nonlinear simulations of jupiter s 5 micron hot spots large scale nonlinear simulations of jupiter s 5 micron hot spots produce long lived coherent structures that cause subsidence in local regions explaining the low cloudiness and the dryness measured by the galileo probe inside a hot spot like observed hot spots the simulated coherent structures are equatorially confined have periodic spacing propagate west relative to the flow are generally confined to one hemisphere and have an anticyclonic gyre on their equatorward side the southern edge of the simulated hot spots develops vertical shear of up to 70 meters per second in the eastward wind which can explain the results of the galileo probe doppler wind experiment

chemical weathering rates of silicate dominated lithological classes and associated liberation rates of phosphorus on the japanese archipelago implications for global scale analysis abstract lithology is an important characteristic of the terrestrial surface whose properties influence chemical weathering rates specifically non silicate minerals may contribute significantly to the weathering derived fluxes from silicate dominated lithological classes the japanese archipelago consists of predominantly silicate dominated lithologies with a high proportion of volcanics however the spatially explicit representation of chemical weathering rates remains difficult for such a large region because many controlling factors on chemical weathering rates are correlated with each other due to the spatial heterogeneity of lithology a multi lithological model approach to estimate spatially explicit chemical weathering rates for unmonitored areas is applied here to achieve this hydrochemical data of 381 catchments are used to train a set of models recognizing the contribution of a variety of proposed factors influencing chemical silicate rock weathering rates csrwr cations plus dissolved silica flux the monitored catchments cover 44 of the japanese archipelago cation chemical weathering rates excluding si are linearly correlated with csrwr and show outliers if basic volcanics or pyroclastic flows are present due to increased silica release rates lithology and runoff are identified as the strongest predictors for chemical weathering rates temperature and gradient of slope are of less relevance for the regional scale prediction while further proposed factors like soil properties or land cover are not identified as major predictors latter findings are partly attributed to geodata quality low variability of parameter values as well as spatial correlations of proposed controlling factors with lithology or runoff the calculated average csrwr of the archipelago is 25 t km 2 a 1 and ranges from 5 9 to 107 t km 2 a 1 in monitored catchments weathering rates per lithological class as a function of runoff can be grouped into three classes a pyroclastic flows showing the highest chemical weathering rates b alluvial deposits mixed sediments and basic to intermediate volcanics with medium rates and c metamorphics siliciclastic sediments acid volcanics acid plutonics and unconsolidated sediments other than alluvial deposits showing the lowest rates the recognition of lithogenic sulfur would add 9 7 to csrwr of considered catchments results suggest that the lithological classes acid volcanics and unconsolidated sediments contribute above average to the sulfur fluxes possible biases of this observation are discussed the contribution of ca fluxes from non silicate calcic minerals named ca excess ca fluxes in addition to silicate ca fluxes is about 10 of the csrwr on average and is attributed by a wide value range the calculated ratio ca excess to total ca fluxes from chemical weathering averages around 62 75 56 83 and 84 for the lithological classes acid plutonics metamorphics siliciclastic sediments mixed sediments and acid volcanics respectively this suggests a major ca contribution from non silicate calcic minerals for these lithological classes phosphorus release from rocks due to chemical weathering is estimated to be between 1 kg p km 2 a 1 and 390 kg p km 2 a 1 the p release patterns in dependence of runoff per lithological class are different from csrwrs due to differences of applied p content in rocks the identified spatial p release patterns suggest that the consideration of dynamic and spatially resolved p release rates by chemical weathering might improve ecosystem studies later findings may be of importance for analysing the influence of p release from rocks on the climate system via ecosystem functioning on geological time scales a first application of the p release model to the global scale suggests an annual release of 1 6 mt p 13 8 kg p km 1 a 1 by chemical weathering of silicate dominated lithological classes excluding carbonate sedimentary rocks

coupled modeling of hydrogeochemical and electrical resistivity data for exploring the impact of recharge on subsurface contamination 1 the application of geophysical methods in particular electrical resistivity measurements may be useful for monitoring subsurface contamination however interpreting geophysical data without additional data and without considering the associated hydrogeochemical processes is challenging since the geophysical response is sensitive to not only heterogeneity in rock properties but also to the saturation and chemical composition of pore fluids we present an inverse modeling framework that incorporates the simulation of hydrogeochemical processes and time lapse electrical resistivity data and apply it to various borehole and cross borehole data sets collected in 2008 near the s 3 ponds at the u s department of energy s oak ridge integrated field research challenge site where efforts are underway to better understand freshwater recharge and associated contaminant dilution our goal is to show that the coupled hydrogeochemical geophysical modeling framework can be used to 1 develop a model that honors all the available data sets 2 help understand the response of the geophysical data to subsurface properties and processes at the site and 3 allow for the estimation of petrophysical parameters needed for interpreting the geophysical data we present a series of cases involving different data sets and increasingly complex models and find that the approach provides useful information about soil properties recharge related transport processes and the geophysical response spatial heterogeneity of the petrophysical model can be described sufficiently with two layers and its parameters can be estimated concurrently with the hydrogeochemical parameters for successful application of the approach the parameters of interest must be sensitive to the available data and the experimental conditions must be carefully modeled

the galileo probe doppler wind experiment measurement of the deep zonal winds on jupiter during its descent into the upper atmosphere of jupiter the galileo probe transmitted data to the orbiter for 57 5 min accurate measurements of the probe radio frequency driven by an ultrastable oscillator allowed an accurate time history of the probe motions to be reconstructed removal from the probe radio frequency profile of known doppler contributions including the orbiter trajectory the probe descent velocity and the rotation of jupiter left a measurable frequency residual due to jupiter s zonal winds and microdynamical motion of the probe from spin swing under the parachute atmospheric turbulence and aerodynamic buffeting from the assumption of the dominance of the zonal horizontal winds the frequency residuals were inverted and resulted in the first in situ measurements of the vertical profile of jupiter s deep zonal winds a number of error sources with the capability of corrupting the frequency measurements or the interpretation of the frequency residuals were considered using reasonable assumptions and calibrations from prelaunch and in flight testing it is found that beneath the cloud tops about 700 mbar the winds are prograde and rise rapidly to 170 m s at 4 bars beyond 4 bars to the depth at which the link with the probe was lost nearly 21 bars the winds remain constant and strong corrections for the high temperatures encountered by the probe have recently been completed and provide no evidence of diminishing or strengthening of the zonal wind profile in the deeper regions explored by the galileo probe

uniqueness and stability analysis of hydrogeophysical inversion for time lapse ground penetrating radar estimates of shallow soil hydraulic properties precise measurement of soil hydraulic properties at field scales is one of the prerequisites to simulate subsurface flow and transport processes which is crucial in many research and engineering areas in our study we numerically analyze uniqueness and stability for integrated hydrogeophysical inversion of time lapse off ground ground penetrating radar gpr data in estimating the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties in the inversion hydrodynamic modeling based on the one dimensional 1 d richards equation is used to physically constrain a full waveform radar electromagnetic model synthetic gpr data in terms of 3 d multilayered media green s functions were generated for three different textured soils coarse medium and fine and assuming different infiltration events inversion was performed iteratively to estimate three key soil hydraulic parameters n and ks of the mualem van genuchten model using the global multilevel coordinate search optimization algorithm for the coarse and medium textured soils inversions converged to the actual solution for all scenarios for the fine soil estimation errors occurred mainly because of the higher attenuation of the electromagnetic waves in such a soil high electric conductivity the procedure appeared to be generally stable with respect to possible errors in the hydrodynamic and petrophysical model parameterization however we found that particular attention should be given to an accurate estimation of the saturated water content and infiltration flux for real field applications the results from our numerical experiments suggest that in theory the proposed method is promising for the noninvasive identification of the shallow soil hydraulic properties at the field scale with a high spatial resolution

motions in jovian hot spot plume regions using voyager images abstract we have measured the motions and wind velocity vectors in six jovian hot spot plume areas latitudes 0 to 12 using high resolution voyager 1 and 2 images separated by one jovian rotation 10 hr rapid changes in cloud forms take place in a few hours at scales from 100 to 2000 km no large scale organized motions e g diagonal convergence along the plume tails toward hot spots or circulation patterns such as those recently reported using galileo images separated by 1 hr have been found we show that particle evaporation and cloud element mixing in the upper ammonia cloud could be fast enough to dissipate the small cloud elements such as those used as tracers by the galileo ssi team in less than 10 hr

