an attenuation relationship based on turkish strong motion data and iso acceleration map of turkey abstract this paper presents an attenuation relationship of peak ground acceleration pga derived from turkish strong motion data for rock soil and soft soil sites and an iso acceleration map of turkey based on this relationship for the purpose among all the three component accessible records 221 records from 122 earthquakes that occurred in turkey between 1976 and november 2003 were selected the database was compiled for earthquakes with moment magnitudes m w and pga values ranging between 4 1 and 7 5 and 20 and 806 gal and distances to epicenter considered in the database were between 5 and 100 km from the regression analysis of the data an attenuation equation of pga considering rock soil and soft soil conditions was developed the pga values predicted from the equation suggested in this study and those both from a few domestic equations and some imported equations were compared in addition an iso acceleration map of turkey was constructed using the suggested attenuation equation and considering both known active faults and epicenter locations of the earthquakes that have occurred in turkey

episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west central anatolia and the isparta angle a case study in the aksehir afyon graben turkey

liquefaction resistance of soils from shear wave velocity a simplified procedure using shear wave velocity measurements for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of soils is presented the procedure was developed in cooperation with industry researchers and practitioners and evolved from workshops in 1996 and 1998 it follows the general format of the seed idriss simplified procedure based on standard penetration test blow count and was developed using case history data from 26 earthquakes and 70 measurement sites in soils ranging from fine sand to sandy gravel with cobbles to profiles including silty clay layers liquefaction resistance curves were established by applying a modified relationship between the shear wave velocity and cyclic stress ratio for the constant average cyclic shear strain suggested by r dobry these curves correctly predicted moderate to high liquefaction potential for 95 of the liquefaction case histories and are shown to be consistent with the standard penetration test based curves in sandy soils a case study is provided to illustrate application of the procedure additional data are needed particularly from denser soil deposits shaken by stronger ground motions to further validate the simplified procedure

tectonics and magmatism in turkey and the surrounding area this volume contains 23 papers from a range of international contributors describing recent research into the tectonics and magmatism of turkey and its surroundings this region is sited at the collision zone between eurasia and afro arabia and as such provides an extraordinarily complete and well exposed record of the staged tectonic evolution of this sector of the alpine himalayan orogen the geological history of this area involves separation of continental fragments from the margin of gondwana their migration across the tethyan oceans the subsequent closure of these oceans and finally the development of the neotectonic regime which continues to evolve to the present day such a comprehensive record is relevant to the understanding of collisional zones worldwide the volume is divided into five sections tethyan evolution neotethyan ophiolites post tethyan basin evolution neotectonics and igneous activity the first two sections deal with tethyan oceans whose growth and subsequent closure dominated the geodynamic framework in the mesozoic and cenozoic the subsequent sections deal with more recent geological developments from the balkan peninsula in the west to the transcaucasus in the east that followed consumption of the tethyan oceans there is a broad mix of papers throughout the volume wide ranging review papers on ocean development and extensional tectonics are followed by detailed descriptions of petrology and geochemistry and geographically focused studies on basin evolution specific aspects of extensional and strike slip tectonics and discussions of the relationship of magmatic activity to the tectonic development of the area tectonics and magmatism in turkey and the surrounding area presents up to date results and ideas from a large number of international contributors on a wide range of current research activity in this region it is essential reading for all geoscientists with an interest in both academic and applied aspects of eastern mediterranean geology

