co seismic deformation during the mw7 3 aqaba earthquake 1995 from ers sar interferometry the m w 7 3 1995 aqaba earthquake is the largest instrumental earthquake along the dead sea fault we complement previous seismological studies by analyzing co seismic ground displacement from differential interferometry computed from ers images spanning 3 different areas they are compared with a synthetic model derived from seismological study only far field deformation related to the main sub event could be revealed because the near field area lies within the gulf the interferometric data imply a 56 km long and 10 km wide fault segment connecting the elat deep to the aragonese deep which strikes n195 e and dips 65 to the west with 2 1 m left lateral slip and a 15 5 rake indicating a slight normal component the geodetic moment compares well with the seismic moment

radar interferometric mapping of deformation in the year after the landers earthquake although the 1992 landers california earthquake sequence occurred in an area well sampled by geodetic networks1 3 the postseismic deformation in the months following the earthquake has been measured at only 15 geodetic stations4 another shortcoming in the geodetic coverage occurs west of the primary rupture where the existing geodetic observations suggest but cannot resolve sympathetic slip on secondary faults1 such measurements which are needed to place the landers earthquake sequence in the context of a recurring seismic cycle in california can be obtained with the dense spatial coverage provided by satellite radar interferometry5 9 here we present radar maps of the surface deformation field which reveal features that would otherwise have been poorly sampled particularly if the earthquake had occurred in a less accessible area we see triggered slip at the level of several centimetres as far as 100 km from the primary rupture and can resolve the geodetic signal of at least one small magnitude 5 aftershock the amount of surface slip following the main shock is less than a decimetre and is consistent with an exponential decay time of several months for the postseismic deformation

is scaling in turbidite deposition consistent with forcing by earthquakes abstract two hypotheses have been suggested to explain the statistical distribution of bed thickness in turbidite sequences that it is a reflection of turbidite triggering by earthquakes occurring haphazardly in time and that it is controlled by the intrinsic nonlinear dynamics of a sedimentary system composed of many downslope transport events that are correlated over a broad range of scales of length and time in an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses we have applied five tests to two previously described oligocene turbidite sequences from the izu bonin basin of the western pacific ocean we conclude that turbidite deposition in the izu bonin region is not the outcome of a self organized process nor of a low dimensional chaotic system but rather is consistent with turbidite emplacement by flows triggered by earthquakes at least some recent turbidites are known to have been deposited by such flows and the tests we have applied demonstrate that no other process is required to explain the statistics of the thickness and the timing of emplacement of beds in turbidite sequences if turbidites are indeed related to earthquakes then changes in the rate of turbidite emplacement may be used to place important constraints on paleoseismicity

combination of precise leveling and insar data to constrain source parameters of the mw 6 5 26 december 2003 bam earthquake we used new precise leveling data acquired 40 days after the bam earthquake in combination with radar interferometry observations from both ascending and descending orbits to investigate static deformation associated with the 2003 bam earthquake we invert this geodetic data set to gain insight into the fault geometry and slip distribution of the rupture the best fitting dislocation model is a steeply east dipping right lateral strike slip fault that has a size of 11 by 8 km and strikes n2 w we find that such smooth geometry fits available geodetic data better than previously proposed models for this earthquake our distributed slip model indicates a maximum strike slip of 3 m occurring about 3 to 5 km deep the slip magnitude and depth of faulting taper to the north where the fault approaches the bam city inclusion of crustal layering increases the amount of maximum slip inferred at depth by about 4

source model for the mw 6 1 31 march 2006 chalan chulan earthquake iran from insar we use insar to measure deformation and kinematics of the mw 4 9 borujerd 2005 05 03 and mw 6 1 chalan chulan 2006 03 31 earthquakes that occurred in the zagros fold and thrust belt the focal mechanism of the 2006 event is consistent with right lateral strike slip motion and the event ruptured the dorud borujerd segment of the main recent fault an envisat interferogram spanning the 2006 event shows peak ground deformation of 9 cm in the satellite line of sight along a 10 km long fault portion the interferogram spanning the 2005 earthquake is rather related to atmospheric artefact than to ground deformation dislocation models of the 2006 chalan chulan event indicate dextral slip amounting to a maximum of 90 cm at a depth of 4 km the predicted vertical displacements are in good agreement with differential levelling data the 2006 event filled only a small part of the seismic gap located between large m 7 events that occurred in 1909 and 1957

coseismic interferograms of two ms 6 6 earthquakes in the south iceland seismic zone june 2000 we present insar observations of deformation due to two ms 6 6 earthquakes in the south iceland seismic zone in june 2000 coseismic deformation predominates in the ers interferograms range change due to mainly right lateral strike slip on n s striking faults amounting to more than 15 cm is observed although displacement is mainly perpendicular to the satellite look direction using elastic dislocation models in a trial and error scheme we find a best fitting model that agrees well with the aftershock locations and moment magnitudes estimated from seismograms the june 17 model has a fault patch 16 km long 10 km deep striking n05 e dipping 86 with a slip maximum of 2 40 m the june 21 model has a vertical patch 15 km long 9 km deep striking n01 w with a slip maximum of 2 15 m

larger earthquakes recur more periodically new insights in the megathrust earthquake cycle from lacustrine turbidite records in south central chile historical and paleoseismic records in south central chile indicate that giant earthquakes on the subduction megathrust such as in ad1960 mw9 5 reoccur on average every 300 yr based on geodetic calculations of the interseismic moment accumulation since ad1960 it was postulated that the area already has the potential for a mw8 earthquake however to estimate the probability of such a great earthquake to take place in the short term one needs to frame this hypothesis within the long term recurrence pattern of megathrust earthquakes in south central chile here we present two long lacustrine records comprising up to 35 earthquake triggered turbidites over the last 4800 yr calibration of turbidite extent with historical earthquake intensity reveals a different macroseismic intensity threshold vii1 2 vs vi1 2 for the generation of turbidites at the coring sites the strongest earthquakes vii1 2 have longer recurrence intervals 292 93 yrs than earthquakes with intensity of vi1 2 139 69yr moreover distribution fitting and the coefficient of variation cov of inter event times indicate that the stronger earthquakes recur in a more periodic way cov 0 32 vs 0 5 regional correlation of our multi threshold shaking records with coastal paleoseismic data of complementary nature tsunami coseismic subsidence suggests that the intensity vii1 2 events repeatedly ruptured the same part of the megathrust over a distance of at least 300 km and can be assigned to mw 8 6 we hypothesize that a zone of high plate locking identified by geodetic studies and large slip in ad 1960 acts as a dominant regional asperity on which elastic strain builds up over several centuries and mostly gets released in quasi periodic great and giant earthquakes our paleo records indicate that poissonian recurrence models are inadequate to describe large megathrust earthquake recurrence in south central chile moreover they show an enhanced probability for a mw 7 7 8 5 earthquake during the next 110 years whereas the probability for a mw 8 6 ad1960 like earthquake remains low in this period

distribution of slip from 11 mw 6 earthquakes in the northern chile subduction zone we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar gps and teleseismic data to constrain the relative location of coseismic slip from 11 earthquakes on the subduction interface in northern chile 23 25 s between the years 1993 and 2000 we invert body wave waveforms and geodetic data both jointly and separately for the four largest earthquakes during this time period 1993 m w 6 8 1995 m w 8 1 1996 m w 6 7 1998 m w 7 1 while the location of slip in the teleseismic only geodetic only and joint slip inversions is similar for the small earthquakes there are differences for the 1995 m w 8 1 event probably related to nonuniqueness of models that fit the teleseismic data there is a consistent mislocation of the harvard centroid moment tensor locations of many of the 6 6 earthquakes as well as three m w 7 events from the 1980s all of these earthquakes appear to rupture different portions of the fault interface and do not rerupture a limited number of asperities

rupture parameters of the 2003 zemmouri mw 6 8 algeria earthquake from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar coastal uplift and gps 1 we study the surface deformation associated with the 21 may 2003 mw 6 8 zemmouri algeria earthquake the strongest seismic event felt in the algiers region since 1716 the thrust earthquake mechanism and related surface deformation revealed an average 0 50 m coastal uplift along 55 km long coastline we obtain coseismic interferograms using envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar asar is2 and radarsat standard beam st4 data from both the ascending and descending orbits of envisat satellite whereas the radarsat data proved useful only in the descending mode while the two radarsat interferograms cover the earthquake area envisat data cover only the western half of the rupture zone although the interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar coherence in the epicenter area is poor deformation fringes are observed along the coast in different patches in the boumerdes area the maximum coseismic deformation is indicated by the high gradient of fringes visible in all interferograms in agreement with field measurements tape differential gps leveling and gps to constrain the earthquake rupture parameters we model the interferograms and uplift measurements using elastic dislocations on triangular fault patches in an elastic and homogeneous half space we invert the coseismic slip using first a planar surface and second a curved fault both constructed from triangular elements using poly3dinv program that uses a damped least square minimization the best fit of insar coastal uplift and gps data corresponds to a 65 km long fault rupture dipping 40 to 50 se located at 8 to 13 km offshore with a change in strike west of boumerdes from n60 65 to n95 105 the inferred rupture geometry at depth correlates well with the seismological results and may have critical implications for the seismic hazard assessment of the algiers region

toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using insar 1 one of the limitations of deformation measurements made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar is that an interferogram only measures one component of the surface deformation in the satellite s line of sight we investigate strategies for mapping surface deformation in three dimensions by using multiple interferograms with different imaging geometries geometries for both current and future missions are evaluated and their abilities to resolve the displacement vector are compared the north component is always the most difficult to determine using data from near polar orbiting satellites however a satellite with an inclination of about 60 120 would enable all three components to be well resolved we attempt to resolve the 3d displacements for the 23 october 2002 nenana mountain alaska earthquake the north component s error is much larger than the signal but proxies for eastward and vertical motion can be determined if the north component is assumed negligible inversions of hypothetical coseismic interferograms demonstrate that earthquake model parameters can be well recovered from two interferograms acquired on ascending and descending tracks

