silicification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits an example of meteoric dominated diagenesis from the triassic of central spain cauliflower shaped nodules are widespread in a single red mudstone bed in the buntsandstein triassic facies of the iberian range they consist mostly of quartz dolomite and calcite but other minerals such as barite kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides are also present the nodules are spherical ovoid or elongate in shape and range from 1 to 8 cm across the surface of the nodules is irregular and some show a pedogenic coating of microspar the sedimentological and petrographic data suggest that the initial anhydrite nodules formed through a progressive increase in the porewater concentration of ca2 and so4 2 in a vadose environment occasionally under the influence of pedogenic processes partial replacement of the anhydrite by megaquartz occurred under more dilute conditions in the same type of setting as indicated by the presence of organic filaments on the quartz crystal surfaces in type a nodules the dissolution of the innermost anhydrite was complete and different types of quartz cement filled the porosity fracturing and meteoric cementation by calcite and minor amounts of kaolinite were the latest processes affecting these nodules in type b nodules the dissolution of the anhydrite was incomplete inhibiting quartz cementation and enabling later dolomitization of the anhydrite dolomitization appears to have been driven by sulphate reduction as indicated by the presence of bacterial bodies within the dolomite crystals dedolomitization and precipitation of barite kaolinite and calcite spar cements occurred later under the influence of meteoric solutions the nodules may mark the former locations of the water table and provide evidence for an episode of highly evaporitic conditions throughout wide areas of the basin their occurrence reveals not only a complex diagenetic history but is also indicative of palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions

field relations geochemistry and origin of the upper cretaceous volcaniclastic kannaviou formation in western cyprus evidence of a southerly neotethyan volcanic arc

relating reactive solute transport to hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture in a lagrangian based transport model 2 particle displacement variance this series of papers addresses the transport of sorbing solutes in groundwater in part 2 plume dispersion as quantified by the particle displacement variance x11r t is linked to hierarchical sedimentary architecture using a lagrangian based transport model this allows for a fundamental understanding of how dispersion arises from the hierarchical architecture of sedimentary facies and allows for a quantitative decomposition of dispersion into facies related contributions at different scales within the hierarchy as in part 1 the plume behavior is assumed to be controlled by linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in both the log permeability y ln k and the log distribution coefficient ln kd heterogeneity in y and arises from sedimentary processes and is structured by the consequent sedimentary architecture our goal is to understand the basic science of the dispersion process at this very fundamental level the spatial auto and cross covariances for the relevant attributes are linear sums of terms corresponding to the probability of transitioning across stratal facies types defined at different scales unlike previous studies that used empirical relationships for the spatial covariances here the model parameters are developed from independent measurements of physically quantifiable attributes of the stratal architecture i e proportions and lengths of facies types and univariate statistics for y and nothing is assumed about y point correlation it is allowed to differ by facies type however it is assumed that y and variance is small but meaningful and that pore scale dispersion is negligible the time dependent spreading rate is a function of the effective ranges of the cross transition probability structures i e the ranges of indicator correlation structures for each relevant scale of stratal hierarchy as in part 1 the well documented perchloroethene pce tracer test at the borden research site is used to illustrate the model the model was parameterized with univariate statistics for y of pce and proportions and lengths of lithologic facies types defined at two scales within a two level hierarchical classification as given by ritzi et al 2013 the model gives a viable explanation for the observed pce plume dispersion and thus x11r t can be explained by the process of linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in k and kd the results quantitatively show that the k kd cross correlation though small and varied by facies type can significantly impact the particle displacement variance furthermore by quantitatively decomposing the dispersion into facies related contributions we gain the fundamental insight that that the time dependent rate of spreading is mostly defined by the cross transition probability correlation structure imparted by the proportions and sizes of the larger scale facies types

late cretaceous palaeocene subduction collision exhumation of a microcontinent along the northern active margin of the southern neotethys evidence from the alanya massif and the adjacent antalya complex s turkey abstract the alanya massif represents a microcontinent that underwent subduction exhumation related to collision with the larger tauride microcontinent to the north during latest cretaceous palaeocene intermediate structural level blueschist melange in the northwest gundogmus area encompasses ductile deformed meta basaltic rocks meta cherts and minor serpentinite in a lower grade meta mudrock matrix the meta basaltic protoliths mainly formed in a subduction influenced setting together with less common oib and e morb late permian platform slope carbonates were intersliced during late stage brittle thrusting and directly over ridden by a lower grade greenschist facies late permian early triassic aged platform unit the blueschist melange is interpreted as an oceanic subduction complex that was obducted southwards related to microcontinental collision intermediate structural level hp lt blueschist ecologites farther south alanya area indicate that the alanya massif represents variably subducted exhumed continental crust both subduction and exhumation took place during the latest cretaceous prior to late palaeocene early eocene marine transgression late precambrian protoliths of eclogitic hp lt rocks and also similar aged amphibolite facies meta basic intrusions farther southeast anamur area are interpreted to have formed in a panafrican cadomian late stage back arc setting late triassic basaltic rocks in the antalya complex structurally beneath and to the north erupted in a rift setting we restore the mesozoic palaeogeography from north to south as tauride microcontinent antalya rift basin alanya micrcontinent s neotethys the subduction exhumation history may serve as a model for similar active margin collisional settings elsewhere

multiple tectonic rotations and transform tectonism in an intraoceanic suture zone sw cyprus abstract new palaeomagnetic data from the late cretaceous neotethyan troodos ophiolite and related units in sw cyprus provide compelling evidence that transform tectonism is recorded outside the main outcrop of the fossil southern troodos transform fault zone sttfz high level intrusive and extrusive sequences were sampled along the sw margin of the troodos massif and in ophiolitic slivers preserved along arcuate fault lineaments further to the south and west these units show cross cutting relationships with corresponding differences in remanent magnetisation directions characteristic of syn magmatic rotation in an active transform setting net tectonic rotation analyses allow decomposition of the total rotation at these sites into early and late components early transform related rotations are consistently clockwise in agreement with all other studies of rotations associated with the sttfz further to the east late rotations and the net rotations derived at localities where cross cutting relationships were not present are regarded as composite in origin the composite rotation axes closely relate to the orientation of observed regional structures in these circumstances additional constraints are used to attempt geologically viable interpretations the overall distribution of transform related rotations steeply and shallowly plunging rotation axes and spreading axis related rotations sub horizontal rotation axes is comparable with that along the sttfz and adjacent parts of the troodos massif this is most readily explained by simple along strike extension of the primary spreading axis and transform fabrics into sw cyprus with minor late disruption by high angle dextral shear zones and neotectonic graben systems

sinistral strike slip and transpressional tectonics in an ancient oceanic setting the mamonia complex southwest cyprus structural contacts between the triassic to cretaceous mamonia complex and the upper cretaceous troodos complex have been examined in southwest cyprus the contacts are invariably near vertical in the south of the region and moderate to high angle in the north field evidence suggests that these two contrasting oceanic basement types were juxtaposed by strike slip tectonics during the late cretaceous a sinistral strike slip fault zone was active in the southern area whilst in the northern area a central block was uplifted at a restraining bend this model can explain the presence of interleaved tectonic slivers of both mamonia and troodos basement and earlier formed metamorphic rocks it also explains the presence of diapirs of sepentinized harzburgite and dunite along the fault contacts which originated as deep oceanic fractures finally it provides a satisfactory explanation for the origin and distribution of submarine debris flows only found in the northern area derived from erosion of a transpressional push up structure constraints on the timing of strike slip faulting suggest that this episode of tectonism in southwest cyprus is coeval with the 90 anti clockwise rotation of parts of cyprus indicated by palaeomagnetic data a model is proposed which reconciles anti clockwise rotation of the troodos complex with sinistral strike slip displacement along its contact with the mamonia complex this model differs significantly from several recently published models which invoke dextral strike slip along the same contacts associated with anti clockwise rotation of the troodos microplate

model for the origin of the troodos massif cyprus and other mideast ophiolites any comprehensive model for the origin of the troodos complex and other mideast ophiolite complexes must explain the geochemical evidence for subduction zone involvement the thin inferred oceanic crust the extensional environment indicated by sheeted dikes the existence of fault zones perpendicular to the inferred spreading axes and the discontinuous nature of ophiolite exposures around the arabian block the andaman sea region of the indian ocean may provide an actualistic model for the origin of these ophiolites there spreading takes place in short segments above a subduction zone in the region of active spreading the andaman sea model substantially accounts for the known geologic and geophysical data from the circum arabian ophiolite belt and it leads to some predictions about the structural and geophysical relationships to be expected in this important belt the model also predicts that andaman sea spreading center magmas may be similar in composition to those found in the mideast ophiolites

horizontal spatial correlation of hydraulic and reactive transport parameters as related to hierarchical sedimentary architecture at the borden research site 1 highly resolved data from the borden research site provide a unique opportunity to study the horizontal spatial bivariate correlation of hydraulic and reactive attributes affecting subsurface transport the data also allow quantitatively relating this correlation to the hierarchical sedimentary architecture of the aquifer the data include collocated samples of log permeability y the log of the perchloroethene sorption distribution coefficient and lithologic unit type the horizontal y and autosemivariograms and the y cross semivariogram have the same underlying correlation structure shape and range in the rise to a sill the common structure is not due to y point correlation or in unit spatial correlation the common structure is defined by how the proportion of lag transitions crossing different unit types i e the cross transition probability structure increases with increasing lag distance the common underlying cross transition structure contains two substructures with different correlation ranges corresponding to two scales of unit types within the sedimentary architecture for each substructure a large standard deviation in the length of units relative to the mean length gives rise to an exponential like shape and the proportions and mean length of units define the ranges the horizontal y spatial cross correlation is primarily defined by the larger scale substructure and the differences in mean and y between larger scale unit types

