deep seated gravitational slope deformations related landslides and tectonics abstract deep seated gravitational slope deformations and their relationships with tectonic deformation of rocks is considered to examine the viewpoint of tectonics as a causative factor in slope deformation first a distinction is made between the different types of deep seated gravitational slope deformation then the geomorphological and structural effects of the different macrostructural deformations induced by tectonics on the scale of the whole deforming ridge is briefly discussed finally some case studies that represent either verified or possible cases of gravity deformation in response to tectonic activity are used as illustration

modeling flood dynamics along the superelevated channel belt of the yellow river over the last 3000 years the yellow river china experienced 1000 levee breaches during the last 3000 years a reduced complexity model is developed in this study to explore the effects of climate change and human activity on flood levels levee breaches and river avulsions the model integrates yearly morphological change along a channel belt with daily river fluxes and hourly evolution of levee breaches model sensitivity analysis reveals that under natural conditions superelevation of the channel belt dominates flood frequency when there is significant human accelerated basin erosion and breach repair the dominant factors shift to a combination of mean annual precipitation superelevation critical shear stress of weak channel banks and the time interval between breach initiation and its repair the effect of precipitation on flood frequency is amplified by land use changes in the hinterland particularly in the erodible loess plateau uncertainty analysis estimates the most likely values of the dominant factors for six historical periods between 850 b c and a d 1839 which are used to quantitatively reconstruct flood dynamics during 850 b c to a d 1839 when the sediment load increased fourfold the breach recurrence interval was shortened from more than 500 years to less than 6 years and the breach outflow rate increased 27 times river management practices during a d 1579 to a d 1839 focused on levees and triggered a severe positive feedback of increased levee heights and flood hazard exacerbation raising the levee heights proved to be ineffective for sustainable flood management

uplift history of the central and northern andes a review the elevation of the andean cordillera is a crucial boundary condition for both climatic and tectonic studies the andes affect climate because they form the only barrier to atmospheric circulation in the southern hemisphere and they intrigue geologists because they have the highest plateau on earth formed at a noncollisional plate margin the altiplano puna yet until recently few quantitative studies of their uplift history existed this study presents both 1 a review of the quantitative paleoelevation estimates that have been made for the central and colombian andes and 2 an examination of the source and magnitude of error for each estimate in the central andes paleobotanical evidence suggests that the altiplano puna had attained no more than a third of its modern elevation of 3700 m by 20 ma and no more than half its modern elevation by 10 7 ma these data imply surface uplift on the order of 2300 3400 m since the late miocene at uplift rates of 0 2 0 3 mm yr paleobotanical and geomorphological data suggest a similar uplift history for the eastern cordillera namely no more than half the modern elevation present by 10 ma no evidence exists for an exponential increase in uplift rate as has been interpreted from fissiontrack data these uplift rates mostly reflect mean surface uplift rather than rock uplift that is uplift of material points because little dissection of the western eastern cordillera has occurred south of lat 19 s and of the altiplano puna thus the central andean plateau appears to be young in the colombian andes paleobotanical data imply rapid uplift of the eastern cordillera between 2 and 5 ma at rates on the order of 0 6 3 mm yr however some of this uplift is likely rock uplift due to erosion driven isostatic rebound rather than mean surface uplift

spatial and temporal changes of groundwater level induced by thrust faulting changes of groundwater level ranging from a fall of 11 10 m to a rise of 7 42 m induced by thrust faulting during the 1999 mw 7 6 chi chi earthquake have been recorded in 276 monitoring wells in taiwan most coseismic falls appeared near the seismogenic fault as well as other active faults while coseismic rises prevailed away from the fault coseismic groundwater level rises and falls correlated fairly well with hypocentral distance in the vicinity of the thrust fault we found a major difference of coseismic changes in wells of different depths at most multiple well stations the recovery process of coseismic groundwater level changes is associated with the confining condition of the aquifer cross formational flow is likely to play an important role in groundwater level changes after the earthquake in the hanging wall of the thrust fault an abnormal decline of groundwater level was observed immediately before the earthquake the underlying mechanism of the unique preseismic change warrants further investigation

linear poroelasticity of groundwater levels from observational records at wells in hokkaido japan abstract the natural fluctuation of groundwater level depends not only on the stress applied to an aquifer but also on the type of rock that comprises it poroelastic parameters such as strain sensitivity loading efficiency and poroelastic bulk moduli are used to analyze the hydrologic attributes of aquifers in this study we use records of groundwater levels from 19 wells to calculate coefficients of poroelastic characteristics the records allow a comprehensive description of how groundwater levels vary with fluctuations of volumetric strain in the crust s interior we estimate strain sensitivities in two ways a using the wells response to tidal strain and b using coseismic changes in groundwater level based on historical data the strain sensitivities estimated by the two different methods have good linear correlation we also estimate loading efficiency using observational records and calculate bulk moduli from the loading efficiencies and strain sensitivities the bulk moduli obtained in this manner are roughly consistent with laboratory values

advance and application of the stratigraphic simulation model 2d sedflux from tank experiment to geological scale simulation abstract the stratigraphic simulation model 2d sedflux is further developed and applied to a turbidite experiment in a subsiding minibasin the new module dynamically simulates evolving hyperpycnal flows and their interaction with the basin bed comparison between the numerical results and the experimental results verifies the ability of 2d sedflux to predict the distribution of the sediments and the possible feedback from subsidence the model was subsequently applied to geological scale minibasins such as are located in the gulf of mexico distance from the sediment source is determined to be more influential than the sediment entrapment in upstream minibasin the results suggest that efficiency of sediment entrapment by a basin was not influenced by the distance from the sediment source