bicarbonate fluxes and co2 consumption by chemical weathering on the japanese archipelago application of a multi lithological model framework abstract prediction of co 2 consumption by chemical weathering is important to understand the global carbon cycle and island arcs are assumed to contribute significantly to the transfer of atmospheric soil co 2 to the oceans previous work established empirical functions for bicarbonate flux and co 2 consumption in dependence of runoff for five to six lithological classes these functions were applied in global studies however it has remained uncertain if improvements can be achieved by considering further factors or by an enhanced lithological classification scheme this study applies a new lithological map of japan with an enhanced lithological classification a hydrochemical data set representing 382 catchments covering 44 4 of the japanese archipelago and a multi lithological model approach to predict bicarbonate fluxes and co 2 consumption by chemical weathering because of significant carbonate contents in sediments different from carbonate sedimentary rocks acid plutonics and metamorphics firstly a bicarbonate flux model approach is established and secondly silicate and carbonate co 2 consumption is estimated based on the geochemical composition of rocks in accordance with previous studies on the catchment scale the most important factors controlling bicarbonate fluxes are lithology and runoff the anion ratio hco 3 so 4 2 cl is identified as the third most important predictor because anion sources and anion composition of river water have a great effect on bicarbonate concentrations and last but not least potential predictors such as gradient of slope temperature and physical erosion explain some part of the observed bicarbonate flux variation these potential predictors have been discussed in literature but quantification of the effects of these factors remains difficult due to their correlation with runoff and lithology however all tested models reproduce a total of observed bicarbonate fluxes within 10 on the regional scale including the simplest model which recognizes only lithology and runoff as predictors model results suggest that bicarbonate flux from the japanese archipelago is about 6 61 t c km 2 a 1 and co 2 consumption by chemical weathering is about 6 05 t c km 2 a 1 91 6 of bicarbonate flux this co 2 consumption rate is 3 2 times above the global average rate the silicate to carbonate co 2 consumption ratio is comparatively high it amounts to 9 9 which is above the global value the latter one being 1 to 1 5 carbonate sedimentary rocks contribute only 1 3 to bicarbonate fluxes due to their low areal proportion 0 2 acid volcanic rocks va show the lowest bicarbonate fluxes on average while basic and intermediate volcanics vb as well as pyroclastics py are in the range of the japanese average value the carbonate weathering contribution to bicarbonate fluxes from mixed sediments siliciclastic sediments metamorphics and acid plutonics is estimated to be 69 2 23 3 63 4 and 24 8 respectively only an average carbonate co 2 consumption per lithological class is calculated because no function based on typical predictors could be established to calculate carbonate weathering contribution to silicate dominated lithological classes this can be attributed to large spatial differences in carbonate content in rocks and to corresponding contributions to bicarbonatefluxes in the following results are compared to bicarbonate flux models of previous studies and identified differences are discussed in conclusion recognition of carbonate abundance in silicate dominated lithological classes including trace calcite is important to calculate silicate carbonate co 2 consumption ratios presented results are relevant for studies modelling co 2 consumption by chemical weathering in context of the global c cycle

computer simulations of jupiter s deep internal dynamics help interpret what juno sees we describe computer simulations of thermal convection and magnetic field generation in jupiter s deep interior that is its convective dynamo results from three different simulations highlight the importance of including the dynamics in the very deep interior although much of the convection and field generation seems to be confined to the upper part of the interior a long debated question is to what depth do jupiter s zonal winds extend below its surface our simulations suggest that if global latitudinally banded patterns in jupiter s near surface magnetic and gravity fields were detected by juno nasa s orbiting spacecraft at jupiter bolton s et al 2017 science 356 821 825 they would provide evidence for jupiter s zonal winds extending deep below the surface one of our simulations has also maintained for a couple simulated years a deep axisymmetric inertial wave with properties at the surface that depend on the size of the model s small rocky core if such a wave was detected on jupiter s surface its latitudes and oscillation frequency would provide evidence for the existence and size of jupiter s rocky core

hydrologic trajectories in transient ground penetrating radar reflection data a variable rate infiltration experiment was conducted in a sandbox to demonstrate that distinctive patterns are produced in transient ground penetrating radar gpr data collected during wetting and drying events the observed gpr response was found to be very consistent with the results of numerical simulations performed using finite difference time domain modeling of gpr coupled with a 1d unsaturated flow model hydrus 1d for which the sand hydraulic properties were determined independently using core samples despite this agreement few methods are available that can efficiently analyze transient gpr data to make a quantitative link between observed responses and the hydraulic properties of soils to address this problem a computationally efficient method is proposed that is analogous to coherency analysis used in multioffset surveys the new method isbased on the calculation of semblance along trajectories through transient gpr data each trajectory represents a specific gpr arrival e g the groun

coupled hydrogeophysical inversion of time lapse surface gpr data to estimate hydraulic properties of a layered subsurface 1 a major challenge in vadose zone hydrology is to obtain accurate information on the temporal changes of the vertical soil water distribution and its feedback with the atmosphere and groundwater a state of the art coupled hydrogeophysical inversion scheme is applied to evaluate soil hydraulic properties of a synthetic model and a field soil in southern ontario based on time lapse monitoring of soil dynamics with surface ground penetrating radar gpr film flow was included in the hydrological model to account for noncapillary water flow in a sandy medium during dry conditions the synthetic study illustrated that gpr data contain sufficient information to accurately constrain soil hydraulic parameters within a coupled inversion framework and led to an accurate estimation of the soil hydraulic properties when film flow was not accounted for within the inversion an equally good fit could still be achieved in this case errors introduced by neglecting film flow were compensated by different hydraulic parameters for the field data the coupled inversion reduced the overall misfit compared to an uncalibrated model using hydraulic parameters obtained from laboratory data although the data fit improved significantly for water content in the deeper soil layers accounting for film flow in the uppermost subsurface layer did not lead to a better fit of the gpr data further research is needed to describe the processes controlling water content in the dry range in particular coupled heat and vapor transport this study illustrates the suitability of surface gpr measurements combined with coupled inversion for near surface characterization of soil hydraulic parameters

soil moisture content estimation using ground penetrating radar reflection data abstract ground penetrating radar gpr reflection travel time data were used to estimate changes in soil water content under a range of soil saturation conditions throughout the growing season at a california winery data were collected during three data acquisition campaigns over an 80 by 180 m area using 100 mhz surface gpr antennas gpr reflections were associated with a thin low permeability clay layer located 0 8 1 3 m below the ground surface that was identified from borehole information and mapped across the study area field infiltration tests and neutron probe logs suggest that the thin clay layer inhibited vertical water flow and was coincident with high volumetric water content vwc values the gpr reflection two way travel time and the depth of the reflector at the borehole locations were used to calculate an average dielectric constant for soils above the reflector a site specific relationship between the dielectric constant and vwc was then used to estimate the depth averaged vwc of the soils above the reflector compared to average vwc measurements from calibrated neutron probe logs over the same depth interval the average vwc estimates obtained from gpr reflections had an rms error of 0 018 m3 m 3 these results suggested that the two way travel time to a gpr reflection associated with a geological surface could be used under natural conditions to obtain estimates of average water content when borehole control is available and the reflection strength is sufficient the gpr reflection method therefore has potential for monitoring soil water content over large areas and under variable hydrological conditions

properties of precipitation induced multilayer surface waveguides derived from inversion of dispersive te and tm gpr data precipitation events result in a high water content of the shallow subsurface when the water remains in the shallow subsurface a shallow low velocity layer can be generated which acts as a waveguide when the contrasts in permittivity are large enough the electromagnetic waves emitted by ground penetrating radar gpr systems are trapped within these thin surface layers and show pronounced dispersion which depends on the velocities and thicknesses of the surface waveguide layers and the velocity of the material below it conventional traveltime techniques cannot be reliably applied because the different phases cannot be clearly identified recently developed techniques for inverting dispersed waveforms in transverse electric te and transversemagnetic tm gpr data are used to provide information on the thickness and permittivity of a single layer low velocity waveguide induced by precipitation events repeated measurements at one location after two precipitation events show that for increasing soil

