new field and seismic data about the intraplate strike slip deformation in van region east anatolian plateau e turkey abstract the study area is the van earthquake region it is located in the western section of the east anatolian iranian plateau outside and to the east of the karliova triple junction based on the tectonic periods the rock units exposed in the study area are classified into two common categories these are the pre late pliocene paleotectonic units and the plio quaternary neotectonic units the paleotectonic units are composed of the yuksekova complex of campanian maastrichtian age and the kirkgecit formation of oligo miocene age the paleotectonic units are intensely deformed folded thrust to reverse faulted and converted into an imbricate stack the neotectonic units are composed of fluvio lacustrine sedimentary facies with volcanic interclations it is full of soft sedimentary structures such as deltaic structure slump fold sand dikes to sills and normal to reverse types of growth faults which imply to a sedimentation accompanied by both a volcanic activity and active tectonics originally the paleotectonic units are overlain with an angular unconformity by the nearly flat lying neotectonic units this angular unconformity and the big difference in the deformational patterns of both categories of rock units indicate an inversion in tectonic regime in late pliocene the new tectonic regime is the strike slip faulting dominated neotectonic regime it is governed by an approximately n s directed compression and composed of nw to ne trending strike slip faults n s trending oblique slip normal faults to fissures and the e w trending thrust to reverse faults most of thrust to reverse faults are inherited from the pre late pliocene paleotectonic regime some of them have reactivated and led to the occurrence of large and devastative earthquakes the last devastative seismic event is the 23 october 2011 tabanli van earthquake of mw 7 2 that caused 644 deaths and moderate to heavy damage of of structures 28 532 in van earthquake region the source of the tabanli earthquake is the everek erosional reverse fault in addition the tabanli earthquake is the largest seismic event occurred till now in turkey it was followed by a series over 6000 of small sized aftershocks and severeal moderate sized indepentent earthquakes of reverse normal and strike slip faulting origin both the field and new seismic data strongly reveal that the prominent tectonic regime in the east anatolian plateau is the strike slip neotectonic regime not the tensional tectonic regime as has been reported in some previous works the strike slip faulting and related deformation are confined into the upper shallowing part up to 40 km of the crust whilst the extensional deformations are the subcrustal processes and being taking place in a squashy zone at the depths of approximately 40 60 km

contribution to the seismotectonics of eastern turkey from moderate and small size events an edited version of this paper was published by the american geophysical union agu copyright 2003 agu see also http www agu org pubs crossref 2003 2003gl018258 shtml http atlas geo cornell edu turkey publications orgulu et al 2003 htm

global positioning system measurements of present day crustal movements in the arabia africa eurasia plate collision zone we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1994 at 54 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains of southern russia georgia and armenia to the aegean coast of turkey and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate pontus block to the northern edge of the arabian platform viewed from a eurasia fixed reference frame sites on the northern arabian platform move n38 13 w at 20 3 mm yr roughly consistent with the velocity implied by nuvel 1a circuit closure n23 7 w at 24 2 mm yr the motion of arabia appears to be transferred directly to the region of turkey north of the suture however eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central western turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate internal deformation within the central part of the anatolian plate is less than 2 mm yr the anatolian plate is decoupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf this different response in eastern and western turkey to the collision of arabia may result from the different boundary conditions the hellenic arc forming a free boundary to the west and the asian continent and oceanic lithosphere of the black and caspian seas forming a resistant boundary to the north and east we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 29 2 0 8 n 32 9 0 4 1 3 0 1 m y the mapped surface trace of the naf corresponds well to a small circle about this pole the new euler vector implies an upper bound for naf slip rate of 30 2 mm yr i e assuming all relative motion is accommodated along the naf using the nuvel 1a euler vector for arabia eurasia and the gps euler vector for anatolia eurasia we determine an arabia anatolia euler vector of 31 2 n 45 2 e 0 9 0 1 m y and an upper bound on the east anatolian fault slip rate of 15 3 mm yr the aegean trough region of western turkey deviates significantly from coherent plate rotation in addition to rotating with anatolia this region shows roughly n s extension at a rate of 14 5 mm yr taken together with satellite laser ranging results along the hellenic arc the contemporary pattern of deformation indicates increasing motions toward the arc suggesting that the westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of anatolia is driven both by pushing from the arabian plate and by pulling or basal drag associated with the foundering african plate along the hellenic subduction zone

