global positioning system measurements of present day crustal movements in the arabia africa eurasia plate collision zone we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1994 at 54 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains of southern russia georgia and armenia to the aegean coast of turkey and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate pontus block to the northern edge of the arabian platform viewed from a eurasia fixed reference frame sites on the northern arabian platform move n38 13 w at 20 3 mm yr roughly consistent with the velocity implied by nuvel 1a circuit closure n23 7 w at 24 2 mm yr the motion of arabia appears to be transferred directly to the region of turkey north of the suture however eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central western turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate internal deformation within the central part of the anatolian plate is less than 2 mm yr the anatolian plate is decoupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf this different response in eastern and western turkey to the collision of arabia may result from the different boundary conditions the hellenic arc forming a free boundary to the west and the asian continent and oceanic lithosphere of the black and caspian seas forming a resistant boundary to the north and east we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 29 2 0 8 n 32 9 0 4 1 3 0 1 m y the mapped surface trace of the naf corresponds well to a small circle about this pole the new euler vector implies an upper bound for naf slip rate of 30 2 mm yr i e assuming all relative motion is accommodated along the naf using the nuvel 1a euler vector for arabia eurasia and the gps euler vector for anatolia eurasia we determine an arabia anatolia euler vector of 31 2 n 45 2 e 0 9 0 1 m y and an upper bound on the east anatolian fault slip rate of 15 3 mm yr the aegean trough region of western turkey deviates significantly from coherent plate rotation in addition to rotating with anatolia this region shows roughly n s extension at a rate of 14 5 mm yr taken together with satellite laser ranging results along the hellenic arc the contemporary pattern of deformation indicates increasing motions toward the arc suggesting that the westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of anatolia is driven both by pushing from the arabian plate and by pulling or basal drag associated with the foundering african plate along the hellenic subduction zone

scale dependence of reflection and transmission coefficients well logs show that heterogeneities occur at many different depth scales this study examines the effects of these heterogeneities on the propagation of seismic waves and specifically the dependence of reflection and transmission on the spatial scale content of the medium wavelet transformations are used to filter certain spatial scales from an acoustic sonic log the scale filtered logs are used to construct layerstack models for which reflection and transmission seismograms are computed the modified logs are also used to calculate frequency dependent reflection and transmission coefficients as functions of scale content it is observed that features shorter than one fourth of the dominant wavelength have little effect on the reflection and transmission of seismic waves features larger than the dominant wavelength affect arrival times of individual packets within the wavetrain but often these features hardly alter the overall appearance of individual wave packets reflection and transmission coda ar

segmented african lithosphere beneath the anatolian region inferred from teleseismic p wave tomography summary lithospheric deformation throughout anatolia a part of the alpine himalayan orogenic belt is controlled mainly by collision related tectonic escape of the anatolian plate and subduction roll back along the aegean subduction zone we study the deeper lithosphere and mantle structure of anatolia using teleseismic finite frequency p wave traveltime tomography we use data from several temporary and permanent seismic networks deployed in the region approximately 34 000 p wave relative traveltime residuals measured in multiple frequency bands are inverted using approximate finite frequency sensitivity kernels our tomograms reveal segmented fast seismic anomalies beneath anatolia that corresponds to the subducted portion of the african lithosphere along the cyprean and the aegean trenches we identify these anomalies as the subducted aegean and the cyprus slabs that are separated from each other by a gap as wide as 300 km beneath western anatolia this gap is occupied by slow velocity perturbations that we interpret as hot upwelling asthenosphere the eastern termination of the subducting african lithosphere is located near the transition from central anatolia to the eastern anatolian plateau or arabian eurasian collision front that is underlain by large volumes of hot underplating asthenosphere marked by slow velocity perturbations our tomograms also show fast velocity perturbations at shallow depths beneath northwestern anatolia that sharply terminates towards the south at the north anatolian fault zone nafz the associated velocity contrast across the nafz persists down to a depth of 100 150 km hence our study is the first to investigate and interpret the vertical extent of deformation along this nascent transform plate boundary overall the resolved upper mantle structure of anatolia is directly related with the geology and tectonic features observed at the surface of the anatolian plate and suggest that the segmented nature of the subducted african lithosphere plays an important role in the evolution of anatolia and distribution of its tectonic provinces

fluids along the north anatolian fault niksar basin north central turkey insight from stable isotopic and geochemical analysis of calcite veins abstract six limestone assemblages along the north anatolian fault naf niksar pull apart basin in northern turkey were analyzed for 18opdb and 13cpdb using bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry irms matrix vein differences in 18opdb 2 1 to 6 3 and 13cpdb 0 9 to 4 6 suggest a closed fluid system and rock buffering veins in one travertine and two limestone assemblages were further subjected to cathodoluminescence trace element laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and 18opdb secondary ion mass spectrometry sims analyses fluid inclusions in one limestone sample yield th of 83 8 7 3 c 1 mean average sims 18opdb values across veins show fine scale variations interpreted as evolving thermal conditions during growth and limited rock buffering seen at a higher resolution than irms rare earth element data suggest calcite veins precipitated from seawater whereas the travertine has a hydrothermal source the 18osmow fluid for the mineralizing fluid that reproduces th is 2 in range of cretaceous brines as opposed to negative 18osmow fluid from meteoric groundwater and geothermal sites in the region and highly positive 18osmow fluid expected for mantle derived fluids calcite veins at this location do not record evidence for deeply sourced metamorphic and magmatic fluids an observation that differs from what is reported for the naf elsewhere along strike

3 d crustal structure along the north anatolian fault zone in north central anatolia revealed by local earthquake tomography summary 3 d p wave velocity structure and vp vs variations in the crust along the north anatolian fault zone nafz in north central anatolia were investigated by the inversion of local p and s wave traveltimes to gain a better understanding of the seismological characteristics of the region the 3 d local earthquake tomography inversions included 5444 p and 3200 s wave readings obtained from 168 well located earthquakes between 2006 january and 2008 may dense ray coverage yields good resolution particularly in the central part of the study area the 3 d vp and vp vs tomographic images reveal clear correlations with both the surface geology and significant tectonic units in the region we observed the lower limit of the seismogenic zone for north central anatolia at 15 km depth final earthquake locations display a distributed pattern throughout the study area with most of the earthquakes occurring on the major splays of the nafz rather than its master strand we identify three major high velocity blocks in the mid crust separated by the izmir ankara erzincan suture and interpret these blocks to be continental basement fragments that were accreted onto the margin following the closure of neo tethyan ocean these basement blocks may have in part influenced the rupture propagations of the historical 1939 1942 and 1943 earthquakes in addition large variations in the vp vs ratio in the mid crust were observed and have been correlated with the varying fluid contents of the existing lithologies and related tectonic structures

seismic velocity and poisson s ratio tomography of the crust beneath east anatolia abstract eastern anatolia is a region in the early stages of continent continent collision and so provides a unique opportunity to study the early development of continental plateau located within the alpine himalayan fold thrust fault belt the anatolian plateau is geologically very complex with over half of the surface area covered with late cenozoic volcanics of diverse composition the plateau is also seismically active and is dissected by numerous seismogenic faults predominantly of strike slip motion in this study we determine 3 d tomographic images of the crust beneath eastern anatolia by inverting a large number of arrival time data of p and s waves from the obtained p and s wave velocity models we estimated the poisson s ratio structures for a more reliable interpretation of the obtained velocity anomalies our tomographic results are generally consistent with the major tectonic features of the region high p and s wave velocity anomalies are recognized near the surface while at deeper crustal layers low seismic wave velocities are widely distributed poisson s ratio exhibits significant structural heterogeneities compared to the imaged velocity structure the seismic activity is intense along highly heterogeneous zones and is closely associated with pre existing faults in the central and western parts of the study area results of the checkerboard resolution test indicate that the imaged anomalies are reliable features down to a depth of about 40 km the low velocity high poisson s ratio zones in the middle to lower crust are consistent with many geophysical observations such as strong sn attenuation low pn and sn velocity and the absence of mantle lid implying the presence of partial melt in the uppermost mantle