tectonic evolution of the marmara sea and its surroundings abstract the basins in the marmara sea are the products of a superimposed evolutionary history defined by two different aged fault systems the early miocene early pliocene thrace eskisehir fault zone and its branches and the late pliocene recent north anatolian fault and its branches the thrace eskisehir fault and its westward branching secondary fault systems define the early neotectonic signature in the region the late neotectonic period started at the end of the early pliocene when the north anatolian fault divided the thrace eskisehir fault into four parts during the late neotectonic period the north anatolian fault extended westward as a number of splays by joining with the ganos bandirma behramkale and manyas edremit fault zones the branches of the north anatolian fault zone nafz caused the evolution of a number of basins which differ in character depending on the trend and past characteristics of the older branches that became connected since the northern branch of the north anatolian fault is connected to the n80 e trending ganos fault zone gfz in the west a single buried fault has developed in the marmara sea causing the well known troughs and ridges superimposed onto the negative flower structure formed by the gfz in the early neotectonic period the middle strand which extends from iznik lake to bandirma is oriented east west up to the n60 e trending bandirma behramkale fault zone then turns southward in the vicinity of bandirma forming a region dominated by compressional tectonics this bending caused n30 e trending tension in addition to the strike slip motion between the eastern part of gemlik bay and bandirma bay the southern branch of the nafz on the other hand produced three pull apart basins with different characteristics along the yenisehir bursa and manyas segments the southern branch of the nafz connected to the manyas edremit fault zone which is oriented n45 e to the south of manyas and the associated bending and rotation caused a n15 e trending extension in addition to the strike slip regime between manyas and uluabat the branches of north anatolian fault cut through the thrace eskisehir fault at three places the east marmara sea region in gemlik bay and to the east of bursa giving lateral offsets of 58 59 7 8 and 10 11 km respectively the cumulative motion is 75 78 km corresponding to the total lateral offset of the north anatolian fault in the region the correlation of these offsets with global positioning system slip vectors and with stratigraphic results implies that the north anatolian fault reached into the marmara sea region about 3 5 million yr ago tectonic processes forming the marmara sea and its environs were initiated by the thrace eskisehir fault and its splays have been most recently controlled by the north anatolian fault and its splays during the last 3 5 million yr

velocity determination for pore pressure prediction overpressured formations exhibit several of the following properties when compared with a normally pressured section at the same depth dutta 2002 1 higher porosities 2 lower bulk densities 3 lower effective stresses 4 higher temperatures 5 lower interval velocities and 6 higher poisson s ratios

from palaeotectonics to neotectonics in the neotethys realm the importance of kinematic decoupling and inherited structural grain in sw anatolia turkey abstract in order to asses young i e neotectonic fault kinematics and the relation with plate tectonic processes in sw turkey we focused on the questions 1 what produced the structural grain i e how and when are faults generated 2 what was is the kinematic behaviour of these faults and 3 during which period s were these faults active firstly the distribution of faults has been investigated using a lineament analysis performed on satellite imagery and digital elevation models we define five main tectonic domains in sw turkey 1 and 2 the northern and southern western anatolian extensional provinces 3 the eastern hellenic arc including rhodes island and the submarine anaximander mountains 4 the lycian taurides and 5 the western limb of the isparta angle lineament analysis reveals dominance of three lineament groups i e nne ene and wnw trending in all identified domains variations in the relative importance of lineament groups exist and are attributed to the specific tectonic evolution of each domain a synthesis of recently published field data shows that the onset of activity of related fault groups is neither synchronous nor uniform the structural grain for the neotectonic deformation in sw turkey is formed during the last stage of palaeotectonic deformation stage 1 which is dominated by the onset of the menderes massif exhumation along a top n major detachment the datca break away fault seyitoglu g isik v and cemen i 2004 complete tertiary exhumation history of the menderes massif western turkey an alternative working hypothesis terra nova 16 358 364 and related se ward sliding of the lycian nappes in the footwall of this fault this stage is characterized by spatially variable types of deformation that are delineated by from nw to se the datca fault around the menderes lycian contact zone and the lycian frontal thrust zone respectively the kinematic decoupling along these structures explains the co existence of top n detachment type extension in the western anatolian extensional province and ongoing nappe emplacement and piggy back development in the lycian taurides the decoupling also explains the lateral complexity of deformation associated with later neotectonic deformation from late miocene onward stage 2 nne ssw extension dominated the western anatolian extensional province influenced by combined anatolian extrusion and hellenic subduction roll back contemporaneously bidirectional ese wnw and nne ssw extension controls the lycian taurides due to the effects of hellenic arc expansion superposed on extrusion roll back extension the zone of kinematic decoupling is characterized by structural complexity with local transpressional features during stage 3 post late pliocene the same types of extension prevail in the western anatolian extensional province and the lycian taurides although a third tectonic regime becomes gradually more important this regime is associated with a tectonic escape in the hellenic arc that induced forearc slivers to be sheared of the expanding arc along mostly sinistrally displacing ene trending strike slip zones several of these zones have been identified in the coastal zones of sw turkey either through recent seismicity or field observations and are especially focused in the lycian taurides domain here they form what is classically referred to as the fethiye burdur fault zone which becomes gradually penetrated from the sw by oblique or strike slip zones exemplifying the time transgressive nature of the tectonic escape mechanism zones of kinematic decoupling remain persistent throughout the entire early miocene recent tectonic evolution of sw turkey and explain the existence of differently deforming tectonic domains