permanent water level drop associated with the spitak earthquake observations at lisi borehole republic of georgia and modelling we present the results of a series of measurements that were made between 1988 and 1992 at lisi georgia water level variations in the lisi well barometric pressure precipitation including rain and snow and temperature measurements were made during this period a hydraulic slug test has been performed more recently in the well two major seismic events occurred during the observation period in the caucasus area the spitak seismic event of 1988 december 9 110 km from the lisi borehole left a clear post seismic hydraulic signature whereas the second event that of 1991 april 29 125 km from the borehole did not seem to induce any detectable anomaly first we analyse the tidal and barometric responses of the water level in order to calibrate the borehole and to determine the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer then we develop a model for aquifer recharge by meteoric precipitation finally we compare our model with the observed water level variations in the well we highlight anomalous behaviour that correlates with the earthquake with the following characteristics the water level drops about 75 cm with a time constant of 6 6 days the initial water level is never recovered and the change appears permanent on the scale of the period of observation since it is delayed in time the anomalous water level cannot be attributed to coseismic deformation following the suggestion of some authors that the observed behaviour could be related to damage of the aquifer due to the passage of seismic waves we attempted to take this process into account and to model the resulting water level variations in the aquifer a double porosity model including fractures and a porous medium has been used to describe the modifications undergone by the medium the medium is discretized at two different scales 1 at the scale of a porous block and 2 at the scale of the fractured system which may include a finite number of porous blocks using this basic model we have tested three interpretative models 1 a variable permeability model 2 a locally varying porosity model 3 a model combining 1 and 2 we show that an increase in permeability by a factor of 2 is needed in order to describe the permanent water level drop whilst the locally varying porosity zones account for the observed time constants of the anomaly using this model simulations show that we are able to describe water level variation associated with precipitation for the whole period of observation

coastal dynamics under conditions of rapid sea level rise late pleistocene to early holocene evolution of barrier lagoon systems on the northern adriatic shelf italy this multidisciplinary case study of two preserved barrier systems combined the analysis of radiocarbon datings grain size distributions high resolution seismics and shelf bathymetry with reconstructions of palaeo environmental conditions tides waves sea level change and forward modelling of barrier lagoon systems to provide an integrated view of the coastal transgressive evolution of a large sector of the northern adriatic shelf between 15 and 8 ka bp palaeoenvironmental reconstructions point to increased tidal amplitude low energy wave climate and high rates of sea level rise up to 60 mm a during the formation of the oldest preserved barrier system not vert similar90 m water depth 14 3 cal ka bp a younger barrier system 42 m water depth 10 5 cal ka bp formed under conditions of lower tidal amplitude higher wave energy and a lower rate of sealevel rise 10 mm a forward modelling suggests that the probability of barrier island overstepping during transgression is inversely proportional to tidal amplitude if all other factors are assumed equal the oldest barrier lagoon system developed under conditions of large tidal amplitude which permitted rapid transgression however this system apparently failed to keep up with the anomalously high rate of sea level rise resulting from melt water pulse 1a the youngest barrier system appears to have drowned in place due to antecedent topography as the barrier system transgressed over an ancient pleistocene alluvial plain the rapid increase in backbarrier accommodation caused an abrupt disequilibrium between shoreface and backbarrier sedimentation which led to barrier overstepping although barsim modelling indicates that tidal deposition can reduce the probability of barrier overstepping there are other driving mechanisms in our case extremely rapid sea level rise and antecedent topography which are more determinative in explaining the transgressive coastal evolution of barrier lagoon systems in the northern adriatic sea grain size analysis of shoreface deposits sampled above the transgressive ravinement surface across the northern adriatic shelf indicate a distinct relation between the sediment grain size and the rate of sea level rise during deposition which implies that progressive sorting must have been highly effective

evaluation of depth of closure using data from duck nc usa using 12 years of frequent high precision profiles collected on a wave dominated sandy oceanic beach to 8 m depth the characteristics and interpretation of depth of closure or the seaward limit of significant profile change is critically examined this includes evaluation of the predictive capability of d1 the seaward boundary of the littoral zone as originally defined by hallermeier 1981 hallermeier r j 1981 a profile zonation for seasonal sand beaches from wave climate coastal eng 4 253 277 depth of closure during major erosional events is usually produced by the seaward limit of offshore bar movement following the original recommendation of hallermeier 1981 d1 based on 12 h exceeded wave height and a reference depth of mean low water provides a robust limit to the observations using a 6 cm change criterion empirically the observed depth of closure is 69 of d1 although the scatter is large this scatter is partly controlled by pre event profile shape most particularly bar configuration depth of closure under accretional conditions can also be measured but it is time scale dependent as accretion is a slow steady process d1 underpredicts closure for accretional situations time interval e g annual depth of closure represents the integral effect of erosional and accretional events an important observation of the data is that depth of closure increases with time scale however the full population of time interval observations is not resolved at duck due to the measurement limit 8 m depth as time interval increases from 1 year to 8 years less cases close most non closing time interval cases coincide with the periods influenced by the most energetic wave events however time interval closures are generally deeper than the biggest event closure in the period showing that it represents more than the largest event the frequency distribution of the data suggests that most if not all of these missing data simply represent closures deeper than 8 m depth up to a 4 year time interval d1 t appears to provide a reasonable limit to the quantified observations it is an interesting result that d1 an event based approach might provide a limit to closure over periods up to 4 years as these time interval closures are generally larger than those produced by single storms therefore the general applicability of this result for more complete data sets or on rapidly evolving i e eroding or accreting coasts is uncertain the present data also suggest that on swell dominated coastlines where accretional processes are dominant d1 may underpredict closure suggesting an important limitation to this approach but as sediment would be moving onshore this may not be a practical problem therefore within the limits of the data set hallermeier s 1981 approach is found to define robust estimates of depth of closure particularly for individual erosional events this useful result is expected to find widespread application in coastal geology and engineering

stratigraphic variability due to uncertainty in model boundary conditions a case study of the new jersey shelf over the last 40 000 years abstract prediction of stratigraphy by numerical sedimentary models is influenced by a series of geological boundary conditions paleo bathymetry sediment supply sea level ocean storm climate and tectonics these boundary conditions evolve non linearly over time and have considerable uncertainty this study explores the impact of the uncertainty of complex boundary conditions on stratigraphic prediction two numerical models are sequentially run the climate driven hydrological model hydrotrend generates a time series of discharge and sediment load at the river mouth which then feed into the process based stratigraphic model sedflux 2d sedflux disperses sediment in the fluvio marine domain the bedload fluxes drive floodplain and mouthbar deposition while suspended sediment is dispersed in the ocean through hypopycnal plumes seafloor sediment is reworked by ocean storms failures and subsequent transport as sediment gravity flows sedflux records the thickness of the deposited sediment and the grain size preserved over time along a longitudinal profile one base case simulation and 20 sensitivity tests of the new jersey shallow margin over the last 40 000 yr serve to explore the impact of uncertain boundary conditions initially the shelf is exposed and arctic conditions prevail in the drainage area paleo temperature and precipitation estimates differ significantly between different community climate system model realizations impacting river sediment flux predictions subsequently high sediment supply from the rivers draining the melting laurentide ice sheet has a dominant impact on the shelf stratigraphy drainage basin characteristics are strongly controlled by the hard to define details of the laurentide ice sheet dynamics over the last 10 000 yr the shelf becomes sediment starved and storm dominated but the paleo storm conditions are uncertain and thus require a wide range of values shallow seismic data have been used to validate the large scale deposited thicknesses of the sedflux prediction the base case sedflux prediction for the sedimentary architecture of the new jersey shelf is consistent with the acoustically observed distribution of major sediment wedges due to the strong forcing of the relatively well constrained sea level changes the range in thickness predictions over the sensitivity tests is well within the lateral variations reconstructed from the observed seismic data sedflux predictions and a data set of 654 seafloor samples taken on the new jersey shelf between 50 and 150 m water depth shows a subtle fining towards deeper water sedflux systematically overpredicts the component of fine sediments at the seafloor likely because the model does not predict shell hash paleo storm climate is found to have a high uncertainty and strongly impacts the predicted grain size distributions we advocate a modeling approach which couples a series of sensitivity experiments to a predicted base case experiment in that way the stratigraphic variability caused by uncertainty in the boundary conditions is evident for later users