semi analytical solutions for vertically and laterally loaded piles in multilayered soil deposits in geotechnical practice it is of considerable importance to assess the behavior of vertical lateral coupled loading piles in multilayered soil deposits this study deals with a semi analytical formulation for the performance of a pile suffering from combined vertical and lateral loads the emphasis is on quantifying the mobilization of the subgrade reaction provided by the layered soil stratums in the proposed method subgrade reactions correlated with both the accumulative axial load transfer and side resistances depending upon the pile soil interaction are abstracted as a series of nonlinear springs in both vertical and lateral directions on account of this an alternative transfer matrix method is applied to characterize the pile reaction along the depth under the identified boundary conditions atop the pile meanwhile the condition of static equilibrium between two specific pile segments located at the border of soil layers is also essential on this basis validation of the solution is conducted by comparing with observations from experiments and predictions obtained from other existing methods in addition the influence of properties in shallow soil layer and the vertical load on the lateral response of the pile is also discussed the results indicate a reduction in the lateral displacement and the maximum bending moment within the pile with the increase in the shallow soil stiffness but a growth with the increase in vertical load due to the p effect

coastal lee waves on ers 1 sar images alternative dark bright patterns on ers 1 synthetic aperture radar sar images of the west side of the taiwan strait taken on december 8 1994 were recognized to be the sea surface signature of a coastal lee wave such waves are called coastal lee waves because they occur along the lee side of the coast the coastal lee waves appeared in the form of a wave packet distributed within an offshore band 20 40 km wide the first packet which occurred in the northern portion of the observed area contained six waves with variable wavelengths defined as the spatial separation between two waves from 1 7 to 2 7 km the second packet in the middle contained 10 waves with a relatively uniform wavelength of 4 2 km the third packet in the southern portion contained 17 waves with an average wavelength of 2 0 km the crest lengths were from 20 to 80 km local meteorologic parameters observed simultaneously at fuzhou china close to the imaged area showed an offshore wind of 1 5 3 5 m s and a land surface air temperature of 19 c which was 4 c lower than the sea surface temperature sst thus the lower atmospheric boundary conditions at imaging time were very favorable both for generating the land breeze circulation and small wind waves on the sea surface which are in the bragg scattering wavelength band of the c band ers 1 sar a physical model of a three layer atmosphere was developed in order to explain how the land breeze circulation can generate the coastal lee waves the results showed that the vertical velocity disturbance caused by the wind convergence at the land breeze frontal zone is of vital importance for the generation of coastal lee waves and the model gave very good estimates of the processes observed the sar imaging mechanisms of the waves were analyzed in detail the differences between coastal lee waves and ocean internal waves which appear as similar alternative dark bright patterns on sar images were also discussed

eastern turkish high plateau as a small turkic type orogen implications for post collisional crust forming processes in turkic type orogens abstract post collisional magmatism may be generated by extensive crustal melting in tibet type collisional environments or by falling out of slabs from under giant subduction accretion complexes in turkic type collisional orogens giving rise to decompression melting of the asthenospheric mantle replacing the removed oceanic lithosphere in turkic type post collisional magmatism the magmatic products are dominantly alkalic to peralkalic and greatly resemble those of extensional regions giving rise to much confusion especially in interpreting old collisional orogenic belts such magmatic regions are also host to a variety of economically valuable ore deposits including gold one place in the world where today active turkic type post collisional magmatism is present is the eastern anatolian high plateau produced after the terminal arabia eurasia collision in the late miocene the plateau is mostly underlain by the late cretaceous to oligocene east anatolian accretionary complex which formed south of the rhodope pontide magmatic arc this subduction accretion complex has been further shortening since the collision but it has also since been domed and became almost entirely covered by at least 15 000 km3 of volcanic rocks the volcanic rocks are calc alkalic in the north transitional in the middle and alkalic in the south of the plateau where the crust is thinnest today less than 38 km the volcanics are derived almost entirely from an enriched mantle the ages of the volcanics also become younger from north to south from about 11 ma to possibly 17th century ad we interpret the origin of the magmatic rocks as the result of decompression melting of the asthenospheric mantle sucked towards the exposed base of the east anatolian accretionary complex as the oceanic lithosphere beneath it fell out the lower density of the hot asthospheric material was the cause of the doming we believe that similar processes dominated the post collisional tectonics of such vast turkic type orogens as the altaids of central asia the late devonian early carboniferous lachlan belt in southeastern australia and the pan african collage of northeast afro arabia it is likely that archaean collisions were dominated by turkic type post collisional events rather than tibetan ones that only became common in the proterozoic

