seismic investigations along the european geotraverse and its surroundings in central europe since 1975 several high resolution seismic refraction and reflection surveys have been carried out in western germany to investigate the structure of the earth s crust and uppermost mantle the investigation culminated in the seismic refraction survey along the 825 km long central part of the european geotraverse egt in 1986 this contribution summarizes the main results of the more recent crustal investigations along and around the egt the internal crustal structure throughout the area of the variscides is very complex and changes laterally considerably distinct crustal blocks differing in their internal structure can be assigned to geologically defined units of the variscan and caledonian orogeny in spite of local deviations in general a more or less transparent and low velocity upper crust contrasts with a highly reflective lower crust a subdivision of upper and lower crust by a well defined boundary conrad discontinuity is not always seen towards the alps the average velocity of the lower crust is as low as 6 2 km s 1 in contrast to the area north of the swabian jura where the velocities above moho vary between 6 8 and 7 2 km s 1 in northern germany the elbe line separates the lower crust into two regions with 6 4 km s 1 average velocity in the south and 6 9 km s 1 in the north the total crustal thickness under the variscan part of germany is fairly constant between 28 and 30 km except under the rhine graben area with 25 26 km and beneath the central part of the rhenish massif where an anomalous crustal thickening to 37 km is observed under northern germany the moho rises to about 26 km depth and the data indicate at least one fault like step of 1 km before the crust thickens toward the ringkobing fyn basement high the synthesis of seismic velocity structure and petrological information from xenolith studies allows us to propose a mafic composition for the deeper levels of the crust and uppermost mantle which may be valid at least for the central part of the variscan crust along the european geotraverse in central europe

no flat wadati benioff zone in the central and southern central andes abstract the wadati benioff zone wbz is an approximate plane defined by earthquakes hypocentres observed in convergent plate boundaries and that usually dips at angles greater than 30 in some areas of the andes where there are gaps in volcanic activity and where heat flow is abnormally low this plane in most studies has nearly horizontal dip at a depth of about 75 100 km and it has been associated to flat subduction of the oceanic lithosphere this situation has been taken as the present day analogue of the laramide orogeny of western north america for which a flat slab episode has been proposed in the past years in this work the observed low heat flow in areas of the andes is assumed to be due to low radiogenic heat generation in geologically old and allochthonous terranes constituting large regions of western south america on the basis of geotherms obtained for areas of ecuador peru chile and argentina and of rheological results describing the partition between brittle and ductile regimes the seismic activity observed both in the lower crust and at depths of about 75 100 km is thoroughly explained at these depths earthquakes occur within the subcontinental upper mantle and then there is no flat wbz associated to subduction of the oceanic lithosphere there is evidence from recent seismological observations that the real wbz lies not horizontally and deeper in the tectonosphere

submarine groundwater discharge sgd into the yellow sea revealed by 228ra and 226ra isotopes implications for global silicate fluxes abstract we estimated the magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge sgd into the yellow sea which is one of the largest continental shelves in the world using 226 ra and 228 ra isotopes on the basis of 228 ra and 226 ra mass balance models we estimated the advective flux of 226 ra through sgd to be 270 10 12 dpm yr 1 in the yellow sea using this 226 ra flux and the measured 226 ra activity in coastal groundwater the submarine discharge of groundwater mostly brackish groundwater was calculated to be at least 40 of the river water input 2 3 10 11 m 3 yr 1 then on the basis of the sgd and the concentration of si in coastal groundwater we estimated the flux of si through sgd to be 20 100 of that associated with river discharge 23 10 9 mol yr 1 this large sgd is likely to be due to the high tidal range up to 10 m and the wide distribution of sandy sediments in the yellow sea favorable for the recirculation of seawater through bottom sediments and rocks this result from such a large area implies that the si flux through sgd may be significant on a global scale

crustal heat production and mantle heat flow in central and eastern europe abstract the conversion of seismic velocity p into radiogenic heat production a enables the distribution of crustal heat sources to be estimated this technique was used to assess the mantle moho heat flow for 49 seismic velocity depth profiles located along five continental traverses in central and eastern europe the effect of pressure and temperature on p was taken into account as was the age dependence of a the uppermost part of the crust is dominated by microcracks that may have allowed a certain redistribution of radioactive elements by deep groundwater migration furthermore owing to the highly variable value of the pressure derivative of v p in the uppermost crust the use of a a p relationship is problematic within this depth range this radioactivity enriched zone the thickness of which can be determined from the parameters of the heat flow heat production relationship was therefore treated separately according to the model adopted for the upper crust the moho heat flow ranges from 14 to 26 mw m 2 in the stable continental areas such as the shields or ancient platforms younger terrains are characterized by elevated moho heat flows of 20 to 40 mw m 2 and the moho heat flow may eventually attain values over 50 mw m 2 in regions characterized by very high surface heat flow such as the pannonian basin for example the present data were compared with crustal models proposed by other authors moho heat flow estimates based on a simple exponential distribution of heat sources valid for the whole crust might be too high if applied to stable continental crust our data confirm a considerable variability in the mantle heat flow corresponding to the large scale tectonothermal evolution with a generally lower moho heat flow typical of consolidated stable continental crust the discrepancy in relation to the above estimates can be accounted for by a heat generation hump beneath an upper zone of exponential decline