palaeogeographical evolution of the thrace neogene basin and the tethys paratethys relations at northwestern turkey thrace abstract the thrace neogene basin situated in northwestern turkey was initiated by strike slip faulting that was active from the early miocene until the end of the pliocene during the early miocene it began to form under the control of the thrace eskisehir fault zone initiated by continental collision in northwestern anatolia late oligocene early miocene during the late early miocene the basin was a site of mainly fluviatile and limnic sedimentation to the west and marine sedimentation via the paratethyan transgression in the north with the onset of the middle miocene the thrace block started to rotate in a counterclockwise sense and escaped westward with respect to the strandja istanbul block owing to rejuvenation of fossil fault systems within it in this period warm marine conditions were also established around the gulf of saros through a mediterranean originated transgression during the middle late miocene fluviatile and limnic conditions were created over the western thrace by the westerly propagation of the thrace eskisehir fault zone one of the principal results of the early middle miocene tectonics is the tilting of the strandja istanbul block to the south severing the tethys and the paratethys during the latest miocene early pliocene period the thrace eskisehir fault zone was deactivated because of the evolution of the north anatolian fault zone to the south the resurrected ganos fault zone situated on the dissected fossil suture zone in the sea of marmara also joined the north anatolian fault zone uplifting the gelibolu peninsula and thus severing the connection that existed between the sea of marmara and the paratethys the sea of marmara eventually became an endemic basin by the activity of the north anatolian fault zone

a revaluation of the geologic phenomenon of sand flotation a field and experimental approach abstract the floating of sediment is a viable mechanism for moving relatively large amounts of sediment in low energy environments the tidal flats of boundary bay within the fraser delta complex are an excellent example the local consequences of flotation are the homogenization of grain size on the flats and high sedimentation rates in the flora zones the necessary parameters field and laboratory for the calculation of the flotation load are discussed herein the presence of floating sediment indicates that three factors are ideal 1 proper atmospheric conditions no fog or precipitation 2 rising water with intact surface tension no surface turbulence and 3 appropriate floatable sediment for the incoming water velocity the appropriateness of the floating sediment is a function of grain size grain shape grain surface texture and surface coating and grain density the presence of clays mixed in with the coarser sediment will adversely affect the floatibility of the coarser sediment

liquefaction potential assessment of a region using different techniques tepebasi eskisehir turkey abstract eskisehir is a city in turkey that is located primarily on the porsuk river alluvium deposits hence the probability of liquefaction is a geotechnical problem in this city in this study the liquefaction potential was investigated using a standard penetration test spt and downhole geophysical test menard pressuremeter tests were also performed in order to modify liquefaction analysis methods with this test laboratory tests were performed on standard penetration split sampler samples collected from the boreholes liquefaction analysis was performed considering different scenarios the first peak horizontal acceleration value was determined from the earthquake that occurred in 1956 which was 6 4 mw the second peak horizontal acceleration value was determined from cukurhisar sultandere fault which is approximately 40 km long and may create a 6 94 mw earthquake with a peak horizontal acceleration of amax 0 48 g there are some differences between spt n method and vs method but both the spt n method and the vs method are harmonious with each other in general for determination of the liquefable soils the vs method particularly results in a continuous profile for the liquefaction determination there is no regional liquefaction potential in the study region but locally liquefiable silty sand layers were determined the liquefable layer thickness increases with increasing peak horizontal acceleration a liquefaction analysis method using the menard pressuremeter test is suggested in this study both the cyclic resistance ratio crr chart and the equation are modified for liquefaction analysis using the menard pressuremeter test

review of pore pressure prediction challenges in high temperature areas pore pressure prediction relies heavily on interpretation of seismic and well attributes such as velocity resistivity and density which capture porosity changes during shale compaction under vertical loading relationships such as eaton 1975 were developed in the gulf of mexico using a relatively simple lithological mix of geologically young sandstones and shale mudrocks at relatively low temperatures an alternative approach using data from the same region was more deterministic also with vertical stress e g hottman and johnson 1965 bowers 1995 another approach using mean stress developed by harrold et al 2000 used similar sand and shale sequences at relatively low temperatures from data in southeast asia basins all the above approaches can be shown to provide acceptable prediction of pore pressure in shale mudrocks in young rapidly deposited siliciclastic sequences such as the baram delta brunei tingay et al 2009 and along the west african margin swarbrick et al 2011 the re