relationship between fluvial bounding surfaces and the permeability correlation structure results of three meter scale outcrop studies suggest a quantifiable relationship between fluvial bounding surfaces and the permeability correlation structure mapping of bounding surfaces and in situ measurements of permeability were obtained in three types of deposits a low energy channel deposit a paleosol and a high energy channel deposit for the low energy channel deposit only second order surfaces separating lithofacies were mapped the variogram exhibits anisotropic exponential behavior and an analysis of variance anova suggests that the within facies variation dominates over between facies variation the paleosol contained no internal bounding surfaces and exhibited a bellshaped variogram consistent with a smoothly varying style of heterogeneity both firstand second order bounding surfaces were mapped in the high energy channel deposit results of the anova suggest that the between facies variation dominates over the within facies variation a model of spatial correlation using superposition of independent processes acting over different scales provides a good fit to the data these three studies suggest that fluvial bounding surfaces provide a geological basis for conceptualizing and modeling heterogeneity in alluvial deposits

the mamonia complex sw cyprus revisited remnant of late triassic intra oceanic volcanism along the tethyan southwestern passive margin upper triassic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the mamonia complex in southwestern cyprus are exposed in erosional windows through the post cretaceous cover where the mamonia complex is tectonically imbricated with the troodos and akamas ophiolitic suites most of these upper triassic volcanic rocks have been considered to represent remnants of triassic oceanic crust and its associated seamounts new nd and pb isotopic data show that the whole mamonia volcanic suite exhibits features of oceanic island basalts oib four rock types have been distinguished on the basis of the petrology and chemistry of the rocks volcanism began with the eruption of depleted olivine tholeiites type 1 and oceanic island tholeiites type 2 associated with deep basin siliceous and or calcareous sediments the tholeiites were followed by highly phyric alkali basalts type 3 interbedded with pelagic halobia bearing limestones or white reefal limestones strongly lree enriched trachytes type 4 were emplaced during the final stage of volcanic activity nd and pb isotopic ratios suggest that tholeiites and mildly alkali basalts derived from partial melting of heterogeneous enriched mantle sources fractional crystallization alone cannot account for the derivation of trachytes from alkaline basalts the trachytes could have been derived from the partial melting at depth of mafic material which shares with the alkali basalts similar trace element and isotopic compositions this is corroborated by the rather similar isotopic compositions of the alkali basalts and trachytes the correlations observed between incompatible elements nb th and varepsilon nd and pb isotopic initial ratios suggest that the mamonia suite was derived from the mixing of a depleted mantle dmm and an enriched component of high 238u 204pb himu type models using both nd and pb isotopic initial ratios suggest that the depleted tholeiites type 1 derived from a dmm source contaminated by an enriched mantle type 2 component em2 and that the oceanic tholeiites type 2 alkali basalts type 3 and trachytes type 4 were derived from the mixing of the enriched mantle source of the depleted tholeiites with a himu component none of the mamonia volcanic rocks show evidence of crustal contamination the upper triassic within plate volcanism likely erupted in a small southerly neotethyan basin located north of the eratosthenes seamount and likely floored by oceanic crust

hydrogeologic facies models to delineate large scale spatial trends in glacial and glaciofluvial sediments recent interest in contaminant transport in ground water has led hydrogeologists to the conclusion that predicting the movement of solutes requires information on the distribution of spatial trends and heterogeneities in porous media description of spatial trends has long been of interest to sedimentologists who have produced a large body of geologic information on the subject in this paper facies models are used to construct conceptual models of hydrogeologic facies for glacialmeltwater stream sediment and till these hydrogeologic facies models which delineate large scale trends in heterogeneity are appropriate for use in designing hydrogeologic field tests and for estimating input to regional ground water flow and transport models this paper treats each facies as a homogeneous anisotropic hydrogeologic unit the models presented herein conceptualize the hydrogeologic relationships among facies and illustrate one method of converting the apparent chaos in nature into an orderly system that can be tested scientifically and modeled mathematically the principles used to create conceptual models of hydrogeologic facies for the types of sediment considered in this paper can be extended to other sedimentary environments it should be recognized however that such models do not address the small scale heterogeneity present within individual facies additional basic research is required to measure hydraulic conductivity variation within representative hydrogeologic facies and to develop statistical descriptions to represent the variations such detailed descriptions of hydraulic conductivity may be necessary to describe ground water flow at a local scale for analysis of contaminant transport

dilution enhancement in hierarchical and multiscale heterogeneous sediments abstract we quantify the dilution of solute clouds in geological formations displaying hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture through the use of a lagrangian framework this allows for a fundamental understanding of how dilution arises from the hierarchical architecture of sedimentary facies and enables for a quantitative decomposition of dilution into facies related contributions at different scales within the hierarchy the new developed semi analytical solution that quantify the dilution index is based on hierarchical expressions of the spatial covariance of the log conductivity the spatial correlation structure in the covariance expression is defined by the probability of transitioning within and across facies types of different scales which are parameterized by independent and physically quantifiable attributes of sediments including geostatistical properties of the conductivity field and the proportions and lengths of facies types we illustrate the applicability of the model in the well documented tracer test at the borden research site canada we show how different scales of sedimentary architecture contribute to the dilution enhancement of the solute cloud at borden aquifer by quantitatively decomposing the dilution index into facies related contributions we gain fundamental insights on the key factors controlling the time dependent rate of dilution the results also illustrate that the probability of transitioning from one facies to another i e cross transitions at different scales defines the temporal scaling for enhanced dilution additionally we perform sensitivity analyses to investigate the effects of mean difference in conductivity volume proportion the statistical anisotropy ratio and the scale of heterogeneity on the overall solute dilution

characterization and modeling of spatial variability in a complex alluvial aquifer implications on solute transport 1 field investigations of stratified alluvial deposits suggest that they can give rise to a hierarchy of permeability modes across scales corresponding to a hierarchy of sedimentary unit types and thus may lead to enhanced plume spread in such media in this work we model the sedimentary architecture of the alluvium deposits in fortymile wash nevada using a hierarchical transition probability geostatistical approach the alluvial aquifer comprises a segment of the groundwater flow pathway from the potential high level nuclear waste repository at yucca mountain nevada to the downstream accessible environment and may be a natural barrier to radionuclide migration thus our main goal is to quantify the impact of spatial variability in the alluvium on solute transport the alluvial aquifer is a gravel dominated braid belt deposit having lower permeability paleosols interstratified with higher permeability gravel bar deposits a three dimensional hierarchical hydrofacies model is developed through fusion of multiple geologic data types and sources markov chain models of transition probabilities are employed to represent complex patterns of spatial variability at each hierarchical level in a geostatistical fashion and to impose realistic constraints to such variations through conditioning on existing data the link between the alluvium spatial variability and solute dispersion at different spatiotemporal scales is demonstrated using the stochastic lagrangian transport theory we show that the longitudinal macrodispersivity can be on the order of hundreds to thousands of meters and it may not reach its asymptotic value until after 1 000 years of traveltime

hydrophobic organic contaminant transport property heterogeneity in the borden aquifer we determined that the spatial heterogeneity in aquifer properties governing the reactive transport of volatile organic contaminants is defined by the arrangement of lithofacies we measured permeability k and perchloroethene sorption distribution coefficient kd for lithofacies that we delineated for samples from the canadian forces base borden aquifer we compiled existing data and collected 57 new cores to characterize a 30 m section of the aquifer near the test location of mackay et al 1986 the k and kd were measured for samples taken at six elevations from all cores to create a data set consisting of nearly 400 colocated measurements through analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons we determined that the 12 originally mapped lithofacies could be grouped into five relatively distinct chemohydrofacies that capture the variability of both transport properties the mean of ln k by lithofacies was related to the grain size and the variance was relatively consistent in contrast both the mean and variance of ln kd were greater for more poorly sorted lithofacies which were also typically more coarse grained half of the aquifer sorption capacity occurred in the three highest sorbing lithofacies but comprised only 20 of its volume the model of the aquifer that emerged is that of discontinuous scour fill deposits of medium sand generally characterized by greater kd and k within laterally extensive fine grained to very fine grained sands of lower kd and k our findings demonstrate the importance of considering source rock composition transport and deposition processes when constructing conceptual models of chemohydrofacies

reply to comment on a note on the recent natural gradient tracer test at the borden site by r l naff t c jim yeh and m w kemblowski