the variation of heat generation density and seismic velocity with rock type in the continental lithosphere abstract the petrophysical properties radioactive heat generation compressional wave velocity and density are related to rock type in crystalline rocks the cation fraction in the rock forming minerals is applied to determine the relationships quantitatively heat generation exhibits considerable variation with rock type as well as with the geologic age of the rocks therefore the relation between heat generation and rock type has been split into a relation for phanerozoic rocks and another for precambrian rocks which exhibit significantly lower heat generation only 1 3 of that of phanerozoic rocks the interrelations between the petrophysical properties are applied to fennoscandia precambrian terrane and southern bavaria northern alpine foreland phanerozoic rocks to estimate the heat generation by radioactivity in the crust and the heat flow density from the upper mantle

thermally softened continental extensional zones arcs and rifts as precursors to thickened orogenic belts abstract intra continental deformation of soft zones during continental collision requires weak continental lithosphere which is able to be shortened across considerable width during later convergence this enables significant thickening with formation of an orogenic root we have examined models with a history of lithospheric thinning by pure shear during an earlier phase of intra continental extension with associated heating geologically this situation is appropriate to intra continental rifts and back arc basins if thinning of elevated thermal structure is decoupled from the thinning of lithology then a weak soft lower crust and sub arc rift mantle result this weak structure has a favoured rheology for subsequent convergent thickening while the lithosphere is still hot these regions are associated with formation of granulites and metamorphic assemblages typical of high temperature low pressure ht lp if convergence starts while the heat input is still active then the failed rifts and arcs are shut off by lateral wedging of the hard lower crust and upper mantle of shoulder regions into the softened arc rift domain such sites are ideal for the formation and for the exhumation of metamorphic core complexes subsequent thickening during convergence leads to ht eclogites when the previous arc rift was hot and to medium t eclogites for a thickened standard geotherm these p t paths are counterclockwise and their shapes are strongly dependent on the amount of previous thinning and type of initial geotherm if the compression starts long after cessation of the extensional event and associated thermal anomaly then the geotherm of the extended area relaxes and the whole region hardens in this case no homogeneous thickening occurs and deep continental roots cannot form

applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles in research on aeolian processes surface dynamics and instabilities are characteristic of aeolian formation the method of surface comparison is regarded as the most appropriate one for evaluation of the intensity of aeolian processes and the amount of transported sand the data for surface comparison can be collected by topographic survey measurements and using unmanned aerial vehicles time cost for relief microform fixation and measurement executing topographic survey are very high the method of unmanned aircraft aerial photographs fixation also encounters difficulties because there are no stable clear objects and contours that enable to link aerial photographs to determine the boundaries of captured territory and to ensure the accuracy of surface measurements creation of stationary anchor points is irrational due to intense sand accumulation and deflation in different climate seasons in september 2015 and in april 2016 the combined methodology was applied for evaluation of intensity of aeolian processes in the curonian spit temporary signs marks were installed on the surface coordinates of the marks were fixed using gps and then flight of unmanned aircraft was conducted the fixed coordinates of marks ensure the accuracy of measuring aerial imagery and the ability to calculate the possible corrections this method was used to track and measure very small micro rank relief forms 5 10 cm height and 10 20 cm length using this method morphometric indicators of micro terraces caused by sand dunes pressure to gytia layer were measured in a non contact way an additional advantage of the method is the ability to accurately link the repeated measurements the comparison of 3d terrain models showed sand deflation and accumulation areas and quantitative changes in the terrain very clearly