carbonate versus silicate weathering in the raikhot watershed within the high himalayan crystalline series the major element and sr isotope geochemistry of surface waters bedrock and river sands was investigated in the raikhot watershed within the high himalayan crystalline series hhcs in northern pakistan mass balance calculations of mineral weathering contributions to the dissolved flux of ions from the watershed indicate that 82 of the hco 3 flux is derived from the weathering of carbonate minerals and only 18 is derived from silicate weathering even though the bedrock is predominantly quartzofeldspathic gneiss and granite with only 1 carbonate in the watershed this study demonstrates the importance of trace amounts of bedrock carbonate in controlling the water chemistry of glacial watersheds we suggest that the flux of sr with a high 87 sr 86 sr ratio in the major himalayan rivers may be derived in large part from weathering of trace amounts of calcite within the largely silicate hhcs models that use the flux of radiogenic sr from the himalayas as a proxy for silicate weathering rates may therefore overestimate the amount of co 2 consumption due to silicate weathering in the himalaya

jupiter s interior and deep atmosphere the initial pole to pole passes with the juno spacecraft on 27 august 2016 the juno spacecraft acquired science observations of jupiter passing less than 5000 kilometers above the equatorial cloud tops images of jupiter s poles show a chaotic scene unlike saturn s poles microwave sounding reveals weather features at pressures deeper than 100 bars dominated by an ammonia rich narrow low latitude plume resembling a deeper wider version of earth s hadley cell near infrared mapping reveals the relative humidity within prominent downwelling regions juno s measured gravity field differs substantially from the last available estimate and is one order of magnitude more precise this has implications for the distribution of heavy elements in the interior including the existence and mass of jupiter s core the observed magnetic field exhibits smaller spatial variations than expected indicative of a rich harmonic content

vadose zone flow model parameterisation using cross borehole radar and resistivity imaging cross borehole geoelectrical imaging in particular electrical resistivity tomography ert and transmission radar tomography can provide high resolution images of hydrogeological structures and in some cases detailed assessment of dynamic processes in the subsurface environment through appropriate petrophysical relationships these tools offer data suitable for parameterising and constraining models of groundwater flow this is demonstrated using cross borehole radar and resistivity measurements collected during a controlled vadose zone tracer test performed at a field site in the uk sherwood sandstone both methods show clearly the vertical migration of the tracer over a 200 h monitoring period by comparing first and second spatial moments of changes in moisture content predicted from a numerical simulation of vadose zone flow with equivalent statistics from two and three dimensional ert and cross borehole radar profiles the effective hydraulic conductivity is estimated to be approximately 0 4 m d such a value is comparable to field estimates from borehole hydraulic tests carried out in the saturated zone at the field site and provides valuable information that may be utilised to parameterise pollutant transport models of the site

first measurements of jupiter s zonal winds with visible imaging spectroscopy abstract we present the first measurements of jupiter s wind profile ever obtained with doppler velocity measurements in the visible hitherto knowledge about atmospheric dynamics has been obtained with cloud tracking techniques which consist of tracking visible features from images taken at different dates however cloud tracking indicates the motion of large cloud structures which is an indication of the speed of iso pressure regions rather than the speed of the actual atmospheric particles doppler imaging is as challenging motions are usually less than 100 m s 1 as appealing because it measures the speed of cloud particles instead of large cloud structures significant difference could appear in the case of atmospheric waves interfering with cloud structures here we present the first scientific results of a doppler imaging spectrometer that is dedicated to giant planet seismology and atmospheric dynamics by providing instantaneous line of sight velocity maps of the planets of the solar system the instrument has been developed in the framework of the projects jovial jovian oscillations through velocity images at several longitudes and jive in nm jovian interiors from velocimetry experiment in new mexico it is a fourier transform spectrometer with a fixed optical path difference working in the mid visible domain which monitors the position of solar fraunhofer lines that are reflected in the planets upper atmospheres after describing the instrument principle and the different steps of data reduction we report measurement of the average zonal wind speed of jupiter as a function of latitude from datasets obtained in 2015 and 2016 with two different telescopes when the planet was close to its opposition our results are consistent between the two years we compare the results with wind profiles obtained by cloud tracking on hst hubble space telescope images taken at the same epoch and identify a significant discrepancy in the north equatorial belt and northern part of the equatorial zone

a study of the stability of jovian zonal winds from hst images 1995 2000 abstract we present a five year study of the temporal stability of jupiter s zonal wind velocity profile at cloud level based on hubble space telescope images obtained from 1995 to 2000 we used the correlation of east west albedo scans in pairs of images separated by one jovian rotation to retrieve the zonal winds the resolution in the hst images ranged from 140 to 190 km pixel 1 independent measurements of the motions of individual cloud tracers were used to control the above profiles three wavelengths were used in this analysis 410 nm violet continuum 892 nm methane absorption band and 953 nm red continuum our study indicates that globally jupiter s zonal flow did not change during this five year interval and it does not depend on the observed wavelengths when comparing our mean profile with that obtained 16 years ago using voyager data we find a reasonable agreement we note however a small shift in the latitude of the jets poleward of latitude 30 probably due to image navigation uncertainties however true changes in the intensity of the jets at 24 n and 32 n are found results also indicate that the 7 s jet has remained stable since the voyager era in addition we extend in this paper our previous study of the 24 n with new data from year 2000 the new data confirm the jet s stability during the 1995 2000 period finally we present the average profile for this period including error estimation in a table that extends the latitudinal coverage of limaye s 1986 icarus 65 335 352 voyager profile up to latitudes 68 s and 77 n

meteorology of jupiter s equatorial hot spots and plumes from cassini we present an updated analysis of jupiter s equatorial meteorology from cassini observations for two months preceding the spacecraft s closest approach the imaging science subsystem iss onboard regularly imaged the atmosphere we created time lapse movies from this period in order to analyze the dynamics of equatorial hot spots and their interactions with adjacent latitudes hot spots are relatively cloud free regions that emit strongly at 5 lm improved knowledge of these features is crucial for fully understanding galileo probe measurements taken during its descent through one hot spots are quasistable rectangular dark areas on visible wavelength images with defined eastern edges that sharply contrast with surrounding clouds but diffuse western edges serving as nebulous boundaries with adjacent equatorial plumes hot spots exhibit significant variations in size and shape over timescales of days and weeks some of these changes correspond with passing vortex systems from adjacent latitudes interacting with hot spots strong anticyclonic gyres present to the south and southeast of the dark areas appear to circulate into hot spots impressive bright white plumes occupy spaces in between hot spots compact cirrus like scooter clouds flow rapidly through the plumes before disappearing within the dark areas these clouds travel at 150 200 m s 1 much faster than the 100 m s 1 hot spot and plume drift speed this raises the possibility that the scooter clouds may be more illustrative of the actual jet stream speed at these latitudes most previously published zonal wind profiles represent the drift speed of the hot spots at their latitude from pattern matching of the entire longitudinal image strip if a downward branch of an equatorially trapped rossby wave controls the overall appearance of hot spots however the westward phase velocity of the wave leads to underestimates of the true jet stream speed

quantitative integration of seismic and gpr reflections to derive unique estimates for water saturation and porosity in subsoil for shallow subsoil the estimates of in situ porosity and water saturation are important but until now it has been difficult to estimate them reliably we relate seismic and gpr reflection coefficients to porosity and water saturation using a shared earth model using this model we propose a method to integrate quantitatively seismic and gpr angle dependent reflection coefficients the new approach has been tested through numerical simulations the results clearly show that from either seismic or gpr data alone it is impossible to obtain unique estimates for porosity and water saturation however a correct integration of those two data types leads to unique and stable estimates at a subsoil layer boundary potential applications of this approach exist in hydrogeology and environmental agricultural and geotechnical engineering