oceanic inside corner detachments of the limassol forest area troodos ophiolite cyprus abstract flat lying extensional detachment faults have been imaged in the inside corner regions of ridge transform intersections on the mid atlantic ridge exposed detachment surfaces are 10 km or more across and are corrugated in the direction of spreading as are continental detachments beneath the detachments lie core complexes of peridotite and gabbro these are overlain by blocks of crustal material we argue here that similar detachments are an essential component of the limassol forest area of the troodos ophiolite in cyprus which lies south of the arakapas fault zone previously recognized as a palaeo transform fault and here interpreted as a transform fault that evolved into a fracture zone in the limassol forest core complexes of mantle peridotite can be shown to have been exposed at the sea floor or to have been covered by overlapping crustal blocks separated from the peridotite core and from each other by low angle extensional faults the extension can be shown to have occurred shortly after crustal construction and the already extended terrain was then intruded by swarms of dykes and plutons we interpret these relations as arising when crust is constructed in an inside corner area extended by detachment faulting deformed further during slip along the transform and then intruded by new magma as it passes the second spreading centre the structurally deeper parts of the crustal blocks that overlie the detachment lie broadly towards the west indicating that the spreading axis lay in that direction the ophiolite north of the transform is much less extended and we interpret this as a section of outside corner crust in this interpretation the troodos ophiolite formed to the east in its current orientation of a ridge transform ridge intersection in which the transform had a dextral offset and sinistral slip the part of the ophiolite that forms the limassol forest was produced at the western inside corner and spread eastwards until it passed the second spreading axis at which point the ophiolite north of the arakapas fault was created and welded to the limassol forest when the transform became a fracture zone

soil moisture content estimation using ground penetrating radar reflection data abstract ground penetrating radar gpr reflection travel time data were used to estimate changes in soil water content under a range of soil saturation conditions throughout the growing season at a california winery data were collected during three data acquisition campaigns over an 80 by 180 m area using 100 mhz surface gpr antennas gpr reflections were associated with a thin low permeability clay layer located 0 8 1 3 m below the ground surface that was identified from borehole information and mapped across the study area field infiltration tests and neutron probe logs suggest that the thin clay layer inhibited vertical water flow and was coincident with high volumetric water content vwc values the gpr reflection two way travel time and the depth of the reflector at the borehole locations were used to calculate an average dielectric constant for soils above the reflector a site specific relationship between the dielectric constant and vwc was then used to estimate the depth averaged vwc of the soils above the reflector compared to average vwc measurements from calibrated neutron probe logs over the same depth interval the average vwc estimates obtained from gpr reflections had an rms error of 0 018 m3 m 3 these results suggested that the two way travel time to a gpr reflection associated with a geological surface could be used under natural conditions to obtain estimates of average water content when borehole control is available and the reflection strength is sufficient the gpr reflection method therefore has potential for monitoring soil water content over large areas and under variable hydrological conditions

petrology and origin of primitive lavas from the troodos ophiolite cyprus parental magmas to the troodos ophiolite are characterised by low tio2 and al2o3 and high sio2 extremely fresh and chemically primitive high mgo rocks are found within the upper pillow lavas and along the arakapas fault belt of cyprus and contain forsteritic olivine enstatite and groundmass clinopyroxene set in glass or plagioclase with accessory magnesiochromite and sometimes hornblende they are quartz normative and may have originally contained up to 3 wt h2o geochemically there are three distinct groups of primitive lavas based on tio2 and zr contents but also reflected by cao na2o and ree abundances these groups cannot be related by crystal fractionation and are considered to have been generated by incremental melting of a variably depleted source region the parental magma to the least depleted group group i was that of the major portion of the troodos plutonic complex and is similar to those postulated for other low ti ophiolites chemically it has close affinities with komatiitic basalts the most depleted lavas group iii all have u shaped ree profiles and variable 143nd 144nd ratios interpreted in terms of metasomatism of the source region by an incompatible element enriched component which was probably derived from a subducted slab these lavas represent an intermediate step in the development of boninite series rocks

a new method for analysis of variance of the hydraulic and reactive attributes of aquifers as linked to hierarchical and multiscaled sedimentary architecture this technical note presents a useful methodology for studying how the variance of hydraulic and or reactive attributes of an aquifer are linked to the multiscaled and hierarchical sedimentary architecture of the aquifer a new recursive equation is derived which quantitatively describes how the variance is related to sedimentary facies defined at all scales across an entire stratal hierarchy as compared to prior published equations that emphasize differences in means among facies populations within a hierarchical level it emphasizes differences across levels because of the hierarchical relationships among the terms of the equation we find it to be useful for conducting a holistic analysis of the relative contributions to the variance arising from all facies types defined across all scales the methodology is demonstrated using appropriate field data and is shown to be useful in defining parsimonious classification systems

magnetic studies of magma supply and sea floor metamorphism troodos ophiolite dikes abstract dikes of the eastern troodos ophiolite of cyprus intruded at slow ocean spreading axes with dips ranging up to 15 from vertical and with bimodal strikes now ne sw and n s due to post 88 ma sinistral microplate rotation varied dike orientations may represent local stress fields during dike crack propagation but do not influence the spatial distributions or orientation distributions of dikes magnetic fabrics nor of their palaeomagnetic signals anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams integrates mineral orientation distributions from each of 1289 specimens sampled from dikes at 356 sites over 400 km2 in the eastern troodos ophiolite of cyprus in 90 of dikes ams fabrics define a foliation kmax kint parallel to dike walls and a lineation kmax that varies regionally and systematically magma flow alignment of accessory magnetite controls the ams with a subordinate contribution from the mafic silicate matrix that is reduced in anisotropy by sea floor metamorphism titanomagnetite has less influence on anisotropy occasionally intermediate and minimum susceptibility axes are switched so as to be incompatible with the kinematically reasonable flow plane but maximum susceptibility kmax still defines the magmatic flow axis such blended subfabrics of kinematically compatible mafic silicate and misaligned multidomain magnetite subfabrics are rare areas of steep magma flow kmax plunge 70 and of shallow magma flow alternate in a systematic and gradual spatial pattern foci of steep flow were spaced 4 km parallel to the spreading axes and 6 km perpendicular to the spreading axes ridge parallel separation of steep flow suggest the spacing of magma feeders to the dikes whereas ridge perpendicular spacing of 6 km at a spreading rate of 50 mm a implies the magma sources may have been active for 240 ka the magma feeders feeding dikes may have been 2 km in diameter stable paleomagnetic vectors in some cases verified by reversal tests are retained by magnetite and titanomagnetite in all specimens the stable components were isolated by three cycles of low temperature demagnetization ltd followed by 10 steps of incremental thermal demagnetization td 47 of primary a components 338 2 57 2 n 207 95 3 9 mean tub 397 8 c are overprinted by a b component 341 4 63 5 n 96 95 8 7 mean tub 182 11 c a and b components are ubiquitous and shared equally by the n s and ne sw striking dikes a component unblocking temperatures tub are zoned subparallel to the fossil spreading axis their spatial pattern is consistent with chemical remagnetization at some certain off axis distance determined by sea floor spreading a components indicate less microplate rotation and more northerly palaeolatitudes that are consistent with metamorphic remagnetization after some spreading from the ridge axis thus their magnetizations are younger than those of the overlying volcanic sequence for which chrms are commonly reported as 274 33 88 ma

infill architecture of a nonmarine half graben triassic basin central spain abstract upper permian to middle triassic continental red beds were studied using architectural element analysis in a selected area in central spain where the outstanding quality of outcrops allows a three dimensional study these red beds were deposited in a tectonically active half graben basin with episodically changing rates of basin subsidence seventeen architectural elements channel belt and overbank elements were recognized described in detail and interpreted twelve channel belt elements and five overbank elements are present in the buntsandstein they combine in nine different alluvial systems with diverse bed load channel type and discharge regime gravel bed load braided mixed load braided three different sandy braided intermediate sinuosity high sinuosity ephemeral and alluvial fan not only the sizes of the different elements but also the scale of the complete alluvial systems were emphasized in this study the differential tectonic vertical and lateral evolution in the area was the main control on basin asymmetry channel interconnection paleocurrent pattern and consequently the fluvial architecture he asymmetry of the basin together with the presence of antithetic and synthetic fault systems caused the fluvial system to migrate away from the footwall scarp to a more eastern position where the lowest area was located as the effect of the initial increase in subsidence was compensated by the sedimentation the axial southeastern trend then became reestablished

a note on the recent natural gradient tracer test at the borden site the variance in particle position a measure of dispersion is reviewed in the context of certain models of flow in random porous media asymptotic results for a highly stratified medium and an isotropic medium are particularly highlighted results of the natural gradient tracer test at the borden site are reviewed in light of these models this review suggests that the moments obtained for the conservative tracers at the borden site could as well be explained by a model that more explicitly represents the three dimensional nature of the flow field

what have we learned from deterministic geostatistics at highly resolved field sites as relevant to mass transport processes in sedimentary aquifers summary in the method of deterministic geostatistics sensu isaaks and srivastava 1988 highly resolved data sets are used to compute sample spatial bivariate statistics within a deterministic framework the general goal is to observe what real highly resolved sample spatial bivariate correlation looks like when it is well quantified in naturally occurring sedimentary aquifers furthermore it is to understand how this correlation structure i e shape and correlation range is related to independent and physically quantifiable attributes of the sedimentary architecture the approach has evolved among work by rubin 1995 2003 barrash and clemo 2002 ritzi et al 2004 2007 2013 dai et al 2005 and ramanathan et al 2010 in this evolution equations for sample statistics have been developed which allow tracking the facies types at the heads and tails of lag vectors the goal is to observe and thereby understand how aspects of the sedimentary architecture affect the well supported sample statistics the approach has been used to study heterogeneity at a number of sites representing a variety of depositional environments with highly resolved data sets what have we learned we offer and support an opinion that the single most important insight derived from these studies is that the structure of spatial bivariate correlation is essentially the cross transition probability structure determined by the sedimentary architecture more than one scale of hierarchical sedimentary architecture has been represented in these studies and a hierarchy of cross transition probability structures was found to define the correlation structure in all cases this insight allows decomposing contributions from different scales of the sedimentary architecture and has led to a more fundamental understanding of mass transport processes including mechanical dispersion of solutes within aquifers and the time dependent retardation of reactive solutes these processes can now be described in terms of quantifiable physical attributes of the sedimentary architecture in addition to discussing the benefits to basic scientific understanding we also discuss some of the practical benefits derived from this insight