gravitational orogenic collapse vs plate boundary stresses a numerical modelling approach to the permo carboniferous evolution of central europe a two dimensional thermo mechanical finite element model is used to study the permo carboniferous evolution of central europe along a lithosphere scale transect from the variscan internides to the undeformed foreland the study concentrates on a quantitative evaluation of the processes controlling late orogenic extension and destruction of the variscides particularly the gravitational instability of thickened crust modelling results suggest that gravitational forces along cannot reproduce the observed timing and amount of permo carboniferous crustal thinning tensile plate boundary forces are required in addition to gravitation to restore a crustal thickness of approximately 30 km in the variscan internides stresses as little as 10 mpa result in up to 28 extension and a good fit between observed data and model predictions it is concluded that the stephanian to rotliegend evolution in the vicinity of the modelled traverse resulted not from gravitational forces inherited from variscan crustal thickening but was related to a change in orientation of the plate boundary stresses at the end of the westphalian

a numerical study on the changjiang diluted water in the yellow and east china seas 1 a numerical simulation is performed using the princeton ocean model pom to investigate the behavior of the changjiang diluted water cdw and to evaluate the freshwater budget in the yellow and east china seas in addition the major process controlling the behavior of the cdw is discussed the simulated cdw distributions are fairly consistent with the observed distributions showing a remarkable seasonal variation the cdw extends to the northeast toward the tsushima korea straits during summer while it hugs the chinese coast to the southwest within a narrow band in winter tracer experiment is carried out to track the freshwater originating only from the changjiang and to evaluate the freshwater budget in the yellow and east china seas the result shows that about 68 percent of the changjiang discharge is transported through the tsushima korea straits and that about 27 percent is transported through the taiwan strait in autumn and winter to investigate the main process controlling the behavior of the cdw mentioned above another experiment is carried out without wind forcing it is found that the eastward extension of the cdw is strongly constrained by the taiwan tsushima warm current system over the shelf regime the wind is however responsible for the northeastward extension of the cdw in summer in addition the southwestward extension at the taiwan strait during winter is done by strong northeasterly monsoon the experiment without wind forcing shows that freshwater transport through the tsushima korea straits increases to 90 percent of the total changjiang discharge

crustal temperatures along the central segment of the european geotraverse abstract by including the data on crustal structure the temperature distribution was calculated for a sizeable part of the central segment of the european geotraverse a two dimensional steady state equation of heat conduction in an inhomogeneous medium was solved by means of the finite difference method and several slightly different approaches are compared and discussed the data compiled on the surface heat flow together with the data from the vertical distribution of thermal conductivity and from the heat production along the egt served to test the computation techniques and assess the resultant temperature field it is shown that quite flat isotherms could be expected along the central segment with values of 800 900 c which are typical at 40 km deep

226ra and 228ra in the mixing zones of the pee dee river winyah bay yangtze river and delaware bay estuaries 226ra and 228ra have non conservative excess concentrations in the mixing zones of the pee dee river winyah bay estuary the yangtze river estuary and the delaware bay estuary laboratory experiments using pee dee river sediment indicate desorption of 226ra to increase with increasing salinities up to 20 in winyah bay desorption from river borne sediments could contribute almost all of the increases for both isotopes desorption adds only a portion of the excess 228ra measured in the yangtse river and adjacent shelf waters and delaware bay in the yangtze river the mixing zone extends over a considerable portion of the continental shelf where 228ra is added to the water column by diffusion from bottom sediments while 226ra concentrations decrease from dilution diffusion of 228ra from bottom sediments in delaware bay primarily occurs in the upper part of the bay 22 water where fine grained sediments predominate a diffusive flux for 228ra of 0 33 dpm cm 2 year was determined for delaware bay

residence times of surface water and particle reactive 210pb and 210po in the east china and yellow seas 228ra 226ra 210pb and 210po were measured in the surface waters of the east china and yellow seas using mass balance equations for the ra isotopes we estimated the total flux of diffusion from sediments and desorption from suspended particles to be 0 1 dpm 226ra cm 2 a 1 and 1 dpm 228ra cm 2 a 1 and residence times to be 2 3 years for the waters on the east china sea shelf and 5 6 years for yellow sea waters box model calculations yielded generally congruent scavenging residence times for 210pb and 210po in the waters of 2 months on the shelf and 7 months in the kuroshio current these suggest that reactive heavy metals and pollutants discharged through rivers from the continent to the east asian continental shelf are largely deposited on the bottom sediments prior to transport to the pelagic ocean by lateral mixing