development and recent activity of the san andres landslide on el hierro canary islands spain abstract extremely voluminous landslides with a long run out also known as megalandslides on oceanic volcanic islands are infrequent denudational processes on such islands at the same time they represent a major geological hazard that must be looked into to avoid negative consequences for the inhabitants of these islands their occurrence can be related to periods of intense seismo volcanic activity similar to that which occurred on el hierro island over 2011 2012 landslides on volcanic islands are studied using onshore and offshore geological geophysical and geomorphological records considering their unique triggering conditions e g lava intrusions eruptive vents magma chamber collapses previous work has pointed out similarities between specific cases of landslides on volcanic islands and deep seated gravitational slope deformations dsgsds which are typical in high mountain settings nevertheless the methodological approaches and concepts used to investigate dsgsds are not commonly applied on volcanic islands studies even though their use may provide new information about the development stage recent movements and future hazards therefore this approach for studying the san andres landslide sal on el hierro canary islands has been developed applying a detailed morphological field mapping an interpretation of digital elevation models structural measurements kinematic testing and a precise movement monitoring system the acquired information revealed a strong structural influence on the landslide morphology and the presence of sets of weakened planes acting as the sliding surfaces of the sal or secondary landslides within its body the presence of secondary landslides deep erosive gullies coastal cliffs and high on shore relative relief also suggests a high susceptibility to future landslide movement direct monitoring on the landslide scarps and the slip plane performed between february 2013 and july 2014 using an automated optical mechanical crack gauge with a precision of up to 10 2 mm detected creep movement in the order of 1 mm yr 1 with a persistent sinistral component as well as episodic horizontal and a subtle vertical movement this monitoring will continue in the future in order to verify the initial observations which instead of long term movement patterns could represent a landslide response to the period of an intense seismo volcanic activity during 2011 12

hydrologic effects on water level changes associated with episodic fault creep near parkfield california as part of the parkfield california earthquake prediction experiment water level is monitored in a well 460 m from the main trace of the san andreas fault on middle mountain in the preparation zone of the anticipated parkfield earthquake the well configuration allows water level to be monitored in two fluid reservoirs at depths of 85 and 250 m below land surface during 1987 water level changes were recorded during 12 of the 18 episodes of accelerated fault creep detected by a creep meter spanning the fault trace 750 m northwest of the well the creep related water level changes in the shallow reservoir have durations of less than 1 day whereas in the deeper reservoir the changes persist for as long as 2 months these data suggest that the transient nature of the water level changes in the shallow interval is due to vertical flow to the water table and is not evidence that creep events propagate past the well phase leads of earth tidal constituents in the water level data from the shallow interval relative to the same constituents in the local volume strain tide support the interpretation of significant flow to the water table at periods of 1 day or less the form of the water level changes in the deep interval is affected by horizontal flow to the well bore this effect can be removed from the water level records using a theoretical response curve constrained by the phases of earth tidal constituents in the deep interval relative to the local volume strain tide for the events where the signal in the shallow interval has been large enough to measure the sizes of the simultaneous water level changes in the two reservoirs are consistent with the same amounts of volume strain occurring at both depths

comparison of postseismic groundwater temperature changes with earthquake induced volumetric strain release yudani hot spring japan we observed temporal variations of the groundwater temperature during two observation periods may 1983 july 1984 september 1991 august 1995 at yudani hot spring in tottori prefecture japan the groundwater temperature is affected by tides atmospheric pressure changes and earthquakes assuming that volumetric strain change is the cause of these temperature changes we calculated the respective strain sensitivities of the groundwater temperature as a result the sensitivities estimated from theoretical volumetric strain changes by earthquake fault models are more than 1 000 times larger than those from tides and atmospheric pressure we infer that the actual volumetric strain changes near yudani hot spring due to the earthquakes are larger than theoretical strain changes calculated by earthquake fault models

sea level change along the french mediterranean coast for the past 30 000 years abstract observational evidence for sea level change along the french mediterranean coast has been examined and compared with glacio hydro isostatic models to predict the spatial and temporal patterns of change for about the past 30 000 14c years these predictions are pertinent to discussions of changing ocean volumes during this interval the tectonic stability or otherwise of the coastal areas mantle rheology and the timing of possible human occupation of the now submerged coastal plain and caves such as cosquer cave near marseille the principal results from the analysis are i sea levels along this section of the coast have risen continually since the time of the last glacial maximum lgm and at no time during the holocene has the mean sea level been higher than that of today ii the coast has been tectonically stable between marseille and nice as well as further to the west in roussillon western corsica may have experienced a slow tectonic uplift of between 0 15 0 3 mm year for the past 3000 years but northernmost corsica appears to have been stable during this same interval iii during the lgm sea levels along the coast and immediate off shore areas stood at between 105 115 m below present level the range reflecting the importance of the isostatic contributions during oxygen isotope stage 3 sea levels do not appear to have risen locally above about 60 m iv the rebound parameters describing the mantle rheology and ice sheets required to match the limited observational evidence are consistent with the results of similar analyses carried out for other parts of europe because of its distance from the former northern ice sheets the isostatic factors are particularly sensitive to the value of the lower mantle viscosity v the model predictions for sea level change at the cosquer cave site and for its immediate environments indicate that the cave was last readily accessible before about 10 700 500 14c years about 12 500 500 cal years bp and that the cave entrance was completely flooded by 9000 200 radiocarbon years bp between about 9800 and 10 300 calibrated years bp the cave was above sea level throughout the oxygen isotope stage 3