active tectonics of the north and central aegean sea summary in this paper we examine the connection between the westward motion of turkey relative to europe and the extension in and around the aegean sea the principal new data available since the last attempt to synthesize the tectonics of this region by mckenzie 1978 are much improved focal mechanisms of earthquakes constrained by p and sh body wave modelling as well as by first motions these mechanisms show that the faulting in the western part of the aegean region is mostly extensional in nature on normal faults with a nw to wnw strike and with slip vectors directed nnw to nne there is evidence from palaeomagnetism that this western region rotates clockwise relative to stable europe in the central and eastern aegean and in nw turkey distributed right lateral strike slip is more prevalent on faults trending ne to ene and with slip vectors directed ne palaeomagnetic data in this eastern region is more ambiguous but consistent with very small or no rotations in the northern part and possibly anticlockwise rotations relative to europe in the south the strike slip faulting that enters the central aegean from the east appears to end abruptly in the sw against the nw trending normal faults of greece the kinematics of the deformation is controlled by three factors the westward motion of turkey relative to europe the continental collision between nw greece albania and the apulia adriatic platform in the west and the presence of the hellenic subduction zone to the south as the right lateral slip on the north anatolian fault enters the aegean region it splays out becoming distributed on several parallel faults the continental shortening in nw greece and albania does not allow the rotation of the western margin of the region to be rapid enough to accommodate this distributed e w right lateral shear and thus leads to e w shortening in the northern aegean which is compensated by n s extension as the southern aegean margin can move easily over the hellenic subduction zone the dynamics of the system once initiated is self sustaining being driven by the high topography in eastern turkey and by the roll back of the subducted slab beneath the southern aegean the geometry of the deformation resembles the behaviour of a system of broken slats attached to margins that rotate in spite of its extreme simplicity a simple model of such broken slats is able to reproduce quantitatively most of the features of the instantaneous velocity field in the aegean region including the slip vectors and nature of the faulting in the eastern and western parts the senses and approximate rates of rotation the overall extensional velocity across the aegean and the distribution of strain rates as seen in the seismicity and topography or bathymetry and using geodetic measurements as part of this study we re examined the relation between the surface faulting and the focal parameters determined seismologically for the three large 1981 gulf of corinth earthquakes and reassessed the evidence for associating particular earthquakes in the sequence with observed surface faulting an important result is that in one of the events there is a resolvable discrepancy between the slip vector measured at the surface and that determined from the seismic body waves

tectonics of the buried kirklareli fault thrace region nw turkey abstract the study investigated the geometry seismicity and kinematics of the kirklareli fault kf by using drilling seismic reflection and field data the kf located in the thrace region nw turkey is a buried fault that forms a morphological boundary between the strandzha mountains and the ergene basin it has lithological and morphological importance in the region although there were some destructive earthquakes in the basin historically the magnitude of the largest earthquake measured instrumentally was only 4 6 earthquake data obtained from the kandilli observatory and earthquake research institute indicate that the epicentres are concentrated along the kf deep borehole data show a total vertical displacement of 223 m over the last 2 ma displacement calculations indicated that the kf moves with a normal displacement of at least 0 1 mm year the seismic profile verified the existence of the kf kinematic analysis of measurements on bedding planes of a formation near the kf demonstrates n105 direction the activeness and existence of the hangingwall and footwall of the kf are discussed on the basis of morphometric analyses and geomorphic indices the two geomorphic indices sl and vf show that tectonism effects the morphology the kf has normal fault geometry according to drilling seismological and gps data geomorphic indices and field observations

a relict paleoseismic record of seven earthquakes between 2000 b c and 600 a d on the central north anatolian fault at elmacik near osmancik turkey deformation along the northern edge of the westward moving anatolian plate is concentrated along the north anatolian fault this northward arching fault extends from the karliova triple junction in the east 1500 km into the aegean sea in the west a sequence of twentieth century earthquakes ruptured the fault displaying a spatiotemporal pattern consistent with a stress triggering mechanism in 1943 the m w 7 6 tosya earthquake ruptured a 280 km long segment near the center of the fault four paleoseismic investigations have previously investigated this segment and the present study was conducted near its center in an 180 km long gap between existing studies a paleoseismic trench revealed a sequence of eight sediment packages abutting a highly developed shear zone each of the packages consists of a fine grained layer overlying a coarse grained layer based on correlation between the age of the base of the coarse grained layers and existing earthquake records we infer that the coarse grained layers were deposited in response to earthquakes because of increased erosion on an adjacent steep slope the most recent event horizon may correlate to the historical 529 a d earthquake timing of six older earthquakes is constrained to 2s 23 b c 103 a d 609 185 b c 971 814 b c 1227 968 b c 2050 1777 b c and 2556 2235 b c which correspond to a summed interevent time of 97 912 yr 2s the earthquake record is relict because the local stream network was incised ca 1000 a d isolating the trench site from its sediment source a stream near the trench was subsequently offset by 23 5 1 5 m yielding a right lateral slip rate of 21 4 25 6 mm yr and suggesting that the 1943 rupture caused an uncharacteristically small offset

comparison of fluid geochemistry and microbiology of multiple organic rich reservoirs in the illinois basin usa evidence for controls on methanogenesis and microbial transport abstract microbial methane in sedimentary basins comprises approximately 20 of global natural gas resources yet little is known about the environmental requirements and metabolic rates of these subsurface microbial communities the illinois basin located in the midcontinent of the united states is an ideal location to investigate hydrogeochemical factors controlling methanogenesis as microbial methane accumulations occur 1 in three organic rich reservoirs of different geologic ages and organic matter types upper devonian new albany shale up to 900 m depth pennsylvanian coals up to 600 m depth and quaternary glacial sediments shallow aquifers 2 across steep salinity gradients and 3 with variable concentrations of so 4 2 for all three organic rich reservoirs aqueous geochemical conditions are favorable for microbial methanogenesis with near neutral ph so 4 2 concentrations 80 c in nutrient poor environments necessitating the re introduction of microbes into the subsurface via groundwater transport

development of pull apart basins a comparative study of well mapped active and ancient pull apart basins suggests a qualitative model for their continuous development pull aparts evolve from incipient to extremely developed basins through a sequence of closely related states new and compiled map data from several areas including the northern caribbean and turkey suggests the following stages in pull apart development 1 in rigid intracontinental strike slip plate boundary zones larger pull aparts nucleate at releasing fault bends along segments of the principal displacement strike slip fault zone which are oblique to the theoretical interplate slip lines 2 initial opening across releasing fault bends produces spindle shaped basins defined and often bisected by oblique slip faults connecting the discontinuous ends of the strike slip faults 3 increased strike slip offset produces basin shapes which we colloquially call lazy s shape for basins between sinistral faults and lazy z shape for basins between dextral faults 4

biogeochemical controls on mercury stable isotope compositions of world coal deposits a review abstract coal deposits were important natural hg sinks in the late paleozoic and middle late mesozoic coal combustion since the industrial revolution has emitted more than 35 000 t of hg into the atmosphere environmental geochemistry research on hg in coal is essential to understand the natural hg cycle throughout earth history and the present day hg cycle under human perturbation in this review we summarize the methods of hg isotope measurement in coals and compile recently published hg isotope data of 200 world coal samples according to their locations formation periods carboniferous permian jurassic cretaceous early middle cenozoic and ranks anthracite bituminous coal subbituminous coal lignite and illustrate the controls of sources and biogeochemical processes on hg isotope compositions in coal deposits up to 4 7 variation 3 90 to 0 77 in mass dependent fractionation mdf represented by 202 hg and 1 0 variation 0 63 to 0 34 in mass independent fractionation mif represented by 199 hg are observed in world coal deposit with an average value of 1 16 0 79 1sd and 0 11 0 18 1sd for 202 hg and 199 hg respectively we find that coal 202 hg and 199 hg are broadly controlled by two source materials terrestrial plants biogenic hg and crustal rocks geogenic hg accounting for 37 46 and 54 63 of hg in coals no clear trends are seen in neither 202 hg vs coal forming periods nor 202 hg vs coal ranks which we attribute to important overlapping of 202 hg in the source materials of different coal forming periods and the multidirectional hg mdf during coalification interestingly a step wise increase in total hg and a disappearance of 199 hg are observed along with increasing coal rank suggesting the addition of hydrothermal hg into high rank coals the hydrothermal fluids not only upgraded the coal ranks but also increased the hg concentrations and 199 hg of coals in addition the addition of hydrothermal hg into coal deposits was also partly responsible for the comparatively higher total hg and 199 hg in the late paleozoic coals relative to the mesozoic and cenozoic coals the co variation of atmospheric oxygen levels and 199 hg of coals at different coal forming time widows suggests that the removal of biogenic hg in response to widespread swamp fires may have increased the 199 hg in late paleozoic coals as well our study indicates that coal hg isotopes provide new insights into the biogeochemical cycle of hg in coal deposits and that 199 hg is a robust indicator to trace hg addition removal in coal deposits and biogeochemical processes magmatic intrusion hydrothermal fluids penetration burning of coal swamp occurring during coal deposition

new kinematic and geochronologic evidence for the quaternary evolution of the central anatolian fault zone cafz as the kinematics of active faults that bound the anatolian plate are well studied it is now essential to improve our understanding of the style and rates of intraplate deformation to constrain regional strain partitioning and improve seismic risk assessments one of these internal structures the central anatolian fault zone cafz was originally defined as a regionally significant left lateral tectonic escape structure stretching for 700 km in a ne direction across the anatolian plate we provide new structural geomorphic and geochronologic data for several key segments within the central part of the cafz that suggest that the sinistral motion has been overstated the ecemis fault the southernmost part of the cafz has a late quaternary minimum slip rate of 1 1 0 4 mm a 1 slower than originally proposed farther north the erciyes fault has fed a linear array of monogenetic vents of the erciyes stratovolcano and 40ar 39ar dating shows a syneruptive stress field of ese wnw extension from 580 130 ka to 210 180 ka in the erciyes basin and central part of the cafz we mapped and recharacterized the erkilet and gesi faults as predominantly extensional these long term geological rates support recent gps observations that reveal ese wnw extension which we propose as the driver of faulting since 2 73 0 08 ma the slip rates and kinematics derived in this study are not typical of an escape tectonic structure the cafz is a transtensional fault system that reactivates paleotectonic structures and accommodates e w extension associated with the westward movement of anatolia