nonlinear features of internal waves off baja california as observed from the seasat imaging radar the synthetic aperture radar sar on seasat has yielded well defined images of quasi periodic internal waves in the waters on the west side of baja california these waves occur in groupings separated by 15 23 km each group having 2 20 striations with wavelengths of the order of 300 m or longer they appear in water approximately 200 m deep shoreward of several banks at the continental shelf edge whose depths are as shallow as 15 m the wave surface signatures exhibit clear nonlinear features higher than linear group velocities and decreases in wavelength crest length and amplitude toward the rear of the packet environmental data for the area have been examined and these show a well developed mixed layer low winds and vigorous tidal action thus stratification wind speed tidal current and bottom topography apparently combine to establish proper conditions for tidal generation of internal waves the images have been analyzed from the standpoint of nonlinear wave theory and it is shown that the vertical displacement of an isopycnal surface can be estimated from a combination of sar imagery vertical density profiles and simple theoretical expressions numerical examples are given

mantle lithosphere delamination driving plateau uplift and synconvergent extension in eastern anatolia eastern anatolia is the site of lithospheric thinning plateau uplift heating and synconvergent extension using numerical geodynamic experiments we test the hypothesis that these tectonic anomalies are all related and the consequence of delamination of the mantle lithosphere our findings indicate that delamination during plate convergence results in 2 km high plateau uplift the removal of mantle lithosphere induces distinct regions of contraction and thickening as well as extension and thinning of the crust the latter occurs even within a regime of plate shortening although it is muted with increasing plate convergence detachment of the delaminating slab results in minor surface topographic perturbation but only above the delamination hinge the plateau uplift and pattern of surface contraction and or extension are consistent with a topographic profile at 42 e and geologically interpreted zone of synconvergent extension at eastern anatolia

faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region summary this paper summarizes evidence for surface faulting in historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern mediterranean region and in the middle east such information is particularly important for studies of active tectonics and for palaeoseismology we have found 78 cases of faulting pre 1900 and 72 post 1900 some of which show that faults that have apparently been inactive this century had already ruptured before 1900 for some cases faulting could not have been predicted from 20th century activity and in others it could have been expected but has not been observed during the instrumental period the data are suycient to allow the derivation of relationships between magnitude and rupture length

travelling waves and bores in the lower atmosphere the morning glory and related phenomena abstract observations of solitary wave and travelling bore like disturbances in the lower atmosphere are reviewed together with relevant theoretical laboratory and numerical studies concerning the structure propagation and genesis of such disturbances primary emphasis is given to a discussion of the morning glory phenomenon in northern australia the example par excellence of these types of disturbance and the best documented observationally to date observations of related phenomena elsewhere are reviewed briefly while such occurrences appear to be less frequent in any single location than in the southern gulf of carpentaria region of northern australia reported occurrences are widespread and there is mounting evidence that such disturbances are more common than is generally supposed the evidence suggests that whenever a suitable wave guide exists for the propagation of disturbances the latter can be generated as the natural response of quite general forcing mechanisms examples being the collision of two sea breezes from opposite directions on a peninsula the interaction between a thunderstorm outflow and a sea breeze front or simply the transformation of a thunderstorm or squall line outflow as it moves into a low level stable layer because of the large vertical displacements they produce the larger amplitude disturbances typically with surface pressure jumps of 1 mb or more must be considered as potential triggers for deep convection if the atmosphere is sufficiently conditionally unstable and the large low altitude wind shears associated with them present a serious hazard to low flying aircraft

the armenian earthquake of 1988 december 7 faulting and folding neotectonics and palaeoseismicity summary the spitak earthquake of 1988 december 7 is the first well documented event directly associated with surface breaks in the transcaucasian regions of the ussr the earthquake was located within the ese wnw oriented pambak sevan thrust and fold zone corresponding to the southern front of the lesser caucasus the mechanism of the earthquake is consistent with the nearly ns compressive tectonics due to the active continental collision between the arabian block and the russian platform the rupture is composed by several branches two of which reach the surface the first branch oriented n140 begins near the village of alavar has a length of 11 km and disappears at about 4 km se of spitak it consists of a right lateral en echelon system of strike slip faults with a maximum offset of 50 cm the second branch is the main one and breaks for about 8 km between spitak and gekhasar with a general orientation n120 showing reverse faulting dipping to the north with a right lateral component surface ruptures between gekhasar and spitak show either a narrow band of pressure ridges in alluvial deposits and soil or a fault scarp in the bed rocks when soil is absent maximum displacements observed between spitak and gekhasar attain 160 cm of vertical motion and 90 cm of horizontal dextral offset the displacement also varies within this branch showing finer segmentation few secondary deformations are observed some normal faults near gekhasar correspond to the collapse of the uplifted block an anticline fold oriented parallel to the fault scarp and situated along its northwestern prolongation emphasizes the regional compressive tectonics landslides were activated on its flanks a 200 m long reverse fault break observed along the hinge of a secondary fold suggests the occurrence of a blind thrust at depth and that the hidden branches which continue the main central segment towards the nw are associated to surface folding therefore the total length of the fault and fold zone is about 40 km in agreement with the rupture length and seismic moment obtained on the basis of surface wave modelling well developed uplifted terraces in the northern block and subsiding valleys in the southern block indicate past quaternary activity in the fault region palaeoseismological evidence of ancient earthquakes has been recognized in trenches across the spitak fault one old event occurred between 17 000 years bp and the beginning of the formation of present day soil

