbonates calcare massiccio formation hettangian the mt cosce area represents a jurassic pelagic carbonate platform basin system the inheritance of early jurassic tethyan rifting hosting a remarkable stratigraphic unit named the mt cosce breccia this is a sedimentary breccia bearing clasts of calcare massiccio and of pelagic units and forming sparse to laterally continuous outcrops which rests unconformably on the horst block calcare massiccio the polygenic breccia is chaotic and displays heterometric clasts made of rocks not younger than the early cretaceous white pebbly mudstones with radiolarian and calpionellid rich maiolica formation elements and a maiolica type matrix the lithoclasts were clearly sourced locally and represent formations from the calcare massiccio to the jurassic basinal and condensed pelagic carbonate platform units the age of the polygenic breccias is assigned to the middle barremian due to the youngest age detected within the clasts the occurrence of hedbergella cf h luterbacheri in the matrix and calcareous nannofossils the unconformity and breccia indicate an episode of exhumation of an original jurassic paleoescarpment tract that had by then been buried by the lower part of the maiolica formation the clasts were sourced from the exhumed vestiges of the jurassic onlap wedge hangingwall basin succession the peritidal pre rift substrate and its condensed drape pelagic carbonate platform type deposits as a product of escarpment rejuvenation erosion and displacement along an early cretaceous fault

spatial and temporal variability of central indian ocean salinity fronts observed by smos soil moisture and ocean salinity smos sea surface salinity sss measurements in addition to other data are used to study the occurrence of salinity fronts in the poorly sampled indian ocean which exhibits unique seasonal wind and current reversals the strength and extent of salinity fronts are analyzed to understand their variabilities salinity fronts computed from smos compare favorably with those computed from argo floats data with smos showing higher magnitudes and more detailed structure of the fronts than argo strong salinity fronts are observed along the equatorial region with meridional migration of the fronts following the migration of the intertropical convergence zone itcz and meridional ocean currents linked with these fronts are less saline subsurface waters that are sustained by the itcz influenced precipitation and warm near surface layer during the 2010 negative indian ocean dipole event the equatorial front was influenced more by the increased sss along the equator rather than precipitation additional factors such as advective processes aid the dynamics of fronts in the tropical indian ocean zonal currents advect less saline waters from the eastern indian ocean into the central indian ocean additionally the indonesian throughflow transports less saline waters to the region south of the equator which eventually influence sss front dynamics

anomalously low al2o3 tio2 values for archean cherts from the pilbara block western australia possible evidence for extensive chemical weathering on the early earth geochemical sedimentological and mineralogical features of 3 0 ga archean cherts and intercalated bifs from the pilbara block western australia were studied chert layers that are well exposed at point samson 20 km north northeast of roebourne consist of various types of chert white light gray chert brownish yellow chert gray chert dark gray chert massive black chert and light gray chert the cherts other than brownish yellow chert consist mostly of microcrystalline quartz with a minor amount of fine silicate minerals and carbonates the brownish yellow chert is characterized by a high concentration of goethite most cherts contain thin layers characterized by high concentrations of ti bearing minerals such as rutile anatase fe ti aggregates and fine tio2 grains accordingly al2o3 tio2 values in some samples are very low 1 0 indicating that these samples contain more tio2 than al2o3 this geochemical feature is attributed mainly to the supply of detrital materials with high ti bearing minerals to the site of deposition because the ti bearing minerals are generally associated with detrital quartz and zircon ti enriched detrital materials are possibly formed by al ti fractionation during 1 extensive chemical weathering or 2 hydrothermal alteration of the source rocks in the first hypothesis which we prefer it is suggested that low ph values 4 of meteoric waters accelerated the decomposition of rock forming minerals and prevented precipitation of dissolved al3 such low ph values of meteoric waters could have been attributed to more violent volcanic activities issuing acid materials e g h2s and hcl and or a higher concentration of atmospheric co2 in the archean than today

stratigraphy of deformed permian carbonate reefs in saraburi province thailand kilometre scale thrusts affect the stratigraphic order of the sedimentary rocks that form the khao khwang platform in central thailand the effect of these thrusts requires detailed analysis to unravel the original distribution of the sedimentary units and their associated facies the khao khwang platform comprises three carbonate dominated units identified previously as the phu phe khao khad and khao khwang formations these carbonates are intercalated with clastic mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sequences the sap bon pang asok and nong pong formations the palaeogeography of the area prior to the indosinian orogeny is poorly known and has herein been investigated by combining structural reconstructions microfacies and biostratigraphy in the saraburi area a stratigraphic model for the yakhtashian midian carbonate platform palaeogeography using the well developed exposed sections of the khao khwang platform located in the saraburi province of thailand is presented this has revealed the presence of several separate carbonate platforms dominated by four major middle permian facies peritidal platform interior algal reef and basin slope which are dated using foraminifera and algae this model integrates recent structural studies and considers their impact on the present day distribution of the facies in terms of platform development using biostratigraphy and detailed microfacies analysis supplementary material characteristic images of the six facies high resolution stratigraphic logs a timescale correlation chart and a table detailing the common fossils identified in this study are available at https doi org 10 6084 m9 figshare c 3861796