ancient lacustrine hyperpycnites a depositional model from a case study in the rayoso formation cretaceous of west central argentina abstract hyperpycnal flows originate when sediment laden fluvial discharges enter standing lower density water because of their excess density the flows plunge near the river mouth and continue to travel basinward as a quasi steady and fully turbulent underflow the related deposits are hyperpycnites and constitute a particular type of turbidite with poorly known facies and facies tracts although hyperpycnal flows seem to be quite common in present times their occurrence in fossil strata is poorly documented this paper addresses the characteristics and depositional processes of shallow lacustrine sandy hyperpycnites on the basis of the field analysis of well exposed lower cretaceous strata rayoso formation in the neuquen basin of west central argentina the rayoso formation is composed of clastic and minor evaporitic red beds up to 1200 m thick deposited in a shallow perennial lake of variable salinity affected by long lived hyperpycnal flows main clastic facies are composed of fine grained sandstones with climbing ripples and plane beds other common sandstone facies include massive beds and low angle cross stratification most sandstone facies are related to traction plus fallout processes and often show a vertical fluctuation between sedimentary facies originated under different traction plus fallout conditions within single beds these fluctuations are interpreted to be evidence of deposition from flow fluctuations in sustained hyperpycnal flows most beds internally show the existence of three depositional phases acceleration ap erosion plus bypass ep and deceleration dp which record the complete evolution of a single long lived hyperpycnal flow at a fixed point additionally the depositional evolution of a single long lived hyperpycnal flow with distance records initially the progressive basinward migration of the ap and ep phases and finally an overall deposition under the dp phase both in proximal and distal areas this evolution provides an adequate explanation for the basinward extension of channelized features and for the occurrence of fine grained sandstones with climbing ripples both in proximal and distal positions within the same hyperpycnal system consequently facies analysis derived from application of the bouma sequence is not valid for deposits of quasi steady hyperpycnal flows

the 1995 kozani grevena northern greece earthquake revisited an improved faulting model from synthetic aperture radar interferometry summary previously geodetic data associated with earthquakes have been widely modelled using coplanar rectangular dislocations in an elastic half space however such models appear inadequate when complex geometries such as variations in strike and dip or multiple fault segments are involved here we revisit the 1995 m s 6 6 kozani grevena earthquake and use synthetic aperture radar sar interferometric measurements tectonic observations and seismological data to constrain a fault model with a realistic geometry we undertake a critical analysis of all available sar data including characterization of atmospheric artefacts these are partially removed and the possibility that such effects are misidentified as secondary faulting is examined three well correlated interferograms provide an accurate and complete description of the ground deformation field associated with the event to take into account the complexity of the fault system activated during the earthquake we construct a 3 d fault model composed of triangular elements that is geometrically more consistent with surface ruptures than those of previous studies using first trial and error and then iterative inversion we explore the ranges of geometric parameters that can explain the data we obtain an average final model and its standard deviation with small slip amplitude at the surface consistent with the field observations and with slip as large as 2 5 m at depth this model is compared with those previously published we conclude that an antithetic fault is not required to explain the sar data

fault slip distribution of two june 2000 m w 6 5 earthquakes in south iceland estimated from joint inversion of insar and gps measurements abstract we present the first detailed estimates of co seismic slip distribution on faults in the south iceland seismic zone sisz an area of bookshelf tectonics we have estimated source parameters for two m w 6 5 earthquakes in the sisz on june 17 and 21 2000 through a joint inversion of insar and gps measurements our preferred model indicates two simple 15 km long near vertical faults extending from the surface to approximately 10 km depth the geometry is in good agreement with the aftershock distribution the dislocations experienced pure right lateral strike slip reaching maxima of 2 6 m and 2 9 m for the june 17 and 21 events respectively we find that the distribution of slip with depth may be correlated to crustal layering with more than 80 of the total geometric moment release occurring in the uppermost 6 km according to the distributed slip model the middle and upper crust appears to be more apt to generate large displacements than the lower crust the geodetic estimates of seismic moments are 4 4 10 18 nm m w 6 4 and 5 0 10 18 nm m w 6 5 the total moment released by the two events equals that generated by several decades of plate motion in the area but is only a fraction of the moment accumulated in the area since the last major earthquake in 1912

ability of a global three dimensional model to locate regional events 1 we assess the ability of a global three dimensional 3d seismic model of the crust and upper mantle cub2 0 to locate seismic events using regional travel time data alone epicentral distances 20 assessments are based on a ground truth gt database comprising nearly 1000 uncommonly well located events which occur in 23 event clusters across eurasia and north africa groomed p and pn arrival time data observed at regional distances from individual events and 1000 empirical phase path anomalies produced from event clusters evidence is presented that supports the conversion of the shear velocities vs in cub2 0 to compressional velocities vp in the upper mantle using the thermoelastic properties of an assumed mantle composition rather than traditional empirical scaling relationships two principal results are presented first this 3d vp model fits the empirical p and pn phase path anomalies very well in both pattern and absolute level second location assessments demonstrate that intrinsic regional location accuracy is 5 km using the 3d vp model and 10 km using the 1d model ak135 these findings highlight the importance of gt databases in assessing regional travel time models and establish that a global 3d vs model together with vp inferred from it provides a solid basis on which to build improvements in regional location capabilities

integrating high precision aftershock locations and geodetic observations to model coseismic deformation associated with the 1995 kozani grevena earthquake greece 1 we integrate high precision aftershock locations with geodetic inverse modeling to create a more complete kinematic model for the kozani grevena earthquake sequence using the double difference algorithm we have improved relative hypocentral locations by a factor of 7 and thus imaged the details of the fault network associated with the seismic sequence the interpreted fault network consists of multiple segments including 1 a master normal fault that strikes nearly due west and dips toward the north at 43 extending from 6 to 15 km depth 2 an upper segment that connects the top of the seismicity to the observed surface ruptures and dips 70 3 hanging wall antithetic faults 4 a more steeply dipping southwest striking linking structure at the southwest end of the rupture and 5 a separate south dipping segment at the southwestern end of the aftershock cluster the imaged fault segment dimensions orientations and geometric relationships are consistent with regional fault patterns using slip inversion on triangular dislocation patches we calculate variable slip on the imaged three dimensional fault network that best fits the surface displacements observed by satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar in our preferred model we find that the majority of slip occurred at depth on the west and southwest striking segments by comparing these results to a planar fault model derived solely from the insar data using nonlinear inversion methods we demonstrate that the three dimensional model improves the fit to the geodetic data while incorporating the observations of surface rupturing and aftershock distributions

satellite radar interferometric map of the coseismic deformation field of the m 6 1 eureka valley california earthquake of may 17 1993 interferometric combination of pairs of synthetic aperture radar sar images acquired by the ers 1 satellite before and after the eureka valley california earthquake of may 17 1993 maps the coseismic deformation field the fringes corresponding to contours of equal change in satellite to ground distance can be enhanced by forming the sum of two of such interferograms with altitudes of ambiguity roughly equal in magnitude but opposite in sign the resulting composite interferogram reveals some 10 cm of change in range indicating a coseismic deepening of the eureka valley graben after unwrapping filtering and decimation the range changes are used to estimate the centroid and focal mechanism these estimates indicate normal faulting on a rupture patch compatible with the distribution of aftershocks and mapped quaternary faults the change in elevation produced by this earthquake resembles the current topography scaled by a factor of 20 000

surface displacement of the march 26 1997 kagoshima ken hokuseibu earthquake in japan from synthetic aperture radar interferometry a jers 1 differential l band synthetic aperture radar sar interferogram of the march 26 1997 kagoshima ken hokuseibu earthquake mw 6 1 in southwestern japan shows about 9 cm peak to peak coseismic surface displacement in the radar line of sight los direction a permanent gps array detected 1 to 2 cm horizontal displacements from this earthquake by inverting the sar and gps data together we estimated a fault mechanism without any seismological data a theoretical radar los displacement pattern from a single fault model of the earthquake motion matches the sar and gps observations closely the model assumes left lateral slip of 0 46 cm with rake angle of 19 on a rectangular fault plane of dimensions 11 km width by 12 km length we demonstrate that l band sar interferometry can describe several cm surface displacement in detail and construct a fault model however despite the acquisitions being during the cold season there are apparent water vapor signatures in the interferogram with equivalent path delays of up to 1 5 cm

the kolmogorov model of bed thickness distribution an assessment based on numerical simulation and field data analysis kolmogorov s model of the distribution of bed thicknesses is assessed by numerical simulations of a sedimentation process assumed to be a random time series of alternating depositional and erosional episodes conformable with a stationary markov process in a state of equilibrium the study supports the validity of the main point of the model the random time series process generates a succession of beds with positive preserved and negative eroded thicknesses the frequency distribution of which f x spans the range of positive to negative x values the beds with negative thicknesses are absent in the stratigraphic record whereby the measured bed thicknesses show a frequency distribution f x x 0 that is left side truncated cut off at the zero thickness value the numerical simulations further indicate that f x is a composite geometrical distribution whose actual form changes progressively with pd the probability of sediment deposition relative to erosion the distribution f x invariably has a maximum at x 0 such that the truncated distribution f x for pd 0 5 is a simple geometrical distribution regardless of pd value the f x distribution will appear to be a negative exponential distribution when based on the bed thickness data measured in a conventional metric scale data sets from four different turbidite successions in the cenozoic of japan each comprising a few thousand beds show this type of distribution however the sandstone capping shales in one of the turbidite successions show a truncated gaussian distribution attributed to a significant component of non turbiditic mud no universal form of bed thickness distribution can be assumed for the kolmogorov model the form of bed thickness distribution may vary with the type of the depositional process and the character of the sedimentary environment