identification of earthquake signals from groundwater level records using the hht method summary coseismic signals of groundwater levels are generally obtained by subtracting the responses of atmospheric pressure earth tides and precipitation from the observed data however if the observations are conducted without nearby barometers pluviometers or earth tide data for correction coseismic signals are often difficult to extract in this case the hilbert huang transform hht is used to obtain the instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes for every point of the decomposed intrinsic mode functions imfs from groundwater level data for differentiating the related frequency dependent responses without a further auxiliary input the extracted coseismic signals show intense amplitude pulses that are clearly seen in the third imf in addition two types of coseismic signals can be readily distinguished in the results from the hht transform one is an instantaneous short time signal induced by the passing of seismic waves another coseismic signal is a sustained signal induced by the nearfield earthquake occurring near the hualien station taiwan and shows a positive correlation between the earthquake distance and magnitude our results generally show that using the hht transform improves our understanding of automatic detection of the coseismic signals from the groundwater level

a rainfall loading response recorded at 300 meters depth implications for geological weighing lysimeters abstract static pore water pressures in confined aquifers vary in response to ground surface loading changes including precipitation and evaporation under certain hydrogeological conditions such aquifers can function as giant natural weighing lysimeters referenced here as geological weighing lysimeters the extent of the land area weighed increases with aquifer depth and it is of interest to establish at what depth it is still possible to monitor surface water budgets an 86 mm rainfall event produced a clear loading signal in a well in western kansas at 300 m depth the loading effect is quantitatively consistent with elastic deformation induced by the rainfall mass and suggests that geological weighing lysimeters could operate at considerably greater depths thereby monitoring water budgets over a significant land area

hydrological responses induced by the tokachi oki earthquake in 2003 at hot spring wells in hokkaido japan 1 thirty hydrological responses induced by the m8 0 tokachi oki earthquake in 2003 were observed at hot spring wells and an undersea coal mine in hokkaido japan most of the decreases and increases in groundwater levels or discharge rates can be explained as a poroelastic response to earthquake induced volumetric strain inferred from a fault model determined by dense static gps observation in five wells observed groundwater level changes and inferred volumetric strain steps induced by the tokachi oki earthquake are consistent with groundwater level changes that are proportional to the inferred volumetric strain steps induced by four large earthquakes in 1993 1994

a new andean deep ice core from nevado illimani 6350 m bolivia abstract a new ice core record from the nevado illimani 16 s bolivia covers approximately the last 18 000 years bp a comparison with two published ice records from sajama 18 s bolivia thompson et al science 282 1998 1858 1864 and huascaran 9 s peru thompson et al science 269 1996 46 50 documents a regionally coherent transition from glacial to modern climate conditions in south america north of 20 s the strong resemblance between the illimani and huascaran water isotope records and their differences from the sajama record in particular during the period from 9000 years bp to 14 000 years bp suggest that local water recycling or local circulation changes played a major role for sajama we interpret the common illimani huascaran water isotope history in terms of a common change from wetter cooler conditions during glacial times to drier warmer conditions in the early holocene

photogrammetric documentation and non invasive investigation of a stone dry dock the yokosuka arsenal dry dock no 1 japan abstract the yokosuka arsenal dry dock no 1 is the oldest stone dock in japan constructed from natural building stones during the construction of the dock hakusen hill which comprised mainly pleistocene sediments was excavated in this study photogrammetric documentation and a non invasive investigation were used to survey the dock site evaluate its soundness and assist in future preservation horizontal and vertical sections near the gate were successfully created using a photogrammetrically produced 3d surface model the vertical sections of the south wall display greater deformation than those on the north wall the water leakage on both walls was measured using rain gauges placed near the gate the leakage was found to originate mainly from the mortar between the building stones and was correlated with sea level changes the results indicate that rising sea level increased the water pressure leading to higher leakage inside the dock walls the water leakage in the north and south walls peaked at different times and the amplitude of the sea level vs water leakage hysteresis loops also differed between the north and south walls these differences may have been caused by the different permeability and storage coefficients of the wall mortar and the backfill materials behind the north and south walls in addition the different permeability and storage coefficients were likely caused by the deformation of the south wall due to lithological variations in the material underlying the north and south walls these results contribute to future preservation plans regarding the soundness of the site ground stability is one of the main issues in engineering geology and related fields therefore this study may also be helpful in similar cases worldwide

possible strain events reflected in water levels in wells along san jacinto fault zone southern california water levels have been monitored in wells along the san jacinto fault zone since 1977 the three largest earthquakes to occur within 30 km of the segment of the san jacinto fault zone being monitored with continuous recorders showed magnitudesm of 4 5 4 8 and 5 5 two wells in borrego valley 31 to 32 km southeast of them 5 5 earthquake on 25 february 1980 showed anomalous spikes recording a probable strain event 88 hours before the earthquake two other wells 12 km northwest of the epicenter showed no water level anomalies no water level anomalies preceded them 4 8 earthquake near anza on 15 june 1982 anomalous water level fluctuations occurred in a well near ocotillo wells 13 km northeast of them 4 5 earthquake on 22 march 1982 19 to 23 days prior to the earthquake similar fluctuations in other wells have not been followed by sizable earthquakes a simultaneous drop in water level occurred in four wells on 8 september 1982 this possible strain event was not associated with a sizable earthquake the presumed strain events occur only in wells that show earth tides and may have been the result of creep on strands of the san jacinto fault zone although water level anomalies have occurred in only one or two wells prior to two out of three moderate m 4 5 5 5 earthquakes the simultaneous drop in water level on 8 september 1982 and the spikes in two wells before them 5 5 earthquake on 25 february 1980 suggest that wells responsive to earth tides may detect strain events