analysis of the north anatolian shear zone in central pontides northern turkey insight for geometries and kinematics of deformation structures in a transpressional zone abstract the western part of the north anatolian shear zone at the southern boundary of the central pontides in turkey was investigated in the kursunlu arac area by means of a geological structural field study in this area the north anatolian shear zone results in a transpressional deformation zone that extends between two master faults striking parallel to the main shear direction the main systems of structures identified in the deformation zone appear to be oriented parallel to the directions predicted by riedel theoretical model nevertheless the strain partitioning is more complicated than predicted by theory the structural analysis suggests a polyphase deformation characterized by a steady component of transcurrence associated with alternance of compression and extension along each of theoretical directions the combination of double verging structures can be observed with folds and thrust surfaces root into high angle shear zones according to flower type geometries the discrepancies of directions kinematics and geometries from theoretical models are due to transpressive and or transtensive nature of the deformation according to the observed outcropping structures we propose a conceptual model for the north anatolian shear zone interpreting it as a crustal scale positive flower structure

empirical correlations of shear wave velocity vs and penetration resistance spt n for different soils in an earthquake prone area erbaa turkey abstract the seismicity of the northern part of turkey is mainly controlled by the north anatolian fault zone nafz the nafz is one of the world s most active seismic zones and has produced destructive earthquakes and related hazards in the northern region of turkey several earthquakes and earthquake related hazards have occurred along different segments of this fault zone in the recent past the study area erbaa town is located along the eastern segment of north anatolian fault zone nafz and is one of the largest towns of tokat province in the middle black sea region of turkey the center of erbaa is located on the left embankment of the kelkit river after the disastrous 1942 ms 7 2 and 1943 ms 7 6 earthquakes the settlement was shifted southwards as a part of a seismic microzonation study of the erbaa area shear wave velocity vs values of the geological units exposed in this area were required for site response analyses the geological units in the study area consist mainly of alluvial and pliocene units these layers were evaluated on the basis of drilling in situ spt scptu and spt based uphole and laboratory testing in this study empirical correlations between shear wave velocity vs and standard penetration test blow counts spt n were considered in order to define shear wave velocity profiles for the study area the relationships between shear wave velocity standard penetration test spt blow counts and the soil properties were evaluated as functions of depth spt based uphole tests were performed to measure shear wave velocity during drilling operations in some of the borings the spt based vs values were computed with different empirical formulas and compared with the measured spt based uphole vs measurements the empirical correlations were found to require modification to provide the best correlation for this site the depth factor was considered during the development of new empirical equations therefore a site specific formula was proposed in order to obtain vs profiles for all layers in the study area

a 3000 year record of ground rupturing earthquakes along the central north anatolian fault near lake ladik turkey the north anatolian fault naf is a similar to 1500 km long arcuate dextral strike slip fault zone in northern turkey that extends from the karliova triple junction to the aegean sea east of bolu the fault zone exhibits evidence of a sequence of large m w 7 earthquakes that occurred during the twentieth century that displayed a migrating earthquake sequence from east to west prolonged human occupation in this region provides an extensive but not exhaustive historical record of large earthquakes prior to the twentieth century that covers much of the last 2000 yr in this study we extend our knowledge of rupture events in the region by evaluating the stratigraphy and chronology of sediments exposed in a paleoseismic trench across a splay of the naf at destek similar to 6 5 km east of lake ladik 40 868 degrees n 36 121 degrees e the trenched fault strand forms an uphill facing scarp and associated sediment trap below a small catchment area the trench exposed a narrow fault zone that has juxtaposed a sequence of weakly defined paleosols interbedded with colluvium against highly fractured bedrock we mapped magnetic susceptibility variations on the trench walls and found evidence for multiple visually unrecognized colluvial wedges this technique was also used to constrain a predominantly dip slip style of displacement on this fault splay sediments exposed in the trench were dated using both charcoal and terrestrial gastropod shells to constrain the timing of the earthquake events while the gastropod shells consistently yielded 14 c ages that were too old by similar to 900 yr we obtained highly reliable 14 c ages from the charcoal by dating multiple components of the sample material our radiocarbon chronology constrains the timing of seven large earthquakes over the past 3000 yr prior to the 1943 tosya earthquake including event ages of 2 sigma error a d 1437 1788 a d 1034 1321 a d 549 719 a d 17 585 1 3 events 35 b c a d 28 700 392 b c 912 596 b c our results indicate an average interevent time of 385 166 degrees yr 1 sigma

geochemistry petrology and palynology of the pond creek coal bed northern pike and southern martin counties kentucky abstract the geochemistry petrology and palynology of the duckmantian age pond creek coal bed were investigated in northern pike and southern martin counties eastern kentucky the coal bed exhibits significant vertical variation in the investigated geochemical parameters with many diagenetic overprints of the original geochemistry included in the range of geochemical signatures are the presence of elements particularly tio 2 and zr suggesting the detrital influences at the time of deposition of a low vitrinite durain a high cao zone with elevated b be both suggesting marine influence in a lithotype in the middle of the coal bed and the postdepositional emplacement of pyrite in the uppermost lithotype individual lithotypes each representing distinct depositional environments all complicated to some degree by diagentic overprints comprise the complex history of the coal bed

from in situ coal to fly ash a study of coal mines and power plants from indiana abstract this paper presents data on the properties of coal and fly ash from two coal mines and two power plants that burn single source coal from two mines in indiana one mine is in the low sulfur 5 springfield coal member of the petersburg formation pennsylvanian both seams have comparable ash contents 11 coals sampled at the mines both raw and washed fractions were analyzed for proximate ultimate sulfur forms heating value major oxides trace elements and petrographic composition the properties of fly ash from these coals reflect the properties of the feed coal as well as local combustion and post combustion conditions sulfur and spinel content and as pb and zn concentrations of the fly ash are the parameters that most closely reflect the properties of the source coal

distributed transpressive continental deformation the varto fault zone eastern turkey the convergence between the eurasian and arabian plates has created a complicated structural setting in the eastern turkish high plateau ethp particularly around the karliova triple junction ktj where the eurasian arabian and anatolian plates intersect this region of interest includes the junction of the north anatolian shear zone nasz and the east anatolian shear zone easz which forms the northern border of the westwardly extruding anatolian scholle and the western boundary of the ethp respectively in this study we focused on a poorly studied component of the ktj the varto fault zone vfz and the adjacent secondary structures which have complex structural settings through integrated analyses of remote sensing and field observations we identified a widely distributed transpressional zone where the varto segment of the vfz forms the most northern boundary the other segments namely the leylekdag and caycati segments are oblique reverse faults that are significantly defined by uplifted topography along their strikes the measured 515 and 265 m of cumulative uplifts for mt leylek and mt dodan respectively yield a minimum uplift rate of 0 35 mm a for the last 2 2 ma the multi oriented secondary structures were mostly correlated with the distributed strike slip and the distributed transpressional in analogue experiments the misfits in strike of some of secondary faults between our observations and the experimental results were justified by about 20 to 25 clockwise restoration of all relevant structures that were palaeomagnetically measured to have happened since 2 8 ma ago our detected fault patterns and their true nature are well aligned as being part of a transpressional tectonic setting that supports previously suggested stationary triple junction models

mercury content of the springfield coal indiana and kentucky abstract with pending regulation of mercury emissions in united states power plants its control at every step of the combustion process is important an understanding of the amount of mercury in coal at the mine is the first step in this process the springfield coal middle pennsylvanian is one of the most important coal resources in the illinois basin in indiana and western kentucky hg contents range from 0 02 to 0 55 ppm the variation within small areas is comparable to the variation on a basin basis considerable variation also exists within the coal column ranging from 0 04 to 0 224 ppm at one kentucky site larger variations likely exist since that site does not represent the highest whole seam hg nor was the collection of samples done with optimization of trace element variations in mind estimates of hg capture by currently installed pollution control equipment range from 9 53 capture by cold side electrostatic precipitators esp and 47 81 hg capture for esp flue gas desulfurization fgd the high cl content of many illinois basin coals and the installation of selective catalytic reduction of no x enhances the oxidation of hg species improving the ability of esps and fgds to capture hg