a case study of compression to escape tectonic transition tectonic evolution of the nallihan wedge and comparison with the tercan wedge eastern mediterranean turkey abstract the nallihan and cayirhan regions in western anatolia host the stratigraphically and tectonically important features of nallihan wedge the stratigraphic relationships and structural architecture of the wedge are not well understood which are essential for better understanding of the timing and tectonic evolution of western anatolia today the nallihan wedge is bounded by the north anatolian fault and the thrace eskisehir fault in the northwest and southwest respectively the existence of dagkuplu melange within the wedge represents the closure of the izmir ankara ocean the occurrence of the lower jurassic shelf slope reef and deep sea successions transitioning upward into the cretaceous shelf and slope successions represent the opening and closing cycles of the intra pontide ocean the tight and asymmetric folds steep in the west gentle in the east within this stratigraphic sequence and the development of the eocene units reflect the closure of the intra pontide and izmir ankara oceans the geometric structure and evolution of the nallihan wedge is directly related to the final continental collision w e and sw ne striking large scale oblique thrusts also exhibit notable strike slip components within the study area the principal direction of the fold axes are w e and wnw ese oriented for the eocene and neogene units during the eocene the depositional environment of the study area was a ramp basin mainly dominated by a braided river when a portion of the intra pontide ocean was situated on the northern side of the study area the compressional tectonic regime continued to the end of the oligocene which is followed by a new tectonic regime during the miocene when the triangular shape region between the thrace eskisehir fault and the north anatolian fault developed as an intermontane basin the evolution of this basin can be compared with the tercan wedge bordered by the north eastern anatolian fault and the north anatolian fault in the nallihan and cayirhan regions the n s trending compressional regime started during the upper cretaceous and continued until the final continental collisional during the upper eocene the compressional structures in the area became reactivated during the post collisional escape tectonic phase in western anatolia leading to the development of the prominent isparta angle during the miocene during this period the thrace eskisehir fault and burdur fethiye shear zone also formed as intracontinental transform fault zones in western anatolia the nallihan wedge started to form in a wedge shaped area between the thrace eskisehir fault and the zone of strike slip faults with thrust component that later developed into the north anatolian fault thus eocene and pre eocene structures obtain strike slip component by an inversion during the miocene during and post pliocene the thrace eskisehir fault lost its tectonic activity as the north anatolian fault propagated westward into the region previously controlled by the thrace eskisehir fault during this interval the nallihan wedge entered a new stage of deformation which is also observed today

gravel and sand flotation a sediment dispersal process important in certain nearshore marine environments abstract small rafts of floating sediment predominantly of granule and small pebble size were observed along a tidewater coast on james ross island antarctica the sediment was lifted from the beach by the advancing tidewater and kept afloat by surface tension the current transported the rafts at least 100 150 m off the beach where the rafts broke up due to wind agitation of the sea surface and the gravel sank this process can transport considerable volumes of sediment from the beach it is estimated that flotation at the naze launch ca 500 kg per kilometer of shoreline per tidal cycle during calm and dry weather conditions which for one summer season might end up in a total of 0 022 tons of sediment per meter of shoreline the resulting sediments and sedimentary structures are conclud d to be similar to those resulting from iceberg sea ice and algae rafting and sediment gravity flows floating can he an important way of rafting gravels into fine grained sublittoral or shallow marine facies and should be included when dealing with processes related to sedimentation in the nearshore marine environment

a liquefaction severity index suggested for engineering practice one of the major tasks in earthquake geotechnical engineering is the preparation of liquefaction susceptibility maps for this purpose some indices associated with liquefaction susceptibility are used however the currently used indices have some limitations in this study a liquefaction severity index which can be used in preparation of susceptibility maps is suggested the suggested severity index is applied to two sites selected from taiwan yuanlin and turkey inegol to examine performance the application indicated that the suggested index shows a good performance for the selected sites and can be considered as a tool for further studies

occurrence and prediction of high pressure sediment along the west african margin high pressure sediments in which oil and gas are generated and accumulate in traps are proven in many operating areas along the entire west african margin although classic areas for high pressure are found in tertiary deltas such as the niger delta other types of basins in which young clastic sediments have accumulated also create the environment for high pressure and drilling challenges the bp macondo oil spill in the gulf of mexico has highlighted the technical challenge of drilling for oil in deep water and the high pressures there added complexity to the control incident and the high volumes of fluids which blew out to the seabed