a spatially lumped model to investigate downstream sediment flux propagation within a fluvial catchment abstract a spatially lumped process response model pacmod is presented which calculates long time series 103 106 years of fluvial water discharge and sediment load at the river catchment outlet based on climatic data drainage basin characteristics and user defined parameters key aspects of the model are i the lumped approach allowing for fast simulations and preserving the same resolution from palaeoclimatic conditions and geomorphological reconstructions ii the parameterization of sediment routing and storage within the catchment pacmod was successfully tested on observed data from three present day fluvial systems the meuse the waipaoa and the po rivers moreover the simulated sediment flux for the meuse and for the waipaoa rivers in the late quaternary is in agreement with published field and modelling work pacmod experiments show how the downstream propagation of the original climatic signal is hampered by sediment routing and storage within the catchment

groundwater level anomalies associated with a hypothetical preslip prior to the anticipated tokai earthquake detectability using the groundwater observation network of the geological survey of japan aist we infer the groundwater level anomalies associated with a hypothetical preslip prior to the anticipated m 8 tokai earthquake and evaluate the detectability of the anomalies using data from seven groundwater wells we evaluate the detectability of the anomalies under the following assumptions 1 an mw 5 5 6 5 aseismic preslip event occurs at the plate boundary in and around the hypothetical focal zone of the tokai earthquake 2 the total amount of the strain step at each observation associated with the preslip can be calculated by tensile and shear faulting based on the dislocation model 3 a normalized strain history associated with the preslip is defined from the results of numerical simulations based on rate and state dependent friction laws and 4 the groundwater level anomaly prior to the earthquake is proportional to the estimated history of the strain change associated with the preslip we investigate the detection time of the anomaly at seven wells given an mw 5 5 6 0 or 6 5 aseismic preslip at one of the 272 grid points in and around the area of the hypothetical focal zone of the tokai earthquake as a result over the time interval between 1 and 48 hours prior to the hypothetical tokai earthquake we are able to detect at each of the seven wells a hypothetical mw 6 5 preslip at 10 86 of the 272 grid points an mw 6 preslip at 0 19 grid points and an mw 5 5 preslip at 0 5 grid points

groundwater strain coupling before the 1999 mw 7 6 taiwan chi chi earthquake summary the coupling of pre earthquake anomalous phenomena between long term groundwater levels recorded at 42 monitoring stations and time varying surface strain derived from 16 gps stations was found in the choshuichi alluvial fan before the 1999 m w 7 6 chi chi earthquake in taiwan the noise free groundwater level anomalies consistently comprised by a sequence of decrease rise and flat phases which agree very well with changes in strain rates computed from the gps stations these coupling agreements show that in addition to compression tension can be generated before a thrust earthquake occurrence as well this case demonstrates that short term surface deformation as signals against noise and accuracy of pre earthquake anomalous phenomena can be simultaneously examined by using multiple parameter crosscheck for significantly reducing the uncertainty of earthquake precursory evaluation

landslide temporal analysis and susceptibility assessment as bases for landslide mitigation machu picchu peru multi temporal landslide occurrence information acquired through aerial photo interpretation and field mapping was used to assess occurrence frequencies on the slopes around the unesco cultural world heritage site of machu picchu peru this showed that the coarse time resolution of the historical landslide information may lead to inaccurate interpretations regarding landslide occurrence frequencies in some parts of the study area in addition the assumption that the past landslide frequency can be used to describe the future landslide occurrence was not proved in the study area thereafter unique conditional analyses were undertaken to assess landslide susceptibility using a limited number of preparatory factor maps it showed that large majority of the inca city is located on least susceptible areas within the region the results of the susceptibility assessment combined with landslide occurrence frequencies may serve as a basis for the landslide hazard mitigation in the studied area for these purposes pixel based susceptibility maps were generalized into expert defined landslide management units these units provide site managers with easily understandable and applicable hence reliable information about future landslide occurrences an approach describing usage of the resulting susceptibility maps for onsite mitigation purposes was described with respect to the needs of machu picchu site managers

inverse modeling of post last glacial maximum transgressive sedimentation using 2d sedflux application to the northern adriatic sea abstract a coupled simulation of the hydrologic model hydrotrend and the stratigraphic model 2d sedflux is applied to transgressive deposits in the north adriatic sea area over the last 21 000 years synthetic sediment discharge from the po river which increases more than 70 during late pleistocene compared to those during holocene due to glacier melt and enlarged drainage area is employed in the simulation of sediment deposition by the process based forward model 2d sedflux paleo morphology is reconstructed in a pseudo inverse manner by comparing the predicted deposit distribution and the modern morphology accommodation for thick prograding deposits in the modern po delta and the po lowstand delta are created by drawing back the modern bathymetric profile the bathymetric profile is then adjusted for aggradational deposits these sequential simulations produced a likely profile of the paleo morphology which had accommodation matching with the sediment supply evaluation of effects of waves however suggested that the predicted rate of sediment input was too low to produce a prograding delta a good match with the observation of the modern po delta was achieved when further adjustments in basin width was properly made

precursory and coseismic anomalies in well water levels observed for the february 2 1992 tokyo bay earthquake possible precursor water level changes of a moderate earthquake were detected by the long term groundwater observation sites operated over 5 years in japan three observation wells showed anomalous changes rises and a fall in water levels of 3 10 cm which began simultaneously 1 1 5 days prior to the february 2 1992 tokyo bay earthquake m5 9 the distance from the hypocenter to the wells were 90 110 km these possible precursors were followed by coseimic water level changes of 1 20 cm some portions of rises may be attributed to effects of concurrent precipitation however the water level fall of 10 cm observed at one well indicates that the change is anomalous and is highly likely to be an earthquake precursor

transfer functions of the well aquifer systems response to atmospheric loading and earth tide from low to high frequency band 1 the transfer functions of the well aquifer systems response to atmospheric loading and earth tide can be used to calculate the well aquifer properties due to the low signal to noise ratio the study on barometric response at frequencies higher than 8 cycles per day cpd for short is almost blank using the recorded water level and barometric pressure as well as the corresponding theoretical tidal volumetric strain at 17 well stations in china we obtained continuous barometric and tidal responses of the well aquifer systems by cross spectra estimation it shows that the barometric responses are stable at low frequencies 0 1 0 5 cpd while fluctuate at tidal frequencies 0 5 8 cpd in the high frequency band 8 30 cpd by stacking the transfer functions to suppress the noise we obtained stable barometric responses for the first time according to the low and high frequency barometric responses we can better judge whether the aquifers are confined in the timescale that we focused and whether the wellbore storage effect can be ignored and expect to determine the fluid flow properties of the aquifers more reliably for the three aquifers whose water table drainage and wellbore storage effects are ignored we used the barometric and tidal responses to estimate their formation properties which are consistent with previous results the tidal strain sensitivities are related to the aquifer lithology which are mainly controlled by the compressibility of the porous matrixes with different porosities and different aspect ratio fractures