jupiter s equatorial plumes and hot spots spectral mapping from gemini texes and juno mwr we present multi wavelength measurements of the thermal chemical and cloud contrasts associated with the visibly dark formations also known as 5 m hot spots and intervening bright plumes on the boundary between jupiter s equatorial zone ez and north equatorial belt neb observations made by the texes 5 20 m spectrometer at the gemini north telescope in march 2017 reveal the upper tropospheric properties of 12 hot spots which are directly compared to measurements by juno using the microwave radiometer mwr jiram at 5 m and juno cam visible images mwr and thermal infrared spectroscopic results are consistent near 0 7 bar mid infrared derived aerosol opacity is consistent with that inferred from visible albedo and 5 m opacity maps aerosol contrasts the defining characteristics of the cloudy plumes and aerosol depleted hot spots are not a good proxy for microwave brightness the hot spots are neither uniformly warmer nor ammonia depleted compared to their surroundings at p 10 bars suggesting that the hot spot plume wave is a relatively shallow feature plain language summary to date our only direct measurement of jupiter s gaseous composition came from the descent of the galileo probe in 1995 however the results from galileo appeared to be biased due to the unusual meteorological conditions of its entry location a dark cloud free region just north of the equator known as a hot spot one of the aims of nasa s juno mission was to place the findings of the galileo probe into broader con text which requires a detailed characterisation of these equatorial hot spots and their neighbouring plumes we combine a data from juno microwave observations sounding conditions below the clouds and visible infrared observations revealing variations in cloud opacity with b observations from amateur observers to track the hot spots over time and c observations from the texes infrared spectrometer mounted on the gemini north telescope the latter provides the highest resolution thermal maps of jupiter s tropics ever obtained and reveals contrasts within and between the individual hot spots and plumes we find that the hot spots are distinguishable from their surroundings for relatively shallow pressures but that the deep measurements from juno and galileo are probably more representative of jupiter s north equatorial belt than previously thought

effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine subalpine basins colorado usa alpine subalpine basins may exhibit substantial variability in solute fluxes despite many apparent similarities in basin characteristics an evaluation of controls on spatial patterns in solute fluxes may allow development of predictive tools for assessing basin sensitivity to outside perturbations such as climate change or deposition of atmospheric pollutants relationships between basin physical characteristics determined from geographical information system gis tools and solute fluxes and mineral weathering rates were explored for nine alpine subalpine basins in rocky mountain national park colorado using correlation analyses for 1993 and 1994 data stream water nitrate fluxes were correlated positively with basin characteristics associated with the talus environment i e the fractional amounts of steep slopes 30 unvegetated terrain and young debris primarily holocene till in the basins and were correlated negatively with fractional amounts of subalpine meadow terrain correlations with nitrate indicate the importance of the talus environment in promoting nitrate flux and the mitigating effect of areas with established vegetation such as subalpine meadows total mineral weathering rates for the basins ranged from about 300 to 600 mol ha 1 year 1 oligoclase weathering accounted for 30 to 73 of the total mineral weathering flux and was positively correlated with the amount of old debris primarily pleistocene glacial till in the basins although calcite is found in trace amounts in bedrock calcite weathering accounted for up to 44 of the total mineral weathering flux calcite was strongly correlated with steep slope unvegetated terrain and young debris probably because physical weathering in steep gradient areas exposes fresh mineral surfaces that contain calcite for chemical weathering oligoclase and calcite weathering are the dominant sources of alkalinity in the basins however atmospherically deposited acids consume much of the alkalinity generated by weathering of calcite and other minerals in the talus environment published in 2001 by john wiley sons ltd

coupling spatial geochemical and lithological information to distinguish silicate and non silicate chemical weathering fluxes lithological maps have been proved to be a useful tool to evaluate regional and global matter fluxes from chemical weathering however lithological classes provide aggregated information of mineralogical geochemical sedimentary or diagenetic properties thus using a limited number of lithological classes introduces by their definition a bias to the analysis of weathering fluxes specifically in the case of multilithological catchments here it is shown that the coupling of geochemical with lithological information may help to better identify the sources of the weathering fluxes using the example of dissolved ca to better distinguish weathering rates of silicate and non silicate minerals

dynamics of saturn s polar regions we analyze data retrieved by the imaging science system onboard the cassini spacecraft to study the horizontal velocity and vorticity fields of saturn s polar regions latitudes 60 90 n in june december 2013 and 60 90 s in october 2006 and july december 2008 including the northern region where the hexagonal wave is prominent with the aid of an automated two dimensional correlation algorithm we determine two dimensional maps of zonal and meridional winds and deduce vorticity maps we extract zonal averages of zonal winds providing wind profiles that reach latitudes as high as 89 5 in the south and 89 9 in the north wind measurements cover the intense polar cyclonic vortices that reach similar peak velocities of 150 m s 1 at 88 5 the hexagonal wave lies in the core of an intense eastward jet at planetocentric latitude 75 8 n with motions that become nonzonal at the hexagonal feature in the south hemisphere the peak of the eastward jet is located at planetocentric latitude 70 4 s a large anticyclone the south polar spot sps similar to the north polar spot nps observed at the voyager times 1980 1981 has been observed in images from april 2008 to january 2009 in the south polar region at latitude 66 1 close to the eastward jet the sps does not apparently excite a wave on the jet we analyze the stability of the zonal jets finding potential instabilities at the flanks of the eastward jets around 70 and we measure the eddy wind components suggesting momentum transfer from eddy motion to the westward jets closer to the poles

stochastic inversion of tracer test and electrical geophysical data to estimate hydraulic conductivities 1 quantifying the spatial configuration of hydraulic conductivity k in heterogeneous geological environments is essential for accurate predictions of contaminant transport but is difficult because of the inherent limitations in resolution and coverage associated with traditional hydrological measurements to address this issue we consider crosshole and surface based electrical resistivity geophysical measurements collected in time during a saline tracer experiment we use a bayesian markov chain monte carlo mcmc methodology to jointly invert the dynamic resistivity data together with borehole tracer concentration data to generate multiple posterior realizations of k that are consistent with all available information we do this within a coupled inversion framework whereby the geophysical and hydrological forward models are linked through an uncertain relationship between electrical resistivity and concentration to minimize computational expense a facies based subsurface parameterization is developed the bayesian mcmc methodology allows us to explore the potential benefits of including the geophysical data into the inverse problem by examining their effect on our ability to identify fast flowpaths in the subsurface and their impact on hydrological prediction uncertainty using a complex geostatistically generated two dimensional numerical example representative of a fluvial environment we demonstrate that flow model calibration is improved and prediction error is decreased when the electrical resistivity data are included the worth of the geophysical data is found to be greatest for long spatial correlation lengths of subsurface heterogeneity with respect to wellbore separation where flow and transport are largely controlled by highly connected flowpaths

relative contributions of silicate and carbonate rocks to riverine sr fluxes in the headwaters of the ganges abstract exhumation of the himalayan tibetan orogen is implicated in the marked rise in seawater 87sr 86sr ratios since 40 ma however both silicate and carbonate rocks in the himalaya have elevated 87sr 86sr ratios and there is disagreement as to how much of the 87sr flux is derived from silicate weathering most previous studies have used element ratios from bedrock to constrain the proportions of silicate and carbonate derived sr in river waters here we use arrays of water compositions sampled from the head waters of the ganges in the indian and nepalese himalaya to constrain the end member element ratios the compositions of tributaries draining catchments restricted to a limited range of geological units can be described by two component mixing of silicate and carbonate derived components and lie on a plane in multicomponent composition space key elemental ratios of the carbonate and silicate components are determined by the intersection of the tributary mixing plane with the planes na 0 for carbonate and constant ca na for silicate the fractions of sr derived from silicate and carbonate sources are then calculated by mass balance in sr ca mg na composition space comparison of end member compositions with bedrock implies that secondary calcite deposition may be important in some catchments and that dissolution of low mg trace calcite in silicate rocks may explain discrepancies in sr ca na mg covariation alternatively composition dependent precipitation or incongruent dissolution reactions may rotate mixing trends on cation ratio diagrams however the calculations are not sensitive to transformations of the compositions by incongruent dissolution or precipitation processes provided that the transformed silicate and carbonate component vectors are constrained silicates are calculated to provide 50 of the dissolved sr flux from the head waters of the ganges assuming that discrepancies between ca mg na covariation and the silicate rock compositions arise from addition of trace calcite if the ca mg na mixing plane is rotated by composition dependent secondary calcite deposition this estimate would be increased moreover when 87sr 86sr ratios of the sr inputs are considered silicate sr is responsible for 70 16 1 of the 87sr flux forcing changes in seawater sr isotopic composition since earlier studies predict that silicate weathering generates as little as 20 of the total sr flux in himalayan river systems this study demonstrates that the significance of silicate weathering can be greatly underestimated if the processes that decouple the water cation ratios from those of the source rocks are not properly evaluated