the 1998 aiquile bolivia earthquake a seismically active fault revealed with insar abstract using sar interferometry insar the deformation field of the mw 6 6 1998 aiquile bolivia earthquake is mapped and the epicentre accurately located for the first time elastic dislocation modelling is used to demonstrate that the measured displacements are best explained with a n s oriented fault with a strike that is oblique to the principal topographic features in the region and a location that agrees with a modified mercalli intensity map constructed from observations of damage in the surrounding area a variable slip solution for a fault in this orientation is obtained which predicts peak slip of 1 42 m at depths of 4 5 km on the fault plane and has an estimated seismic moment m0 8 44 1018 n m which agrees with estimates from long period seismology this is the first time that a fault has been demonstrated unambiguously to be active in the central andes and since there was no previous knowledge of an active fault with this location or orientation a necessary conclusion is that our understanding of seismic hazard in this region is limited

effect of crustal layering upon dislocation modeling slip distribution at depth on a fault may be inferred from the deformation observed on the surface in inverting the surface deformation data to obtain the slip distribution the earth is generally approximated by an elastic half space slip distributions inferred from a half space model may contain artifacts including zones of reversed slip due solely to effects of layering in the real earth this effect is demonstrated for a vertical strike slip fault in an earth consisting of an elastic layer overlying an elastic half space slip on the fault is taken to be independent of the along strike coordinate i e antiplane strain is assumed for a given slip distribution in this model the slip distribution on a similar fault in an elastic half space is found that produces the identical surface deformation comparison of the two slip distributions reveals structure introduced into the half space equivalent slip profile by crustal layering the comparisons suggest that low resolution inversion schemes e g single screw dislocation models are not drastically affected by earth structure but attempts at detailed inversion are likely to produce profiles contaminated by artifacts of earth structure

probing the mechanical properties of seismically active crust with space geodesy study of the coseismic deformation due to the 1992 mw7 3 landers southern california earthquake 1 the coseismic deformation due to the 1992 m w 7 3 landers earthquake southern california is investigated using synthetic aperture radar sar and global positioning system gps measurements the ers 1 satellite data from the ascending and descending orbits are used to generate contiguous maps of three orthogonal components east north up of the coseismic surface displacement field the coseismic displacement field exhibits symmetries with respect to the rupture plane that are suggestive of a linear relationship between stress and strain in the crust interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar data show small scale deformation on nearby faults of the eastern california shear zone some of these faults in particular the calico rodman and pinto mountain faults were also subsequently strained by the 1999 m w 7 1 hector mine earthquake i test the hypothesis that the anomalous fault strain represents essentially an elastic response of kilometer scale compliant fault zones to stressing by nearby earthquakes fialko et al 2002 the coseismic stress perturbations due to the landers earthquake are computed using a slip model derived from inversions of the insar and gps data calculations are performed for both homogeneous and transversely isotropic half space models the compliant zone model that best explains the deformation on the calico and pinto mountain faults due to the hector mine earthquake successfully predicts the coseismic displacements on these faults induced by the landers earthquake deformation on the calico and pinto mountain faults implies about a factor of 2 reduction in the effective shear modulus within the similar to 2 km wide fault zones the depth extent of the low rigidity zones is poorly constrained but is likely in excess of a few kilometers the same type of structure is able to explain high gradients in the radar line of sight displacements observed on other faults adjacent to the landers rupture in particular the lenwood fault north of the soggy lake has likely experienced a few centimeters of left lateral motion across 1 km wide compliant fault zone having the rigidity reduction of more than a factor of 2 the inferred compliant fault zones are interpreted to be a result of extensive damage due to past earthquakes

frequency and timing of landslide triggered turbidity currents within the agadir basin offshore nw africa are there associations with climate change sea level change and slope sedimentation rates abstract older sequence stratigraphic models suggested that submarine landslide and turbidite activities are greatest during sea level lowstands however growing evidence indicates that many turbidite systems are also active during sea level transgressions and highstands the moroccan turbidite system comprises three depocentres of which agadir basin is closest to the moroccan slope and canary archipelago the very large volumes of sediment transported by individual sediment flows in this system suggest that they are triggered by landslides extensive core coverage and dating control for the agadir basin deposits have provided an excellent opportunity to derive accurate records of turbidite and associated landslide frequency for the last 600 ka previous studies in the more distal madeira abyssal plain depocentre have indicated that large volume 50 km 3 turbidites occurred at oxygen isotope stage ois boundaries this study of agadir basin confirms that two major turbidites beds a5 and a12 occurred during glacial interglacial transitions associated with ois4 and ois6 however this association is based on just two examples and two other large volume turbidites beds a7 and a11 did not occur at a stage boundary the main conclusion of this study is that 90 of turbidites and landslides occurred during rising and high sea level which represents 40 of the total time during the last 600 ka only 10 of the turbidites and landslides occurred during glacials 40 of the time with a paucity of turbidites and landslides at peak glacial lowstands a comparison to sediment accumulation rates in the source area of the turbidite suggests that landslides did not occur preferentially during periods of more rapid sedimentation rate although sedimentation rates in this area only varied from 4 to 6 g cm 2 ka 1

coseismic ground deformation due to an intraplate earthquake using synthetic aperture radar interferometry the mw6 1 killari india earthquake of 29 september 1993 1 the mw6 1 killari earthquake of 29 september 1993 occurred in central india an intraplate area of low historical seismicity resulting in 11 000 fatalities and causing devastation within a 15 km by 16 km region near the epicenter 18 01 n 76 56 e this earthquake occurred on a nearly east west trending 45 south dipping reverse fault and is one of the few intraplate earthquakes to produce a primary surface rupture interferometric analysis of ers 1 and ers 2 synthetic aperture radar data reveals ground deformation attributable to the killari earthquake modeling the earthquake as a dislocation in an elastic half space points to reverse slip on a steep dipping fault though a planar fault does not fit the data well although severe temporal decorrelation effects prevent determination of all details of the ground deformation pattern the analysis establishes that the coseismic deformation occurred over a region with dimensions of approximately 30 km by 20 km and suggests possible subsidence due to soil compaction within the meizoseismal area comparison of interferometric synthetic aperture radar measured to model predicted deformation indicates that the fault ruptured by the killari earthquake increased in steepness from 45 near the ground surface to 70 at a depth of 6 km

global compilation of interferometric synthetic aperture radar earthquake source models 1 comparisons with seismic catalogs 1 while many earthquakes have now been studied using interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar data a full assessment of the quality and additional value of insar source parameters compared to seismological techniques is still lacking we compile a catalog of source models obtained using insar and estimate the corresponding centroid moment tensor cmt parameters we refer to this compilation as the icmt archive we compare source parameters from over 70 insar studies of 57 global earthquakes with those in the global cmt gcmt international seismological centre isc and engdahl hilst buland ehb seismic catalogs we find an overall good agreement between fault strike dip and rake values in the gcmt and icmt archives likewise the differences in seismic moment between these two archives are relatively small and we do not find support for previously suggested trends of insar leading to larger moments than seismic data however epicentral locations show substantial discrepancies which are larger for the gcmt median differences of 21 km than for the ehb and isc catalogs median differences of 10 km since insar data have a high spatial resolution and thus should map epicentral locations accurately this allows us to obtain a first independent estimate of epicentral location errors in the seismic catalogs earthquake depths from insar are systematically shallower than those in the ehb catalog with a median of differences of 5 km while this trend may be partly due to unmodeled crustal complexity it is also compatible with the observation that the rupture of crustal earthquakes tends to propagate upward in the seismogenic layer

coseismic deformation of the 2001 mw 7 8 kokoxili earthquake in tibet measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry the 14 november 2001 m w 7 8 kokoxili earthquake ruptured more than 400 km of the westernmost stretch of the left lateral kunlun fault in northern tibet interferometric synthetic aperture radar data from descending orbits along four adjacent tracks covering almost the entire rupture and 1 m pixel ikonos satellite images are used to map the rupture geometry and the surface displacements produced by the event interferograms are then inverted to solve for coseismic slip on the fault at depth the radar data show that the rupture connected the heituo fault where the earthquake initiated to the main kunlun fault cutting across a pull apart trough in between the two strike slip faults the fault model includes two vertical sections extending to a depth of 20 km and discretized into 5 km 5 km patches using a nonnegative least squares method that includes an appropriate degree of smoothing we solve for the left lateral slip on each fault patch our solution shows that the largest slip occurred at depths between 0 and 5 km reaching 8 m in two areas 200 and 250 km east of the earthquake epicenter significant slip took place below 10 km at both ends of the rupture slip appears to have been highly variable along the fault defining six sections of major moment release these sections correspond to six subsegments of the kunlun fault system defined from the surface morphology of the fault this suggests that fault geometry exerted a predominant influence on controlling the rupture propagation

bed thickness frequency distributions and recurrence intervals of sediment gravity flow deposits intercalated in lacustrine varved diatomite examples from the middle pleistocene hiruzenbara formation southwest japan

the al hoceima morocco earthquake of 24 february 2004 analysis and interpretation of data from envisat asar and spot5 validated by ground based observations abstract the magnitude mw 6 3 earthquake in al hoceima morocco of 24 february 2004 occurred in the active plate boundary accommodating the oblique convergence between africa and eurasia three different sets of estimates of its source parameters have already been published we try to resolve the discrepancies between them by using additional data including two remote sensing satellite systems envisat and spot5 using a model with a dislocation in an elastic half space we constrain the source parameters the hypothesis of two subevents on distinct faults as inferred from seismological inversions is confirmed here by adopting a cross fault mechanism the rupture began on a left lateral strike slip fault striking at n10 azimuth with 90 cm of horizontal slip and then transferred to a right lateral strike slip fault striking at n312 azimuth with 85 cm of horizontal slip the first fault is at 500 m depth from the free surface and the second fault is at 3 km depth this model is consistent with ground based observations including gps seismology and mapped surface fissures the pair of faults activated in 2004 appears to constitute part of a complex seismogenic structure striking nne ssw that separates the rif tectonic blocks