mineralogy and geochemistry of al hydroxide oxyhydroxide mineral bearing coals of late paleozoic age from the weibei coalfield southeastern ordos basin north china abstract this paper mainly describes mineralogy and geochemistry of coals from the weibei coalfield in the southeastern ordos basin north china a number of al hydroxide oxyhydroxide minerals were detected in the late carboniferous coals nos 5 10 and 11 coals especially in the no 10 coal aluminum hydroxide oxyhydroxide minerals nordstrandite boehmite and diaspore in the no 10 coal are associated with kaolinite suggesting that these minerals are derived from the breakdown of kaolinite a model in which al hydroxide oxyhydroxide minerals form from the incongruent dissolution of kaolinite is presented nordstrandite and boehmite mainly occur as massive lenses n 2 mainly occurs within al hydroxide oxyhydroxide minerals nordstrandite boehmite and diaspore kaolinite and organic matter

slip distribution along the north anatolian fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967 abstract between 1939 and 1967 six large fault ruptures formed a westward migrating sequence of events along a 900 km long nearly continuous portion of the north anatolian fault for these events the 1939 erzincan 1942 niksar erbaa 1943 tosya 1944 bolu gerede 1957 abant and 1967 mudurnu valley earthquakes i have compiled a record of dextral slip which contains nearly 100 points these data indicate that the amount of slip is irregularly distributed along the 1939 to 1967 rupture zone the maximum slip 7 5 m occurred during the 1939 earthquake in the eastern 150 km of the 900 km long rupture zone dextral offsets diminish very abruptly eastward but very gradually westward the rate of westward decrease in the 1939 to 1967 offsets is only slightly greater than the rate of westward decrease of post miocene displacement along the north anatolian fault this suggests that westward decrease in slip can be expected to be a general characteristic of earthquake ruptures along the north anatolian fault in the future nevertheless within the 1939 to 1967 slip distribution there are three regions that had less slip than the neighboring regions these i interpret as possible sites of large future earthquakes one of these seismic gaps has already experienced another earthquake in 1951 and subsequent creep

review of the neotectonics of the eastern turkish armenian plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery digital elevation model dem images provide synoptic views of the earth s surface allowing the analysis of landforms of still active tectonic and volcanic structures at regional scale a dem at 250 m pixel size constitutes regional scale data particularly efficient to investigate the late miocene quaternary deformation of the eastern turkish armenian plateau in the arabian eurasian area of convergence geomorphic analysis of the dem image associated with review of fault plane solutions of earthquakes show that faults are mostly strike slip with small vertical component here we show that the orientations of the tectonic and volcanic structures fit with a tectonic regime characterized by n s shortening and e w lengthening consistent with westward escape of anatolia perpendicular to the direction of the arabia eurasia shortening the uniform uplift of the plateau the predominance of strike slip faulting the lack of major thrusts and the occurrence of normal faults do not support a model of going on crustal thickening due to intracontinental convergence on the contrary our observations can be better interpreted in terms of lithospheric thinning and mantle upwelling related to gravity escape of anatolia

susehri basin an active fault wedge basin on the north anatolian fault zone turkey abstract the susehri section of the north anatolian fault zone nafz is dominated by an active fault wedge basin its recent configuration is a quaternary strike slip depression superimposed on a larger fault controlled fluvial to lacustrine setting inherited from the pliocene in and around the susehri fault wedge basin the nafz is characterized by the north anatolian master fault namf or principal displacement zone pdz and four second order fault sets namely the kelkit akcaa il beyde irmeni and ekenek fault sets the namf cuts through the basin the fault sets border the margins of the basin and impart a double divergence character to the namf which is proposed as an evolutionary model for the susehri fault wedge basin the susehri basin fill deposits of pliocene age rest on the quiet and shallow marine limestones of burdigalian age with a sharp angular unconformity besides the upper half of the pliocene basin fill deposits is dominated by the well developed syndepositional mesofractures which reveal the existence of a right lateral shearing at the time of deposition these observations also imply the emergence of a new tectonic regime after the burdigalian by which time the susehri basin had experienced a subsidence of about 660 m to 1150 m during its evolution on the other hand at the south easternmost end of the susehri basin the lutetian volcano sedimentary sequence of the yesilyayla group is cut and displaced right laterally by about 35 km which is the detectable minimum offset on the nafz finally during the 1939 12 27 erzincan earthquake the erzincan erbaa segment of the nafz was reactivated and several modern faults were produced along these modern faults some natural and man made features were displaced right laterally these offsets vary in decreasing order from 7 5 m near the epicenter at the southeastern end to 3 7 m away from it at the northwestern end of the erzincan erbaa segment of the nafz

paleothermicity in the central asturian coal basin north spain this research shows for the first time maps of vitrinite reflectances and paleotemperatures from the central asturian coal basin north spain which is a carboniferous pennsylvanian basin mainly of moscovian age vitrinite reflectance values decrease from north to south whereas volatile matter distribution increases from south to north vitrinite reflectance and volatile matter parameters indicate a coal rank ranging from high volatile bituminous coal in the north to semianthracite and anthracite in the south rock eval data show that the organic matter of this basin is type iii kerogen with a maturation ranging from oil to gas window paleotemperatures were calculated by diverse methods using vitrinite reflectance data for different durations of heating and rock eval results the calculated paleotemperatures and vertical paleotemperature gradients decrease from south to north the thermal gradient variation in the central asturian coal basin points to the influence of at least two heating events that affected the organic matter the first associated with a regular geothermal gradient operating over a long period of time and the second linked to a southern granitic event of short duration estimated by tectonic data the short thermal event was located at the end of sedimentation late moscovian and late westphalian d and after folding but before the overthrusting during the asturian tectonic phase located before the early kasimovian cantabrian and stephanian deposits finally a simulation of paleotemperatures around the granitic pluton was calculated and compared to maps of paleotemperatures obtained by various methods these maps refer to an initial depth of one or two km in accordance with the selected methods that are compatible with local erosion this approach was preferred in order to explain the metamorphism of coal rather than the hypothesis of hydrothermal fluid flow proposed for other foreland basins this regional thermal anomaly could be important for future coalbed methane assessment

maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the north anatolian fault zone abstract constraining the maximum likely magnitude of future earthquakes on continental transform faults has fundamental consequences for the expected seismic hazard since the recurrence time for those earthquakes is typically longer than a century such estimates rely primarily on well documented historical earthquake catalogs when available here we discuss the maximum observed earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the north anatolian fault zone nafz in relation to the age of the fault activity cumulative offset slip rate and maximum length of coherent fault segments the findings are based on a newly compiled catalog of historical earthquakes in the region using the extensive literary sources that exist owing to the long civilization record we find that the largest m7 8 8 0 earthquakes are exclusively observed along the older eastern part of the nafz that also has longer coherent fault segments in contrast the maximum observed events on the younger western part where the fault branches into two or more strands are smaller no first order relations between maximum magnitudes and fault offset or slip rates are found the results suggest that the maximum expected earthquake magnitude in the densely populated marmara istanbul region would probably not exceed m7 5 the findings are consistent with available knowledge for the san andreas fault and dead sea transform and can help in estimating hazard potential associated with different sections of large transform faults

variations in the stable isotope composition of mercury in coal bearing sequences indications for its provenance and geochemical processes abstract mercury hg stable isotope variations provide a potential tool to better understand the provenance and geochemical processes that control hg occurrences in coal deposits in this study we explore the variations in hg isotope compositions in coal benches of a single coal seam no 3 1 coal seam daizhuang coal mine jining coalfield shandong province and in successive coals seams of a coal bearing sequence no 1 to no 11 2 coal seams zhuji coal mine huainan coalfield anhui province to assess hg isotopes as a hg biogeochemical tracer in coal deposits large variations in mass dependent hg isotope fractionation mdf were observed in both daizhuang and zhuji coal deposits with 202hg values ranging from 2 34 to 0 25 0 12 2 sd n 8 and from 1 62 to 0 44 0 12 2 sd n 18 respectively daizhuang coals showed insignificant mass independent hg isotope fractionation mif in most samples 0 04 to 0 12 0 08 for 199hg 2 sd n 8 whereas mif in the younger nos 7 11 coal seams of zhuji coals 0 06 to 0 22 0 08 for 199hg 2 sd n 7 were positive and significant increased trends in both hg concentrations and 202hg values going from older to younger zhuji coal seams were observed and were possibly related to variations in coal forming environment of different coal seams the significant negative correlations of 202hg vs 1 hg in the zhuji coals and of 202hg vs 199hg in the daizhuang coals suggest that hg isotopes can potentially be used to trace organic and inorganic hg end members in coal deposits natural coke a metamorphosed form of coal is on average two fold enriched in hg compared to coal indicating that hydrothermal fluids derived from magmatic intrusions bring hg into coal deposits in addition coke has either distinctly higher 0 70 to 0 91 0 12 2 sd n 2 or lower 202hg 4 00 to 3 47 0 12 2 sd n 3 than corresponding coals demonstrating that significant hg mdf occurred when coals were thermally contacted by intruded magmas