jupiter s atmospheric jet streams extend thousands of kilometres deep the depth to which jupiter s observed east west jet streams extend has been a long standing question resolving this puzzle has been a primary goal for the juno spacecraft which has been in orbit around the gas giant since july 2016 juno s gravitational measurements have revealed that jupiter s gravitational field is north south asymmetric which is a signature of the planet s atmospheric and interior flows here we report that the measured odd gravitational harmonics j 3 j 5 j 7 and j 9 indicate that the observed jet streams as they appear at the cloud level extend down to depths of thousands of kilometres beneath the cloud level probably to the region of magnetic dissipation at a depth of about 3 000 kilometres by inverting the measured gravity values into a wind field we calculate the most likely vertical profile of the deep atmospheric and interior flow and the latitudinal dependence of its depth furthermore the even gravity harmonics j 8 and j 10 resulting from this flow profile also match the measurements when taking into account the contribution of the interior structure these results indicate that the mass of the dynamical atmosphere is about one per cent of jupiter s total mass

the role of trace minerals in chemical weathering in a high elevation granitic watershed estibere france chemical and mineralogical evidence we investigated chemical weathering in a high elevation granitic environment in three selected watersheds located in the pyrenees france the sites were located on glacial deposits derived from similar hercynian 300 ma granites characterized by the occurrence of zoned plagioclases and trace calcic phases epidote prehnite sphene apatite the surface waters at those sites show high ca na molar ratios 1 which could not be explained by the dissolution of the major plagioclase oligoclase present in the rocks the coupled approach of investigating stream water chemistry and the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks and soils allowed us to explore the role of the weathering of trace calcic minerals in calcium export at the watershed scale the weathering of the trace calcic minerals which represent 1 of the total rock volume are responsible for more than 90 of the calcium export at the sites annual cationic fluxes 23 104 eq km2 yr calculated for the estibere watershed are among the highest reported for high elevation systems draining granitic rocks and 80 of this annual cationic flux can be attributed to the weathering of trace calcic phases calculations based on isotopic values 87sr 86sr go in the same direction except apatite the trace calcic phases appear to be mainly silicates thus the type of chemical weathering observed in the estibere watershed may have an influence on atmospheric co2 consumption by granite weathering however comparison with other watersheds draining granitic environments worldwide and with the two other sites in the pyrenees indicate that the role of trace calcic phases is important in most young environments exposed to chemical weathering e g high elevation catchments on glacial deposits other factors such as the date of glacial retreat the physical denudation rate the hydrological functioning of the watershed and the nature and structure of the soil cover are also important

modelling the chemical weathering fluxes at the watershed scale in the tropics mule hole south india relative contribution of the smectite kaolinite assemblage versus primary minerals we investigate the chemical weathering processes and fluxes in a small experimental watershed sew through a modelling approach the study site is the mule hole sew developed on a gneissic basement located in the climatic gradient of the western ghats south india the model couples a lumped hydrological model simulating the water budget at the watershed scale to the witch model estimating the dissolution precipitation rates of minerals using laboratory kinetic laws forcing functions and parameters of the simulation are defined by the field data the coupled model is calibrated with stream and groundwater compositions through the testing of a large range of smectite solubility and abundance in the soil horizons we found that despite the low abundance of smectite in the dominant soil type of the watershed 4 vol their net dissolution provides 75 of the export of dissolved silica while primary silicate mineral dissolution releases only 15 of this flux overall smectites modelled as montmorillonites are not stable under the present day climatic conditions furthermore the dissolution of trace carbonates in the saprolitic horizon provides 50 of the calcium export at the watershed scale modelling results show the contrasted behavior of the two main soil types of the watershed red soils 88 of the surface are provider of calcium while black soils smectite rich and characterized by a lower drainage consumes calcium through overall carbonate precipitation our model results stress the key role played by minor accessory minerals and by the thermodynamic properties of smectite minerals and by the drainage of the weathering profiles on the weathering budget of a tropical watershed c 2010 elsevier b v all rights reserved

characterization of the white ovals on jupiter s southern hemisphere using the first data by the juno jiram instrument during the first perijove passage of the juno mission the jovian infrared auroral mapper jiram observed a line of closely spaced oval features in jupiter s southern hemisphere between 30 s and 45 s in this work we focused on the longitudinal region covering the three ovals having higher contrast at 5 m i e between 120 w and 60 w in system iii coordinates we used the jiram s full spectral capability in the range 2 4 3 m together with a bayesian data inversion approach to retrieve maps of column densities and altitudes for an nh3 cloud and an n2h4 haze the deep under the saturation level volume mixing ratio and the relative humidity for gaseous ammonia were also retrieved our results suggest different vortex activity for the three ovals updraft and downdraft together with considerations about the ammonia condensation could explain our maps providing evidences of cyclonic and anticyclonic structures

field weathering rates of mt st helens tephra the initial stages of chemical weathering in tephra were examined under field conditions in a cool and humid forest ecosystem in the cascade mountains of washington unleached tephra from the 1980 eruption of mt st helens was applied in 5 cm and 15 cm depths to simulate natural tephra deposition leachate solutions from the tephra were then collected and analyzed over a 4 year period concentrations of dissolved elements were combined with the water fluxes to determine elemental fluxes from tephra and to estimate chemical weathering rates solutions leached from the tephra layer indicate incongruent dissolution resulting in formation of a cation depleted silica rich leached layer on glass and mineral surfaces measured weathering rates were 1 3 orders of magnitude less than comparable rates reported in the literature for laboratory dissolution studies but considerably greater than those measured for entire watersheds in field studies dissociation of carbonic acid originating primarily from upward transport of carbon dioxide from the buried soil was the dominant source of protons for weathering reactions weathering rates in the 5 cm treatment were approximately twice those of the 15 cm treatment a greater flux of co2 per unit volume of tephra in the 5 cm treatment is believed to be responsible for the differential weathering rates

neptune and uranus ice or rock giants existing observations of uranus and neptune s fundamental physical properties can be fitted with a wide range of interior models a key parameter in these models is the bulk rock ice ratio and models broadly fall into ice dominated ice giant and rock dominated rock giant categories here we consider how observations of neptune s atmospheric temperature and composition h2 he d h co ch4 h2o and cs can provide further constraints the tropospheric co profile in particular is highly diagnostic of interior ice content but is also controversial with deep values ranging from zero to 0 5 parts per million most existing co profiles imply extreme o h enrichments of 250 times solar composition thus favouring an ice giant however such high o h enrichment is not consistent with d h observations for a fully mixed and equilibrated neptune co and d h measurements can be reconciled if there is incomplete interior mixing ice giant or if tropospheric co has a solely external source and only exists in the upper troposphere rock giant an interior with more rock than ice is also more compatible with likely outer solar system ice sources we primarily consider neptune but similar arguments apply to uranus which has comparable c h and d h enrichment but no observed tropospheric co while both ice and rock dominated models are viable we suggest a rock giant provides a more consistent match to available atmospheric observations this article is part of a discussion meeting issue future exploration of ice giant systems