dynamics of solitary waves observed over the north indian ocean during the indian ocean experiment indoex 1999 during the indian ocean experiment indoex experiment january march 1999 mesoscale solitary waves have been observed and tracked over the north indian ocean on a series of meteosat 5 satellite images these solitary waves have a horizontal wavelength of 10 15 km and propagate westward at low level at a speed of 10 18 m s unlike similar wave phenomena observed mainly over land they have a long lifetime which can exceed 48 h a key element explaining the existence and longevity of the solitary waves is the presence of an inversion layer acting as a waveguide and separating the boundary layer into two sublayers a lower layer over the ocean marine boundary layer and an upper layer originating from the indian subcontinent land plume layer profiles from radiosondes launched from the ron brown and from dropsondes from the hercules c 130 airplane helped to determine this waveguide structure a suggested mechanism leading to the generation of solitary waves is a collision between the sea breeze in the vicinity of the west indian coast and the easterly northeasterly winter monsoon winds with a possible contribution of convection reinforced by topography western ghats range during the local afternoon another phenomenon related to sea breeze and local convection in this coastal area the injection of bubbles of moisture into the drier upper boundary layer has also been identified on european centre for medium range weather forecasts analyses these bubbles form daily during the afternoon and drift westward over the north indian ocean at latitudes around 12n and progressively subside and dissipate or become integrated into larger air masses copyright 2011 by the american geophysical union

reassessment of earthquakes 1900 1999 in the eastern mediterranean and the middle east summary we have reappraised locations and surface wave magnitudes of earthquakes this century in the eastern mediterranean and the middle east between 10 and 44 n and 18 and 70 e the results are presented in an improved parametric catalogue of shallow earthquakes h 40 km large enough ms 6 0 to be of interest in seismotectonics and earthquake engineering a considerable number of early events of 6 ms 7 2 not included in other catalogues have been identified and their magnitudes assessed we find that iss isc locations are systematically shifted by 10 30 km to the north or northeast of their macroseismic epicentres also we derived a regional average relationship between log m0 and ms we show that the correlation of magnitude with epicentral intensity is very weak as is expected and a source of error in frequency relations

behaviour of flexible piles under inclined loads the lateral soil pressures bending moments pile displacements at ground surface and bearing capacity of instrumented vertical single flexible model piles in homogeneous loose sand and soft clay under central inclined loads have been investigated the results of these load tests are compared with theoretical estimates based on the concept of an effective embedment depth of equivalent rigid piles reasonable agreement has been found between the observed and predicted behaviour of flexible piles the analyses are also compared with the results of some field case records key words bending moments clay displacements inclined loads instrumentation lateral soil pressure model test pile sand

review of the neotectonics of the eastern turkish armenian plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery digital elevation model dem images provide synoptic views of the earth s surface allowing the analysis of landforms of still active tectonic and volcanic structures at regional scale a dem at 250 m pixel size constitutes regional scale data particularly efficient to investigate the late miocene quaternary deformation of the eastern turkish armenian plateau in the arabian eurasian area of convergence geomorphic analysis of the dem image associated with review of fault plane solutions of earthquakes show that faults are mostly strike slip with small vertical component here we show that the orientations of the tectonic and volcanic structures fit with a tectonic regime characterized by n s shortening and e w lengthening consistent with westward escape of anatolia perpendicular to the direction of the arabia eurasia shortening the uniform uplift of the plateau the predominance of strike slip faulting the lack of major thrusts and the occurrence of normal faults do not support a model of going on crustal thickening due to intracontinental convergence on the contrary our observations can be better interpreted in terms of lithospheric thinning and mantle upwelling related to gravity escape of anatolia

nonlinear evolution of ocean internal solitons propagating along an inhomogeneous thermocline measurements of the upper ocean thermal structure show that on the continental shelves the thermocline depth may shoal or deepen generally depending on the bottom topography thermocline shoaling and deepening cause changes in the phase speeds of internal waves as described by linear wave theories on the other hand the ocean area where internal waves have variable phase speeds may be treated as a dynamically inhomogeneous medium in this case theories of nonlinear dispersive wave propagation in inhomogeneous media developed by tappert and zabusky 1971 may stand we used these theories to analyze the evolution of ocean internal solitary waves passing over a seamount in the gulf of aden the results indicate that a surprisingly sharp recess of an internal solitary wave packet imaged by the space shuttle discovery is a signature of spatial phase delay caused by thermocline shoaling over the seamount soliton fission due to thermocline shoaling was also observed in the imagery the observed number of transmitted solitons over the seamount agrees with theoretical predictions relative soliton amplitudes measured from the imagery also agree qualitatively with predictions