westward propagation of the north anatolian fault into the northern aegean timing and kinematics we present new evidence for the propagation processes of the north anatolian fault folding in the dardanelles straits region allows us to document the timing of the deformation preceding and the finite displacement after the passage of the propagating tip of the fault the accuracy of the observations is due to interplay between deformation and the sea level changes in the mediterranean the well known messinian regression followed by the pliocene transgression the long term kinematics around the sea of marmara pull apart total displacement of about 85 km over the past 5 m y is similar to the present day kinematics deduced from space geodesy at a larger scale westward propagation of the north anatolian fault over nearly 2000 km in the past 10 m y appears to be associated with strain recovery suggesting that the continental lithosphere retains long term elasticity

shear wave splitting along a nascent plate boundary the north anatolian fault zone summary the north anatolian fault zone nafz is a transform structure that constitutes the boundary between the anatolian plate to the south and the eurasia plate to the north we analysed the properties of the upper mantle strain field and mantle anisotropy in the vicinity of nafz via splitting of sks and skks phases we used data from the north anatolian fault naf passive seismic experiment this is the first study that analyses the upper mantle anisotropy in this region and our results indicate that the observed upper mantle strain field is uniform underneath the array with consistent ne sw polarization directions for fast split waves the measured lag times between the arrivals of the fast and slow split waves varies from 0 5 to 1 6 s for the study area smaller lag times are obtained consistently in the eastern part of the array however we do not observe any significant variation in either the polarization directions or the delay times across the plate boundary nafz the uniformity of the fast polarization directions throughout the study area and the strength of anisotropy favour an asthenospheric source for the anisotropy the regional tectonic framework favours a sw direction of asthenospheric flow due to the forces acting on the upper mantle exerted by the slab roll back taking place along the aegean and the cyprean subduction zones

vertical variations of mercury in pennsylvanian coal beds from indiana abstract twenty three in situ coal sections were sampled in indiana mines to investigate mercury hg concentrations with a special reference to in seam vertical variations in hg distribution in addition to raw coal corresponding float fractions were also analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of hg reduction during conventional pre combustion washing hg content in indiana coals in the locations studied averages 0 11 mg kg which after recalculation into equal energy units corresponds to 9 2 lb hg 1012 btu 39 5 kg hg 1010 mj hg content is reduced after washing to 0 07 mg kg on average corresponding to an equal energy hg loading of 5 2 lb hg 1012 btu 22 3 kg hg 1010 mj a large portion of hg appears to be associated with pyrite as in the springfield coal member of the petersburg formation pennsylvanian in the samples from the danville coal member of the dugger formation pennsylvanian hg is associated to a larger extent with organic matter large differences in hg content may exist between different portions of a coal bed in a single location indicating that very careful complete sampling is necessary to get representative hg concentration data

tectonostratigraphic evolution of the basins on the southern branch of the north anatolian fault system in the se marmara region turkey the lithostratigraphy of the mekece iznik corridor the geyve pamukova and the iznik basins on the southern branch of the north anatolian fault system nafs sb was investigated in detail the intra basin deposits carried by sakarya river and the drainage systems in the northern and southern elevated blocks of the iznik and geyve pamukova basins have been classified based on their lithofacies characteristics the geyve pamukova basin which has developed with a nne ssw trending transtensional strain was formed as a lazy z shaped and releasing bend or pure strike slip pull apart basin that is related to simple shear right lateral strike slip faulting the iznik basin was formed by a right lateral strike slip faulting kinematics and nne ssw trending transtension as a result of the step over of the northeast trending dirazali fault from the southern edge to the nw trending gurle fault and the western step over of this fault to the e w trending umurbey fault this strike slip setting is also supported by the nw se trending right lateral oblique normal orhangazi fault on the northern edge of the basin according to this the iznik basin can be described as a more advanced stage of a large scale pull apart basin compared with a lazy z shaped and releasing bend or transtensional strain furthermore it is defined as the former stage of an extreme or rhomboid type transtensional pull apart basin

mercury in western canadian subbituminous coal a weighted average study to evaluate potential mercury reduction by selective mining abstract western canadian subbituminous coal is mined using strip mining methods the coal is used to feed coal fired power plants for electricity generation parameters that influence the mercury content of these coals include the occurrence and frequency of partings in the seam weathering and epigenetic mineralization most partings have higher mercury content than the coal layers in the same seam with the single bentonite bed having the highest hg content however some high ash components such as sandy siltstone do not follow this trend the incorporation of the high mercury partings into the as mined coal may increase the hg content in the feed coal epigenetic mineralization may also increase the mercury content of coal depending on the nature of the mineralization calculation of the weighted mean of mercury content for various combination of lithological components of a seam illustrates how these components influence the total mercury content of the seam this approach also suggests how selective mining might be used to reduce mercury in as mined coal results of weighted average calculations of mercury indicate that the thin lithological units with moderate mercury may not necessarily influence that overall weighted average of hg for a seam however there can be exception such as presence of thin 3 5 cm bentonite parting with high mercury in a 94 5 cm seam that increased the mercury content of seam by 83 4

analog modeling of pull apart basins scaled sandbox models have successfully simulated the geometries and progressive evolution of pull apart basins developed in a weak sedimentary cover above right stepping releasing dextral strike slip fault systems in rigid basement synkinematic basin infill was added progressively as the models were deformed vertical and horizontal sectioning of the completed models has allowed the full three dimensional architecture of the pull apart system to be analyzed we present three representative end member experiments 30 underlapping releasing sidestep 90 sharp nonoverlapping releasing sidestep and 150 overlapping releasing sidestep the pull apart basin geometries are typically sigmoidal to rhombic grabens the geometries of which are dependent upon the architecture of the underlying basement fault systems underlapping releasing sidestepping faults offset angles of 30 75 typically form elongate rhomboidal grabens 90 releasing offset sidesteps produce shorter squat rhomboid pull apart basins and overlapping releasing sidesteps 115 150 produce box like grabens with highly kinked basin sidewalls the pull apart basins are bounded by terraced oblique slip extensional sidewall fault systems that link the laterally offset principal displacement zones pdz of the main dextral strike slip faults the sidewall faults show changes in kinematics from dominantly dip slip extension in copyright 1997 the american association of petroleum geologists all rights reserved 1manuscript received june 24 1996 revised manuscript received november 20 1996 final acceptance june 10 1997 2fault dynamics project geology department royal holloway university of london egham surrey tw20 oex united kingdom supported by the fault dynamics project sponsored by arco british limited petrobras u k ltd bp exploration conoco u k limited mobil north sea limited and sun oil britain we also acknowledge additional funding from sun oil britain landsat thematic mapper data courtesy of rtz mining and exploration limited south american division jurrian reijs is thanked for field data relating to the salina del fraile pull apart basin chris elders is thanked for reviewing earlier versions of this manuscript and j crowell c morley and k biddle are thanked for constructive reviews of the manuscript the contents of this paper have been

mineral matter and potentially hazardous trace elements in coals from qianxi fault depression area in southwestern guizhou china mineralogy coal chemistry and 21 potentially hazardous trace elements phtes of 44 coal samples from the qianxi fault depression area qfda in southwestern guizhou province china have been systematically studied the major minerals in coals studied are quartz kaolinite illite pyrite calcite smectite marcasite and accessory minerals including rutile dolomite siderite gypsum chlorite melanterite apatite collophane and florencite the sio2 content shows a broad variation 0 8 30 7 a high sio2 content in late permian coals reflects their enrichment in quartz the al2o3 content varies from 0 8 to 13 4 fe2o3 from 0 2 to 14 6 cao from al k ti na mg ca fe s a comparison with world coal averages shows that the late permian coals in qfda are highly enriched in as hg f and u and are slightly enriched in mo se th v and zn the late triassic coals in qfda are highly enriched in as and hg and are slightly enriched in mo th and u the concentrations of as hg mo se tl and zn in the qfda coal are higher than other guizhou coal and liupanshui coal nearby the qfda is an area strongly affected by the low temperature hydrothermal activity during its geologic history yanshanian age about 189 ma the coals in qfda are enriched in volatile phtes including as hg se sb mo among others the regions where the coals are enriched in as hg and f have been mapped the regions of coals enriched in volatile phtes overlap with the regions of noble metal ore deposits these coals are located in the cores of anticline and anticlinorium which are connected with the profound faults through the normal faults coals are enriched in volatile phtes as a result of the low temperature hydrothermal activity associated with tectonic faulting

geochemistry of coals from the elk valley coalfield british columbia canada abstract the elk valley coalfield of british columbia is one of the major coal producing areas in canada the coals are of cretaceous and jurassic cretaceous age and range in rank from high volatile to low volatile bituminous romax 0 8 1 6 coal seams from outcrops and active mines in this coalfield were analysed for rank and maceral composition using reflected light microscopy for geochemistry using aas inaa and icpes and also by proximate and ultimate analyses the elk valley coal seams contain low average concentrations of hazardous elements such as as mo pb and se however there are seams that contain relatively high concentrations of some of these elements such as 8 mg kg and 108 mg kg of arsenic when the geochemistry of coal seams is compared within the different parts of the coalfield the elemental composition amongst the seams from various sections located in the central area of the coalfield is similar coal seams in the northern area of the coalfield have different geochemistry than coal seams in other areas of the coalfield seams in the northern area have much higher as br cr cu fe k and na content but contain less ca