geomorphological research of large scale slope instability at machu picchu peru a multidisciplinary approach has been adopted to study the slope movements and landscape evolution at the archaeological site of machu picchu and its immediate surroundings the basic event in the paleogeomorphological evolution of the area was the large scale slope movement which destroyed the originally higher ridge between mt machupicchu and mt huaynapicchu within remnants of that primary deformation several younger generations of slope movements occurred the laboratory analyses of granitoids revealed highly strained zones on the slopes of mt machupicchu which strongly affect the largest slope deformation the borders of the largest slope deformation are structurally predisposed by the existence of fault zones the majority of various types of slope movements on the so called front slope e facing and back slope w facing are influenced by the alignment between topography and joints along with slope movements fluvial erosion and tectonic disturbance of the rocks have been affecting the evolution of the landscape a monitoring network for dilatometric and extensometric measurements was used to detect the present day activity of rock displacements within the archaeological site in addition to standard mapping of surface hydrogeological phenomena eleven express slug tests were conducted to verify the infiltration potential of precipitation the results of these surveys indicate that recent large scale slope movement as suggested by some previous studies is doubtful and the detected movements can be explained by individual movements of rock blocks or several other mechanisms including sinking of archaeological structures subsurface erosion and annual changes in the water content of the soils

high frequency sea level and sediment supply fluctuations during termination i an integrated sequence stratigraphy and modeling approach from the adriatic sea central mediterranean abstract after the end of the last glacial maximum lgm termination i recorded one of the fastest and highest amplitude eustatic oscillations of the late quaternary in less then 15 kyr between ca 20 and 5 5 kyr cal bp sea level rose 120 m with at least two steps of increased rate of ice melting and eustatic rise named meltwater pulses 1a and 1b the transgressive sedimentary succession deposited during this interval on several mid latitude continental margins among which the central adriatic margin includes three distinct units each deposited during a specific interval of the last sea level rise in particular the central adriatic middle tst unit mtst composed of two prograding sedimentary wedges separated by an erosional surface appears the most complex of the three tst units the mtst unit formed during an interval of extreme climatic instability including the bolling allerod and the younger dryas holocene transition sequence stratigraphy analyses integrated by core samples and 14c age estimates indicate an enhanced sediment flux during the deposition of the mtst unit as a consequence of high frequency climatic oscillations model simulations with hydrotrend v3 0 a hydrological water balance and transport model show high rates of sediment delivery within the interval between 13 8 and 11 5 kyr cal bp as a consequence of increased rates of rainfall and partial melting of the alpine glaciers reconstructions of the sediment architecture using 2d sedflux 1 0c a basin fill model reproduce the complexity of the internal architecture of the middle tst unit driven primarily by sea level the internal unconformity within the mtst unit can best be explained by introducing a minor sea level fall during the younger dryas this conclusion is supported by the presence of an extensive barrier island lagoon system at 75 m below present sea level corresponding to the younger dryas time interval and representing the best evidence of paleo shoreline for this interval

earthquake related ground motion and groundwater pressure change at the kamaishi mine abstract the power reactor and nuclear fuel development corporation pnc has been conducting studies on earthquake effects at the kamaishi mine the aims of the studies are to observe the attenuation characteristics of ground motion with depth and to understand the influences of earthquakes on the deep groundwater seven seismographs have been installed at four different levels of the mine with depths varying from 0 to 600 m according to the observations since january 1991 maximum acceleration recorded deeper than 150 m has a tendency to decrease to so1 4 to 1 2 of that at the ground surface we also monitored water pressure in boreholes inflow rate and electric conductivity of groundwater from drift wall and the water chemistry before and after earthquakes twenty cases of earthquake related changes in water pressure have been observed during the period from november 1991 to december 1994 the range of groundwater pressure changes are generally less than 0 1 kgf cm2 with a maximum of 0 35 kgf cm2 almost all these changes tend to recover slowly to the original state within about one week in these twenty cases the static crust strain calculated after dobrovolsky et al 1979 estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones pure appl geophys 117 1025 1044 from the magnitudes and epicentral distances are larger than 10 8 as interseismic variation the annual groundwater pressure change is less than 1 kgf cm2 which corresponds well with the rainfall record

about the potential of wells to reflect stress variations within inhomogeneous crust abstract kumpel h j 1992 about the potential of wells to reflect stress variations within inhomogeneous crust in t mikumo k aki m ohnaka l j ruff and p k p spudich editors earthquake source physics and earthquake precursors tectonophysics 211 317 336 numerous pre co and post seismic well level changes that are believed to reflect stress variations in the crust have been observed in various parts of the world so far analysis of these data has not favoured a distinct model of the processes that could be involved the benefit from the signals is in fact limited because understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms is poor the paper discusses the impact that inhomogeneities in the brittle crust can have on the observations in particular the following problems are considered 1 could the well level signals be induced by the invasion of pressurized pore fluid at some place 2 could the hydrological conditions close to the observation well modulate any remote pore pressure variation 3 which features of the crust are most likely to dominate the process of stress transfer in the crust 4 how should a stress sensitive well be designed the results can be summarized as follows 1 stress diffusion due to the invasion of pressurized pore fluid can lead to significant well level changes only when the source region is at closer distance than a few kilometres probably less than a few hundred metres from the well 2 local inhomogeneities in the vicinity of the observation well may strongly influence the well s response to remote pressure changes even sign reversal of the anomaly may be encountered 3 there is increasing evidence that the wide range of stiffness values of natural rocks from 100 mpa or less till 100 gpa manifested in a fractal distribution of fault like weak zones within relatively stiff formations dominates stress transfer in the brittle crust uncertainty about the effective rheology for time scales from 10 4 to 103 years limits the inversion of many geophysical observations at present 4 of various configurations a well tapping an extensive hydraulic fracture could act best as a sensitive stress sensor provided that the fracture volume is isolated from the pore space of the host rock however experimental evidence of the practicability of such configuration is still due the weakness of conventional wells as stress sensors results from the fact that the process of fluid flow often lacks a sufficient control on attenuation mechanisms for low frequency well level variations regardless of whether the wells end in stiff or weak formations to a large extent the presented findings are compiled from publications of investigators working in various fields