structural and fluid evolution of saraburi group sedimentary carbonates central thailand a tectonically driven fluid system abstract a stable isotopic study focused on calcite cements vein fill calcite and various bioclasts was conducted on variably deformed and thrusted lower and middle permian carbonates of the saraburi group samples were collected in quarry faces across 3 areas in the saraburi lopburi region of central thailand stable isotope crossplots carbon and oxygen using texture aware isotope samples defined variable but related fluid cement histories which are tied to regional burial and then orogenic overprints driven by the indosinian triassic orogeny this was followed by telogenetic overprints driven by late cenozoic uplift the studied carbonates were deposited along the western margin of the indochina block where they were deposited as isolated calcareous algal sponge and fusilinid rimmed platforms on highs bound by extensional faults the platform areas passed laterally and vertically into more siliciclastic dominated sequences deposited in somewhat deeper waters within probable fault bound lows regional post depositional mesogenetic fluid rock re equilibration of the isotope values in ongoing calcite precipitates occurred until the matrix permeability was occluded via compaction and pressure solution this regional burial regime was followed by collision of the indochina and sibumasu blocks during the indosinian triassic blocks which drove a set of structurally focused thrust plane related increasingly warmer set of fluids through the studied sequences the final diagenetic overprint seen in the isotopic values of the latest calcite cements occurs in a telogenetic uplift setting driven by cenozoic tectonics and isostatic uplift integration of isotope data with its structural setting establishes a clear separation in fluid events related to two time separate tectonic episodes its fluid chemistry defines the permo triassic closure of the paleotethys and its subsequent reactivation during the tertiary collision of india and asia the c o covariant plot fields in the permian carbonates of central thailand are so distinct that it is possible to use their signatures to separate burial from meteoric cements in drill cuttings and hence recognise equivalent subsurface unconformities and likely zone of porosity development in possible buried hill plays in thailand

rare earth major and trace elements in chert from the franciscan complex and monterey group california assessing ree sources to fine grained marine sediments abstract rare earth element ree major and trace element analyses of 77 samples from the mesozoic franciscan complex and miocene monterey group of california usa indicate that magnitudes of the ce anomaly ce ce and total ree abundances sree in these rocks are controlled dominantly by a the amount of included metalliferous material b the amount of direct terrigenous input and c the overall burial rate the relative importance of these individual processes varies across an ocean basin in such a way that ree relative fractionations and sree correspond with its depositional environment our conclusions are supported by an extensive review of published ree data from various river coastal open ocean and ridge influenced waters as well as terrigenous pelagic and metalliferous sediment the chert sequences record deposition in spreading ridge open ocean basin and continental margin environments the relative importance of metalliferous and terrigenous influences and the role of scavenging from seawater may be estimated from a sample s inferred depositional distance km from the spreading ridge the major element chemistry and the stratigraphie context the ce ce values are low 0 29 in the vicinity of spreading ridges and trend to successively higher 1 values with decreasing metalliferous and increasing terrigenous influences other ree indicators ree lu n la n eu eu also respond to metalliferous and terrigenous influences near the spreading ridge chert ree appears determined by burial rate while shale ree responds to metalliferous abundance in open ocean and continental margin environments ree is controlled by sediment exposure time and therefore is related inversely to burial rate ree data are consistent with the major elements fe2o3 mno and al2o3 in reflecting the respective metalliferous and terrigenous sources p2o5 and cao do not vary with ce ce in any environment but cao shows a weak negative correlation with ree trace element trends e g v cr cu ge si rb sr y th u in general can similarly be accounted for in the context of depositional position relative to metalliferous and terrigenous inputs rees in chert appear less affected by post depositional processes than either major or trace elements indicating that rees are better tools for paleoceanographic or tectonic reconstructions that are based on chert chemistry this work complements recent efforts to elucidate the factors determining large scale ree distributions in marine sediments and has direct bearing on previous attempts to use the ce anomaly in older rocks and sediments as a recorder of secular variations and anoxic events in the overlying water column

identification of antarctic ablation areas using a regional atmospheric climate model the occurrence of antarctic ablation areas in dronning maud land the lambert glacier basin victoria land the transantarctic mountains and the antarctic peninsula is realistically predicted by the regional atmospheric climate model racmo2 ant with snowdrift related processes calculated offline antarctic ablation areas are characterized by a low solid precipitation flux in combination with strong sublimation snowdrift erosion and or melt the strong interaction between atmospheric circulation and topography plays a decisive role in the precipitation distribution and hence that of ablation areas three types of antarctic ablation areas can be distinguished all occurring in dry regions type 1 is the erosion driven ablation area caused by 1 d and or 2 d divergence in the katabatic wind field at high elevations 2000 3200 m asl type 2 is the sublimation driven ablation area this type occurs at lower elevations

rare earth element patterns of the central indian basin sediments related to their lithology rare earth element ree concentrations have been determined in terrigenous siliceous nodule barren and nodule bearing calcareous and red clay from the central indian basin the bulk distribution of ree and in particular the relative cerium fractionation in these surface sediments has been studied in relation to bottom water conditions ree fractionations within a single depositional environment are found to be characteristic for each sediment type with flat shale normalized patterns associated with terrigenous sediments positive ce anomalies with siliceous sediments negative ce and positive eu anomalies with calcareous sediments and lree depleted patterns with pelagic red clays there is no relation of any ree fractionation to bottom water redox conditions our results indicate that the ree signatures in marine sediments are not only related to depositional setting but also to the lithological variations and surficial diagenetic processes therefore these further constraints on understanding ree behaviour indicate that ree fractionations for paleotectonic and paleoredox reconstructions should be used with caution