oblique strain partitioning and transpression on an inverted rift the castilian branch of the iberian chain the iberian chain is a wide intraplate deformation zone formed by the tectonic inversion during the pyrenean orogeny of a permian mesozoic basin developed in the eastern part of the iberian massif the n s convergence between iberia and eurasia from the late cretaceous to the lower miocene times produced significant intraplate deformation the nw se oriented castilian branch of the iberian chain can be considered as a key zone where the proposed models for the cenozoic tectonic evolution of the iberian chain can be tested structural style of basin inversion suggests mainly strike slip displacements along previous nw se normal faults developed mostly during the mesozoic to confirm this hypothesis structural and basin evolution analysis macrostructural bouguer gravity anomaly analysis detailed mapping and paleostress inversions have been used to prove the important role of strike slip deformation in addition we demonstrate that two main folding trends almost perpendicular ne sw to e w and nw se were simultaneously active in a wide transpressive zone the two fold trends were generated by different mechanical behaviour including buckling and bending under constrictive strain conditions we propose that strain partitioning occurred with oblique compression and transpression during the cenozoic 2008 elsevier b v all rights reserved

architecture of the sierra ladrones formation central new mexico depositional controls on the permeability correlation structure statistical models of hydrogeological heterogeneity are often used in aquifer and reservoir characterization the number of data required to estimate objectively the spatial correlation structure of permeability however is often prohibitive the objective of this study was to develop a better understanding of how information about depositional processes can be used to characterize hydrogeological heterogeneity an outcrop of the fluvial interfluvial sierra ladrones formation of new mexico was studied for this purpose on the basis of previous studies of paleogeography and our own field observations deposits of the sierra ladrones formation are interpreted as marginal ancestral rio grande flood plain and tributary deposits architectural elements were mapped over a 0 16 km sup 2 peninsular outcrop of pliocene pleistocene deposits of the central albuquerque basin geostatistical analysis of the architectural element map data indicates non orthogonal anisotropy in the horizontal direction the orientations of the strongest n30 degree w and weakest n90 degree e correlation correspond to the orientation of the tributary system and the ancestral rio grande flood plain respectively in the vertical direction the correlation structure exhibits exponential behavior corresponding to the average element thicknesses the results demonstrate that information about depositional environment can be used to help to quantify statistically subsurface heterogeneity 28 refs 9 figs 1 tab

provenance and magmatic tectonic setting of campanian aged volcaniclastic sandstones of the kannaviou formation in western cyprus evidence for a south neotethyan continental margin volcanic arc abstract regionally developed late cretaceous subduction related magmatism in the eastern mediterranean records progressive closure of the southern neotethys in western cyprus the late cretaceous c 90 ma troodos ophiolite is depositionally overlain by volcaniclastic sandstones up to 750 m thick that are dominated by redeposited pyroclastic fallout interbedded with both non calcareous and calcareous radiolarian bearing mudstones the sands were mainly deposited by channelised mass flow processes and to a lesser extent by turbidity currents in a deep water forearc basin the succession was folded and locally thrust deformed related to latest cretaceous emplacement of adjacent mesozoic continental margin and oceanic units mamonia complex sims u pb analysis of euhedral to subhedral magmatic zircon crystals yielded a weighted mean 206pb 238u age of 80 1 1 1 ma campanian sandstone petrography including compositional framework q12f21l67 suggests sediment supply from a volcanic arc subordinate continentally derived detritus suggests a continental margin arc setting for the mafic to felsic fallout ash sims analysis of little altered volcanic glass indicates high th nb and th la ratios that suggest the involvement of continental crust and or subducted terrigenous sediments in magma genesis whole rock chondrite normalised ree patterns have comparable trends to modern and ancient forearc basin volcaniclastic sands and sandstones e g northwest pacific region trace element chemistry although scattered towards the continental island arc fields on some geochemical diagrams e g th sc zr mainly suggests an oceanic island arc source for the kannaviou formation sandstones with variable enrichments in v cr ni sc depletion in nb ta and relatively low trace element ratios e g la co th co la sc th sc an explanation for this apparent discrepancy is that the volcaniclastic sandstones were derived from a relatively primitive arc constructed on previously depleted rifted thinned neotethyan continental crust the inferred continental margin arc developed during early stage northward subduction of the southern neotethys beneath a tauride microcontinent to the north large volumes of volcanic ash were derived from continental margin arc volcanism probably in the vicinity of the kyrenia range in northern cyprus

late palaeozoic early cenozoic tectonic development of southern turkey and the easternmost mediterranean region evidence from the inter relations of continental and oceanic units

spatial variability in river sediments and its link with river channel geometry 1 this study explores the link between spatial variability within fluvial sedimentary strata and river channel geometry this link is then used to determine the macrodispersion coefficients for solute transport in groundwater flow in river deposits in doing that we combine concepts from sedimentology geostatistics and the stochastic lagrangian theory of subsurface transport it is proposed to analyze the spatial variability of river sediments in terms of transition probabilities the transition probabilities can be determined from the averages and variances of the lengths of stratasets and their volumetric fractions using concepts developed by carle and fogg 1996 and ritzi 2000 strataset length scales are shown to correlate well with the geometry of the river channel and its bed forms and can be determined indirectly from aerial photogrammetry and more directly through surface ground penetrating radar surveys stratal dimensions can also be related using lagrangian transport analysis to macrodispersivity of subsurface transport this allows relationships between the geometry of river channels and subsurface transport parameters of associated fluvial deposits for demonstration the longitudinal macrodispersivity in a compound bar deposit in the gravelly braided sagavanirktok river was investigated

tectonics of the akamas and mamonia ophiolites western cyprus magnetic petrofabrics and paleomagnetism abstract the akamas ophiolite is shown to be a distal off axis extension of the main outcrop of cretaceous ophiolite in the troodos complex of cyprus mantle sequence harzburgites of both ophiolites share similarly oriented mantle flow fabrics and the same tertiary magnetizations acquired during exhumation however compared with the troodos mantle sequence rocks the akamas ferromagnetic mineralogy is more oxidized and remanences with lower blocking temperatures were acquired chemically paleopoles calculated from published vectors and our own new data define an apparent polar wander path apwp for the troodos microplate the apwp shows that between 88 and 50 ma the troodos microplate was equatorial and the vertical axis for its 60 anticlockwise rotation was located within the microplate subsequently the microplate drifted northward to 34 n with minor anticlockwise rotation at a reduced rate that requires microplate rotation about a vertical axis located to the west of cyprus in the last 50 ma the allochthonous triassic mamonia terrane docked with the cretaceous troodos terrane in sw cyprus within it disrupted tectonized ophiolite has been regarded as part of a triassic ocean floor or as sheared fragments of cretaceous troodos ophiolite incorporated into the mamonia terrane when it docked with the troodos terrane whatever their provenance their paleomagnetic signals postdate their penetrative deformation and metamorphism and their paleopoles may still be used to track their post strain motion our calculations of paleopoles from published vectors for the mamonia terrane smear along an extension of the apwp for the troodos microplate that is moreover concentric with the troodos microplate this suggests that the paleopole dispersion of the triassic mamonia rocks and their post magnetization disruption occurred during their accretion onto the anticlockwise spinning troodos microplate

volcanic glass compositions of the troodos ophiolite cyprus fresh volcanic glass is preserved throughout the extrusive section of the troodos ophiolite which indicates that the lavas have not been pervasively metamorphosed glass compositions reveal the existence of two major magma suites apparently corresponding to distinct stratigraphic intervals the basal 400 500 m of the sequence consists of an andesite dacite rhyolite assemblage containing abundant hyaloclastites the remainder of the section comprises a basalt basaltic andesite assemblage with high mgo and low tio 2 and total iron the lower sequence is interpreted as an evolved arc tholeiite suite the upper has some similarities to boninitic lavas the close association in time and space of these two suites is similar to that observed in the mariana and bonin arcs and suggests that all of the troodos lavas were erupted in a subduction zone environment most probably in an incipient arc or fore arc