changes in jupiter s zonal velocity between 1979 and 2008 abstract we show that the peak velocity of jupiter s visible cloud level zonal winds near 24 n planetographic increased from 2000 to 2008 this increase was the only change in the zonal velocity from 2000 to 2008 for latitudes between 70 that was statistically significant and not obviously associated with visible weather we present the first automated retrieval of fast 130 m s 1 zonal velocities at 8 n planetographic latitude and show that some previous retrievals incorrectly found slower zonal winds because the eastward drift of the dark projections associated with 5 m hot spots fooled the retrieval algorithms we determined the zonal velocity in 2000 from cassini images from nasa s planetary data system using a global method similar to previous longitude shifting correlation methods used by others and a new local method based on the longitudinal average of the two dimensional velocity field we obtained global velocities from images acquired in may 2008 with the wide field planetary camera 2 wfpc2 on the hubble space telescope hst longer term variability of the zonal winds is based on comparisons with published velocities based on 1979 voyager 2 and 1995 1998 hst images fluctuations in the zonal wind speeds on the order of 10 m s 1 on timescales ranging from weeks to months were found in the 1979 voyager 2 and the 1995 1998 hst velocities in data separated by 10 h we find that the east west velocity uncertainty due to longitudinal fluctuations are nearly 10 m s 1 so velocity fluctuations of 10 m s 1 may occur on timescales that are even smaller than 10 h fluctuations across such a wide range of timescales limit the accuracy of zonal wind measurements the concept of an average zonal velocity may be ill posed and defining a temporal mean zonal velocity as the average of several zonal velocity fields spanning months or years may not be physically meaningful at 8 n we use our global method to find peak zonal velocities of 110 m s 1 in 2000 and 130 m s 1 in 2008 zonal velocities from 2000 cassini data produced by our local and global methods agree everywhere except in the vicinity of 8 n there the local algorithm shows that the east west velocity has large variations in longitude vast regions exceed 140 m s 1 our global algorithm and all of the velocity extraction algorithms used in previously published studies found the east west drift velocities of the visible dark projections rather than the true zonal velocity at the visible cloud level therefore the apparent increase in zonal winds between 2000 and 2008 at 8 n is not a true change in zonal velocity at 7 3 n the galileo probe found zonal velocities of 170 m s 1 at the 3 bar level if the true zonal velocity at the visible cloud level at this latitude is 140 m s 1 rather than 105 m s 1 then the vertical zonal wind shear is much less than the currently accepted value

relationship between mechanical erosion and atmospheric co2 consumption in the new zealand southern alps to examine the influence of mountain uplift on the long term carbon cycle we used geochemical hydrologic and suspended load data for 12 streams draining the new zealand southern alps to quantify rates of erosion weathering and atmospheric co 2 consumption rapid uplift in the western southern alps elevates mechanical erosion rates by a factor of 13 relative to those on the tectonically stable eastern side 125 10 8 vs 9 4 10 8 g km 2 yr respectively similarly the average chemical weathering rate is 5 times higher on the western compared to eastern side of the mountain range 9 8 10 7 vs 2 0 10 7 g km 2 yr respectively however because the proportion of stream water ca 2 and mg 2 from carbonate weathering increases as the rate of mechanical erosion increases the long term atmospheric co 2 consumption rate on the western side is 2 times higher than that on the eastern side 14 10 4 vs 6 9 10 4 mol km 2 yr respectively and only 1 5 times higher than the global mean value 9 10 4 mol km 2 yr data for major world rivers including himalayan rivers provide a consistent interpretation regarding the relationship between mechanical erosion intensity and the ratio of silicate to carbonate weathering thus we conclude that mountain building increases atmospheric co 2 consumption rates by only a factor of 2 which is much lower than previous estimates

hydrodynamic parameters of a sandy soil determined by ground penetrating radar inside a single ring infiltrometer this study shows how mualem van genuchten m vg parameters can be obtained from gpr data acquired during water infiltration from a single ring infiltrometer in the case of a sandy soil water content profiles were generated at various time steps using hydrus 1d based on particular values of the m vg parameters and were converted to dielectric permittivity profiles using the complex refractive index method the gprmax suite of programs was used to generate radargrams and to follow the wetting front progression in depth using the arrival time of the electromagnetic waves recorded by a ground penetrating radar gpr theoretically the 1 d time convolution between reflectivity and gpr signal at any infiltration time step is related to the peak of the reflected signal recorded in the corresponding trace in the radargram we used this relationship to invert the m vg parameters for constant and falling head infiltrations using the shuffled complex evolution sce ua algorithm the method is presented on synthetic examples and on experiments carried out for a sandy soil the parameters inverted are compared with values obtained in laboratory on soil samples and with disk infiltrometer measurements

small lightning flashes from shallow electrical storms on jupiter lightning flashes have been observed by a number of missions that visited or flew by jupiter over the past several decades imagery led to a flash rate estimate of about 4 10 3 flashes per square kilometre per year refs 1 2 the spatial extent of voyager flashes was estimated to be about 30 kilometres half width at half maximum intensity hwhm but the camera was unlikely to have detected the dim outer edges of the flashes given its weak response to the brightest spectral line of jovian lightning emission the 656 3 nanometre h line of atomic hydrogen1 3 6 the spatial resolution of some cameras allowed investigators to confirm 22 flashes with hwhm greater than 42 kilometres and to estimate one with an hwhm of 37 to 45 kilometres refs 1 7 9 these flashes with optical energies comparable to terrestrial superbolts of 0 02 1 6 1010 joules have been interpreted as tracers of moist convection originating near the 5 bar level of jupiter s atmosphere assuming photon scattering from points beneath the clouds 1 3 7 8 10 12 previous observations of lightning have been limited by camera sensitivity distance from jupiter and long exposures about 680 milliseconds to 85 seconds meaning that some measurements were probably superimposed flashes reported as one1 2 7 9 10 13 here we report optical observations of lightning flashes by the juno spacecraft with energies of approximately 105 108 joules flash durations as short as 5 4 milliseconds and inter flash separations of tens of milliseconds with typical terrestrial energies the flash rate is about 6 1 10 2 flashes per square kilometre per year more than an order of magnitude greater than hitherto seen several flashes are of such small spatial extent that they must originate above the 2 bar level where there is no liquid water14 15 this implies that multiple mechanisms for generating lightning on jupiter need to be considered for a full understanding of the planet s atmospheric convection and composition small lightning flashes detected on jupiter by juno have shallow origins above the 2 bar level of jupiter s atmosphere where temperatures are too low for liquid water to exist

coupled hydrogeophysical inversion using time lapse magnetic resonance sounding and time lapse gravity data for hydraulic aquifer testing will it work in practice 1 temporal changes in water content can be directly related to the time lapse signals retrieved using magnetic resonance sounding tl mrs and relative gravimetry tl rg previous studies suggest that tl rg measurements can potentially provide accurate estimates of aquifer characteristics in an aquifer pumping test experiment when used in a coupled hydrogeophysical inversion approach however these studies considered highly idealized conditions the aim of this paper is twofold first we investigate three major issues which likely limit the practical utility of tl rg for pumping test monitoring partially penetrating pumping wells in anisotropic aquifers delayed drainage effects and typical data errors for tl rg second we introduce tl mrs in a similar coupled hydrogeophysical inversion framework and compare the performance of tl mrs and tl rg for pumping test monitoring for this purpose we consider a virtual pumping test for which we generate synthetic drawdown tl mrs and tl rg observations and subsequently determine the aquifer parameters in an inverse parameter estimation approach the inclusion of tl rg and tl mrs data did slightly improve parameter estimates for the specific yield and hydraulic conductivity when considering a fully penetrating well and minimal data error using more conservative tl rg and tl mrs data error estimates according our own field experience strongly limited the informative value of the tl rg data tl mrs data was less affected by this for a partially penetrating well under anisotropic conditions parameter uncertainty could be reduced more effectively compared to a fully penetrating well delayed drainage effects did not limit the ability of the tl mrs and tl rg data to reduce parameter uncertainty significantly the incorporation of representative measurement error correlation in the tl rg data did not affect its informative value a local sensitivity analysis showed that observations were most sensitive to the pumping rate and the thickness specific yield and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer the inclusion of tl mrs data proved to be more effective to constrain the aquifer parameters compared with tl rg the inclusion of both tl rg and tl mrs had limited added value compared to tl mrs only we conclude that this particular application of coupled hydrogeophysical inversion has limited potential for tl rg while tl mrs appears to be a more promising method

changes in jupiter s zonal wind profile preceding and during the juno mission abstract we present five epochs of wfc3 hst jupiter observations taken between 2009 2016 and extract global zonal wind profiles for each epoch jupiter s zonal wind field is globally stable throughout these years but significant variations in certain latitude regions persist we find that the largest uncertainties in the wind field are due to vortices or hot spots and show residual maps which identify the strongest vortex flows the strongest year to year variation in the zonal wind profiles is the 24 n jet peak numerous plume outbreaks have been observed in the northern temperate belt and are associated with decreases in the zonal velocity and brightness we show that the 24 n jet peak velocity and brightness decreased in 2012 and again in late 2016 following outbreaks during these years our february 2016 zonal wind profile was the last highly spatially resolved measurement prior to juno s first science observations the final 2016 data were taken in conjunction with juno s perijove 3 pass on 11 december 2016 and show the zonal wind profile following the plume outbreak at 24 n in october 2016