the 1994 2004 al hoceima morocco earthquake sequence conjugate fault ruptures deduced from insar abstract we study the may 26 1994 mw 6 0 and february 24 2004 mw 6 4 earthquakes that affected the al hoceima region of northern morocco these events are the two strongest earthquakes recorded in this region yet the exact location kinematics and relationships between these earthquakes are poorly known since neither of them produced surface ruptures using synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar we mapped the surface displacement field of the two earthquakes to characterize their seismic source parameters analysis of the interferograms constructed from ascending and descending orbits for both earthquakes and subsequent elastic modeling using slip inversions on triangular fault patches suggest that the two mainshocks occurred on blind conjugate strike slip faults the 1994 earthquake being associated with n23 e trending left lateral fault and the 2004 earthquake with n45 w trending right lateral fault this result contradicts previous inferences on the kinematics location and rupture geometry of the earthquakes deduced from conventional analyses of seismic waveforms and aftershocks distribution the insar analysis reveals the fragmentation of the rif mountain throughout a complex network of conjugate blind faults consistent with the transpression tectonics along the plate boundary in north africa although the two earthquakes took place in the rif thrust and fold belt the late quaternary deformation indicates e w extension in agreement with the nw se and ne sw trending conjugate strike slip faulting

displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 kashmir earthquake from sar imagery 1 the 8th october 2005 kashmir earthquake mw 7 6 involved primarily thrust motion on a ne dipping fault sub pixel correlation of envisat sar images gives the location of the 80 km long fault trace within 300 800 m and a 3d surface displacement field with a sub metric accuracy covering the whole epicentral area the slip distribution inverted using elastic dislocation models indicates that slip occurs mainly in the upper 10 km between the cities of muzaffarabad and balakot the rupture reached the surface in several places in the hanging wall horizontal motions show rotation from pure thrust to oblique right lateral motion that are not observed in the footwall a segmentation of the fault near muzaffarabad is also suggested north of the city of balakot slip decreases dramatically but a diffuse zone of mainly vertical surface displacements which could be post seismic exists further north where most of the aftershocks occur aligned along the nw se indus kohistan seismic zone

source model for the mw 6 7 23 october 2002 nenana mountain earthquake alaska from insar 1 the 23 october 2002 nenana mountain earthquake mw 6 7 occurred on the denali fault alaska to the west of the mw 7 9 denali earthquake that ruptured the same fault 11 days later we used 6 interferograms constructed using radar images from the canadian radarsat 1 and european ers 2 satellites to determine the coseismic surface deformation and a source model data were acquired on ascending and descending satellite passes with incidence angles between 23 and 45 degrees and time intervals of 72 days or less modeling the event as dislocations in an elastic half space suggests that there was nearly 0 9 m of right lateral strike slip motion at depth on a near vertical fault and that the maximum slip in the top 4 km of crust was less than 0 2 m the nenana mountain earthquake increased the coulomb stress at the future hypocenter of the 3 november 2002 denali earthquake by 30 60 kpa

mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments a proposed first order textural and compositional classification sediments that are composed of mixtures of siliciclastic and carbonate material occur in both the modern and the ancient to date there is no commonly used classification of this type of sediment a descriptive first order classification system is proposed here that is applicable to most mixed sediments and their lithified equivalents the sediments are composed of four components 1 siliciclastic sand sand sized quartz feldspar etc 2 mud mixtures of silt and clay 3 allochems carbonate grains such as peloids ooids bioclasts and intraclasts 20 m in size and carbonate mud or micrite 20 m in size these components define a tetrahedra whose subdivision produces eight general classes of mixed sediment the name of a class reflects both the dominant grain type and the most abundant antithetic component for example a rock that contains greater than 50 siliciclastic material of which most is sand sized and subordinate allochems is termed an allochemic sandstone other rock names include micritic sandstone allochemic and micritic mudstone sandy or muddy allochem limestone and sandy or muddy micrite prefixes and adjectives can be added to these terms to include dolomitic sediments conglomeratic textures and biogenic constituents

a study of the 2006 and 2007 earthquake sequence of pisco peru with insar and teleseismic data 1 we combine interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar and teleseismic body waves to study the largest earthquake mw 8 1 in a sequence of events on the subduction megathrust near pisco peru our analysis includes some of the first insar data from the alos satellite and wide swath data from the envisat satellite the teleseismic data indicate the slip maximum occurred 60 90 seconds after the mainshock started the insar data constrain the main slip patch to be about 70 km from the hypocenter suggesting an extremely low rupture velocity 1 5 km s or long slip rise time no large earthquake has occurred in the 2007 rupture area since at least 1746 and possibly 1687 suggesting significant aseismic deformation in the area the slip deficit apparently cannot be filled with rapid after slip in addition the area where the nazca ridge is subducting appears to be either a seismic gap or a persistent area of aseismic slip

the september 26 1997 colfiorito italy earthquakes modeled coseismic surface displacement from sar interferometry and gps the largest events of the 1997 umbria marche seismic sequence were the two september 26 earthquakes of mw 5 7 00 33 gmt and mw 6 0 09 40 gmt which caused severe damage and ground cracks in a wide area around the epicenters we created an ers sar differential interferogram where nine fringes are visible in and around the colfiorito basin corresponding to 25 cm of coseismic surface displacement gps data show a maximum horizontal displacement of 14 1 8 cm and a maximum subsidence of 24 3 cm we used these geodetic data and the seismological parameters to estimate geometry and slip distribution on the fault planes modeled fault depths and maximum slip amplitudes are 6 5 km and 47 cm for the first event and 7 km and 72 cm for the second one in good agreement with those derived from the seismological data

scaling in turbidite deposition abstract we propose that the distribution of layer thicknesses of turbidite deposits that show minimal erosional truncation and amalgamation should obey the power law n h h b where n h is the number of layers of thickness greater than h and b 1 we support this proposal with two sets of observations one from formation microscanner images obtained in offshore wells that penetrate tertiary fore arc turbidites hiscott et al 1992 and the other from our own field measurements of turbidites in the neoproterozoic kingston peak formation deposited in a glacially influenced rift basin both sets of observations show roughly the same power law distribution above a small h cutoff otivated by the possible generality of these results and given strong geological and sedimentological contrasts between the two data sets we consider the available theoretical and experimental evidence that could support or deny these observations we tentatively conclude that the power law is generic in data sets characterized by minimal erosional truncation and amalgamation but emphasize that further study is required for a definitive statement proceeding from the assumption that the scaling law is valid for arbitrarily thin layers we derive an upper bound for b we then detail simple and plausible assumptions that provide a theoretical estimate of b we discuss possible ramifications of this analysis for the interpretation of further data

on the frequency distribution of turbidite thickness the frequency distribution of turbidite thickness records information on flow hydrodynamics initial sediment volumes and source migration and is an important component of petroleum reservoir models however the nature of this thickness distribution is currently uncertain with log normal or negative exponential frequency distributions and power law cumulative frequency distributions having been proposed by different authors a detailed analysis of the miocene marnoso arenacea formation of the italian apennines shows that turbidite bed thickness and sand interval thickness within each bed have a frequency distribution comprising the sum of a series of log normal frequency distributions these strata were deposited predominantly in a basin plain setting and bed amalgamation is relatively rare beds or sand intervals truncated by erosion were excluded from this analysis each log normal frequency distribution characterizes bed or sand interval thickness for a given basal grain size or basal bouma division measurements from the silurian aberystwyth grits in wales the cretaceous great valley sequence in california and the permian karoo basin in south africa show that this conclusion holds for sequences of disparate age and variable location the median thickness of these log normal distributions is positively correlated with basal grain size the power law exponent relating the basal grain size and median thickness is different for turbidites with a basal a or b division and those with only c d and e divisions these two types of turbidite have been termed thin bedded and thick bedded by previous workers a change in the power law exponent is proposed to be related to i a transition from viscous to inertial settling of sediment grains and ii hindered settling at high sediment concentrations the bimodal thickness distribution of thin bedded and thick bedded turbidites noted by previous workers is explained as the result of a change in the power law exponent this analysis supports the view that a and b divisions were deposited from high concentration flow components and that distinct grain size modes undergo different depositional processes summation of log normal frequency distributions for thin and thick bedded turbidites produces a cumulative frequency distribution of thickness with a segmented power law trend thus the occurrence of both log normal and segmented power law frequency distributions can be explained in a holistic fashion power law frequency distributions of turbidite thickness have previously been linked to power law distributions of earthquake magnitude or volumes of submarine slope failure the log normal distribution for a given grain size class observed in this study suggests an alternative view that turbidite thickness is determined by the multiplicative addition of several randomly distributed parameters in addition to the settling velocity of the grain sizes present

size distribution of submarine landslides along the u s atlantic margin abstract assessment of the probability for destructive landslide generated tsunamis depends on the knowledge of the number size and frequency of large submarine landslides this paper investigates the size distribution of submarine landslides along the u s atlantic continental slope and rise using the size of the landslide source regions landslide failure scars landslide scars along the margin identified in a detailed bathymetric digital elevation model dem have areas that range between 0 89 km2 and 2410 km2 and volumes between 0 002 km3 and 179 km3 the area to volume relationship of these failure scars is almost linear inverse power law exponent close to 1 suggesting a fairly uniform failure thickness of a few 10s of meters in each event with only rare deep excavating landslides the cumulative volume distribution of the failure scars is very well described by a log normal distribution rather than by an inverse power law the most commonly used distribution for both subaerial and submarine landslides a log normal distribution centered on a volume of 0 86 km3 may indicate that landslides preferentially mobilize a moderate amount of material on the order of 1 km3 rather than large landslides or very small ones alternatively the log normal distribution may reflect an inverse power law distribution modified by a size dependent probability of observing landslide scars in the bathymetry data if the latter is the case an inverse power law distribution with an exponent of 1 3 0 3 modified by a size dependent conditional probability of identifying more failure scars with increasing landslide size fits the observed size distribution this exponent value is similar to the predicted exponent of 1 2 0 3 for subaerial landslides in unconsolidated material both the log normal and modified inverse power law distributions of the observed failure scar volumes suggest that large landslides which have the greatest potential to generate damaging tsunamis occur infrequently along the margin