mechanisms of coal metamorphism case studies from paleozoic coalfields controls on coal metamorphism can be complex in this paper we examine four paleozoic coalfields the western kentucky portion of the illinois basin the pennsylvania anthracite fields the south wales coalfield and the bowen basin an increase in temperature with depth of burial is certainly a factor in coal metamorphism in many coalfields however including the coalfields reviewed here it has become apparent that such a simple mechanism does not explain the coal rank patterns observed the flow of hydrothermal fluids through the coals has been proposed as a cause of coal metamorphism evidence includes inverted rank gradients elevated cfl as an indicator of brine fluids isotopic evidence for hydrothermal fluids and vein and cleat mineral assemblages in any case multiple hypotheses must often be evaluated in the examination of any coalfield since the simple paradigm of coal rank increases with a simple increase in temperature with increasing depth does not fit the evidence observed in many cases

the bursa gonen depression nw turkey a complex basin developed on the north anatolian fault in this study we show that the southern branch of the north anatolian fault has been active since late pliocene time and that evidence of activity is supported by geological and seismological data the southern branch of the north anatolian fault consists of four segments from west to east yenice gonen manyas mustafakemalpasa uluabat and bursa these faults delimit the bursa gonen depression with the bandirma mudanya uplift to the north and uludag sularya uplift to the south the bursa gonen depression includes upper pliocene to recent sediments that thicken to the south suggesting a deposition pattern under active fault control study of fault kinematics suggests that the bursa gonen depression started as a small pull apart basin during late pliocene time and then evolved to a large depression the faults delimiting this depression are still active and capable of producing future earthquakes

characterization of the origin of coalbed gases in southeastern illinois basin by compound specific carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios abstract coalbed gases and waters from exploratory and production gas wells in the southeastern illinois basin were sampled to assess geochemically the origin of coalbed gases with an emphasis on the springfield and seelyville coal members that are commercially targeted for coalbed methane production in indiana on line analyses of hydrocarbon gases methane to butanes c 1 c 2 c 3 n c 4 i c 4 and co 2 yielded gas concentrations plus d and 13 c values the low thermal maturity of indiana coals with vitrinite reflectance r 0 0 6 is in agreement with an overwhelmingly biogenic isotopic signature of coalbed gases containing 96 methane generated via bacterial co 2 reduction in contrast thermogenic gas was generated in the stratigraphically equivalent coal beds in western kentucky s rough creek graben zone where higher maturities of up to r 0 0 8 were reached owing to tectonic and hydrothermal activity no secondary biogenic methane was observed in more mature western kentucky coal beds where greater burial depth limits the recharge of meteoric water biogenic and thermogenic coalbed gases represent two end members that are compositionally and isotopically distinct microbial biodegradation of thermogenic c 2 hydrocarbon gases in indiana coal beds preferentially targets c 3 and introduces isotope fractionation whereby remaining c 3 is enriched in deuterium and 13 c

acoustic structure and recent sediment transport processes on the continental slope of yesilirmak river fan eastern black sea high resolution acoustic data indicate that sediment erosion is a significant process in the continental slope of yesilirmak river fan occurring both related to the submarine canyons and in the open continental slope the sediment processes observed along the slope consist of sliding and debris flows on the canyon walls together with the recent erosional surfaces at the canyon heads wherever the canyons exist and slides and related scarp features structurally controlled by rotational faults in the central part of the open continental slope formation of slides both on the open slope and in canyon walls is a multi phase sliding process in which successive sliding events occur at the same location producing a vertically stacked sliding resulting in several relict slide features deeper parts in the sediments we conclude that gravitational loading on the steep slope is the main driving force for most of the erosional features and in place to place overpressured pore fluids due to gas accumulation can contribute the instability tributary canyon systems are observed on the slope with slide scars in the proximal part according to their different erosional structure these canyons can be separated into two groups as northern and southern sector canyon systems where the sediment bypass and hence erosional processes are much more active on the canyon heads in the southern sector than those in the northern part terrigenous sediment load from yesilirmak river is transported along downslope by successive hyperpycnal fluxes and the activity of turbidity currents along the channel axis acoustic data indicate that the continental slope of yesilirmak river fan is a classical deep sea turbidite system where we observe slide scars in proximal part and channel levee systems with slide and debris flow deposits inside the channels in the distal part with some small sized gullies

present day strain distribution across a segment of the central bend of the north anatolian fault zone from a persistent scatterers insar analysis of the ers and envisat archives

neotectonic deformation in the transition zone between the dead sea transform and the east anatolian fault zone southern turkey a palaeomagnetic study of the karasu rift volcanism in southern turkey ongoing differential impingement of arabia into the weak anatolian collisional collage resulting from subduction of the neotethyan ocean has produced one of the most complex crustal interactions along the alpine himalayan orogen several major transforms with disputed motions including the northward extension of the dead sea fault zone dsfz meet in this region to evaluate neotectonic motion on the amanos and east hatay fault zones considered to be northward extensions of the dsfz the palaeomagnetism of volcanic fields in the karasu rift between these faults has been studied remanence carriers are low ti magnetites and all except 5 of 51 basalt lavas have normal polarity morphological polarity and k ar evidence show that rift formation occurred largely during the brunhes chron with volcanism concentrated at 0 66 0 35 ma and a subsidiary episode at 0 25 0 05 forty four units of normal polarity yield a mean of d i 8 8 54 7 with inclination identical to the present day field and declination rotated clockwise by 8 8 4 0 within the 15 km wide hassa sector of the karasu rift the volcanic activity is concentrated between the amanos and east hatay faults both with left lateral motions which have rotated blocks bounded by nw se cross faults in a clockwise sense as the arabian block has moved northwestwards an average lava age of 0 5 ma yields a minimum cumulative slip rate on the system bounding faults of 0 46 cm year according with the rate deduced from the africa arabia euler vector and reduced rates of slip on the southern extension of the dsfz during plio quaternary times estimates deduced from offsets of dated lavas flows and morphological features on the amanos fault zone tectonophysics 344 2002 207 are lower 0 09 0 18 cm year probably because they are limited to surface fault breaks and do not embrace the seismogenic crust results of this study suggest that most strike slip on the dsfz is taken up by the amanos east hatay afrin fault array in southern turkey comparable estimates of quaternary slip rate are identified on other faults meeting at an unstable fff junction dsfz east anatolian fault zone karatas fault zone a deceleration in slip rate across the dsfz and its northward continuation during plio quaternary times correlates with reorganization of the tectonic regime during the last 1 3 ma including tectonic escape within anatolia establishment of the north and east anatolian fault zones bounding the anatolian collage in mid late pliocene times a contemporaneous transition from transpression to transtension and concentration of all basaltic magmatism in this region within the last 1 ma

tracking mercury from the mine to the power plant geochemistry of the manchester coal bed clay county kentucky abstract the high volatile a bituminous manchester coal bed was sampled at five mine sites in central clay county southeastern kentucky the coal bed has a high mercury concentration at certain sites particularly in the high sulfur uppermost lithology whole coal hg contents range up to 0 52 ppm in a sample with 3 36 pyritic sulfur hg is enriched in the upper lithotype at several of the sites arsenic content exceeds 700 ppm ash basis for all of the whole channel samples and exceeds 1000 ppm for several of the lithotype samples regional geochemical trends from an area of approximately 75 60 km were determined using data from this study in combination with data published by the u s geological survey hg as pb and cl contents exhibit highs in the northwestern portion of the region within the smaller area covered by the detailed mine study the two western sites both have a high sulfur upper lithotype containing high levels of as and hg basement structures previously described in the study area could have influenced the regional coal rank and geochemistry possibly acting as conduits for mineralizing fluids

geochemistry and geochronology of meta igneous rocks from the tokat massif north central turkey implications for tethyan reconstructions located in the eastern pontides of the sakarya zone in north central turkey the tokat massif records the closure of both the paleo tethyan karakaya complex and neo tethyan ocean basins meta igneous samples collected from the region were studied to determine their sources and ages we find significant geochemical differences between metagabbros of the karakaya and neo tethyan units in terms of their trace elements neo tethyan rocks are consistent with generation in an island arc setting whereas karakaya assemblages were likely generated in an oceanic spreading center environment karakaya metagabbros also contain glaucophane consistent with subduction subsequent to formation small 2 50 m zircon and baddeleyite grains from four karakaya metagabbros were dated in thin section using an ion microprobe the results demonstrate the reliability of the method to directly constrain the tectonomagmatic history of these types of assemblages the rocks yield late permian early triassic 238u 206pb crystallization ages of 258 14 ma 1 zircon and 254 8 ma 1 baddeleyite and an early cretaceous minimum metamorphic age of 137 8 ma 1 zircon some zircon grains and baddeleyite grains with zircon overgrowths yield early to middle jurassic ages here we present a model in which metamorphism and deformation in this region occurred during northward subduction and closure of a paleo tethyan ocean basin and accretion of the karakaya units to the laurasian continental margin this was followed by the onset of closure of the neo tethys during the campanian paleocene and accretion of island arc units to the tokat region