a new classification of the turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region abstract the turkish part of the tethyan realm is represented by a series of terranes juxtaposed through alpine convergent movements and separated by complex suture zones different terranes can be defined and characterized by their dominant geological background the pontides domain represents a segment of the former active margin of eurasia where back arc basins opened in the triassic and separated the sakarya terrane from neighbouring regions sakarya was re accreted to laurasia through the balkanic mid cretaceous orogenic event that also affected the rhodope and strandja zones the whole region from the balkans to the caucasus was then affected by a reversal of subduction and creation of a late cretaceous arc before collision with the anatolian domain in the eocene if the anatolian terrane underwent an evolution similar to sakarya during the late paleozoic and early triassic times both terranes had a diverging history during and after the eo cimmerian collision north of sakarya the kure back arc was closed during the jurassic whereas north of the anatolian domain the back arc type oceans did not close before the late cretaceous during the cretaceous both domains were affected by ophiolite obduction but in very different ways north directed diachronous middle to late cretaceous melange obduction on the jurassic sakarya passive margin senonian synchronous southward obduction on the triassic passive margin of anatolia from this it appears that the izmir ankara suture currently separating both terranes is composite and that the passive margin of sakarya is not the conjugate margin of anatolia to the south the cimmerian taurus domain together with the beydaglari domain part of the larger greater apulian terrane were detached from north gondwana in the permian during the opening of the neotethys east mediterranean basin the drifting cimmerian blocks entered into a soft collision with the anatolian and related terranes in the eo cimmerian orogenic phase late triassic thus suturing the paleotethys at that time the taurus plate developed foreland type basins filled with flysch molasse deposits that locally overstepped the lower plate taurus terrane and were deposited in the opening neotethys to the south these olistostromal deposits are characterized by pelagic carboniferous and permian material from the paleotethys suture zone found in the mersin melange the latter as well as the antalya and mamonia domains are represented by a series of exotic units now found south of the main taurus range part of the mersin exotic material was clearly derived from the former north anatolian passive margin huglu type series and re displaced during the paleogene this led us to propose a plate tectonic model where the anatolian ophiolitic front is linked up with the samail baer bassit obduction front found along the arabian margin the obduction front was indented by the anatolian promontory whose eastern end was partially subducted continued slab roll back of the neotethys allowed anatolian exotics to continue their course southwestward until their emplacement along the taurus southern margin mersin and up to the beydaglari promontory antaya mamonia in the latest cretaceous paleocene the supra subduction ocean opening at the back of the obduction front troodos type ocean was finally closed by eocene north south shortening between africa and eurasia this brought close to each other cretaceous ophiolites derived from the north of anatolia and those obducted on the arabian promontory the latter were sealed by a maastrichtian platform and locally never affected by alpine tectonism whereas those located on the eastern anatolian plate are strongly deformed and metamorphosed and affected by eocene arc magmatism these observations help to reconstruct the larger frame of the central tethyan realm geodynamic evolution

characterizing the heterogeneity and correlation of perchloroethene sorption and hydraulic conductivity using a facies based approach a facies based approach was used to delineate both geochemical and physical aquifer property heterogeneity specifically the parameters considered were the sorption coefficient kd for a model organic contaminant and hydraulic conductivity k inferred from the particle size distribution subfacies sized samples were analyzed for both tetrachloroethene kd and k in a vertical core of the borden aquifer both parameters were correlated with the six sedimentary facies identified within the vertical core as a consequence of their relations to sedimentary facies significant positive correlations between ln k and ln kd which were different from the core scale correlation and different from each other were identified for some facies fades specific correlations generally resulted in improved statistics i e higher correlation coefficients and reduced confidence intervals compared to the core scale correlation the results suggest that a facies based approach can be useful in characterizing the heterogeneity of the transport properties of sedimentary aquifers

varying tectonic control on basin development at an active microplate margin latakia basin eastern mediterranean abstract detailed interpretation of multichannel seismic reflection profiles show that the latakia basin evolved in two distinct tectonic stages southeast directed contraction that culminated in the latest miocene followed in the early middle pliocene by progressive transition to partitioned contraction and extension related to the initiation of strike slip along the eastern anatolian transform fault and its marine extensions the miocene fold thrust belt comprises two arcuate culminations enclosing a miocene piggy back depocentre situated on the backlimb of the amanos larnaka ramp anticline in the early middle miocene this piggy back basin was part of a much wider foredeep that also encompassed the miocene successions of the cilicia adana basin complex to the north the misis kyrenia fold thrust belt evolved in the tortonian effectively dividing the foredeep into two large piggy back basins our data demonstrate that a fundamental change in kinematic regime occurred during the messinian to early pliocene involving the onset of strike slip movements resulting in transtension along the northeast trending portion of the main lineaments bounding the latakia basin and continued contraction across the east trending portion of the lineaments in the northeastern portion of the latakia basin southeast directed thrusting ceased in the early messinian and was followed in the lower pliocene by the development of horst and grabzen structures bounded by faults linking onland with the strands of the east anatolian transform fault

lateral extrusion in transpression zones the importance of boundary conditions the homogeneous transpression strain model formulated by sanderson and marchini journal of structural geology 6 449 458 1984 has proved to be a useful tool in the analysis of complex three dimensional deformation patterns however some of the boundary conditions introduced in the mathematical model may be unrealistic and unnecessarily restrictive in this paper a strain matrix for unconfined transpression and transtension is derived in which material is allowed to move not only vertically but also horizontally in and out of the deforming zone parallel to its length lateral extrusion three end member plane strain components are defined wrench simple shear pure shear in xy lateral stretch and pure shear in yz vertical stretch these biaxial strains can be viewed as the apices of a strain triangle for unconfined transpression or transtension the edges of the triangle correspond to triaxial pure shear non coaxial biaxial lateral extrusion and the triaxial confined transpressional or transtensional strain of sanderson and marchini during unconfined transpression the orientation and in particular the geometry k value of the finite strain ellipsoid depends upon not only the amount of shortening across the zone and the amount of strike slip parallel to the zone but also upon the ratio of vertical to lateral stretch this can present serious difficulties when attempting to use finite strains to infer the direction and magnitude of zone boundary displacements examples of transpression zones in which there is evidence of a component of lateral extrusion are described from sw cyprus and central scotland these examples illustrate that antithetic strike slip shearing is a kinematic requirement of laterally unconfined transpression implying that synchronous shear sense indicators may give opposite senses of movement in shear zones specific geometric and mechanical boundary conditions together with internal fault zone rheologies may favour the lateral extrusion of material kinematic partitioning can occur to form fault bounded domains in which end member biaxial and or non coaxial strains are developed analysis of such domains can give a clearer understanding of regional scale triaxial deformations these findings illustrate the importance of establishing displacement boundary conditions when qualitatively or quantitatively analysing crustal deformation zones

evidence for the permo triassic transtensional rifting in the iberian range ne spain according to magnetic fabrics results abstract anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams techniques are applied to permo triassic red beds from the castilian branch iberian range ne spain that were deposited in an extensional basin inverted during cenozoic times the main goal of this work is to characterize the tectonic evolution of the basinal stage by differentiating synsedimentary to early diagenetic magnetic fabrics from the secondary tectonic fabrics related to compression which are scarcely developed because no penetrative structures related to compression have been recognized oblate magnetic fabrics with kmin axes perpendicular to bedding are observed in most cases magnetic lineations are variable showing a dominant ene wsw maximum which fits with a dextral transtensional regime acting on nw se master faults during the triassic we propose that variations in the orientation of the magnetic lineation are associated with transfer faults which fragment the basin and trigger strain partitioning in different areas magnetic fabrics are locally modified by cenozoic compression with intermediate and minimum axes distributed along girdles perpendicular to fold axes comparing all these results with macrostructures and mesostructural kinematic indicators we conclude that the fine grained hematite bearing rocks carry a consistent magnetic fabric which can be used to reconstruct the basin history

upscaling of reactive mass transport in fractured rocks with multimodal reactive mineral facies 1 this paper presents a methodology for upscaling matrix material transport parameters in fractured flow dominated systems with multimodal reactive mineral facies the upscaling method provides a theoretical and practical link between controlled experimental results at the laboratory bench scale and multikilometer field scales at which contaminant remediation and risk assessment are actually conducted as sorption reactions in matrix are in part determined by mineral properties a new conceptual model is developed to reflect the hierarchical structure of reactive mineral facies at the microform mesoform and macroform scales the conceptual model of hierarchical reactive matrix mineral facies is integrated with a dual porosity model for simulating diffusion of solutes out of fractures and sorption onto the matrix minerals by assuming that sorption reactions primarily occur in the rock matrix we develop a multimodal spatial random function for characterizing both the tortuosity physical heterogeneity and sorption coefficient chemical heterogeneity at different scales in the rock matrix the effective tortuosity at the field scale is derived by volume averaging of mass transfer coefficient for a conservative species subsequently using a sorbing species e g uranium we derive the equations for upscaling the sorption coefficients in a saturated fractured rock system for field scale simulations the effective field scale tortuosity and sorption coefficient are related to their mean variance integral scale and domain size along a pathway through a three dimensional flow field the upscaled values increase with the integral scale and are larger than their geometric mean simulations conducted with upscaled sorption coefficients and tortuousities are compared very well with high resolution monte carlo simulations capturing the parameter spatial variations results of this study can be extended to explore scaledependenceofotherimportant transportparametersforfractured rocksolutetransport citation deng h z dai a wolfsberg z lu m ye and p reimus 2010 upscaling of reactive mass transport in fractured rocks with multimodal reactive mineral facies water resour res 46 w06501 doi 10 1029 2009wr008363