deformation during the 12 november 1999 duzce turkey earthquake from gps and insar data only 87 days after the mw 7 5 17 august 1999 izmit earthquake the duzce earthquake ruptured a ca 40 km long adjoining strand of the north anatolian fault naf system to the east we used displacements of 50 global positioning system gps sites together with interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar range change data spanning the event to estimate the geometry and slip distribution of the coseismic rupture postseismic deformation transients from the duzce earth quake and the preceding i zmit event that are included in some of the measurements are corrected for using dislocation models fit to gps data spanning the various time periods nonlinear inversions for fault geometry indicate that the rupture occurred on a ca 54 north dipping oblique normal right lateral fault distributed slip inver sions indicate maximum strike slip near the center of the duzce fault close to the earthquake hypocenter slip magnitude and depth of faulting decrease to the west and east of the hypocenter both gps and insar data suggest that normal slip is restricted to the shallow portion of the rupture the duzce earthquake had the highest slip to rupture length ratio of any historic earthquake along the naf

locations of selected small earthquakes in the zagros mountains the zagros mountains of southern iran are marked by a zone of high seismicity and accommodate a significant portion of the convergence between arabia and eurasia due to the lack of dense local seismic or geodetic networks the inferred kinematics of the collision in iran is mainly based on catalogs of teleseismically determined earthquake locations we surveyed all mw 4 5 earthquakes in the harvard centroid moment tensor hcmt and international seismological centre isc catalogs that occurred in the zagros mountains during the period 1992 2002 and that were spanned by interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar images from the ers 1 and 2 satellites we invert the observed deformation for the best fitting point source single fault plane and distributed fault slip for four earthquakes and one unexplained deformation event we find that we can precisely locate earthquakes that are too small to be well located by either the hcmt or isc catalogs allowing us to tie specific earthquakes to active geologic structures

displacement field and fault model for the september 7 1999 athens earthquake inferred from ers2 satellite radar interferometry on september 7 1999 a moderate mw 5 9 normal faulting earthquake occurred in the northwest of athens hellas causing heavy damages and casualties using interferometric combinations of ers2 sar images we analyzed the coseismic deformation field two fringes are observed south of the fill mountain up to the coastline of the elefsis gulf they correspond to 56 mm increase in slant range modeling the earthquake as a dislocation in an elastic half space we inverted the interferometric data to assess the fault location and geometry and the amplitude of the coseismic slip the model suggests 300 mm slip on an 18 km long blind fault composed of two pieces the intersection of the fault plane with the earth surface is located in the fill mountain with a n 120 o orientation

varve microfacies and varve preservation record of climate change and human impact for the last 6000 years at lake tiefer see ne germany the holocene sediment record of lake tiefer see exhibits striking alternations between well varved and non varved intervals here we present a high resolution multi proxy record for the past 6000

tarapaca intermediate depth earthquake mw 7 7 2005 northern chile a slab pull event with horizontal fault plane constrained from seismologic and geodetic observations 1 a large mw 7 7 intermediate depth earthquake occurred on 13 june 2005 in the tarapaca region of the northern chile seismic gap source parameters are inferred from teleseismic broadbands strong motions gps and insar data relocated hypocenter is found at 98 km depth within the subducting slab the 21 days aftershock distribution constrained by a postseismic temporary array indicates a sub horizontal fault plane lying between the planes of the double seismic zone and an upper bound of the rupture area of 60 km 30 km teleseismic inversion shows a slab pull down dip extension mechanism on a nearly horizontal plane total seismic and geodetic moments are 5 5 10 20 n m with an averaged slip of 6 5 m from geodesy the earthquake rupture is peculiar in that the effective velocity is slow 3 5 km s a1 for a high stress drop 21 30 mpa we propose that rupture was due to the reactivation by hydraulic embrittlement of a inherited major lithospheric fault within the subducting plate the stress drop suggests that the region of the slab between planes of the double seismic zone can sustain high stresses citation peyrat s et al 2006 tarapaca intermediate depth earthquake mw 7 7 2005 northern chile a slab pull event with horizontal fault plane constrained from seismologic and geodetic observations geophys

surface deformation and subsurface slip of the 28 march 1999 mw 6 4 west himalayan chamoli earthquake from insar analysis 1 we report insar observations of coseismic ground deformation caused by the mw6 4 chamoli earthquake of march 28 1999 in the western himalaya near the surface trace of the main central thrust analysis of ers1 2 sar data from ascending and descending tracks reveals surface deformation in a region 30 km by 40 km with a maximum coseismic uplift of 60 mm assuming that the rupture occurred as a planar uniform slip dislocation in an elastic half space reveals slip of 0 55 0 1 m strike of n300 e 15 dip with fault dimensions of 13 3 km along strike and 10 3 km downdip the corresponding moment magnitude is mw 6 2 lower than that derived from seismological methods with the exception of the recent 2005 kashmir earthquake the chamoli earthquake studied in this paper is the only himalayan earthquake for which surface deformation data are available from directly above the epicenter

the 1995 grevena northern greece earthquake fault model constrained with tectonic observations and sar interferometry after the 1995 grevena ms 6 6 event in northern greece we mapped the earthquake fault break in detail the surface break is small 8 12 km long 4 cm slip compared to the moment release of the event however the morphologic and tectonic study of the active faults in the field and using the spot satellite imagery suggests that the earthquake ruptured part of a much larger fault system including interconnecting segments we used sar interferometry of the satellite ers 1 imagery to characterize the coseismic displacement field this shows a kidney shaped zone of subsidence reaching 30 cm flanked by an uplift zone reaching 5 cm we reproduce this field using dislocations in an elastic half space and our observations of the fault system this requires 1 m slip from 4 to 15 km depth on a main normal fault segment dipping nnw our preliminary model includes significant ne dipping scissors faulting at the eastern end of the rupture clearly seen in the interferograms

the 1998 mw 5 7 zhangbei shangyi china earthquake revisited a buried thrust fault revealed with interferometric synthetic aperture radar 1 the 1998 mw 5 7 zhangbei shangyi china earthquake is the largest to have occurred in northern china since the large 1976 ms 7 8 tangshan earthquake due to its proximity to beijing the capital of china it has therefore gained a lot of attention a great number of studies have been conducted using seismic and geodetic data but few are able to identify conclusively the orientation of the primary fault plane for this earthquake in this paper two independent ers synthetic aperture radar interferograms are used to determine precisely the location and magnitude of coseismic surface displacements 11 cm in the radar line of sight modeling the event as dislocation in an elastic half space suggests that the earthquake is associated with a buried shallow nne ssw oriented thrust fault with a limited amount of lateral displacement which is consistent with seismic intensity distribution and aftershock locations

joint inversion of broadband teleseismic and interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar data for the slip history of the mw 7 7 nazca ridge peru earthquake of 12 november 1996 1 the slip distribution of the 12 november 1996 mw 7 7 peru earthquake is determined using broadband teleseismic waveforms a differential sar interferogram interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar and a fault parametrization allowing slip and rupture velocity to vary along the rupture plane both data sets are inverted jointly to limit the trade off between the space and time aspects of the rupture the earthquake fault plane is located at the subduction interface it strikes parallel to the trench and dips 30 ne by inverting synthetic data we show how the insar and teleseismic data are complementary and how the joint inversion produces a gain in the spatial and temporal resolution of the slip model even with a sar interferogram that covers only part of the coseismic deformation the rupture of the 1996 peru event initiated on the southern flank of the subducted nazca ridge and propagated unilaterally toward the southeast along strike for more than 100 km at a depth between 20 and 40 km the area of maximum slip 6 7 m is located 50 km southeast of the hypocenter the total seismic moment is 4 4 1020 n m our joint inversion the source time function is approximately 60 s long and presents three major pulses of moment release the dominant one which occurred between 30 and 45 s does not correspond to the area of largest slip but to the rupture of a wide zone located about 100 km away from the hypocenter where slip reaches only 2 3 m computed coseismic coastal uplift correlates well with the location of raised marine terraces and with the topography of the coastal cordillera suggesting that these features may be related to the repetition of 1996 type events at the interface between the nazca ridge and the south american plate

surface deformation associated with the mw 6 4 24 february 2004 al hoceima morocco earthquake deduced from insar implications for the active tectonics along north africa we study the surface deformation associated with the 24 february 2004 al hoceima earthquake mw 6 4 that recently affected the rif mountains of mo rocco the coseismic displacement field is mapped using synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar with the envisat esa satellite data acquired in the ascend ing and descending modes our analysis and modeling of insar data suggest that the earthquake is associated with a northwest southeast trending right lateral ap parently blind strike slip fault with a seismic moment reaching 6 8 10 18 n m this result is in contrast with the north northeast south southwest left lateral fault mech anism inferred from the modeling of seismic waves thrust and fold structures of the rif mountains developed during the tertiary period but the recent significant seismic events and late quaternary deformation indicate east west extension accom modated by north south trending normal and northwest southeast and northeast southwest trending conjugate strike slip faults the active deformation illustrates the fragmentation of the rif mountain range due to the africa iberia collision and west southwestward escape tectonics