pleistocene architecture and stratigraphy in the contact zone of ice streams and lobes in the south eastern part of the baltic region rich material obtained during the glacigenic topography researches shows that the advance of the ice sheet and deglaciation of the area took place in a shape of ice streams substreams and lobes during the last glaciation the south eastern part of the baltic region had been covered by ice on a form of three ice streams which in its continental part were dividing into smaller substreams and lobes differently named in the scientific literature the goal of the present study is to discuss the glacial multilayerness of the pleistocene strata in the se baltic region as a phenomenon of palaeo ice streams substreams and lobes in the contact zone the material of previous researches is analysed as well as published data and new findings of the authors are used the material available on the middle pleistocene emaitija till occurring at the depths from 10 to 175 m along the nw se distribution of the deposits shows differences in petrographic composition of gravel and pebble beds for the western and eastern sectors the deposits of the middle pleistocene occurring at the surface the ashmyany upland and the lida plain in this region are thought to be a result of two different asynchronous ice substreams in the area of the last nemunas glaciation the ice sheet of two stages maximum gr da and the younger baltija also formed tills differing in features and composition thus testifying the result of different ice streams and substreams the statistical correlation analysis for the most widely occurring palaeosurfaces of tills in the south lithuania revealed that the positive coefficient of adjacent surfaces was increasing with the occurrence depth a conclusion is made that different dynamic activity of ice streams and substreams is a natural and objective phenomenon therefore an ice stream substream or a lobe of the same glaciation but of different stages phases could move into a depression formed by another adjacent substream or lobe the multilayered character of the pleistocene strata in the south lithuania can be explained by different manifestation of glacial till layers formed by ice streams substreams or lobes of the same glaciation but of different stages phases application of this conception makes easier the stratigraphic interpretation of the pleistocene deposits in the region

major element chemistry of the changjiang yangtze river the chemistry of major elements ca mg na k hco3 so4 cl and si in the river water of the changjiang yangtze river was studied based on continuously monitored data at 191 stations in the drainage basin for the period 1958 1990 the results show that the total dissolved solid tds concentration of the changjiang varies over an order of magnitude throughout the basin 49 7 518 1 mg l with a medium tds concentration of 205 9 mg l about three times the global average in contrast the tds at a given main channel station varies only slightly in different seasons with a variation factor less than 2 0 despite a substantial water dilution in the summer flood season the major element chemistry of the changjiang is mainly controlled by rock weathering with the anion hco3 and the cation ca dominating the major ion composition due to the abundance of carbonate rocks in the basin a persistently increasing trend has been observed in the concentrations of so4 and to a lesser extent cl in the changjiang a signature of considerable anthropogenic impacts e g acid deposition flux calculations at datong the most downstream main channel station without tidal influence indicate that the changjiang transports ca 154 106 tons year of tds to the sea second only to the amazon in the world

determination of water ages and flushing rates using short lived radium isotopes in large estuarine system the yangtze river estuary china abstract we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of naturally occurring short lived radium isotopes 224 ra t 1 2 3 6 d and 223 ra t 1 2 11 d to examine coastal water mixing dynamics of the third world largest estuary yangtze river estuary yre during two field trips in april 2010 and may 2011 distributions of the 224 ra 223 ra activity ratios within the yre area were used to calculate apparent estuarine water ages field derived results were then compared to hydrodynamic assessments obtained by a lagrangian particle tracking simulation experiment performed using the princeton ocean model pom water ages obtained via both geotracers and particle tracking agree very well during both field trips an anomalously younger water mass low salinity and higher radium activities was observed at about 90 170 km offshore distance from the mouth of the river suggesting an additional terrestrial water source influenced this area the temporal distribution of the radium isotopes indicated a semi diurnal tidal pattern in the yre with relatively constant isotopic composition of less than a 20 variation during our observations an integrated water flushing rate based on our observations excluding the additional anomalous source area was 8 4 km day 1

radium isotopes in coastal waters on the amazon shelf abstract radium isotope distributions on the continental shelf adjacent to the amazon river are a complex function of salinity the river and seawater endmembers for each radium isotope are low data from intermediate salinities plot as a highly scattered region above the conservative mixing line connecting the river and ocean endmembers spatial and temporal variability in sediment mixing and water residence times cause the scatter in the radium isotope data we have used the distributions of 226 ra 228 ra and 224 ra collected during four cruises representing different conditions on the shelf to construct inventories of radium due to nonconservative additions from sediments using estimates of water residence times we calculate fluxes of these radium isotopes from the amazon system the amount of fresh river sediment entering the system each year is adequate to support the nonconservative flux of 226 ra from the shelf sediments however the ultimate release of 226 ra from the sediments requires weeks to months to support the nonconservative flux of 228 ra from this system sediments of the 1 2 m thick surface mixed layer must be resuspended every two years the resulting flux supports 15 of the 228 ra entering the surface atlantic ocean release of 224 ra from suspended sediments primarily fluid mud is more than adequate to support the inventory of 224 ra on the amazon shelf comparing the amasseds low discharge cruise november 1991 to a low discharge sampling in december 1982 revealed no significant changes in the 226 ra and 228 ra distributions