multiple landslide clusters record quaternary climate changes in the northwestern argentine andes the chronology of multiple landslide deposits and related lake sediments in the semi arid eastern argentine cordillera suggests that major mass movements cluster in two time periods during the quaternary i e between 40 and 25 and after 5 14 c kyr bp these clusters may correspond to the minchin maximum at around 28 27 14 c kyr bp and titicaca wet periods after 3 9 14 c kyr bp the more humid conditions apparently caused enhanced landsliding in this environment in contrast no landslide related damming and associated lake sediments occurred during the coipasa 11 5 10 14 c yr bp and tauca wet periods 14 5 11 14 c yr bp the two clusters at 40 25 and after 5 14 c kyr bp may correspond to periods where the el nin o southern oscillation enso and tropical atlantic sea surface temperature variability tav were active this however was not the case during the coipasa and tauca wet periods lake balance modelling of a landslide dammed lake suggests a 10 15 increase in precipitation and a 3 4 c decrease in temperature at v30 14 c kyr bp as compared to the present in addition time series analysis reveals a strong enso and tav during that time the landslide clusters in northwestern argentina are therefore best explained by periods of more humid and more variable climates 2003 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

fluvial and marine controls on combined subaerial and subaqueous delta progradation morphodynamic modeling of compound clinoform development 1 fluviodeltaic systems commonly display a compound clinoform geometry that consists of a subaerial subaqueous delta couplet the extent of subaqueous delta development varies significantly and in modern systems is a function of fluvial input and basin hydrodynamics we present a model of fluviodeltaic progradation in which the repeated occurrence of characteristic terrestrial floods and large coastal storms drives fluvial and shallow marine morphodynamics respectively we couple fluvial and shallow marine sediment dynamics via the surf zone which we collapse to a shock condition and treat as a moving boundary with steady sediment supply and sea level and simple basin geometry our model naturally develops prograding deltas with compound clinoform geometries the subaerial delta grows via fluvial aggradation and shoreface progradation whereas the subaqueous delta expands through foreset progradation with only minor topset aggradation the interplay of fluvial input with the wave current field controls the basic partitioning of sediment between subaerial and subaqueous deltas and by extension the compound clinoform geometry increasing the frequency or magnitude of coastal storms decreasing flood frequency or discharge and reducing grain size all increase the fraction of sediment delivered to the shallow marine environment and the extent of subaqueous delta progradation relative to subaerial delta development our model which emphasizes the intrinsic coupling of fluvial and shallow marine sediment dynamics and downplays the importance of allogenic fluctuations can explain many of the first order morphologic features of natural delta systems including significant lateral separation of the shoreline and clinoform rollover and differing rates of subaerial and subaqueous delta progradation

delayed delivery from the sediment factory modeling the impact of catchment response time to tectonics on sediment flux and fluvio deltaic stratigraphy the sediment flux from a catchment is driven by tectonics and climate but is moderated by the geomorphic response of the landscape system to changes in these two boundary conditions consequently catchment response time and the non linear behavior of landscapes in response to boundary condition change control the downstream propagation of climatic or tectonic perturbations from catchments to neighboring basins in order to investigate the impact of catchment response time on sediment flux we integrated a spatially lumped numerical model pacmod with new routines simulating the evolution of landscape morphology and erosion rates under tectonic and climatic forcing we subsequently applied the model to reconstruct the sediment flux from a tectonically perturbed catchment in central italy finally we coupled our model to deltasim a process response model simulating fluvio deltaic stratigraphy and investigated the impact of catchment response time on stratigraphy using both synthetic scenarios and a real world system fucino basin central italy our results demonstrate that the differential response of geomorphic elements to tectonic and climatic changes induces a complex sediment flux signal and produces characteristic stratigraphic architectures and shoreline trajectories copyright 2014 john wiley sons ltd

predicting the terrestrial flux of sediment to the global ocean a planetary perspective a new model for predicting the long term flux of sediment from river basins to the coastal ocean is applied to a global data set of 340 river basins the model is based on relief basin area or averaged discharge and basin averaged temperature basinaveraged temperature is determined from basin location latitude longitude and the lapse rate across the basin relief hypsometric approximation the sediment flux model incorporates climate through basin temperature and hydrologic runoff solutions are provided for each of the major hemispheric climate regions polar temperate and tropic the model successfully predicts the pre anthropogenic flux of sediment to within the uncertainties associated with the global observations within a factor of two for 75 of rivers that range across five orders of magnitude in basin area and discharge most of the problem rivers are associated with low observational loads often smaller rivers where anthropogenic impacts are often magnified and temporal variability is high model predictions provide a baseline for researchers 1 to question the quality of observational data where available and disagreement is greatest 2 to examine a river basin for unusually large anthropogenic influences i e causes of erosion or causes of hinterland sediment retention and 3 to uncover secondary factors not addressed by our model lithology lakes the model provides a powerful tool to address the impact of paleo climate fluctuations warmer colder wetter drier on the impact of sediment flux to the coastal ocean d 2003 elsevier b v all rights reserved

hydrological response to earthquakes in the haibara well central japan i groundwater level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure rainfall and tidal responses summary for the groundwater level observed at the haibara well shizuoka prefecture central japan time series analysis using state space modelling is applied to extract hydrological anomalies related to earthquakes this method can decompose observed groundwater level time series into five components atmospheric pressure tidal and precipitation responses observation noise and residual water level the decomposed responses to atmospheric pressure and precipitation are independently determined and are consistent with the expected response to surface loading in the groundwater level at the haibara well 28 coseismic changes can be discerned during the period from 1981 april to 1997 december there is a threshold in the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the well hypocentre distance above which earthquakes cause coseismic changes in the residual water level all of the coseismic water level changes at the haibara well are decreases although 33 per cent of the estimated coseismic volumetric strain steps are contraction which would be expected to cause water level increases the coseismic changes in groundwater level are more closely proportional to the estimated ground motion than to coseismic volumetric strain steps suggesting that ground motion due to earthquakes is the major cause of the coseismic water level drops and that the contribution from static strain is rather small possible pre or inter earthquake water level changes have occurred at the haibara well and may have been caused by local aseismic crustal deformation