notes on the marginal enrichment of germanium in coal beds germanium distribution in coal has long been a topic of interest the enrichment of ge near margins of coals including the margins of partings within the coal has been noted in many coals from numerous coalfields throughout the world in this paper a summary of literature on ge geochemistry on the upper and lower margins of coal seams with special emphasis on the literature of russia and the former soviet union and japan is presented

trace element abundances in major minerals of late permian coals from southwestern guizhou province china abstract fourteen samples of minerals were separated by handpicking from late permian coals in southwestern guizhou province china these 14 minerals were nodular pyrite massive recrystallized pyrite pyrite deposited from low temperature hydrothermal fluid and from ground water clay minerals and calcite deposited from low temperature hydrothermal fluid and from ground water the mineralogy elemental composition and distribution of 33 elements in these samples were studied by optical microscopy scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive x ray spectrometer sem edx x ray diffraction xrd cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry cv aas atomic fluorescence spectrometry afs inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms and ion selective electrode ise the results show that various minerals in coal contain variable amounts of trace elements clay minerals have high concentrations of ba be cs f ga nb rb th u and zr quartz has little contribution to the concentration of trace elements in bulk coal arsenic mn and sr are in high concentrations in calcite pyrite has high concentrations of as cd hg mo sb se tl and zn different genetic types of calcite in coal can accumulate different trace elements for example ba co cr hg ni rb sn sr and zn are in higher concentrations in calcite deposited from low temperature hydrothermal fluid than in that deposited from ground water furthermore the concentrations of some trace elements are quite variable in pyrite different genetic types of pyrites py a b c d have different concentrations of trace elements and the concentrations of trace elements are also different in pyrite of low temperature hydrothermal origin collected from different locations the study shows that elemental concentration is rather uniform in a pyrite vein there are many micron and submicron mosaic pyrites in a pyrite vein which is enriched in some trace elements such as as and mo the content of trace element in pyrite vein depends upon the content of mosaic pyrite and of trace elements in it many environmentally sensitive trace elements are mainly contained in the minerals in coal and hence the physical coal cleaning techniques can remove minerals from coal and decrease the emissions of potentially hazardous trace elements

the north anatolian fault zone distributed neogene deformation in its northward convex part abstract the north anatolian fault zone is composed of two almost rectilinear branches which join in a northward convex bend in this bent zone the pontide anatolide collisional system has been cut across by two transpressional belts of fold and thrust and wrench faults of lower neogene age these structures were reactived during the neotectonic period the time of deposition of the pontus group for both of these deformational events and up to the present the tectonic regime remained generally transpressional with a nw se direction of compression and a ne sw direction of extension it is only recently during the upper pleistocene that the dextral wrench faults became more localized and more straight than previously the complexity of the eastern part of the north anatolian fault zone is better understood if one takes into account the role of inherited miocene pliocene transpressional structures

evolution of an early eocene pull apart basin in the central pontides northern turkey new insights into the origin of the north anatolian shear zone although the north anatolian shear zone is one of the main lithospheric scale strike slip deformation zones in the world playing a prominent role in the complex geodynamic interaction between the eurasian anatolian and arabian plates the onset time of its activity remains highly controversial here we tackle this issue by utilizing nannofossil biostratigraphy on deposits from the tascilar basin a pull apart basin that we have identified inside the north anatolian shear zone overprinting the intra pontide suture zone the syn tectonic sedimentary succession of the tascilar basin developed completely during the early eocene ypresian cne4 cne5 zones the strike slip faulting related to the initial onset of the north anatolian shear zone can likely be constrained within the ypresian suggesting that the westward escape of the anatolian plate along the north anatolian shear zone started in the early eocene this article is protected by copyright all rights reserved

tectonic evolution of the niksar and tasova erbaa pull apart basins north anatolian fault zone their significance for the motion of the anatolian block abstract the tasova erbaa and niksar basins are two adjacent pull apart basins along the north anatolian fault zone nafz within the tasova erbaa basin sedimentary lithofacies of the upper pontus formation plio pleistocene are asymmetrically distributed with laterally derived alluvial fans coarse braid plain deposits and axial braided stream deposits dominating the northern and western parts of the basin the basin has gently dipping sediments locally affected by pervasive extensional t faulting isolated compressional structures are associated with master faults deformation zone width 500 m pervasive extensional faults t and r and late stage pdz parallel compressional faults are also present an additional set of extensional faults trends perpendicular to the pdz accommodating secondary pull apart stretching within the basin the distribution of sedimentary facies and structural styles is consistent with that predicted by models for pull apart basins the adjacent niksar basin is an active pull apart basin possibly as young as 0 5 1 ma its modern drainage and sedimentary facies are symmetrically arranged adding the lengths of the tasova erbaa and niksar basin suggests 80 km total displacement along the north anatolian fault which is consistent with seymen itu ph d thesis 1975 sengor j geol soc 136 1979 269 282 and armijo et al tectonophysics 243 1999 135 154 who observed about 85 5 km total displacement along the north anatolian fault the change in course of the north anatolian fault marked by the formation of the niksar ezinepazari segment and this new geometry suggest that the anatolian block is rotating anticlockwise by having two separate poles one located near damascus and the other occurring north of the sinai peninsula this change may also mark the transfer of the anatolian triple junction from erzincan to karliova about 1 ma ago furthermore it appears that while the fault shortcuts the older basin a new generation of pull apart basins is formed due to changes of boundary conditions along the fault zone

are u th dates correlated with historical records of earthquakes constraints from coseismic carbonate veins within the north anatolian fault zone u th dating of carbonate veins in connection with active tectonics has recently been used as an attractive tool for constraining the absolute timing of late quaternary crustal deformations in this study for the first time we correlate u th ages of travertine deposits in coseismic fissures along the north anatolian fault zone with records of paleoseismological studies supported by historical earthquake catalogued data u th ages are assessed in relation to the recurrence interval and the size and epicenter distance of major holocene earthquakes our statistical evaluations on age correlations indicate that the carbonate vein precipitation is concentrated in eight different periods along the north anatolian fault zone the periods are well correlated with historical earthquake records and with previous dating results of the nearby trench studies at least six of the periods correspond to the earthquakes reported in the historical catalogues the age correlations of carbonate precipitation intervals for the last millennium show a recurrence along the eastern north anatolian fault zone with a mode at 130 330 years that is consistent with a previously proposed paleoseismic recurrence interval of the fault recorded events in carbonate veins indicate a close epicenter d vi paleoearthquakes our results suggest that coseismic carbonate veins could be used to determine paleoseismic records as a supplementary tool to augment paleoseismological techniques this tool has advantages over traditional paleoseismological methods for the understanding of long term earthquake behavior particularly for prehistoric late pleistocene events which cannot be dated easily by traditional paleoseismological methods

modes of occurrence of mercury and other trace elements in coals from the warrior field black warrior basin northwestern alabama abstract the mineralogic residence and abundance of trace metals is an important environmental issue data from the usgs coal quality database show that potentially toxic elements including hg as mo se cu and tl are enriched in a subset of coal samples in the black warrior basin of alabama usa although the coal as mined typically is low in these elements localized enrichments occur in high pyrite coals and near faults microscopic analyses demonstrate that the residence of these elements is dominantly in a late stage pyrite associated with structurally disrupted coal further our data suggest addition of hg to the coal matrix as well the source of these trace elements was hydrothermal fluids driven into the black warrior basin by alleghanian age tectonism