connectivity among straits of the northwest pacific marginal seas 1 the connectivity among straits of the northwest pacific marginal seas is investigated with a primitive equation ocean circulation model simulated for 10 years from 1994 to 2003 over the simulation interval the temporal and spatial means and variations of the model sea surface temperature are comparable to those of the satellite sea surface temperature the model transport through the straits shows good agreement with the available observations and a high seasonality in the taiwan strait the korea strait and the soya strait but relatively low seasonality in the tsugaru strait the kuroshio and taiwan warm current twc are two sources of water flowing through the korea strait the volume transport in the korea strait is dominated by the kuroshio in winter 83 and by the twc in summer 66 relative to the transport through the korea strait the transport percentages of the tsugaru strait connecting to the northwest pacific ocean are 79 in winter and 65 in summer the seasonality of the korea strait transport is positively correlated with the cross strait wind stress the drifter experiments show that it takes about 4 months for most of the drifters deployed in the taiwan strait to enter the korea strait and more than 2 months to travel from the korea strait to the tsugaru and soya straits

tracing the flow rate and mixing ratio of the changjiang diluted water in the northwestern pacific marginal seas using radium isotopes we measured ra isotopes 223ra and 228ra in surface seawater of the northwestern pacific marginal seas to trace the flow rate and mixing of the changjiang diluted water cdw in the summer of 2012 based on the horizontal distribution of 223ra activities the arrival time of cdw from the river mouth to 450 km offshore northeast was estimated to be 20 35 days which is similar to that determined in previous studies moreover we successfully calculated the relative contribution of cdw at each sampling station using a salinity and 228ra diagram using this unique method we found that the relative contribution of cdw was more than 30 in most surface seawaters of the northern east china sea the yellow sea and the southern sea off korea our results suggest that cdw is of high significance in the biogeochemistry of surface seawater of these northwestern pacific marginal seas during the summer monsoon period

transgressive sand ridges on the mid shelf of the southern sea of korea korea strait formation and development in high energy environments abstract the mid shelf of the southern sea of korea korea strait is covered by a series of shore parallel sand ridges up to 63 km long 3 9 km wide and 22 m thick the ridges are a moribund type but show well organized dipping strata indicating appreciable progradation the submerged paleo channel system the paleo seomjin river associated with the sand ridge field suggests that the ridges primarily originated from river mouth sandy shoals which subsequently developed into shore parallel linear sand bodies in high energy environments the combined effect of coastal tidal and longshore and offshore ocean currents was possibly responsible for shore parallel sediment transport and growth of the ridges 14c dates core lithology and sea level data suggest that the sand ridges mainly formed and developed during the middle period of the postglacial transgression they are postulated to have developed sequentially from offshore to onshore in response to sea level rise during that time very slow sea level rise and high sediment supply through the paleo channel system probably provided favorable conditions for forming the sand ridges the ridges became inactive during the late transgression period as a result of a substantial reduction of wave and current strength and remained on the mid shelf

an attempt at correlation between the velay pollen sequence and the middle pleistocene stratigraphy from central europe abstract long continuous lacustrine sequences constitute on the continent a precious tool for coupling the long term continental environmental changes with deep sea and ice core records using the count from the top method moreover they can contribute to long distance correlation on the continent itself and thus help to classify discontinuous sedimentary records palynostratigraphical correlation is proposed here between the velay long sequence and the late middle pleistocene series from central europe with special attention to temperate episodes the similarities between the praclaux and the holsteinian interglacial suggest that they are both contemporaneous with marine isotopic stage mis 11 even if absolute dates are still divergent the evidence of two major warm periods with an interglacial type of vegetation between the holsteinian and the eemian is confirmed by the velay record

is there a relationship between seismic velocity and heat production for crustal rocks abstract several investigators proposed an empirical relationship between heat production and seismic velocity for rocks typical of the continental crust these relationships could allow for indirect resolution of the distribution of heat producing elements with depth new heat production data for rock samples from the pikwitonei granulite domain and the sachigo granite greenstone subprovince of the superior province do not follow these relationships indicating that heat production cannot be reliably predicted from seismic velocity these two parameters are not likely to be related as velocity depends upon the major mineral constituents of rocks whereas heat production results from radiogenic components concentrated in both major and trace minerals in rocks