fault slip in the 1997 manyi tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of insar displacements summary the mw 7 6 1997 manyi earthquake occurred in an area of central northern tibet where sparse vegetation coverage and a lack of human habitation provide excellent conditions for interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar studies we use coseismic pairs of radar images acquired by the esa ers 2 satellite to construct interferograms of the surface displacement field due to the earthquake the location and extent of the coseismic fault rupture are mapped using a combination of optical satellite imagery high resolution digital topography interferometric correlation and azimuth offset measurements in so doing we are able to relate prominent geomorphic features in the fault zone to bends in the fault using elastic dislocation models consistent with this mapped fault trace we then test a range of fault geometries and slip conditions to find the combination which best explains the insar displacements our favoured model contains a reversal in fault dip approximately halfway along its length occurring at the location of a restraining bend slip on this model fault is heterogeneous with two areas of peak slip of 7 m or greater and components of dip slip displacement which vary significantly along strike the success of this model in fitting the data implies that an observed asymmetry in the coseismic interferograms can be explained in terms of the local fault geometry rather than by using non linear elastic rheologies as suggested by earlier authors

source analysis of the mw 6 3 2004 al hoceima earthquake morocco using regional apparent source time functions 1 we use small and moderate aftershocks of the 24 february 2004 al hoceima earthquake as empirical greens functions egfs to retrieve the rupture history of the main event the magnitude depth and geometry of faulting were estimated for the main shock and 20 small and moderate aftershocks mw between 3 9 and 5 2 computing moment tensor solutions for the main shock we obtain a moment magnitude of mw 6 3 and a nearly pure double couple source 4 compensated linear vector dipole with predominately strike slip faulting the preferred fault plane has a strike of n11 e a dip of 72 and a rake of 17 fourteen aftershocks having depths 4 km and faulting geometries 11 for the strike of the preferred plane similar to the ones found for the main event were used as egfs apparent source time functions astfs of the al hoceima event were retrieved at twelve regional stations using an iterative time domain deconvolution on the p waveforms at each station time functions are enhanced by stacking of the deconvolved waveforms for different egfs astfs show total durations of 5 to 6 s two consecutive subevents separated by about 3 s and only a weak effect of directivity we further investigate the source history by inverting the set of astfs for the distribution of fault slip and rupture propagation two different source models were selected for presentation one involving one single fault plane and the other involving two parallel fault planes the two fault model fits more accurately the observations and leads to a more plausible slip distribution we estimate rupture dimensions of about 10 10 km2 and 8 8 km2 and moment magnitudes of mw 6 2 and 6 0 for the first and second subevent respectively

analysis procedures at the international seismological centre abstract analysis at the international seismological centre isc falls into three main categories association location and quantification difficulties of association on a global scale are not always appreciated the isc currently analyses 40 50 events a day and as the first arrivals from any particular earthquake may span a time interval of up to 20 min readings from events occurring in different parts of the world may overlap considerably in time the present association algorithm depends on time only and results in many chance mis associations or even the synthesis of fictitious events at present these mis associations are rectified by seismologists intervention but full use of amplitude and period information could help to detect these errors automatically revision of locations follows standard least squares procedures based on jeffrey s method of uniform reduction and jeffreys bullen travel times locations are made from p phases only including crustal phases but other first arrivals and secondary phases are identified and residuals calculated if depth cannot be determined by geometric means a search is made for depth phases or failing this the depth is restrained to that given by another agency or to a conventional value no provision is made for local variations in travel time body wave magnitudes are allocated within the distance range 21 100 from reported readings of a and t or their ratio using gutenberg richter calibration curves surface wave magnitudes are calculated from the prague formula using reports of long period a and t in the distance range 5 160 but only values from stations at distances of 20 or more are used to determine an average ms for a particular event there is no provision for the determination of local magnitude other than to reproduce values assigned by local agencies improvements in these procedures could be made through the automatic association of station readings the introduction of local travel times and better determination of earthquake size particularly for local events

synthetic aperture radar interferometry observations of the m 6 0 orta earthquake of 6 june 2000 nw turkey reactivation of a listric fault we study the coseismic surface displacement field due to the orta earthquake of 6 june 2000 a moderate sized mw 6 0 oblique slip event that took place on a previously unknown fault located about 70 km north of the capital ankara turkey and about 35 km south of the north anatolian fault we use european space agency ers synthetic aperture radar sar data to generate high resolution maps of the surface displacements by a two pass differential sar interferometry method the surface displacement field reaching up to 15 cm line of sight subsidence is captured in several coseismic interferograms from descending orbits and is inverted to determine the source parameters of the earthquake using elastic dislocations on rectangular fault surfaces with a nonlinear minimization procedure based on simulating annealing algorithm modeling of the coseismic interferograms indicates that the earthquake was associated with a shallow 6 km left lateral oblique normal displacement that occurred on a north south striking eastward dipping listric fault trending at a high angle to the plate boundary right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault careful analyses of multiple interferograms together with the field observations allow us to infer the rupture geometry in fine detail modeling shows that coseismic slip occurs nearly only on the lower portion of the listric fault at a centroid depth of about 5 km but partially reaches to the surface along the surface trace of the dodurga fault in agreement with the field observations we show that in the absence of field observations additional measurements or multiple interferograms that capture the surface deformation from different look angles sar interferometry alone may not be sufficient to constrain earthquake rupture geometry if there is no clear surface faulting the results suggest that the dodurga fault developed most probably as a result of a restraining bend along the north anatolian fault and its left lateral kinematics is consistent with the stress regime that favors the right lateral north anatolian fault

surface displacement of the 17 may 1993 eureka valley california earthquake observed by sar interferometry satellite synthetic aperture radar sar interferometry shows that the magnitude 6 1 eureka valley earthquake of 17 may 1993 produced an elongated subsidence basin oriented north northwest parallel to the trend defined by the aftershock distribution whereas the source mechanism of the earthquake implies a north northeast striking normal fault the 3 millimeter accuracy of the radar observed displacement map over short spatial scales allowed identification of the main surface rupture associated with the event these observations suggest that the rupture began at depth and propagated diagonally upward and southward on a west dipping north northeast fault plane reactivating the largest escarpment in the saline range

the 2005 qeshm island earthquake iran a link between buried reverse faulting and surface folding in the zagros simply folded belt summary the 2005 november 27 qeshm island earthquake m w 6 0 provides an excellent opportunity to study coseismic deformation in the zagros simply folded belt with synthetic aperture radar interferometry insar typical of reverse faulting in the zagros slip in the qeshm island earthquake did not rupture the surface however ascending and descending track interferograms spanning the earthquake both show an elliptical pattern of surface deformation in the central part of the island we invert the interferometric data to attain a set of source parameters these show 1 m slip on a steep 50 north dipping reverse fault extending from a maximum depth of 8u p to 4 km below the surface limited aeromagnetic data suggests the fault ruptured the sedimentary cover whether its deepest parts also affected the crystalline basement is not clear source parameters from seismic body wave modelling agree with those from the interferometric modelling using the insar derived model we produce a map of coseismic vertical displacements with which we compare the surface structure of the island coseismic uplift is centred on the eastern end of a major anticline which trends e w parallel with the fault the long term growth of this fold may be controlled primarily by repeated earthquakes on this fault however the uplifted region extends to parts of other nearby folds whose long term growth must have other controls moreover a region of coseismic subsidence lies very close to a part of the qeshm island coastline that displays raised beaches evidence of quaternary uplift therefore the link between reverse faulting and surface folding is not wholly evident from this earthquake alone the local structure is complicated by orthogonal fold axes it may take a large earthquake in a simpler structural setting within the zagros to establish convincingly whether a one to one correlation between faulting and folding exists

fault parameters of the nisqually earthquake determined from moment tensor solutions and the surface deformation from gps and insar the magnitude 6 8 nisqually earthquake occurred on 28 february 2001 at a depth of 50 60 km within the subducting juan de fuca plate the fault parameters are estimated from moment tensor solutions and by comparing the surface displacements from global positioning system gps data and from satellite interferometry with predictions from elastic deformation models the simple deformation model calculates the coseismic surface displacements caused by an earthquake on an extensional rectangular fault in a uniform half space continuous gps stations within 200 km of the epicenter resolved horizontal displacements as great as 9 mm 210 and vertical displacements as great as 13 mm of subsidence near the epicenter the near vertical displacements were also determined from a differential interferogram created from synthetic aperture radar insar data from radarsat the only satellite data available for the event a maximum vertical subsidence of approximately 20 mm is observed 30 km east of the epicenter the gps insar and moment tensor solutions provide a consistent solution for the rupture parameters of the nisqually earthquake the fault has a strike of 180 and a dip of 20 and is centered at 47 10 n and 122 67 w 4 km east and 6 km south of the epicenter or has a strike of 360 and a dip of 70 and is centered at 47 10 n and 122 69 w 2 km east and 6 km south the trade off between fault area and rupture displacement is not resolved by our data but a good fit is found with the main rupture having an area of 230 km2 and an along strike length of 23 km and downdip width of 10 km the rupture area is centered at a depth of 51 km with a scalar moment of 2 0 1019 n m and with the given area an average rupture displacement of 1 4 m to refine the interpretation of the gps and insar data a 3d heterogeneous numerical model was generated having realistic shear moduli structure a 3d model of the subducting slab and a spherical earth the results are similar to those from the half space model but there is significant refinement with a deeper rupture center at 60 km manuscript received 9 april 2003

synthetic aperture radar interferogram of the 1995 kobe earthquake and its geodetic inversion crustal deformation from the mw 6 9 january 17 jst 1995 kobe japan earthquake was detected by synthetic aperture radar interferometry sar more than four fringes with ellipsoidal shape were observed surrounding the nojima fault on northern awaji island suggesting a shortening in the range of more than 11 75 4 cm on the east side of this fault the sar sensor shows ellipsoidal fringes with an uplift zone in the rokko mountain range and sharp subsidence around the kobe area in addition to sar interferometry leveling and gps surveys were conducted by the geographical survey institute of japan gsi the permanent gps observation sites of the gsi monitored ground displacements from this earthquake with daily updates based on these geodetic data we estimated the faulting mechanism of the earthquake the analytical procedure was an iterative linearized least squares method a multi fault system consisting of six subfaults was constructed the locations of the estimated model faults were close to those of the active faults in this area running from the nojima fault on awaji island to the rokko faults in the kobe area with a change in strike angle near the ohtsuki fault in the kobe area the slip vectors of the nojima fault on awaji island had a large component of reverse dip slip of about 2 m and strike slip of about 2 m in the kobe area the amount of slip ranged from 0 3 to 1 2 m and was small compared with the slip on the nojima fault the results of these slip vectors agreed well with the results of other seismic geodetic and field studies