the effect of river dynamics induced by the messinian salinity crisis on karst landscape and caves example of the lower ardeche river mid rhone valley abstract the karstic canyon of lower ardeche is located in the middle rhone valley which is directly tributary to the mediterranean sea the rhone river is emblematic of the messinian salinity crisis msc impact on landscape morphology along the edge of the saint remeze plateau the rhone valley displays four benchmark levels generated by the msc the pre evaporitic abandonment surface 1 the messinian erosional surface 2 the marine non marine surface of the pliocene ria 3 and the pliocene abandonment surface 4 the study of these benchmark levels allows us to reconstruct the evolution of the regional base level over the last 6 ma we obtain a curve for base level evolution that provides a geodynamic reference which is used to investigate the morphogenesis of the saint remeze karstic plateau the ardeche river downcuts the saint remeze plateau in a deep canyon from vallon pont d arc to the west to its confluence with the rhone to the east several abandoned valleys are present along the western edge of the saint remeze plateau at the inlet of the ardeche canyon in these abandoned valleys the fluvial deposits are related to several periods from the pliocene onwards they provide important insights into the fluvial dynamics a 160 m thick aggradation sequence infilled the ardeche canyon during the pliocene this aggrading river caused the first lateral shifting as an aggradation epigenesis this first infilling shows that the ardeche canyon already existed before the pliocene secondly it has been demonstrated that the ardeche canyon is downcut into the pre evaporitic surface of the saint remeze plateau dated to 5 45 ma martini j 2005 etude des paleokarsts des environs de saint remeze ardeche france mise en evidence d une riviere souterraine fossilisee durant la crise de salinite messinienne karstologia 45 46 1 18 consequently the canyon downcutting is entirely due to the msc and occurred during a time span of only 100 000 years based on these observations it is possible to elucidate the curve of the regional base level evolution hence we are able to propose a new interpretation of the geomorphological evolution of the saint remeze karstic plateau and its cave levels for the last 6 ma the cave levels consist in underground short cuts of the surface meanders they mainly developed during the pliocene aggradation cycle the chauvet cave famous for its palaeolithic paintings corresponds to one of these underground short cuts the aggradation period ends at the end of the pliocene with long high level riverbed stability it favours the development of large low gradient surfaces as pediments the complete messinian pliocene eustatic cycle is responsible for the downcutting of the ardeche canyon and its infilling during the pliocene consequently karst developed according to the base level oscillations as low gradient surfaces and as cave levels for the study of the peri mediterranean caves and karst areas we propose to apply the lower ardeche valley evolution model based on the base level oscillations during and after the msc

seismic hazard scenarios from the longest geologically constrained active fault of the aegean abstract several seismic hazard scenarios are examined concerning the seismic potential of the north aegean basin nab based for the first time purely on geological data detailed analysis of the bathymetry incorporated by seismic reflection profiling has recently revealed the neotectonic structure of the nab and demonstrates that the dominant structure is a 160 km long ne sw trending fault comprising of four major segments this is the longest geologically constrained active fault in the aegean sea following deterministic fault specific analyses six major seismic sources are identified firstly a 55 km oblique normal fault segment towards the southwestern end of the basin that can accommodate a m 7 1 event such an event could produce a maximum vertical offset up to 3 4 m posing also a tsunami threat based on geological data a minimum throw rate of 1 2 0 2 mm yr is estimated for this segment implying a recurrence interval of 1100 350 yrs secondly a sub vertical 70 km long e w dextral trending shear zone northwards the southwestern corner of the n aegean basin that can generate a m 7 2 strike slip event sources 3 and 4 towards the central and eastern segment of the fault are expected to produce seismic strike slip events of m 7 1 whereas the fifth source suggests the simultaneous activation of sources 3 and 4 producing a 105 km long rupture and a m 7 4 event finally the sixth source implies a multi segment rupture involving the entire 160 km long south marginal fault producing a m max 7 6 which represents the worst case scenario this value limits all uncertainties posed on the maximum expected magnitude by other published estimates ranging from m 7 2 up to 8 5 that are based solely on seismological and or geodetic approaches

the generating mechanisms of the august 17 1999 izmit bay turkey tsunami regional tectonic and local mass instabilities causes abstract the m w 7 4 earthquake that affected the northwestern part of turkey on august 17 1999 and in particular the gulf of izmit had dramatic consequences also as regards tsunami generation the main cause of the earthquake was a dextral strike slip rupture that took place along different segments of the western part of the north anatolian fault wnaf the rupture process involved not only a number of distinct strike slip fault segments but also dip slip ancillary faults connecting the main transcurrent segments the general picture was further complicated by the occurrence of subsidence and liquefaction phenomena especially along the coasts of the izmit bay and in the sapanca lake tsunami effects were observed and measured during post event surveys in several places along both the northern and the southern coasts of the bay the run up heights in most places were reported to lie in the interval 1 3 m but in the small town of degirmendere where a local slump occurred carrying underwater buildings and gardens of the waterfront sector eyewitnesses reported water waves higher than 15 m the purpose of this work is to investigate on the causes of the tsunami by means of numerical simulations of the water waves we show that the tsunami was a complex event consisting at least of the combination of a regional event due to tectonic causes and of a local event associated with the mass failure as to the first we are able to demonstrate that the observed tsunami cannot be explained only in terms of the sea bottom dislocation produced by the main right lateral dislocation but that the prominent contribution comes from the displacement associated with the secondary shallow normal faults furthermore the large waves and effects seen in degirmendere can be explained as the consequence of the slump by means of a stability analysis based on an original method making use of the limit equilibrium concept we show that the slump was highly stable before the earthquake and that it was triggered by seismic waves simulation of the tsunami induced by the slump was carried out by a two step numerical code that computes the landslide motion first and then the generated water wave propagation it is shown that the computed local tsunami matches the experimental data

geological and geochemical characteristics of high arsenic coals from endemic arsenosis areas in southwestern guizhou province china southwest guizhou province is one of the most important areas of disseminated sediment hosted type au deposits in china and is an important area of coal production the chemistry of most of the coals in sw guizhou is similar to those in other parts of china their as content is near the chinese coal average but some local small coal mines contain high as coals the highest as content is up to 3 5 wt in the coal the use of high as coals has caused in excess of 3000 cases of as poisoning in several villages the high as coals are in the longtan formation which is an alternating marine facies and terrestrial facies the coals are distributed on both sides of faults that parallel the regional anticlinal axis the as content of coal is higher closer to the fault plane the as content of coal changes greatly in different coal beds and different locations of the same bed geological structures such as anticlines faults and sedimentary strata control the distribution of high as coals small au deposits as well as sb hg and th mineralization are found near the high as coals although some as bearing minerals such as pyrite arsenopyrite realgar as bearing sulfate as bearing clays and phosphate are found in the high as coals their contents cannot account for the abundance of as in some coals analysis of the coal indicates that as mainly exists in the form of as5 and as3 perhaps combined with organic compounds the occurrence of such exceptionally high as contents in coal and the fact that the as is dominantly organically associated are unique observations

recent temporal change in the stress state and modern stress field along the north anatolian fault zone turkey summary the north anatolian fault naf is a dextral strike slip fault which runs about 1400 km from east to west from the karliova triple junction to the aegean domain it was active during the plio quaternary as a consequence of the collision between the eurasian and arabian plates the naf intracontinental deformation zone contributes with the sinistral east anatolian fault to the westward extrusion of anatolia as a consequence of the northward drift of arabia the central naf zone forms a northward convex bend where the eastern naf n110 e trending segment extending from karliova is connected to the western naf n75 e trending segment running to aegea analysing the slip occurring in major earthquakes around the naf we show that the present day stress pattern along the naf agrees with stress magnitude and strike variations from east to west the stress regime along the naf is nnw trending hmax 1 transpression in eastern naf this progressively changes westwards to nw trending 1 transtension in central anatolia this lateral variation means a relative decrease of the hmax magnitude which evolves progressively to an extensional regime 1 vertical around the westernmost naf characterized by a nne trending hmin 3 the drastic change in the tendency of the regional stress state in the north anatolian block from compressional to extensional is effective within the central naf bend the stress regime determined by inversion of slip vectors measured on fault planes of various scales confirms the present day transtensional regime in the central part of the naf bend however the fault kinematic analysis of quaternary stress states within the central naf indicates that this stress state was not continuous throughout the quaternary indeed chronologies of fault slip vectors provide evidence for two distinct quaternary regional strike slip stress states within this zone both states have consistent ne and nw trending 3 and 1 axes respectively but have significantly different r values the change in the strike slip stress regime probably occurred in the middle pleistocene the older mean stress state is characterized by a n142 8 e trending 1 a n52 13 e trending 3 and a mean arithmetic rm value of 0 75 which indicates that the regional stress regime is transpressional the younger strike slip regime is characterized by a n142 14 e 1 axis a n52 10 e 3 axis and a mean rm of 0 24 which indicates the transtensional character for this regime the low r values of the stress deviators related to the recent stress state reflect normal component slips these temporal and spatial stress changes along the naf result from the coeval influence of forces due to the aegean subduction in the west and to the northward drift of arabia in the east over these boundary forces shear is superimposed along the naf which accommodates the anatolia extrusion however the timing of the temporal stress change permits the suggestion that the quaternary stress regime variation in north anatolia is mainly due to the influence of the aegean domain

active tectonics of the aegean region the aegean sea and its surrounding regions comprise one of the most rapidly deforming parts of the alpine himalayan mountain belt though the deformation of the belt as a whole is related to thc northward move ment of africa arabia and india relative to eurasia the tectonics of the aegean region itself is dominated by strike slip and extensional motions the actively deforming part of the aegean region is not large about 700 x 700 km2 compared with that in asia yet it has had an influence on our views of continental tectonics disproportionate to its size and comparable perhaps only to tibet fundamental contributions from the aegean have been made to many topics including