space shuttle observations of open ocean oil slicks abstract we observed oil slicks along a ship wake in the northern arabian sea the slicks were recorded on photographs taken by astronauts onboard space shuttle columbia during mission sts62 in march 1994 the longest slick had a length of 21 25 km and an average width of 1 67 km the total volume of oil discharged into the sea was estimated at 108 37 m3 assuming a reasonable thickness of the oil film to be 3 1 m the oil slick width increased with the distance from the ship this image feature was converted into information in the time domain with the ship speed being a conversion parameter using this method we determined that the average oil slick spreading velocity with respect to the ship wake was 13 6 cm s 1 the analysis indicated that turbulent diffusion and wind drag were the dominant forcing for the oil slick spreading

a new intracontinental transcurrent structure the central anatolian fault zone turkey abstract recent neotectonic studies including remote sensing aerial photographs geological field mapping on various scales and measured stratigraphic section substantiate the existence of a large sinistral intracontinental transcurrent structure which we call the central anatolian fault zone cafz this is an approximately 730 km long 2 km to 80 km wide ne trending active sinistral strike slip fault zone that cuts across the anatolian plateau between duzyayla in the northeast and anamur county in the southwest it continues onward beneath the eastern mediterranean sea and determines the boundary of the antalya and adana basins as far as to the west of cyprus the cafz is a very young neotectonic structure it resulted from the reactivation and propagation of an older paleotectonic structure the so called ecemi s corridor in both nne and sw directions across the inner tauride suture in the plio quaternary times based on geometric discontinuities the cafz is divided into 24 segments each of them is characterized by a number of strike slip morphotectonic features reflecting recent motions the easternmost part of the anatolian platelet is being deformed internally by several dextral to sinistral intraplate strike slip faults these are the lake salt fault zone lsfz the salanda fault sf the cafz the goksu yazyurdu fault zone gyfz and the malatya ovacik fault zone mofz they take up lesser motion and are younger than boundary faults of the anatolian platelet the gyfz and mofz splay from the natf cut across the anatolian platelet and then meet to the eatf whereas other faults are confined into the anatolian platelet and seem to be independent structures however present day structural pattern of all these intraplate faults and boundary faults of the anatolian platelet indicates a regional strain pattern of nnw sse directed shortening and ene wsw directed extension and they seem to have developed to accommodate northward motion of the arabian plate since late early pliocene times

partitioning of strike slip and convergent motion between eurasia and arabia in eastern turkey and the caucasus the plate motion model nuvel 1 de mets et al 1990 predicts a strongly oblique component to the convergence between arabia and eurasia at the longitude of the caucasus earthquake focal mechanisms suggest that this oblique convergence is partitioned into pure right lateral strike slip motion in eastern turkey and pure shortening by thrusting in the greater caucasus such partitioning offers an explanation for the apparent eastward continuation of the right lateral faulting of the north anatolian fault from turkey into iran from a summation of seismic moment tensors between 1911 and 1991 it appears that most of the right lateral strike slip motion in eastern turkey is accommodated by faulting in large earthquakes while most of the shortening in the caucasus appears to occur aseismically

source mechanism of the 2000 november 15 lake van earthquake mw 5 6 in eastern turkey and its seismotectonic implications summary detailed source process of the 2000 november 15 lake van eastern turkey earthquake mw 5 6 was retrieved using the method of kikuchi kanamori for source inversion of complex body waveforms the event has been reported by usgs as a deep 67 km subcrustal earthquake resulting from a rupture on a normal fault beneath the bitlis suture zone where continental collision is in action between the arabian and eurasian plates however our source model based on the analysis of complex body waveforms suggests that the earthquake is a shallow crustal event comprised of two subevents on a predominantly reverse fault at depths of 12 5 and 15 km with a time interval of about 18 s the seismic moment of the second subevent mo 1 6 1017 nm strike 76 dip 55 and rake 120 is larger than the first subevent mo 1 0 1017 nm strike 87 dip 62 and rake 110 visual inspection of the strong ground motion records and waveform inversion analysis of the near field records from four broad band stations confirm the occurrence of the two subevents at shallow depths we examined whether or not the observed complex waveforms of the main shock can be modelled in terms of a single point source embedded at an intermediate depth and the result turned out to be further evidence for the multiple rupture the plausibility of the focal depths and mechanisms of the two subevents was also examined by retrieving the source parameters of 14 aftershocks from near field waveform data most of the aftershocks were relocated at depths around 15 km which agrees with the shallow main shock in addition the analysis of near field waveform data indicates subcrustal earthquake activity neither in the source region of the lake van earthquake nor in the turkey iran border region in the turkey iran border region an event on 1999 february 19 was reported to have taken place at a depth of 66 km usgs and 77 km isc which also conflicts with our focal depth 18 km determined through cmt inversion analysis of the broad band records at the station gni