three dimensional elastic earthquake modelling based on integrated seismological and insar data the mw 7 2 nuweiba earthquake gulf of elat aqaba 1995 november summary the nuweiba earthquake 1995 november 22 m w 7 2 the largest seismic event along the dead sea transform dst in at least 160 yr ruptured 45 50 km along the aragonese segment of the left stepping strike slip fault system occupying the gulf of elat aqaba southern segment of the dst the rupture initiated in a partly normal low slip first subevent near the southern end of the fault and propagated unilaterally north northeastward as a high slip nearly pure sinistral second subevent which was responsible for over 90 per cent of the total seismic moment the source mechanism and slip distribution derived from inversion of teleseismic broad band waveforms are used to construct a 3 d elastic model of the earthquake based on the boundary elements method resulting in the full 3 d displacement and stress fields induced by the earthquake in the absence of sufficient global positioning system data the only other constraints on the geometry and slip distribution of the rupture are provided by interferometric synthetic aperture radar insar measurements spanning the coseismic and early post seismic period we calculate simulated interferograms by transforming the calculated surface displacement field into the satellite coordinate system and comparing them with the observed interferograms the model parameters are then iteratively modified until a best fitting model is obtained providing a refined set of static source parameters for the mainshock this model is then used to calculate the static coulomb stress changes induced by the mainshock on the step over faults suggesting that the major m w 5 aftershocks in the first eight post seismic months were triggered by small changes 1 bar in the left lateral coulomb stress with effective friction coefficient not higher than 0 2 aftershock distribution and mechanisms indicate that the available coulomb stress dropped below the frictional strength of the fault but was not complete

the source motion of 2003 bam iran earthquake constrained by satellite and ground based geodetic data summary the interpretation of coseismic surface deformation measurements through inversion techniques is of major importance to understand the mechanical behaviour of a seismic fault dense geodetic data sets in the vicinity of the ruptured fault provide unique constraints on detailed fault geometry and slip distribution at depth making them complementary to seismological data bam earthquake mw 6 6 2003 december 26 induced surface deformation has been precisely mapped by envisat asar interferometry and by subpixel correlation techniques applied to spot 5 and asar amplitude images these oblique and horizontal estimations of deformation have been completed with one levelling profile along the main road crossing the rupture from west to east we process these data separately and jointly in a two step inversion technique within the elastic half space theory framework our objective is to determine the dislocation model at depth that satisfies simultaneously all the geodetic constraints also we estimate the relative contribution of each geodetic data set to this inversion process we first use a stochastic direct approach called neighbourhood algorithm in order to estimate the average characteristics of the rupture and their relative uncertainty constraining in this way the geometry of the ruptured fault we then linearize the inverse problem and compute the slip distribution on the fault using a standard weighted least square technique assuming the solution is smooth to some degree at each step we discuss the optimal models their stability as well as the relative influence of each data set on the derived models parameters our preferred model reveals a shallow dislocation on a quasi vertical fault slightly dipping towards east the slip vector has a strike slip component as high as 2 m while the dip slip component seems negligible however the estimation of the resolution matrices emphasizes the fact that the details of deep fault slip distribution remain out of the scope of this ill conditioned inverse problem yet our preferred model suggests a main dislocation limited at depth between 1 and 6 km by contrast the aftershocks observed in the months following the earthquake are located just beneath the estimated main shock

joint inversion of insar and teleseismic data for the slip history of the 1999 izmit turkey earthquake the slip history of the izmit earthquake is investigated by jointly inverting sar and teleseismic data with a multi segment variable slip finite fault model surface offsets are used as an added constraint the highest slip values 5 to 7 m of right lateral displacement are associated with a strong central asperity surrounding the hypocenter the bilateral breaking of this main asperity which lasted about 10 sec dominates the source time function from the golcuk izmit area to lake sapanca a relatively good correspondence is observed between slip at depth and at the surface but farther to the west and to the east slip tends to be confined to the near surface slip in the easternmost part of the rupture duzce segment is not well resolved our analysis finds the insar and teleseismic data to be compatible and complementary this study shows the potential of the joint inversion of both data sets for a rapid determination of the spatio temporal history of large earthquakes

effects of superficial layers on coseismic displacements for a dip slip fault and geophysical implications summary we study the effect of a superficial layer overlying a half space on the surface displacements created by a dip slip dislocation on a planar rectangular fault using a 2 d finite element model the effect of the density and poisson s ratio is negligible on the other hand the contrast in young s modulus between the top layer and the half space below significantly affects the modelled coseismic displacements the horizontal displacements are more sensitive than the vertical displacements to the existence of the top layer near the fault a low rigidity layer with a young s modulus of 10 gpa can increase the horizontal displacements by up to 40 per cent an analytical 3 d half space model is used to interpret this effect in terms of an equivalent homogeneous model the presence of a top layer can be partly simulated in a homogeneous half space by perturbing the depth and the slip on the fault from their real values to equivalent values for a given displacement field observed at the surface the perturbations in fault depth and slip can reach 1 km and 25 per cent respectively the fault dip angle is not model dependent we conclude that for the accurate estimation of fault depth and slip from coseismic geodetic data rigidity contrasts existing within the upper crust must be taken into account not taking into account the effect of an existing low rigidity layer also leads to an underestimation of seismic moment release this may in part be the cause of apparent discrepancies between seismic and geodetic moment releases in particular areas such as the gulf of corinth greece

lacustrine turbidites as a tool for quantitative earthquake reconstruction new evidence for a variable rupture mode in south central chile understanding the long term earthquake recurrence pattern at subduction zones requires continuous paleoseismic records with excellent temporal and spatial resolution and stable threshold conditions south central chilean lakes are typically characterized by laminated sediments providing a quasi annual resolution our sedimentary data show that lacustrine turbidite sequences accurately reflect the historical record of large interplate earthquakes among others the 2010 and 1960 events furthermore we found that a turbidite s spatial extent and thickness are a function of the local seismic intensity and can be used for reconstructing paleo intensities consequently our multilake turbidite record aids in pinpointing magnitudes rupture locations and extent of past subduction earthquakes in south central chile comparison of the lacustrine turbidite records with historical reports a paleotsunami subsidence record and a marine megaturbidite record demonstrates that the valdivia segment is characterized by a variable rupture mode over the last 900 years including i full ruptures mw 9 5 1960 1575 1319 9 1127 44 ii ruptures covering half of the valdivia segment mw 9 1837 and iii partial ruptures of much smaller coseismic slip and extent mw 7 5 8 1737 1466 4 also distant or smaller local earthquakes can leave a specific sedimentary imprint which may resolve subtle differences in seismic intensity values for instance the 2010 event at the maule segment produced higher seismic intensities toward southeastern localities compared to previous megathrust ruptures of similar size and extent near concepci n

source parameters of the 1 october 1995 dinar turkey earthquake from sar interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling abstract the 1 october 1995 m s 6 1 dinar earthquake ruptured a 10 km section of the nw se dinar civril fault there are discrepancies between the published source parameters from seismic data with seismic moments in disagreement by over a factor of two we use both sar interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling to determine earthquake source parameters an interferogram generated from ers 1 2 sar imagery spanning the event and separated by 5 months is used to derive source parameters by a downhill simplex inversion with multiple monte carlo restarts we model the displacements in the satellite line of sight initially using uniform slip on a rectangular dislocation in an elastic half space the resultant model fault plane agrees in strike and location with the observed surface break but systematic residuals exist in the line of sight deformation field resulting in a r m s residual of 20 mm in the interferogram the residuals are reduced if the depth distribution of slip is allowed to vary spatially in four segments along a continuous fault plane our best fitting solution with a r m s misfit of 8 mm reveals two distinct areas of slip on the fault plane strike 145 dip 49 rake 270 a main rupture slipping by 1 44 m between depths of 1 and 8 km becoming deeper to the se and matching the observed surface rupture and an along strike continuation to the nw of the same fault plane but between depths of 8 and 13 km and not associated with a surface break the total geodetic moment 4 5 0 1 10 18 nm is more than twice as large as published seismic moments based on the inversion of p waveforms alone but close to the harvard cmt moment 4 7 10 18 nm we use sh waveforms in addition to the p waves used previously to determine an alternative seismic source mechanism sh waves constrain the depth to be shallower than solutions based on p waves alone agreeing with the depths from the interferometric inversion and resulting in a larger moment 3 1 0 4 10 18 nm than the previous bodywave estimates 2 2 1 10 18 nm the cmt moment reduces in magnitude to a similar size 3 3 10 18 nm if the centroid depth and fault dip are constrained to the values determined from bodywave modelling and interferometry thus the geodetic moment is 40 bigger than the moment determined from seismology