a new interglacial stage in poland augustovian and the problem of the age of the oldest pleistocene till abstract several new boreholes have been investigated in northeastern poland they proved up to ten undisturbed till beds in superposition two interglacial lacustrine sequences have also been found the lower interglacial sequence rests on the oldest till in the region and is probably overlain by two elsterian tills the upper interglacial sequence rests directly upon the latter two tills and has yielded a pollen succession typical of the mazovian holsteinian stage the lower interglacial sequence shows a different pollen succession unlike any other known in poland it has been therefore defined as a new augustovian interglacial stage containing two warm events optimum phases separated by a cold period with only boreal flora the lithostratigraphical position of the new interglacial suggests a classical cromerian age however although the pollen succession of the upper optimum stage of the augustovian is superficially very similar to the british pastonian correlation with the leerdam interglacial is possible but it may also represent a completely new warm episode of the cromerian the paper presents discussion on possible different age interpretations of this warm stage and the underlying till

relationship between seismic velocity and heat production comparison of two sets of data and test of validity abstract an empirical relationship between compressional wave velocity v p and radiogenic heat generation a is frequently used to estimate heat production distributions in the continental crust two data sets from rybach and buntebarth 1 and kern and siegesmund 2 have been re evaluated and made comparable bulk density was included as a further parameter to investigate the relationships v p a v p and a statistical analysis shows reasonably high and comparable regression coefficients for the first two relationships but much less agreement for the a relationship

structure and eastward extension of the changjiang river plume in the east china sea 1 the hydrographic structure and offshore extension of freshwater plume discharged from the changjiang also known as the yangtze river in the northern east china sea were investigated by analyzing conductivity temperature depth ctd data and drifter trajectories collected during the summers of 1997 and 1998 from june to early september when southerly winds prevail the plume tends to move northeast in the chinese coastal area and then separates from the coastal zone to travel eastward over 400 km offshore across the western shelf of the northern east china sea during other seasons when northerly winds prevail the plume is confined to the chinese coast in the summer the plume in the midshelf confined to a thin surface layer 10 to 15 m thick extends eastward in the form of patches of low salinity water rather than spreading as a tongue shaped pattern from the changjiang mouth the eastward movement of patches in the western shelf is primarily due to upwelling favorable southerly winds upon reaching the vicinity of cheju do an island in the middle of northern east china sea the patches are advected to the korea tsushima strait by either the cheju warm current or a northward flowing mean current of the kuroshio branch current and then finally flow into the east japan sea

an outline of the pleistocene stratigraphy of the kleszczow graben bechatow outcrop central poland abstract the pleistocene sequence of the kleszczow graben central poland is located in a brown coal quarry 8 km long and 4 km wide it contains ten separate organic horizons in part stacked one above another and in part correlated by reference to associated inorganic units using heavy minerals and gravel petrography three of the organic horizons represent interglacials ferdynandovian mazovian holsteinian and eemian others represent interstadial or periglacial deposits the tertiary quaternary boundary is recorded at the site by reuverian c and prae tiglian biostratigraphy occurring in a single section a major hiatus exists above the prae tiglian and lower pleistocene and cromerian deposits are absent glacial deposits are represented by three elsterian tills five saalian tills and glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits the czyzow formation lies between the elsterian and saalian deposits and contains at least two interglacials the ferdynandovian and mazovian and several interstadial units without glacial intervening deposits the lower saalian odranian drenthe deposits are separated from the middle saalian wartanian 1 by fluvial sands and organic deposits of the pilica interstadial the middle wartanian 1 and upper saalian wartanian 2 also may be separated by an interstadial palaeosol the evidence from the kleszczow graben supported by other central european quaternary sequences suggest that only four glaciations occurred within the region during the middle pleistocene and that these glaciations were separated by long periods with a complex climate ranging from temperate to periglacial