the spitak armenia earthquake of 7 december 1988 field observations seismology and tectonics the epicentre of the destructive earthquake that devastated northern armenia the strongest in the region since historical times is located within the lesser caucasus a mountain country subjected to north south compression by the push of the arabian plate a french soviet field expedition studied surface breaks and aftershock activity the fault scarp could be followed for 13 kilometres and showed a reverse dislocation of 1 6 metres aftershocks are shallower than 13 kilometres and delimit a ruptured surface of about 300km2

experimental studies on behavior of single pile under combined uplift and lateral loading abstract1 g model experiments were carried out in the laboratory to investigate the behavior of a single pile in sand under combined uplift and lateral load dimensions of the model pile were ascertained using physical scaling laws based on adopted material properties of model and prototype pile foundations the model pile is made up of aluminum and has outer and inner diameters of 25 4 and 19 0 mm respectively different length to diameter ratios of 18 28 and 38 are considered by varying the pile length to simulate behavior of both stiff and flexible piles the test tank dimensions were chosen such that boundary effects are minimized the size of the model steel tank is 1 0 1 0 1 2 m depth experiments were performed on single piles embedded in sandy soil under independent uplift and lateral loading and combined lateral and uplift loading results indicate that the load deflection behavior is nonlinear for independent uplift and lateral load tests as well as in the case of combined loading it i

a solitary wave packet in the atmosphere observed from space a group of parallel cloud lines was identified in seven successive space shuttle photographs taken over the pakistani offshore zone in the northern arabian sea on april 29 1993 there are a total of 19 lines aligned with the length of the leading line longer than 250 km and an average separation distance wavelength of 1 km we suggest that the lines are generated by an atmospheric solitary wave packet characterized by decreases in amplitudes and wavelengths from the front to the rear these features are comparable with the dnoidal soliton solution to the korteweg de vries kdv equation the land breeze and katabatic flow are proposed as a possible generation mechanism

numerical solution for laterally loaded piles in a two layer soil profile piles are often embedded in a layered soil profile such as sand or clay layer underlain by rock several existing solutions are available for laterally loaded piles in a layered soil system however these solutions are only applicable to constant soil stiffness for each layer in this paper a variational approach is employed to numerically solve the problem of laterally loaded piles in layered soils using beam on an elastic foundation model the soil stiffness can be either constant with depth or linearly varying with depth the numerical solution is validated against an existing solution for linearly varying soil stiffness in a single soil layer system and an existing solution for a two layer soil system with constant soil stiffness case studies using the proposed solution for field lateral load tests on full size drilled shafts embedded in weak rock with an overlying sand layer are presented the simplicity and the relative ease of using the solution make it a good alternative approach for estimating the deflection and moment responses of a laterally loaded pile in a two layer soil profile

full scale field testing of micropiles in stiff clay subjected to combined axial and lateral loads abstracta series of full scale micropiles was installed at a site in mid missouri for a load test program to study the effect of combined loading the micropiles were installed with a 178 mm 7 in outer diameter steel casing to a depth of 4 6 m 15 ft and a bond zone length of 3 0 m 10 ft the surficial soils at the site consisted of stiff to hard clay underlain by weathered silty sandy shale where the bond zone of the micropiles was located the load test program included axial lateral and combined load tests the ultimate axial and lateral capacity of the piles was initially determined a series of combined load tests was then performed by applying a static axial load and incrementally increasing the lateral load on the micropiles the pile head load deformation response and distribution of load and bending moment with depth were measured with concrete embedded strain gauges along the micropile length

constraints on arabian plate motion and extensional history of the red sea analysis of the geologic and geophysical data from the western and northern margin of the arabian plate combined with data from the red sea gulf of aden leads to an interpretation of arabian plate motion that supports an episodic extensional history in the red sea and gulf of aden phase 1 extension began in medial to late eocene and was caused by the nw propagation of the reoriented central indian ridge spreading center it stretched and thinned continental crust along numerous wrench and normal faults that reactivated preexisting structures first phase extension stopped when the arabian plate terminally sutured to eurasia in the medial miocene and halted northward movement of arabia relative to africa the combined african arabian plates moved north more slowly constricting and thickening continental crust in the bitlis zagros sutures while the red sea remained technically quiescent and accumulated salt by the early pliocene continued northward movement was accommodated by lateral extrusion of large continental wedges north of the bitlis zagros sutures this allowed arabia to move northward faster than africa and reopen the red sea where phase 2 extension was expressed by seafloor spreading extension within the red sea gulf of aden rift system has been controlled by the interactions and effects of two factors 1 convergent processes between the north margin of the arabian plate and the eurasian plate to the north and 2 northwest propagation of extension associated with the medial eocene reorganization of the central indian spreading center