turbidite bed thickness statistics of architectural elements in a deep marine confined mini basin setting examples from the gres d annot formation se france abstract statistical analysis of bed thickness was performed for sampled turbidite successions from well documented architectural elements of the gres d annot formation to characterize confined deep water mini basins of the tertiary foreland basin of se france the purpose was to use advanced statistical processing techniques in order to evaluate whether a discrimination of different architectural elements is feasible through observed statistical signatures of bed thickness statistical methods were focused on i fitting of widely used non normal theoretical distribution models using robust non parametric goodness of fit statistical tests and ii detecting the possible presence of non random bed thickness clustering using existing and new clustering estimation methods results indicate that the bed thickness data are best characterized by a multi modal lognormal distribution model which probably reflects a background sedimentological process several datasets exhibit power law as well as exponential thick bedded tails the data also exhibit non random clustering of bed thickness discrimination of architectural elements in this confined turbidite succession seems to be feasible based on the characteristics of the observed composite lognormal distributions such as number and variability of the detected components the estimation of the degree of facies clustering has potential for the discrimination of architectural elements in confined basin settings if used in conjunction with alternative estimation methods such as periodogram estimation this methodology may now be applied to other confined turbidite successions be they outcrops with less certain architecture or subsurface datasets with borehole imaging

an experiment in systematic study of global seismicity centroid moment tensor solutions for 201 moderate and large earthquakes of 1981 data from the global digital seismograph network were used to obtain centroid moment tensor solutions using the method of dziewonski et al 1981 results were obtained for 201 earthquakes ranging in seismic moment from 7 1023 to 3 1027 dyne cm the wide dynamic range of the sro asro stations allows us to investigate using the same algorithm series of events among which the smallest and the largest may differ in moment by a factor as large as 1000 among the events studied is a particularly interesting series in january 1981 off the island of honshu the main shock was preceded by three foreshocks and followed by four aftershocks all falling within the range of our analysis there is an indication that the source mechanism changes with the size of the event statistical analysis of the results for all earthquakes reveals that the half duration of shallow and intermediate events is approximated by 1 6 10 8 m01 3 the shifts in origin time for deep focus earthquakes are indicative of the general complexity of these events which depends only weakly on the seismic moment the extreme departures from a double couple mechanism seem to depend both on the moment and on the focal depth while for shallow earthquakes these departures decrease from a maximum at about 1025 dyne cm with increasing moment the reverse appears to be true with respect to deep focus earthquakes shallow earthquakes north of new guinea and along the solomon islands show systematic and substantial departures from the double couple mechanism

stratigraphic variations in lacustrine sediment gravity flow deposits intercalated in varved diatomite an example from the hiruzenbara formation okayama prefecture southwest japan abstract the hiruzenbara formation which is distributed within the hiruzenbara basin of southwest japan includes a section of varved diatomite representing ca 8000 y of deposition in a dammed lake formed during the middle pleistocene the varve on average ca 1 5 mm thick consists of light and dark green laminae sets and is predominately composed of planktonic diatoms several facies types of sediment gravity flow deposits are intercalated in the varved diatomite in this study we examined the sedimentary facies lateral changes and stratigraphic variations of these sediment gravity flow deposits in addition we also analyzed a time series of varve thickness fluctuations based on their sedimentary facies composition and diatom species sediment gravity flow deposits in the varved diatomite can be classified as flood generated or slope failure generated sedimentary facies analysis indicates that the slope failure deposits were deposited by slope failure within the lake since no significant segregation of rip up clasts is observed in the deposits a proximal depositional setting at the base of the lake slope is suggested the flood generated deposits have eroded lower contacts which indicate deposition by hyperpycnal flows in contrast deposits with no basal erosion indicate deposition by homopycnal or hypopycnal flows the thickness time series of the varve shows a thickening upward trend indicating an increase in diatom production or in diatom shells sizes running mean thicknesses show non stationary periodicities of 200 500 y the frequency of the deposit varies but is approximately 10 events per 400 y flood deposits in the middle part of the section are dominated by volcaniclastic silt this suggests that vegetation around the lake was reduced by ash fall resulting in frequent flood events during this interval the frequency and thickness of slope failure deposits increases in the lower part of the succession together with the occurrence of slump scars the frequency of the deposits in the upper part of the section is approximately 100 500 y similar to the postulated interval at activity of the nearby yamasaki fault system the results of this study improve our knowledge of paleoenvironmental changes in the study site and also provide new criteria for classifying sediment gravity flow deposits in lacustrine sedimentary cores

interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations of the 1994 double spring flat nevada earthquake m5 9 main shock accompanied by triggered slip on a conjugate fault 1 the 1994 double spring flat dsf earthquake m5 9 was the largest earthquake to strike nevada in more than 30 years it occurred in the sierra nevada basin and range transition zone within a step over region between two major normal faults descending and ascending ers interferograms show a maximum range change of 8 5 cm which is the coseismic ground displacement associated with this normal oblique slip moderatesized earthquake elastic inverse modeling and surface displacements across coseismic ground cracks suggest that two different event sources could account for the observed deformation the first source was the main shock with right oblique slip on the northnorthwest striking dsf fault the second source was normal faulting on a shallow northnortheast striking elongated plane conjugate to the dsf fault these two sources are consistent with the pattern of postevent seismicity and we suggest that the second source represents seismic and aseismic slip triggered by the main shock calculations of changes in coulomb failure stress show that the main shock encouraged normal slip on this plane index terms 1206 geodesy and gravity crustal movements interplate 8155 1241 geodesy and gravity satellite orbits 1242 geodesy and gravity seismic deformations 7205 1299 geodesy and gravity general or miscellaneous 7212 seismology earthquake ground motions and engineering

systematic biases in subduction zone hypocenters 1 earthquake hypocenters from global datasets commonly have regional biases in their locations due to the use of a one dimensional velocity model in their location to analyze this effect we group intermediate depth earthquakes into forty four 500 km long sections of subduction zone we relocate earthquakes in each group relative to one another and in a three dimensional global velocity model hypocenters shift up to 25 km regionally when these effects are included most earthquakes in circum pacific subduction zones are pulled toward the pacific location uncertainties from the relative relocations are reduced to one fifth of those from single event locations wadati benioff zone thicknesses are reduced to two thirds of their original thickness these biases alter estimates of depth to slab beneath arc volcanoes up to 50 km and alter measurements such as the volume of mantle wedge available for water storage or melt generation and the size of the thrust zone on which large earthquakes can occur

coseismic and early post seismic slip associated with the 1999 izmit earthquake turkey from sar interferometry and tectonic field observations summary we use combined tectonic field observations and sar data to determine an improved model of the slip associated with the 1999 izmit earthquake which ruptured the north anatolian fault at the eastern end of the sea of marmara the leading goal is to understand the main features of the coseismic and post seismic deformation which are captured together in the sar data to achieve this we make a critical analysis of the ers1 2 sar data which allows atmospheric effects to be identified and removed we also use detailed field mapping and measurements of the earthquake surface rupture dislocations in elastic half space and a forward modelling strategy allow us to obtain a slip model by steps a trial and error approach is combined with conventional inversion techniques to determine the slip in the different regions of the fault the sar data are well explained with three main zones of high slip along the fault releasing a total moment of 2 3 10 20 nm mw 7 6 which is higher than the seismological estimates 1 7 2 0 10 20 n m the inhomogeneous slip distribution correlates with fault segments identified at the surface the izmit rupture appears to have extended 30 km west of the hersek peninsula into the sea of marmara with slip tapering fro m2mt ozero the western end of the rupture is located 40 km sse from istanbul we show that some features seen near to mudurnu and gevye and previously interpreted as slip on secondary faults are explained mostly as atmospheric effects correlated with the topography using our approach and the available gps data we obtain a slip model that represents the coseismic slip alone which suggests that the moment release during the main shock was 1 9 10 20 nm mw 7 5 consistent with the seismological estimates we conclude that the sar data include the effects of 2 m of fast after slip during the month following the main shock within a zone of the fault located 12 24 km below the epicentral region near the hypocentre at a depth of 18 km the fault appears to have experienced dynamic slip of 1 m associated with the main shock followed by 2 m of rapidly decelerating post seismic shear during the following month we suggest that the distribution of heterogeneous slip and loading along the different fault segments may be important factors controlling the propagation of large earthquake ruptures along the north anatolian fault

submarine fan environment inferred from turbidite thickness distributions recent studies of turbidite bed thickness distributions have demonstrated power law as well as log normal statistical distributions the different distributions may reflect different fan processes and environments and therefore could be used as a quantitative method to help identify those environments including those devoid of sequential patterns the cumulative distributions of well known turbidite deposits spanning a range of interpreted fan subenvironments are used to illustrate the potential correlation between cumulative distribution and environments assuming that power law distributions may for some systems be the primary input signal one dimensional modelling allows semi quantitative characterization of the effects of different fan processes such as erosion and bed amalgamation environments indicative of different fan processes may be characterized based on the degree to which processes have acted as a filter to modify the assumed power law distribution systematically this model of the effect of fan processes on the power law distribution is used to help to account for bed thickness distributions observed in several field sites

sg06 a fully continuous and varved sediment core from lake suigetsu japan stratigraphy and potential for improving the radiocarbon calibration model and understanding of late quaternary climate changes abstract the high potential of the varved sediments of lake suigetsu central japan to provide a purely terrestrial radiocarbon calibration model and a chronology of palaeoclimatic changes has been widely recognised for the last two decades however this potential has not been fully realised since the only available long sediment core from the lake sg93 was extracted from a single bore hole and was therefore interrupted by gaps of unknown duration between successive core sections in the summer of 2006 a new sediment core sg06 was recovered from the lake four separate boreholes were drilled and the parallel sets of cores recovered were found to overlap completely without gaps between segments this new record provides the ability to test existing atmospheric radiocarbon calibration models as well as to assess the scale of inter regional leads and lags in palaeoclimatic changes over the last glacial interglacial cycle multi disciplinary analyses from sg06 are still ongoing but a reliable description of the sedimentary sequence needs to be provided to the wider science community before major outputs from the project are released thereby allowing fully informed critical evaluation of all subsequent releases of data based on the sg06 record in this paper we report key litho stratigraphic information concerning the sg06 sediment core highlighting changes in the clarity of annual laminations varves with depth and possible implications for the mechanism of the climate change we also discuss the potential of the sg06 record to meet the fundamental goals of the inqua intimate project