crustal xenoliths from tertiary volcanics of the northern hessian depression a suite of crustal xenoliths from tertiary basaltic tuffs of the northern hessian depression nhd volcanic field comprises abundant meta igneous pyroxene granulites of mafic noritic to anorthositic iat and tonalitic composition less abundant are granitic tonalitic and leucogranitic gneisses and metasedimentary xenoliths a total of 49 samples were analyzed for modal compositions for major and trace elements including li rb sr ba cs v sc cr co ni y zr nb ta hf th and ree and oxygen isotopes two pyroxene thermometry yields temperatures between 700 and 900 c for mafic and noritic granulites feldspar thermometry indicates temperatures of 660 710 c for tonalitic granulites and 470 520 c for granitic and tonalitic gneisses one highly depleted sillimanite rich metasediment contains cordierite and garnet which have equilibrated at temperatures of 780 c the general lack of garnet in the mafic and noritic granulites and the presence of sillimanite in felsic xenoliths indicates that metamorphic pressures have not exceeded 10 kb major and trace element data and oxygen isotope compositions of the mafic granulites are compatible with an origin from spilitized enriched type morb rocks enrichment in 18o to 11 and in li to 34 ppm at average sio2 contents of 44 1 wt these low t spilites were transformed into amphibolites and then pyroxene granulites during subsequent high temperature metamorphic events low si al k and rb concentrations along with an contents in plagioclase ranging from near 50 to 98 mole percent suggest that amphibolite facies protoliths have generated tonalitic melts during partial melting at temperatures above 700 c the mafic granulite xenoliths are interpreted as restites whereas the tonalitic samples probably represent the extracted partial melts derived by 20 to 30 percent degree of melting metasedimentary xenoliths strongly depleted in granitic component could represent restites from which granitic s type partial melts have been extracted tonalitic and leucogranitic gneisses including one trondhjemite xenolith have many chemical characteristics e g ree distribution in common with tonalite trondhjemite granodiorite suites of the north atlantic region but cannot be accounted for a more specific origin estimated elastic properties of the main types of nhd xenoliths yield p wave velocities of 6 0 6 4 km 1 for granitic tonalitic and trondhjemite gneisses including tonalitic granulites and 6 5 7 0 for the more mafic xenoliths when compared with two seismic depths vp profiles these data are in accordance with a model where the mafic andesitic noritic and tonalitic granulites comprise abundant rock types at depths between 29 km moho and 20 km which mainly consists of old oceanic crust including subduction related volcanic products the more felsic xenoliths probably represent material from depths between 12 and 20 km

lithospheric thermal regimes in europe abstract the heat flow pattern of europe derived from more than 8000 observations is dominated by a general northeast to southwest increase in geothermal activity which is the consequence of the tectonic evolution of the whole continent this paper reviews the history of the geothermal mapping of europe and describes the recently compiled set of geothermal maps of europe surface heat flow is correlated with the age of the last tectonothermal event with the near surface heat production and with the crustal thickness deep temperature distributions within the crust lithosphere are calculated for 1 d 2 d and simple 3 d models characteristic temperature depth curves are given for some of the major tectonic provinces and the results of various techniques are compared the value of the crustal heat contribution is assessed and a regional moho heat flow pattern is proposed the mohorovicic discontinuity is clearly not an isothermal surface neither is the heat flow from below the crust constant

the beginning of the ice age in europe and its major subdivisions abstract the time range of the quaternary is discussed in terms of the view that this period is essentially the one in the earth s history in which during certain intervals inland ice developed in the northern hemisphere this process first became evident about 2 3 ma bp since then the quaternary thus defined has witnessed many climatic variations although for practical reasons it is not feasible to assign the status of stage to each distinclty warm or cold phase climatic change is nevertheless the most appropriate basis for world wide correlation it seems possible to use both climatic change and other correlation parameters to arrive at a practicable subdivision of the quaternary period into stages before about 1 ma vegetational succession during interglacials in western europe differed from that seen in later times a possible cause for this divergence is discussed in the later part of the quaternary after about 1 ma two distinct types of warm temperate intervals occurred one associated with high sea levels and an oceanic climate the other showing lower sea levels and a cooler and more continental climate the difference between these two types is shown by comparison of the distribution of abies during these time intervals

pleistocene interglacials and glaciations of northeastern poland compared to neighbouring areas abstract the pleistocene stratigraphy of northeastern poland is based mainly on palynological analyses of organic lake sediments and their palaeomagnetic dating as well as on the lithological petrographical analyses of tills and intervening deposits these data were collected from the most recent boreholes drilled for the detailed geological map of poland on a scale of 1 50 000 in northeastern poland there are eight to eleven glacial beds based on geological and lithological petrographical evidence they are presumably represented by tills of eight glaciations the narevian menapian nidanian glacial a cromer complex sanian 1 elsterian 1 sanian 2 elsterian 2 liviecian fuhne odranian or krznanian drenthe wartanian warthe and vistulian weichselian substantial palynological evidence exists for organic sediments of the augustovian bavelian complex or cromerian i mazovian holsteinian and eemian eemian interglacials the age determination of the zbojnian domnitz interglacial on organic sediments in the raczki wielkie borehole near olecko is based on tl dating and incomplete palynological analysis only the other interglacials known from central and southern poland the malopolanian cromer complex ii or iii interglacial ferdynandovian voigtstedt and lubavian karlich have no palynological evidence in northeastern poland or its geological position and age losy profile near lubawa are under discussion the ferdynandovian voigtstedt and lubavian karlich interglacials are presumably mostly represented by lake and fluvial facies