wave cloud lines over the arabian sea meteosat visible satellite images between 2006 and 2011 show wave cloud lines over the arabian sea in all months outside the summer monsoon june september these lines are most frequent between january and may 2 3 per month in a given year all wave cloud lines in the region propagate offshore as these wave cloud lines are associated with coherent convergence lines the objective technique described by berry and reeder is applied to the era interim reanalysis and a climatology of convergence lines at 850 hpa developed despite the coarse resolution of the era interim reanalysis the statistical properties of these lines are broadly constant with those deduced from the meteosat visible satellite images the generation mechanism is investigated in a simulation with the met office unified model of a particular wave cloud line 12 march 2011 the process appears to be similar to that over northwestern australia which has been documented previously during the day a synoptic scale northeasterly flow opposes the inland advection of the sea breeze on the west coast of india however as the daytime turbulence decays and the boundary layer stabilizes the northeasterly flow accelerates pushing offshore the leading edge of the sea breeze during the late evening and early hours of the morning a wave is generated as the northeasterlies penetrate the marine boundary layer and this wave propagates westward producing cloud at its leading edge where there is strong ascent

systematic observation of westward propagating cloud bands over the arabian sea during indian ocean experiment indoex from meteosat 5 data 1 during the field experiment phase of the indian ocean experiment indoex linear cloud formations parallel to the west indian coast and propagating westward have been observed meteosat 5 images are used for the description of the life cycle of these events single cloud bands or main cloud bands followed by up to 10 secondary parallel cloud lines with a wavelike pattern have been observed daily during four periods in the dry season of 1999 15 january 16 19 february 27 february to 7 march and 1 3 april 1999 during these four periods one single cloud band or a packet of cloud bands is generated every day at nighttime their length reaches several hundreds of kilometers their width lies below 40 km and their duration in some cases exceeds 24 hours the smaller cloud lines observed behind the leading cloud line are narrower and are separated by a distance of 2 10 km cloud tops are about 3 8 c colder than the arabian sea corresponding to an altitude between 500 and 1200 m during the night and below 2500 m during daytime cloud bands travel westward over the arabian sea at a speed around 13 m s greater than the wind speed measured in the surrounding area the motion of the cloud band presents similarities with the wavelike propagation of atmospheric phenomena such as the australian morning glories common elements to the different cases are the following weak low level winds close to the southwestern indian coast when the cloud bands appear winds with a northerly component in the vicinity of the northwestern indian coast the presence of a sea land breeze circulation along the west indian coast and the presence of high concentrations of pollutants over the northeastern arabian sea however existing physical links between these elements if any still have to be investigated

new field and geophysical data about transpressional deformation an improved model for the structural style of sha gou fault area in southern ningxia northeastern edge of tibetan plateau china abstract situated near the northeastern edge of the tibetan plateau the sha gou fault area sgfa represents an important area to understand cenozoic regional interactions between northeastern ne tibetan plateau and southwestern sw liupan shan basin within this region several km scale arcuate fault systems such as the lijun fault and the madong shan piedmont fault accommodate the transpressive deformation but their structural style is still controversial predecessors regarded these bow like faults as southwest dipping thrust systems with large scale nappes however this opinion is not compatible with the new field and geophysical data in this study we aim to ascertain the structural pattern of this area based on the analyses of field observation data interpretation of seismic reflection profiles and two dimensional gravity forward modeling according to the present fieldwork the structural cleavages low angle slickenlines sub vertical fault surfaces ribbon effect as well as the linear geomorphic features in plane view indicate that these faults belong to a strike slip system newly acquired seismic profiles characterized by distinct positive flower structures strongly suggest that this area is again a strike slip fault system rather than a thrusting system furthermore gravity forward modeling results show that the reverse strike slip model without large scale thrust nappes is closer to the present structural style of this area the gravity forward modeling is an effective method to identify km scale thrust nappes which could be used for reference by the structural style analysis in other similar regions based on these evidences a new transpressional shear model for the structural pattern is proposed the overall structural style of the sgfa is not characterized by large scale thrust nappes but is dominated by a transpressional shear system with significant strike slip faulting such a new model can be an additional evidence for the tectonic escape that is going on in the area north of the himalaya and is dominated by reverse strike slip deformation the stepwise morphology i e the pre cretaceous strata in the west of strike slip faults are higher than those in the east successively in this model is also caused by the uplift of the tibetan plateau furthermore the strike slip deformation indicates that the sw liupan shan basin is a continental sub basin segmented by several km scale strike slip faults rather than the imbricated style of purely contractional system in typical foreland basin