evidence from the gediz graben for episodic two stage extension in western turkey western turkey falls within a wide belt of nne ssw directed active continental extension generally similar to the basin and range province of the usa it comprises a zone of wnw ese trending major grabens detailed study of the gediz graben reveals two contrasting infills that represent two distinct extensional stages separated by a short phase of compression the older infill consists of an 800 m thick folded and exhumed continental sedimentary sequence with intercalated calc alkaline volcanics it accumulated in a basin formed in the northern hanging wall of a detachment fault during miocene early pliocene times the younger infill rests on the older infill with angular unconformity and consists of about 170 m of undeformed terraced continental sediments and basaltic lavas it accumulated during plio quaternary times in an asymmetric graben bounded by step like normal faults this later extension was probably triggered by the commencement of sea floor spreading along the red sea in early pliocene times and has persisted to the present almost all the grabens in western turkey are best explained by this episodic two stage graben model with an intervening phase of short term compression which differs from the progressive evolution inferred for the basin and range province of the usa

a lower pleistocene to holocene terrestrial record from the eskisehir graben central anatolia paleoclimatic and morphotectonic implications abstract as one of the rare terrestrial archive with continuous sedimentation back to almost 1 ma in anatolia the eskisehir graben was investigated in outcrops and cores by multi proxy analysis regarding chronology and paleoclimatology the present study comprises significant implications for both the impact of climate changes on fluvial systems in the timescales of the milankovitch band and the controversial age and rate of the crustal extension in western anatolia our findings indicate that loi950 and 18ocarb which are indicators for the amount of soil carbonate and paleo temperature respectively are collectively capable of distinguishing between glacial and interglacial periods in the predominantly floodplain deposits of the graben infill secondarily loi550 and 13ccarb values further help this discrimination via primary production and composition of vegetation cover respectively pollen data albeit highly discontinuous due to poor preservation under subaerial conditions point out a steppe like vegetation cover where the forest components expand particularly in the wet interglacial periods in the other hand the chronological frame provided by astronomical calibration of certain proxy records strongly suggest that the eskisehir fault zone initiated as a boundary fault of a half graben some 900 ka the rate of vertical movement on its southern branch since the last 70 ka is unexpectedly high 2 3 mm a a phenomenon that requires urgent risk assessment analysis in the vicinity of the eskisehir city

liquefaction induced lateral spreading at izmit bay during the kocaeli izmit turkey earthquake this paper presents a study of liquefaction induced lateral ground displacements along the coast of izmit bay during the 1999 kocaeli izmit turkey earthquake the paper discusses 1 observed ground displacements after the earthquake 2 the results of field investigations by means of borings and in situ index tests including standard penetration tests static cone penetration tests and piezocone tests 3 analyses of expected lateral displacements using two empirical models and one semiempirical model and 4 comparisons between observed and calculated lateral ground movements the three models provide inconsistent predictions of observed lateral ground displacements with one method overpredicting and two methods both overpredicting and underpredicting observed lateral ground displacements by large amounts thus it appears that there is a need for improved engineering tools for prediction of small to moderately significant lateral ground displacements lateral displacements of approximately 0 1 2 5 m at soil sites with similar ground characteristics to the case history sites presented herein

study on liquefaction mechanism of saturated sand considering stress redistribution abstract most of the saturated soil in actual condition is anisotropically consolidated and can liquefy during minor earthquake based on the analysis of stress state in actual soil the present paper considers that the stress redistributed during loading process which result in the liquefaction however in present conventional element tests the liquefaction in anisotropically consolidated saturated sands acs cannot be induced under dynamic cyclic loading without stress reversal it contributes to the uncertainty about the liquefaction resistance of soil and the development model of excess pore water pressure pwp a brief theoretical interpretation within the theory of limit state of soils is given to explain why the liquefaction in acs could not be induced using the conventional element test under dynamic cyclic load with low or moderate amplitude and the validity of the theoretical analysis is verified by experiments the stress redistribution is realized by confining the lateral deformation based on the conventional test and the liquefaction in acs under minor cyclic load is realized furthermore a new concept called continued liquefaction is proposed apart from transient liquefaction the pwp the total confining pressure and the total vertical stress are always at the same level and the mean effective stress of sands is always zero in the continued liquefaction stage finally a suggestion that the development model of pwp should be established on the basis of the ratio of the pwp to the initial vertical stress is recommended