closed loop gpr data inversion for soil hydraulic and electric property determination we propose an integrated electromagnetic hydrodynamic inverse modeling approach for identifying field scale unsaturated soil hydraulic properties and electric profiles from off ground time lapse ground penetrating radar data hydrodynamic modeling based on the one dimensional richards equation with homogeneous soil hydraulic parameters is used to physically constrain the full wave radar electromagnetic inverse problem in a closed loop significant effects can be observed of water dynamics on the time lapse radar data and numerical studies demonstrate the uniqueness of the inverse solution the results suggest that the method is promising for non invasive characterization of the shallow subsurface and monitoring of its dynamics

estimation of aquifer transport parameters from resistivity monitoring data within a coupled inversion framework summary despite the fact that electrical resistivity surveys are increasingly used to monitor solute migration in porous media there is limited experience in how these data can be used to characterize aquifer transport parameters in this study we evaluate whether electrical resistivity monitoring data can constrain the hydraulic conductivity porosity and dispersivity of a homogenous aquifer within the framework of coupled inversion we focus on voltage responses from a single set of current electrodes to provide insights into the information content of these measurements and motivate future work in designing optimal surveys for monitoring groundwater transport processes we have found that even in this simple system two distinct types of tradeoffs exist that could confound the direct estimation of transport parameters first different values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity can produce the same plume velocity thereby leading to identical concentration distributions in the subsurface in ideal cases this hydrologic non uniqueness can be resolved by electrical data because electrical resistivity is dependent on both solute concentration and porosity but this discrimination will only be possible when the rock physics relationship between concentration and resistivity can be accurately determined the second type of non uniqueness occurs when different concentration plumes produce equivalent electrical responses in this case tradeoffs between plume velocity and dispersivity cause shifts in the position and mass of solute relative to the electrodes that result in equivalent values of subsurface apparent resistivity this non uniqueness contributes to poor discriminating power when using an objective function based on the magnitude of voltage changes however the problem can be overcome by explicitly recognizing that different information about transport processes is captured by the timing versus magnitude of the electrical response in monitoring data though we have investigated a homogenous system we argue that the insights here can also be applied to the estimation of effective transport parameters for heterogeneous systems

the first close up images of jupiter s polar regions results from the juno mission junocam instrument during juno s first perijove encounter the junocam instrument acquired the first images of jupiter s polar regions at 50 70 km spatial scale at low emission angles poleward of 64 68 planetocentric latitude where jupiter s east west banded structure breaks down several types of discrete features appear on a darker background cyclonic oval features are clustered near both poles other oval shaped features are also present ranging in size from 2000 km down to junocam s resolution limits the largest and brightest features often have chaotic shapes two narrow linear features in the north associated with an overlying haze feature traverse tens of degrees of longitude junocam also detected an optically thin cloud or haze layer past the northern nightside terminator estimated to be 58 21 km approximately three scale heights above the main cloud deck junocam will acquire polar images on every perijove allowing us to track the state and evolution of longer lived features

estimation of field scale soil hydraulic and dielectric parameters through joint inversion of gpr and hydrological data 1 a method is described for the joint use of time lapse ground penetrating radar gpr travel times and hydrological data to estimate field scale soil hydraulic parameters we build upon previous work to take advantage of a wide range of cross borehole gpr data acquisition configurations and to accommodate uncertainty in the petrophysical function which relates soil porosity and water saturation to the effective dielectric constant we first test the inversion methodology using synthetic examples of water injection in the vadose zone realistic errors in the petrophysical function result in substantial errors in soil hydraulic parameter estimates but such errors are minimized through simultaneous estimation of petrophysical parameters in some cases the use of a simplified gpr simulator causes systematic errors in calculated travel times simultaneous estimation of a single correction parameter sufficiently reduces the impact of these errors we also apply the method to the u s department of energy doe hanford site in washington where time lapse gpr and neutron probe np data sets were collected during an infiltration experiment we find that inclusion of gpr data in the inversion procedure allows for improved predictions of water content compared to predictions made using np data alone these examples demonstrate that the complimentary information contained in geophysical and hydrological data can be successfully extracted in a joint inversion approach moreover since the generation of tomograms is not required the amount of gpr data required for analyses is relatively low and difficulties inherent to tomography methods are alleviated finally the approach provides a means to capture the properties and system state of heterogeneous soil both of which are crucial for assessing and predicting subsurface flow and contaminant transport

waveguide properties recovered from shallow diffractions in common offset gpr 1 near surface heterogeneities produce diffractions in common offset ground penetrating radar gpr data from the gnangara groundwater mound north of perth western australia these diffracted wavefields can be enhanced and show a dispersion pattern if they propagate along a waveguide caused by a low velocity surface layer such as moist sand on top of dry sand until now gpr waveguide dispersion has been analyzed and inverted using common midpoint data using numerical modeling we demonstrate that the same dispersion information can also be recovered from a diffracted electromagnetic wavefield recorded with common offset geometry frequency slowness analysis of shallow diffractions in common offset gpr field data reveals high resolution dispersion curves inverting picked dispersion maxima to modeled curves i e modal wave propagation in waveguide layer allows estimation of waveguide height and velocities of waveguide and the underlying material data analysis in the frequency wavenumber domain provides an alternative technique for extracting dispersion curves preliminary results validate this approach which could be favorable in large scale applications due to minimal processing requirement and inherent yet adjustable spatial averaging the differences between waveguide parameters recovered from two surveys appear to be consistent with seasonal changes in moisture content and lateral changes due to variations in depositional environment our approach presents a new method to quantify the shallow dielectric permittivity structure of the subsurface from common offset gathers the most commonly acquired type of gpr data potential applications of this method include estimation of shallow moisture distribution early target identification for unexploded ordnance uxo detection concrete slab characterization pedological investigations or planetary exploration

hydraulic properties of a model dike from coupled bayesian and multi criteria hydrogeophysical inversion coupled hydrogeophysical inversion aims to improve the use of geophysical data for hydrological model parameterization several numerical studies have illustrated the feasibility and advantages of a coupled approach however there is still a lack of studies that apply the coupled inversion approach to actual field data in this paper we test the feasibility of coupled hydrogeophysical inversion for determining the hydraulic properties of a model dike using measurements of electrical resistance tomography ert our analysis uses a two dimensional 2d finite element hydrological model hydrus 2d coupled to a 2 5d finite element electrical resistivity code crmod and includes explicit recognition of parameter uncertainty by using a bayesian and multiple criteria framework with the dream and amalgam population based search algorithms to benchmark our inversion results soil hydraulic properties determined from ert data are compared with those separately obtained from detailed in situ soil water content measurements using time domain reflectometry tdr our most important results are as follows 1 tdr and ert data theoretically contain sufficient information to resolve most of the soil hydraulic properties 2 the dream derived posterior distributions of the hydraulic parameters are quite similar when estimated separately using tdr and ert measurements for model calibration 3 among all parameters the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the dike material is best constrained 4 the saturation exponent of the petrophysical model is well defined and matches independently measured values 5 measured ert data sufficiently constrain model predictions of water table dynamics within the model dike this finding demonstrates an innate ability of ert data to provide accurate hydrogeophysical parameterizations for flooding events which is of particular relevance to dike management and 6 the amalgam derived pareto front demonstrates trade off in the fitting of ert and tdr measurements altogether we conclude that coupled hydrogeophysical inversion using a bayesian approach is especially powerful for hydrological model calibration the posterior probability density functions of the model parameters and model output predictions contain important information to determine if geophysical measurements provide constraints on hydrological predictions