global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern mediterranean and caucasus we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1997 at 189 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains to the adriatic sea and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate to the northern edge of the african plate sites on the northern arabian platform move 18 2 mm yr at n25 5 w relative to eurasia less than the nuvel 1a circuit closure rate 25 1 mm yr at n21 7 w preliminary motion estimates 1994 1997 for stations located in egypt on the northeastern part of africa show northward motion at 5 6 2 mm yr also slower than nuvel ia estimates 10 1 mm yr at n2 4 e eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate the anatolian plate is de coupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 30 7 0 8 n 32 6 0 4 e 1 2 0 1 myr the euler vector gives an upper bound for naf slip rate of 24 1 mm yr we determine a preliminary gps arabia anatolia euler vector of 32 9 1 2 n 40 3 1 1 e 0 8 0 2 myr and an upper bound on left lateral slip on the east anatolian fault eaf of 9 1 mm yr the central and southern aegean is characterized by coherent motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr toward the sw at 30 1 mm yr relative to eurasia stations in the se aegean deviate significantly from the overall motion of the southern aegean showing increasing velocities toward the trench and reaching 10 1 mm yr relative to the southern aegean as a whole

analysis of coastal lee waves along the coast of texas observed in advanced very high resolution radiometer images we examine a group of wave like cloud patterns that occurred along the coast of texas on a national oceanic and atmospheric administration satellite advanced very high resolution radiometer ir images taken on january 22 1999 these wave like cloud patterns were interpreted to be signatures of a coastal lee wave packet on the basis of simultaneous field observations and theories developed by zheng et al 1998a the wave packet contains 13 waves with crest lines generally parallel to the coastline the lengths of leading wave crest lines are longer than 500 km the average wavelength is 9 5 km ranging from 6 2 to 14 7 km the width of the horizontal distribution band of the wave packet is as wide as 113 km this case represents the most energetic coastal lee wave packet that has ever been reported

theoretical solutions of laterally loaded fixed head piles in elastoplastic soil considering pile head flexural yielding group piles with a cap under lateral loading behave like fixed head piles because of the rotational restraint of the pile cap they are susceptible to flexural yielding at the pile head due to high

active tectonics in the lesser caucasus coexistence of compressive and extensional structures detailed spot image analysis which completed field data and a microseismicity study was done on the central caucasian mountain belt georgia armenia and eastern turkey north of the front of the arabian collision in order to clarify the relationships between compression extension and volcanism in fact this region is characterized by relatively complex active tectonics associating both n s compressive e w thrusts and folds and e w extensional n s normal faults and dikes structures accompanied by considerable neogene to quaternary volcanism and ne sw left lateral and nw se right lateral strike slip faults these different structures are all intricately imbricated and can be observed at different scales the general layout implies an important variation in the stress state for instance this passes from a n s compression in the spitak earthquake fault zone to an e w extension at the aboul samsar volcanic axis these results agree well with the n s convergence between arabia and eurasia and the e w lateral expulsion of the anatolian and iranian blocks a detailed cartographic network of active structures was drawn and their kinematic relationships were specified in places recent offsets on strike slip faults were estimated at about 500 to 1000 m suitable sites for future determination of fault velocity displacements were also selected this study shows that some strike slip faults behave partly like faults which transform the e w extension of the n s striking normal faults into a n s compression along the e w thrusts one of the characteristics of this region is the continuous important volcanic activity at least from the jurassic until now this persistence evidences a lithospheric thinning which remained in spite of the recent arabian eurasian collision because of the e w extension linked to the opposite lateral expulsion of the anatolian and iranian blocks this geodynamic evolution can explain the juxtaposition and superimposition of volcanic structures and thrusts in a general compressive context

numerical investigation of the effect of vertical load on the lateral response of piles the laboratory and field test data on the response of piles under the combined action of vertical and lateral loads is rather limited the current practice for design of piles is to consider the vertical and lateral loads independent of each other this paper presents some results from three dimensional finite element analyses that show the significant influence of vertical loads on a pile s lateral response the analyses were performed in both homogeneous clayey soils and homogeneous sandy soils the results have shown that the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles is to significantly increase the capacity in sandy soils and marginally decrease the capacity in clayey soils in general it was found that the effect of vertical loads in sandy soils is significant even for long piles which are as long as 30 times the pile width while in the case of clayey soils the effect is not significant for piles beyond a length of 15 times the width of the pile the design bending moments in the laterally loaded piles were also found to be dependent on the level of vertical load on the piles