a re evaluation of the eskisehir fault zone as a recent extensional structure in nw turkey abstract the eskisehir fault zone efz one of the major active structures within the anatolian platelet is investigated in a 100 km long sector between bozuyuk and alpu in vicinity of eskisehir the morphotectonic observations indicate that throughout the studied area the efz extends wnwwards as a ca 15 km wide belt and is composed of some 21 fault segments 5 25 km long these segments form a north dipping southern set and two south dipping northern sets all together working both sides of the eskisehir graben the faults are dominantly normal in character with a slight right lateral component in the westernmost areas the estimated total vertical displacement on certain northern and southern fault segments exceeds 450 m in order to estimate the initiation age of the efz a brief stratigraphic review is given the generally horizontal pliocene terrestrial deposits are separated from the miocene succession by a low angular unconformity and are cut in turn by the efz sedimentological data show that neither the distribution of the pliocene depositional environments and their paleocurrent directions nor the preserved pliocene basal unconformity surface have a genetic relation to the efz these data strongly suggest that the efz is a younger post pliocene active normal fault zone with low rates of deformation

the strain rate field in the eastern mediterranean region estimated by repeated gps measurements we use the combined gps velocity field of the eastern mediterranean for the period 1988 to 1996 to determine crustal deformation strain rates in a region comprising the hellenic arc the aegean sea and western anatolia we interpret the velocity field and determine the strain rate tensor by the spatial derivatives of the collocated motion vectors the region following the line marmara sea north aegean trough northern central greece and the central ionian islands is associated with strong right lateral shear motion with maximum shear strain rates of 180 nano strain a 180 10 9 a in the central aegean sea n s oriented extensional processes prevail reaching 100 nano strain a the southern aegean is characterized by relatively small strain rates maximum extensional components of the strain rate tensor reaching 150 nano strain a in a n s direction are found in central greece the hellenic arc is associated with moderate arc parallel extension and strong compression perpendicular to it projections of the strain rates parallel to the major fault zones reveal that the northern aegean is governed by the westward continuation of the north anatolian fault zone which is associated with strong dextral shearing maximum 220 nano strain a accompanied by numerous large earthquakes in this century

liquefaction induced ground failure a study of the chi chi earthquake cases abstract the 1999 chi chi taiwan earthquake caused great destruction to buildings bridges and other facilities and a death toll of more than 2400 lessons should be learned from this event which albeit disastrous represents a rare full scale experimentation in geotechnical engineering and related fields of particular interest to geotechnical engineers is the phenomenon of soil liquefaction that caused significant damage to buildings lifelines and harbor facilities these liquefaction phenomena in the forms of sand boils lateral spreads tilting and settlement of buildings and ground settlement were observed in the chi chi event shortly after the earthquake an extensive field investigation in the yuanlin area including in situ tests and laboratory tests was conducted by moh and associates and other parties these in situ and laboratory tests along with ground performance observations form the basis for the present study in this paper 24 cases of ground performance in the areas that suffered the most from liquefaction are studied the ground performance in selected cases of the 24 cases is accounted for through a series of liquefaction analyses the analysis of the potential of liquefaction and ground failure is performed using cone penetration test cpt data the results of the analyses show that the field observations of ground performance in the yuanlin area in the chi chi event can be accounted for satisfactorily using the evaluation procedure by ishihara ishihara k 1985 stability of natural deposits during earthquakes proc 11th int conf on soil mechanics and foundation engineering san francisco ca vol 1 pp 321 376

basin sedimentation and the growth of prograding deltas a theoretical model is developed for the infilling of a basin by the progradation of a delta the model simulates four mechanisms for the transfer of sediment from the land to the sea 1 bed load dumping along the delta front 2 hemipelagic sedimentation under the seaward flowing river plume 3 proximal slope bypassing by turbidity currents and 4 the combined effects of both short term wave and tidal action and long term creep and small slides downslope diffusion of the accreting sediment mass the general model is of relatively low precision useful for predicting basin infilling on time scales greater than a few hundred years the river plume portion of the model can predict sedimentation on time scales of less than a year and is designed to reflect the dynamics of a free two dimensional buoyant jet that transports a composite size population of suspended particles the general model allows the prediction of lithologies changing with time and space the model has been used to simulate infilling processes for knight and bute inlets two grabenlike fjord basins along the coast of british columbia model simulations of delta progradation over the last 10 000 years favorably predicted the modern seafloor bathymetry and sediment accumulation rates to within a factor of 2 of measured 210pb 137cs and sediment trap rates