spatial distributions of perchloroethylene reactive transport parameters in the borden aquifer 1 we determined the descriptive statistical and spatial geostatistical properties of the perchloroethene ln kd and the ln k of a 1 5 m thick by 10 m horizontal transect of the borden aquifer near the location of the stanford waterloo sw tracer experiment the ln kd distribution is not normal and is right skewed because of a few high values that occur localized in two regions of the transect in contrast the ln k data can be characterized by a normal distribution a linear regression of ln kd on ln k yields a statistically significant positive correlation also shown at small lags in the cross correlogram no significant vertical or horizontal trend in the ln kd data was detected the semivariogram ranges of ln k and ln kd differ from one another in the vertical direction 0 33 0 06 m and 0 20 0 04 m respectively and are much less than the horizontal ranges a few meters despite significant effort the horizontal range of ln kd remains poorly characterized because of limitations of the sample locations many of the characteristics described above do not match those assumed in prior theoretical studies that examined the importance of various aquifer characteristics on sw tracer transport we suggest that there is knowledge to be gained by revisiting the conclusions of these prior studies in light of the new information presented here

hydrostratigraphic interpretation using indicator geostatistics in this paper we describe an approach that uses indicator geostatistics to interpret qualitative borehole logs and compute experimental variograms for complex alluvial sediments borehole descriptions are first transformed into binary indicator values based on inferred relative permeability from the borehole descriptions the resulting indicator data can then be used to compute variograms and construct three dimensional variogram models the ranges of computed indicator variograms for a groundwater contamination site in santa clara valley california are very sensitive to the orientation of the search plane these variograms are consistent with known stratigraphie features and describe the spatial structure of deposits from different depositional environments indicator kriging weighs all the available data on the basis of a three dimensional anisotropic variogram model and provides an estimate of uncertainty in the hydrostratigraphic correlation kriged indicator values represent probabilities that sediments at a specific location fall into one of two indicator categories the location of the 0 5 indicator contour is approximately the boundary between high and low permeability sediments that might be constructed in a geologic cross section

the ayia varvara formation of sw cyprus a product of complex collisional tectonics abstract the ayia varvara formation is a wedge of amphibole schists and intercalated metasediments within the intensely deformed pre upper maastrichtian volcanosedimentary mamonia complex all contacts are steep faults against upper triassic transitional to alkaline lavas with reefoidal limestones subalkaline depleted troodos type lavas and serpentinised harzburgite ophiolite related metamorphics are believed to have been formed by dynamothermal processes beneath young oceanic crust during emplacement characteristically such rocks might be expected to show a decrease of metamorphic grade away from the contact mineral analyses from the ayia varvara metamorphics however show no systematic variations that would indicate a metamorphic gradient hornblende remains generally calcic and of tschermakitic hornblende composition with an almost complete substitution of mg and fe2 suggesting disequilibrium plagioclase is essentially albitic and remains so for a distance of some 800 m from the harzburgite contact trace element analyses of the amphibolites and surrounding extrusives define four lava types types 1 3 are transitional to alkaline intraplate lavas believed to be remnants of intraoceanic islands and atolls type 4 lavas are extremely depleted in the hfs elements and are very similar to the arakapas transform fault lavas the amphibolites have in part a trace element geochemistry that is close to mid ocean ridge basalts morb a type that has not previously been recorded from cyprus the small area around ayia varvara records a long and complicated tectonic history that provides an insight into the evolution and emplacement of the troodos ophiolite the mamonia complex is interpreted as a passive margin sequence with intra oceanic islands that was accreted onto a late cretaceous north dipping subduction zone suprasubduction spreading produced the troodos ophiolite and associated fracture zones spreading and subduction ceased in the late maastrichtian when the newly formed troodos crust underwent a 90 anticlockwise rotation which juxtaposed mamonia and troodos arakapas fracture zone rocks along arcuate steep strike slip faults at least some of the ayia varvara metamorphic rocks most likely represent triassic oceanic crust and sediments metamorphosed during subduction by the overriding young troodos crust

architectural element analysis applied to glacial deposits internal geometry of a late pleistocene till sheet ontario canada deposits left by continental ice sheets are characterized by sedimentological complexity and stratigraphic heterogeneity but stratigraphic descriptions of such deposits and resulting first generation facies models are still based primarily on one or two dimensional borehole or outcrop data reconstruction of depositional environments hydrogeological investigations of pleistocene glacial deposits and hydrocarbon exploration in pre pleistocene glaciated basin fills require a more detailed understanding of the form and heterogeneity of lithofacies sequences in three dimensions architectural element analysis is used widely by sedimentologists for categorizing internal stratigraphic heterogeneity in sandstones particularly those of fluvial origin this paper demonstrates the first application of architectural element analysis to glacial deposits such as tills outcrop borehole and a broad range of subsurface geophysical data were collected from a thick 60 m till sheet present across an 80 km 2 study area near toronto canada the till sheet is not homogeneous but is composed of three distinct architectural elements and associated lithofacies viz diamict elements interbeds of subglaciofluvial sediments and glaciotectonically deformed zones application of architectural element analysis to these subglacial strata provides insights into the origin of drumlin bedforms and subglacial processes below the laurentide ice sheet and creates a framework for understanding ground water and contaminant movement in underlying aquifers

evidence for upper cretaceous transform fault metamorphism in west cyprus abstract metamorphic rocks of low pressure medium temperature facies occur in west cyprus as blocks and slivers with mafic and ultramafic screens in high angle serpentinite filled fault zones a satisfactory explanation for the origin of the metamorphic rocks has previously remained a subject of controversy the evidence presented here based on a study of their bulk chemistry mineralogy and 40 ar 39 ar geochronology indicates they were produced by greenschist to amphibolite facies dynamothermal metamorphism of alkalic and tholeiitic mafic rocks and associated sediments at between 83 and 90 m y their field relations show similarities with present day oceanic fracture zones suggesting that metamorphism occurred within strike slip faults some of which were probably extensions of the arakapas transform we propose that hot crust generated at an oceanic spreading centre provided the heat for metamorphism when juxtaposed against older cooler rocks during ridge ridge transform movements in addition shear heating may have been facilitated by the strike slip faulting and contributed to the total heat available these interpretations are compatible with many aspects of the broader regional geology of cyprus provide new constraints on the early evolution of the troodos complex and form the basis of a model for transform fault metamorphism

new evidence and interpretation of facies provenance and geochemistry of late triassic early cretaceous tethyan deep water passive margin related sedimentary rocks ayios photios group sw cyprus in the context of eastern mediterranean geodynamics abstract the late triassic early cretaceous deep sea sedimentary succession exposed in western cyprus is used here to help understand the wider context of continental break up and seafloor spreading in the easternmost mediterranean region the restored sequence begins with late triassic base of slope sandstone turbidites and mudrocks and fines upwards into mudrocks distal calciturbidites and metalliferous sediments after a hiatus late jurassic early cretaceous non calcareous mudstones and radiolarites accumulated beneath the carbonate compensation depth together with redeposited shallow water derived carbonates including calcirudites the succession culminates in late jurassic early cretaceous very thickly bedded and highly mature quartzarenites that accumulated by mass flow processes the fine grained siliciclastic sediments are terrigenous in origin as indicated by whole rock trace element and ree analysis fe mn and trace metal enrichment in the late triassic represents hydrothermal input related to submarine volcanism that was probably triggered by the nearby onset of seafloor spreading the late triassic sandstones were derived from a low to intermediate grade metamorphic source terrane the late jurassic early cretaceous sandstones reflect extreme physical and chemical maturity in the source area followed by transport and mass flow to a deep water base of slope setting regional facies variation and locally available palaeocurrent data suggest sediment supply originally from a continental block no more than tens of km to the west or north similar successions are exposed in w turkey represented by the antalya complex in the light of alternatives the sedimentary succession is restored as the base of slope apron of a rifted microcontinental block adjacent to the northern margin of the s neotethys the overall succession indicates unstable passive margin development after regional latest triassic early jurassic continental break up with implications for plate reconstructions and hydrocarbon exploration

late triassic rifting and jurassic cretaceous passive margin development of the southern neotethys evidence from the adiyaman area se turkey evidence of rifting and continental break up to form the s neotethys is found within the volcanic sedimentary kocali complex this is a folded thrust imbricated succession that includes lavas volcaniclastic sediments pelagic carbonates radiolarites and manganiferous deposits interbedded ribbon cherts contain radiolarians of late triassic to late jurassic age the lower part of the succession of mid late triassic age tarasa formation is dominated by enriched mid ocean ridge basalt e morb the overlying late triassic to mid jurassic interval konak formation is characterised by intercalations of ocean island basalt and e morb taking account of structural position the basalts erupted within the outer part of a continent ocean transition zone continental break up probably occurred during the late triassic carnian norian early to mid jurassic lavas and volcaniclastic sediments record volcanism probably after continental break up in addition the karadut complex is a broken formation that is located at a relatively low structural position just above the arabian foreland pelagic carbonates redeposited carbonates and radiolarites predominate radiolarians are dated as early to mid jurassic and late cretaceous in age the pelagic carbonates include planktic foraminifera of late cretaceous age the karadut complex resulted from the accumulation of calcareous gravity flows pelagic carbonate and radiolarites in a relatively proximal base of slope setting after continental break up morb and ophiolitic rocks formed within the s neotethys further north tectonic emplacement onto the arabian platform took place by earliest maastrichtian time regional interpretation is facilitated by comparisons with examples of triassic rifting and continental break up in the eastern mediterranean region and elsewhere

the geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic plutonic suites within the northland ophiolite northern new zealand magmatism in a back arc basin abstract the northland ophiolite of new zealand consists mainly of tholeiitic basalts with subordinate alkalic volcanic rocks the alkalic rocks occur together with but are generally younger than the tholeiitis both the tholeiitic and alkalic suites include minor plutonic intrusives which range from gabbro to plagiogranite variations within the tholeiitic plutonic suite can be modelled in terms of low pressure crystal fractionation the evolution of the alkalic suite is more problematic because each massif appears to be derived from a slightly different parental magma new trace element chemistry presented in this study shows that the tholeiitic rocks formed from a mantle source that was compositionally modified by supra subduction zone processes but that the alkalic suite has a different chemical signature nevertheless both suites of rocks are interpreted as having formed in a back arc spreading system in this environment the addition of fertile mantle to the supra subduction wedge facilitated by subduction roll back provided a source for the alkalic rocks with mixed geochemical characteristics

reflections of the geological characteristics of cyprus in soil rare earth element patterns abstract rare earth elements rees are used as indicators or proxies for a range of geological and mineralogical processes due to their unique geochemical characteristics total and aqua regia extractable concentrations of rees and 57 other elements have been determined for 5350 soil samples as part of the high sampling density geochemical atlas of cyprus the bedrock geology of cyprus is dominated by the sequence of ultramafic to mafic units formed at a spreading ridge and subsequently obducted to form the troodos ophiolite to and the surrounding carbonate rich circum troodos sedimentary sequence ctss deposited in environments ranging from deep marine to sub aerial total and aqua regia extractable ree patterns are similar for each element and are largely controlled by parent lithology soil to rock ree ratios are generally elevated in the to units 4 for lrees and 1 5 3 for hrees due to loss of more mobile elements during weathering but are close to 1 in the ctss units hrees are more elevated than lrees in soils derived from to units with upper continental crust normalised patterns indicating the main source to be pyroxenes and zircon trace element trends indicate rees in the ctss were largely derived from detrital material shedding off the to and deposited in progressively shallowing basins under largely anoxic conditions absence of ce4 anomalies with a minor contribution from seawater via adsorption onto secondary fe mn oxides or co precipitation with carbonates heavy mineral associated elements such as zr and th display a relative consistent ratio in the ctss soils peak hree concentrations occur in the mafic cumulates and intrusives where the median laucc ybucc is 0 12 whereas in ctss units the lrees are more elevated with a median laucc ybucc 0 7 due to the strong lithogeochemical controls soil ree spatial patterns reflect even subtle mineralogical variations within the various to units the location of major transform faults and other structures and areas that have been affected by hydrothermal alteration

spatial correlation of permeability in cross stratified sediment with hierarchical architecture 1 cross stratified deposits can give rise to a hierarchy of permeability modes across scales corresponding to a hierarchy of sedimentary unit types the shape of the sample semivariogram for permeability can be largely controlled by the shape of the cross transition probabilities of unit types having the greatest contrast in permeability the shape of those cross transition probabilities can be in turn largely determined by the variance of the lengths of those unit types a sufficient condition for an exponential like semivariogram is the repeated occurrence of unit types having both a contrast in permeability and a large length variance these relationships are shown through writing the identities for spatial correlation of permeability in a hierarchical and multimodal form and as a function of the transition probabilities for the sedimentary unit types these relationships are also illustrated through analyzing data representing cross stratified sediments within a point bar deposit

tectonic reconstruction of cyprus reveals late miocene continental collision of africa and anatolia abstract the extended northern continental margin of africa is currently colliding with and under thrusting northward below cyprus the age of onset of this collision is poorly constrained but is critical if we are to quantify continental subduction and evaluate its role during spectacular recent uplift of southern turkey from 7 ma to the present here we reevaluate the evolution of northern cyprus and document the modern structure of the kyrenia fold thrust belt in a balanced cross section for the first time to determine the timing and amount of shortening the belt deformed an upper cretaceous to miocene stratigraphy which was deposited onto a metamorphic basement the fold thrust belt was previously proposed to have formed during two stages in eocene and late miocene time based on stratigraphic and limited structural evidence we revaluate evidence for an eocene phase of thrusting in kyrenia and find that 1 repetitions of eocene and older rocks are explained by miocene thrusting and newly documented olistoliths were misinterpreted as pre miocene thrust slices 2 uplift in eocene time was not isolated to kyrenia but also affected northern arabia and results from regional dynamic topography or forebulge formation based on kinematic constraints from a plate reconstruction we interpret that metamorphic rocks in kyrenia were metamorphosed by cretaceous burial below the troodos ophiolite and were subsequently exhumed by upper plate extension during latest cretaceous obduction onto the african margin the latest cretaceous miocene plate boundary between africa and the taurides was located to the north of kyrenia the kyrenia fold thrust belt accommodated a minimum of 17 5 km of shortening as a result of 9 6 ma thrusting as a result of initial africa taurides collision the northern edge of african continental crust arrived below the taurides where it has been seismologically imaged in late pleistocene time and may have caused or contributed to recently recognised major tauride uplift since 0 5 ma

hierarchical geostatistics and multifacies systems boise hydrogeophysical research site boise idaho 1 the geostatistical structure of a heterogeneous coarse fluvial aquifer is investigated with porosity data derived from neutron logs at a research well field boise hydrogeophysical research site or bhrs that was designed in part to support three dimensional geostatistical analysis of hydrologic and geophysical parameters recognizing that the coarse fluvial deposits include subdivisions units between bounding surfaces we adopt a hierarchical approach and examine the porosity geostatistics of the aquifer at three scales at the bhrs the saturated fluvial deposits as a whole maximum interwell spacing 80 m thickness 16 18 m are at hierarchical level 1 five subhorizontal units within these deposits four cobble dominated units and a channel sand can be traced across the central area of the bhrs and are at hierarchical level 2 and subunits patches or lenses in one of the level 2 units unit 4 are at hierarchical level 3 we use variography and porosity statistics to recognize nonstationarity at hierarchical level 1 and in one of the level 2 units unit 4 where the means and variances of porosity differences as a function of lag are not constant between distinct units and subunits respectively the geostatistical structure at level 1 is modeled with different horizontal and vertical structures that have different sills vertical sill greater than horizontal sill the difference in sills can be explained quantitatively by the summing of weighted sills from all individual units and combined units i e a given pair of different units where the weights are the proportions of data pairs contributing to the sills at each lag from the individual and combined units extension of this analysis leads to a weighted multistructure form of the variogram function whereby a global experimental variogram in a hierarchical system can be decomposed quantitatively into weighted component individual and combined unit or facies structures for any number of units or hierarchical levels such decomposition of the global horizontal variogram from the bhrs indicates that short range periodicity in that structure is due to both 1 combined unit structures associated with patches or lenses at hierarchical level 3 in unit 4 and 2 variations in thickness of unit 2 for hierarchical multifacies systems structure models fit to global horizontal and vertical experimental variograms may not be useful for subsequent stochastic modeling if the system on which the structure models are based is nonstationary

linking hierarchical stratal architecture to plume spreading in a lagrangian based transport model 2 evaluation using new data from the borden site 1 a new data set collected at the well documented borden research site was used in order to evaluate a newly published but as yet untested idea for stochastic modeling ramanathan et al 2008 the new data set reveals the stratal architecture of the borden aquifer and allowed us to determine how the stratal architecture at different scales controlled the macrodispersion observed in the original natural gradient tracer test the newly published idea for modeling uses a lagrangian based model for the particle displacement variance developed from independent physically based quantifiable univariate statistics including the proportions and mean length of the strata the method for defining model parameters avoids the often equivocal step of fitting sample bivariate permeability statistics the model parameters were developed from the new data from the borden site the new data included geologic data in much greater abundance than permeability data there are two scales of unit types delineated in a hierarchy of stratal architecture their shapes are complex not simple layers or lenses the method facilitated the direct use of both geologic and permeability data which need not be collocated the dispersion model developed from these data represents the field measured particle displacement variance that occurred in the natural gradient tracer test well the contributions to time dependent macrodispersion by strata at each scale were computed and analyzed independently this analysis revealed that macrodispersion at the borden site is primarily controlled by the proportions and the mean and variance in length of larger scale strata of medium sand m and strata of fine sand and silt fz with secondary contributions by smaller scale strata types occurring within the larger scale units when sampling the pattern in the longitudinal direction m and fz couplets repeat at 10 m intervals on average with a high length variance to reach a time constant macrodispersivity the stratal length variability must be fully sampled by the plume the macrodispersivity becomes asymptotic beyond an advective distance of about 60 m corresponding to about 12 longitudinal transitions between m and fz unit types

improving permeability semivariograms with transition probability models of hierarchical sedimentary architecture derived from outcrop analog studies received 21 july 2004 revised 22 february 2005 accepted 23 march 2005 published 30 july 2005 1 as analogs for aquifers outcrops of sedimentary deposits allow sedimentary units to be mapped permeability to be measured with high resolution and sedimentary architecture to be related to the univariate and spatial bivariate statistics of permeability sedimentary deposits typically can be organized into hierarchies of unit types and associated permeability modes the types of units and the number of hierarchical levels defined on an outcrop might vary depending upon the focus of the study regardless of how the outcrop sediments are subdivided a composite bivariate statistic like the permeability semivariogram is a linear summation of the autosemivariograms and cross semivariograms for the unit types defined weighted by the proportions and transition probabilities associated with the unit types the composite sample semivariogram will not be representative unless data locations adequately define these transition probabilities data reflecting the stratal architecture can often be much more numerous than permeability measurements these lithologic data can be used to better define transition probabilities and thus improve the estimates of the composite permeability semivariogram in doing so bias created from the incomplete exposure of units can be reduced by a bayesian approach for estimating unit proportions and mean lengths we illustrate this