a test of the relationship between seismic velocity and heat production for crustal rocks new heat production data of 40 rock samples comprising a wide variety of crustal rocks are compared with respective p wave velocities and densities in order to test the empirical velocity density heat production systematics proposed by rybach and buntebarth 1 2 which have been used by several investigators to determine heat production with depth in the crust our laboratory data do not convincingly fit any of the proposed relationships the lack of confirmation is attributed to the fact that the physical rock properties are mainly related to the single crystal properties of the respective major minerals whereas heat production in the rocks results from radiogenic components which are largely concentrated in accessory minerals

pollen biostratigraphy and environmental pattern of snaigupėlė interglacial late middle pleistocene western lithuania abstract stratigraphical subdivision of the pleistocene formations in the areas affected by the numerous glaciations is still rather complicated and contradictory in many cases interglacial sediments are of primary importance for the stratigraphical subdivision of this stratum the palynological signature of interglacial sediments has often been used for determination of their chronostratigraphical position interglacial organic sediments consisting of peat and sapropelite were intersected in eight boreholes in western lithuania 19 50 34 5 m bsl 55 40 30 55 41 47 n 21 08 03 21 10 17 e palynological record suggests the deposition of the investigated sediments during the lateglacial and the first half of the interglacial including climatic optimum the spread of shrub herb vegetation with the patchy occurrence of betula and possibly pinus during the lateglacial was recorded deposition of silt and sand with low input of organic matter indicates rather severe climatic conditions betula and pinus dominated forest with presence of larix were typical of the early beginning of the interglacial deposition of sapropelite and peat indicates increasing organic input ongoing climatic amelioration coincided with the rapid development of a mixed forest with numerous broad leaved trees e g ulmus quercus and tilia during the first half of the interglacial further changes of the vegetation structure indicate migration of alnus and picea that may have been related with increasing humidity sediments from mardasavas section that contains a similar palynological record were 230 th u dated at 202 4 38 6 22 9 ka tsd method and 220 6 35 3 20 5 ka l l method gaigalas a arslanov kh a maksimov f e kuznetsov v yu chernov s b 2007 uranium thorium isochron dating results of penultimate late mid pleistocene interglacial in lithuania from mardasavas site geologija 57 21 29 the reconstructed pattern of the flora structure e g presence absence and abundance of certain characteristic taxa suggest the deposition of the investigated sediments during the warm climatic interval that can be tentatively correlated with the first half of the snaigup l lubavian uecker schoningen or gorkinskij interglacial attributed to late middle pleistocene or to marine isotope stage 7 mis 7 of the north atlantic pro rata

physical mechanisms for the offshore detachment of the changjiang diluted water in the east china sea 1 physical mechanisms for the summertime offshore detachment of the changjiang diluted water cdw into the east china sea are examined using the high resolution unstructured grid finite volume coastal ocean model fvcom the model results suggest that isolated low salinity water lens detected west of cheju island can be formed by 1 a large scale adjustment of the flow field to the changjiang discharge and 2 the detachment of anticyclonic eddies as a result of baroclinic instability of the cdw front adding the changjiang discharge intensifies the clockwise vorticity of the subsurface current originating from the taiwan warm current flowing along the 50 m isobath and thus drives the low salinity water in the northern coastal area of the changjiang mouth offshore over a submerged plateau that extends toward cheju island given a model horizontal resolution of less than 1 0 km the cdw front becomes baroclinically unstable and forms a chain of anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies the offshore detachment of anticyclonic eddies can carry the cdw offshore this process is enhanced under northward winds as a result of the spatially nonuniform interaction of wind induced ekman flow and eddy generated frontal density currents characteristics of the model predicted eddy field are consistent with previous theoretical studies of baroclinic instability of buoyancy driven coastal density currents and existing satellite imagery the plume stability is controlled by the horizontal ekman number in the changjiang this number is much smaller than the criterion suggested by a theoretical analysis

the pre weichselian glaciations of north west europe abstract in north west europe no evidence has been found for glaciations older than the elsterian the elsterian seems to consist of at least two separate ice advances with a minor interval in between during the elsterian in the area south of the baltic sea over 400 m deep channels were cut into the underlying substratum by a combination of glacial erosion and meltwater activity the channels were active until the late elsterian and were subsequently filled with meltwater deposits and glaciolacustrine silt and clay during the saalian no comparative channels were being formed three different ice advances can be distinguished within the saalian the stratigraphical correlation of which is to be discussed no convincing evidence was found for any interglacial within the saalian sequence there are good reasons to assume that the ice advances were only separated from each other by minor ice free intervals