clusters of cyclones encircling jupiter s poles the familiar axisymmetric zones and belts that characterize jupiter s weather system at lower latitudes give way to pervasive cyclonic activity at higher latitudes two dimensional turbulence in combination with the coriolis effect that is the large meridionally varying coriolis force on the giant planets of the solar system produces alternating zonal flows the zonal flows weaken with rising latitude so that a transition between equatorial jets and polar turbulence on jupiter can occur simulations with shallow water models of giant planets support this transition by producing both alternating flows near the equator and circumpolar cyclones near the poles jovian polar regions are not visible from earth owing to jupiter s low axial tilt and were poorly characterized by previous missions because the trajectories of these missions did not venture far from jupiter s equatorial plane here we report that visible and infrared images obtained from above each pole by the juno spacecraft during its first five orbits reveal persistent polygonal patterns of large cyclones in the north eight circumpolar cyclones are observed about a single polar cyclone in the south one polar cyclone is encircled by five circumpolar cyclones cyclonic circulation is established via time lapse imagery obtained over intervals ranging from 20 minutes to 4 hours although migration of cyclones towards the pole might be expected as a consequence of the coriolis effect by which cyclonic vortices naturally drift towards the rotational pole the configuration of the cyclones is without precedent on other planets including saturn s polar hexagonal features the manner in which the cyclones persist without merging and the process by which they evolve to their current configuration are unknown

long term tracking of circumpolar cyclones on jupiter from polar observations with junocam abstract we use observations from the junocam instrument on the juno spacecraft to map the polar regions of jupiter between 2016 and 2018 these polar maps track the long term evolution of the pentagonal and octagonal structures of circumpolar cyclones cpcs the south polar pentagonal and north polar octagonal arrangements of the cpcs have remained largely stable over the last 2 years of observation the morphologies of individual cyclones also remain largely stable for 1 2 years although some changes are observed so that the location of each cpc is uniquely identifiable at both north and south poles individual cyclones move around the center to a limited extent and there is a gap of variable width between one pair of south polar cpcs measurements at consecutive closest approaches perijoves 53 days apart show small movements of individual cyclones both eastward and westward however the south polar cpcs have a long term systematic westward drift rate of 1 5 0 2 per orbit or 0 040 0 005 m s whereas north polar cpcs do not show a consistent drift in longitude around the perimeter of the southern pentagon we detect no rapid jet in short term animations and we provide evidence that anticyclonic white ovals may have a range of longitudinal drifts between 44 and 15 per orbit 1 8 to 0 7 m s measurement of the angular velocities within the cyclones shows increasing angular velocity with decreasing radius except in the inner bright cloud deck of one class of northern cpcs which are inferred to have smaller or even negative angular velocities very near the center tangential wind velocities within the cyclones range up to 100 m s and even 100 m s in the southern polar cyclone and are maximal between radii of 900 1600 km overall we find that the behavior of the polar cyclones constellations compares well to vortex crystal theory even though the theory does not include anticyclonic vorticity

predicting riverine dissolved silica fluxes to coastal zones from a hyperactive region and analysis of their first order controls silicate weathering and resulting transport of dissolved matter influence the global carbon cycle in two ways first by the uptake of atmospheric soil co2 and second by providing the oceanic ecosystems via the fluvial systems with the nutrient dissolved silica dsi previous work suggests that regions dominated by volcanics are hyperactive or even hot spots concerning dsi mobilization here we present a new approach for predicting dsi fluxes to coastal zones emphasizing first order controlling factors lithology runoff relief land cover and temperature this approach is applied to the japanese archipelago a region characterized by a high percentage of volcanics 29 1 of surface area the presented dsi flux model is based on data of 516 catchments covering approximately 56 7 of the area of the japanese archipelago the spatial distribution of lithology one of the most important first order controls is taken from a new high resolution map of japan results show that the japanese archipelago is a hyperactive region with a dsi yield 6 6 times higher than the world average of 3 3 t sio2 km 2 a 1 but with large regional variations approximately 10 of its area exceeds 10 times the world average dsi yield slope constitutes another important controlling factor on dsi fluxes besides lithology and runoff and can exceed the influence of runoff on dsi yields even though the monitored area on the japanese archipelago stretches from about 31 to 46 n temperature is not identified as a significant first order model variable this may be due to the fact that slope runoff and lithology are correlated with temperature due to regional settings of the archipelago and temperature information is substituted to a certain extent by these factors land cover data also do not improve the prediction model this may partly be attributed to misinterpreted land cover information from satellite images implications of results for earth system and global carbon cycle modeling are discussed

infrared observations of io from juno abstract the jovian infrared auroral mapper jiram on board the nasa juno spacecraft is a dual band imager and spectrometer primarily designed to study the jovian atmosphere and aurorae in addition to its primary goal jiram has been used to obtain images and spectra of the galilean satellites jupiter s largest moons when the spacecraft attitude was favourable to achieve this goal here we present jiram s first images and spectra of io these observations are used to characterize the location and possible morphology and some temperatures of io s volcanic thermal sources the identification of so2 and the possible identification of other materials a new hot spot volcano is identified close to the south pole of io and others are seen in lower latitude regions which were previously unmapped images of the same region taken 2 months apart also show variations of hot spot intensity possibly due to new lava flows or to lava flow breakouts

preliminary jiram results from juno polar observations 2 analysis of the jupiter southern h3 emissions and comparison with the north aurora the jupiter infrared auroral mapper jiram aboard juno observed the jovian south pole aurora during the first orbit of the mission h3 trihydrogen cation and ch4 methane emissions have been identified and measured the observations have been carried out in nadir and slant viewing both by a l filtered imager and a 2 5 m spectrometer results from the spectral analysis of the all observations taken over the south pole by the instrument are reported the coverage of the southern aurora during these measurements has been partial but sufficient to determine different regions of temperature and abundance of the h3 ion from its emission lines in the 3 4 m wavelength range finally the results from the southern aurora are also compared with those from the northern ones from the data taken during the same perijove pass and reported by dinelli et al 2017

origin of jupiter s cloud level zonal winds remains a puzzle even after juno how far jupiter s cloud level zonal winds penetrate into its interior a question related to the origin of the winds has long been a major puzzle about jupiter there exist two different views the shallow scenario in which the cloud level winds are confined within the thin weather layer at cloud top and the deep scenario in which the cloud level winds manifest thermal convection in the deep interior we interpret using two different models corresponding to the two scenarios the high precision measurements of jupiter s equatorially antisymmetric gravitational field by the juno spacecraft we demonstrate based on the thermal gravitational wind equation that both the shallow and deep cloud level winds models are capable of explaining the measured odd gravitational coefficients within the measured uncertainties reflecting the nonunique nature of the gravity inverse problem we conclude that the high precision juno gravity measurements cannot provide an answer to the long standing question about the origin of jupiter s cloud level zonal winds

preliminary results on the composition of jupiter s troposphere in hot spot regions from the jiram juno instrument the jupiter infrared auroral mapper jiram instrument on board the juno spacecraft performed observations of two bright jupiter hot spots around the time of the first juno pericenter passage on 27 august 2016 the spectra acquired in the 4 5 m spectral range were analyzed to infer the residual opacities of the uppermost cloud deck as well as the mean mixing ratios of water ammonia and phosphine at the approximate level of few bars our results support the current view of hot spots as regions of prevailing descending vertical motions in the atmosphere but extend this view suggesting that upwelling may occur at the southern boundaries of these structures comparison with the global ammonia abundance measured by juno microwave radiometer suggests also that hot spots may represent sites of local enrichment of this gas jiram also identifies similar spatial patterns in water and phosphine contents in the two hot spots

velocity variations and water content estimated from multi offset ground penetrating radar the common midpoint cmp processing technique has been shown to be effective in improving the results of ground penetrating radar gpr profiling when radar data are collected with the cmp multioffset geometry stacking increases the signal to noise ratio of subsurface radar reflections and results in an improved subsurface image an important aspect of cmp processing is normal moveout velocity analysis our objectives are to show the effect of multiple velocity analyses on the stacked radar image and particularly to demonstrate that this velocity information can also be used to determine subsurface water content most gpr surveys are very limited in spatial extent and assume that within the survey range radar velocity structure in the shallow subsurface can be adequately approximated by a single velocity function in data processing in this study we show that variation in radar velocity can be quite significant and that the stacked profile improves as the number of velocity analysis locations is increased interval velocities can be calculated from the normal moveout velocities derived in the cmp velocity analysis with some reasonable assumptions about subsurface conditions necessary for radar propagation interval velocity can be converted to an estimate of volumetric water content therefore by collecting gpr data in the multioffset cmp geometry not only is the radar profile improved but it also allows for an interpretation of subsurface variation in water content we show the application of these techniques to multioffset gpr data from the chalk river test area operated by atomic energy of canada limited