palaeomagnetic insights into the evolution of neotethyan oceanic crust in the eastern mediterranean abstract a synopsis of palaeomagnetic data from three late cretaceous eastern mediter ranean tethyan ophiolites troodos hatay and baer bassit and their sedimentary coversequences is presented these data provide valuable insights into the role of regional andlocal scale tectonic rotations in the geodynamic evolution of neotethyan oceanic crust thegeologically earliest phases of tectonic rotation are documented in the troodos ophiolite where rotations around both subvertical and subhorizontal axes are readily related to thedevelopment of the spreading fabrics and structures during crustal genesis subsequent c 74 anticlockwise intra oceanic rotation of a troodos microplate has been quantified throughanalysis of the in situ sedimentary cover of the troodos ophiolite results indicate that bulkanticlockwise rotation began soon after the cessation of spreading and ended by the end ofthe eocene with c 50 60 of microplate rotation being over by the maastrichtian the timeat which ophiolite thrust sheets were emplaced onto the arabian continental margin to theeast of troodos recent results from the emplaced structurally dismembered baer bassitophiolite indicate extreme anticlockwise rotations of ophiolitic thrust sheets varying on akilometre scale new data from the post emplacement sedimentary cover confirm that onlya small component of these rotations is due to post emplacement tectonism baer bassitrepresents the leading edge of the emplaced ophiolitic sheet new data from the morecoherent section preserved in the hatay ophiolite to the north demonstrate significantanticlockwise rotation this is equivalent to the rotation of the most northerly part of thebaer bassit units to the south and is of the same sense and magnitude as the pre maastrichtian phase of microplate rotation documented in the troodos this suggests acommon intra oceanic origin for the majority of the troodos and hatay rotations and asignificant component of the more variable rotations observed in baer bassit overall therefore the data support a model involving 1 intra oceanic rotation of a coherent regionof crust within the southern neotethyan basin this rotated unit is more areally extensivethan has previously been inferred from consideration of data from the troodos ophiolitealone 2 emplacement of part of the rotated unit onto the arabian platform 3 subsequentlocalized post emplacement modification related to the development of the current plateconfiguration

influence of small scale fluvial architecture on co 2 trapping processes in deep brine reservoirs a number of important candidate co2 reservoirs exhibit sedimentary architecture reflecting fluvial deposition recent studies have led to new conceptual and quantitative models for sedimentary architecture in fluvial deposits over a range of scales that are relevant to co2 injection and storage we used a geocellular modeling approach to represent this multiscaled and hierarchical sedimentary architecture with this model we investigated the dynamics of co2 plumes during and after injection in such reservoirs the physical mechanism of co2 trapping by capillary trapping incorporates a number of related processes i e residual trapping trapping due to hysteresis of the relative permeability and trapping due to hysteresis of the capillary pressure additionally co2 may be trapped due to differences in capillary entry pressure for different textural sedimentary facies e g coarser grained versus finer grained cross sets the amount of co2 trapped by these processes depends upon a complex system of nonlinear and hysteretic characteristic relationships including how relative permeability and capillary pressure vary with brine and co2 saturation the results strongly suggest that representing small scale features decimeter to meter including their organization within a hierarchy of larger scale features and representing their differences in characteristic relationships can all be critical to understanding trapping processes in some important candidate co2 reservoirs

actualistic ophiolite provenance the cyprus case abstract the island of cyprus represents an excellent site to assess quantitatively petrologic clastic response to actively obducting oceanic sources in order to define an actualistic reference for ophiolite provenance in terms of framework composition and heavy mineral suites an improved methodology an extension of the classic ternary qfl logic to include a wider spectrum of key indexes and ratios provides an accurate synthesis of modal data and allows differentiation of three main petrographic provinces and at least seven subprovinces diagnostic signatures of detritus from various levels of an oceanic lithospheric source and criteria for distinguishing provenance from suprasubduction versus mid oceanic ophiolites are also outlined modern sands derived from the troodos ophiolite contain variable proportions of largely pelagic carbonate to chert boninite to basalt diabase to metabasite plagiogranite to gabbroic and cumulate grains supplied from progressively deeper seated levels of the multilay

comment on tectonics of the akamas and mamonia ophiolites western cyprus magnetic petrofabrics and paleomagnetism by g j borradaile and k lucas

large scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel cape cod massachusetts 3 hydraulic conductivity variability and calculated macrodispersivities hydraulic conductivity k variability in a sand and gravel aquifer on cape cod massachusetts was measured and subsequently used in stochastic transport theories to estimate macrodispersivities nearly 1500 k measurements were obtained by borehole flowmeter tests and permeameter analyses of cores the geometric mean for the flowmeter tests 0 11 cm s is similar to that estimated from other field tests the mean for the permeameter tests 0 035 cm s is significantly lower possibly because of compaction of the cores the variance for the flowmeter 0 24 is also greater than that for the permeameter 0 14 geostatistical analyses applying negative exponential models with and without nuggets reveal similar spatial correlation structures for the two data sets estimated correlation scales range from 2 9 to 8 m in the horizontal and from 0 18 to 0 38 m in the vertical estimates of asymptotic longitudinal dispersivity b 35 0 78 m are similar in magnitude to that observed in the natural gradient tracer test 0 96 m previously conducted at this site

record of palaeoenvironmental changes in a lower permian organic rich lacustrine succession integrated sedimentological and geochemical study of the rudnik member krkonose piedmont basin czech republic abstract this study presents an integrated sedimentological and geochemical analysis of the lower permian rudnik member the most extensive lacustrine deposits in the krkonose piedmont basin grey to black and variegated lacustrine mudstones laminites and carbonates of the rudnik member have a lateral extent of more than 400 km 2 in the studied sections four facies associations were recognised a anoxic offshore b suboxic to oxic offshore c nearshore and mudflat and d slope deposits in the northern part of the e w elongated basin anoxic to suboxic organic rich offshore lacustrine facies dominate and form a succession up to 130 m thick fan delta and turbidite facies occur locally along the faulted northern basin margin the central part of the basin is occupied by anoxic to oxic offshore facies interfingering with nearshore carbonate and mudflat facies of the low gradient lacustrine margin in the central part of the basin the thickness of the lacustrine deposits of the rudnik member reaches up to 60 70 m in the southern part of the basin fluvial and alluvial plain facies dominate and alternate with minor lacustrine nearshore facies the lateral facies distribution indicates that subsidence along the northern basin fault was the main mechanism generating the asymmetric infill geometry in the basin s half graben setting the 1 8 o values of primary and early diagenetic calcite range between 11 0 and 1 3 v pdb and 1 3 c values between 5 1 and 3 7 most of the data fall within the range of freshwater limestones coarser grained pure microspar laminae show more positive 1 3 c values in comparison to clayey organic rich micrite laminae and are interpreted as a record of bioinduced precipitation during seasonal eutrophication the obtained 1 3 c toc values range from 29 0 to 24 0 the total organic carbon toc content from 0 26 to 23 maceral analysis and rock eval pyrolysis indicate that most of the samples contain a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial organic matter but two minor distinctive groups of samples with algally dominated and terrestrially dominated organic matter composition respectively were also found the study of vertical changes in boron content in the clay fraction of the lacustrine mudstones shows that high lake level stages were periods of lower salinity with the lowest boron contents from 73 to 268 ppm and periods of falling lake level were followed by significant increases in salinity with much higher boron values 293 603 ppm lake level fluctuations of the rudnik lacustrine system which are recorded by shallowing up units of sedimentary facies within most of the sections throughout the basin can also be traced within the monotonous black shale dominated sections where no sedimentological evidence of these lake level changes exists good indicators for such changes seem to be the 1 8 o and 1 3 c values of primary calcite 1 3 c toc and hi these lake level fluctuations are interpreted as driven by climatic oscillations in the order of tens of thousands years which could reflect climatic changes connected with the last glaciation event of gondwana

how does resolution of sedimentary architecture data affect plume dispersion in multiscale and hierarchical systems abstract the potential impacts of the spatial resolution of sedimentary structure data on solute dispersion in heterogeneous porous formations are investigated with lagrangian based transport models the models rely on a covariance function that represent a hierarchical organization of sedimentary facies types by using facies physical properties such as volume proportions and mean length as well as auto and cross transition probabilities and their log permeability covariance a detailed sedimentary architecture data i e indicator data provides better representation of the spatial correlation structures of the global covariances through capturing its underlying structure defined by transition probabilities more accurately however the extent to which such data affect time dependent transport parameters i e dispersivity is unclear in this study we parameterize transport models using detailed collocated sedimentary architecture and permeability data from an outcrop in espanola basin nm in addition we perform global sensitivity analysis based on polynomials chaos expansion to understand the significance of parameters in the transport models the results show that dispersivity and particle displacement variance are under estimated if less resolved facies i e indicator data are used even if the global covariance structure is well captured dispersivity is sensitive to the correlation scale that is directly calculated from sedimentary architecture data and the mean log permeability however anisotropy ratio and mean log permeability are the most sensitive parameters for the transverse dispersivity