underdamped responses of a well to nearby swarm earthquakes off the coast of ito city central japan 1995 we observed coseismic and noncoseismic water level changes of an underdamped well aquifer system at epicentral distances of 5 km during the 1995 earthquake swarm activity off the coast of ito city shizuoka prefecture central japan each water level change consists of a static offset with a linear trend component followed by a damped harmonic oscillation the characteristic frequency and decay parameter of these oscillations are 18 3 s and 0 024 s 1 respectively we detected 14 such events within 8 days during the activity the offset values are mostly 2 mm or less but there were two exceptionally large offsets of 4 and 6 mm the observed waveforms are consistent with an analytical expression for the theoretical well level response to step like pressure head change in an underdamped well aquifer system this consistency allowed us to estimate the parameters of the well aquifer system and the offset component of pressure head changes from the observed hydrographs the seismic records at the nearest station indicate that among the 14 events only seven including the two exceptionally large events were apparently synchronous with swarm earthquakes among these seven events the largest two are quantitatively explained as the consequence of the coseismic volumetric strain changes the other five are interpreted as either the effect of coseismic strain change near a node of the volumetric strain field or some other coseismic effects the seven well events not synchronous with earthquakes indicate the occurrence of abrupt local pressure disturbances in the aquifer within a distance of a few tens of meters from the well

palynomorph evidence for tropical climate stability in the gulf of papua papua new guinea over the latest marine transgression and highstand 14 500 years bp to today abstract three sediment cores mv 41 mv 46 and md 50 from the gulf of papua gop papua new guinea were analyzed to assess changes in climatic oceanographic and sedimentological conditions over the last 14 5 kyr palynomorphs which were isolated from sediment core samples were collected at approximately 0 5 m intervals using a strong acid and oxidant md 50 non oxidant mv 41 mv 46 procedure radiocarbon 14c stable isotope geochronology magnetic susceptibility stable isotope analysis md 50 only oxygen 18 18o and carbon 13 13c and clay mineral maturity analysis were also completed for each core palynological data indicate that climatic conditions at sea level have remained warm wet and stable for the past 14 5 kyr with sea surface temperatures in the gop above 14 c potential decreases in vegetative cover marked the younger dryas interval 12 5 11 5 kyr bp as indicated by reduced pollen and spore recovery the end of the latest marine transgression and the subsequent return to eustatic sea level highstand is clearly delineated by increases in marine palynomorph recovery and decreases in mangrove pollen at approximately 5 kyr bp an increase in seasonality and potential el nino southern oscillation variability is observed in md 50 s oxygen isotope results at 5 kyr bp this is not supported by the palynomorph record likely because of the sampling interval and dilution by tropical pollen flora which indicates stable climatic conditions throughout the last 14 5 kyr sediment transport pathways in the gop remained fairly constant throughout the time interval which is supported by the lack of major changes in palynomorph assemblage composition

coseismic fluid pressure response estimated from prediction error filtering of tidal band loading a methodology combining prediction error filters pefs and transfer functions was developed to identify the quasi static fluid pressure response observed in wells due to coseismic strain water levels in confined aquifers respond to long term and seasonal trends recharge events barometric and ocean tide loading tidal strain and tectonic strain low frequency features can be neglected from the quasi static coseismic response estimation transfer functions were constructed to decon volve the fluid pressure response due to measured barometric loading because direct tidal strain and ocean tide loading measurements are rarely available theoretical tidal loading is often calculated from astronomical data however the calculations are subject to many assumptions because tidal driving processes are cyclic pefs are a natural choice for removing the fluid pressure response without assuming a theo retical forcing function in the tidal band the method was applied to hourly fluid pressure data collected over a 3 year period from two wells in the villages of gaocun and tayuan china results of this analysis yielded coseismic fluid pressure heads of 1 6 10 2 and 7 6 10 2 m for the respective wells in response to the datong yanggao earthquake swarm mainshock m s 6 1 18 24 october 1989 epi central distances to the wells were about 200 km the coseismic fluid pressure re sponse for each well was also predicted from dislocation model strain scaled by material dependent volumetric strain sensitivity parameters these parameters were determined from the static confined response to o1 and m 2 earth tide strain constit uents the predicted response was 2 9 10 3 m for the gaocun well and 2 1 10 3 m for the tayuan well although predicted and observed response phases were consistent both predictions underestimated observed response amplitudes as has been true in other reported instances

determination of fluid flow properties from the response of water levels in wells to atmospheric loading the water level in a well that taps a partially confined aquifer is often sensitive to atmospheric loading the magnitude and character of this response is partly governed by the well radius the lateral hydraulic diffusivity of the aquifer the thickness and vertical pneumatic diffusivity of the unsaturated zone and the thickness and vertical hydraulic diffusivity of the saturated zone overlying the aquifer these key elements can be combined into five dimensionless parameters that partly govern the phase and attenuation of the response in many cases the response of a well to atmospheric loading can be broken up into a high intermediate and low frequency response the high frequency response is governed largely by the well radius and lateral diffusivity of the aquifer the intermediate frequency response is governed by the loading efficiency of the aquifer the low frequency response is governed by the vertical pneumatic diffusivity and thickness of the unsaturated zone and the vertical hydraulic diffusivity and thickness of the saturated material above the aquifer cross spectral estimation is used to fit the response to atmospheric loading of three water wells to the theoretical curves in order to yield estimates of three of the key dimensionless parameters these estimates then are used to make estimates or place bounds on the vertical pneumatic diffusivity of the unsaturated zone the lateral permeability of the aquifer and the composite vertical hydraulic diffusivity of the overlying saturated materials

facies architecture and latest pleistocene holocene depositional history of the po delta comacchio area italy abstract integrated sedimentological and micropaleontological study of 16 cores and 137 piezocone penetration tests approximately 40 m deep in the comacchio area enables the documentation of the depositional history of southeastern po plain in the last 30 ka in response to fluctuating sea level sedimentation within an alluvial plain was the dominant feature across the entire study area during the pronounced sea level fall that culminated in the last glacial maximum thin lowstand fluvial sediments form the lower part of a shallow incised valley above the last glacial maximum unconformity whereas a characteristic paleosol separates the last glacial alluvial plain deposits from the overlying postglacial deposits in the interfluves transgressive and highstand deposits show a well developed stacking pattern of retrogradational coastal plain and estuarine and progradational deltaic facies detailed reconstruction of transgressive paleogeography shows evolutionary features that can be useful for refin

temporal behavior of deep seated gravitational slope deformations a review abstract deep seated gravitational slope deformations dsgsds are slow moving hillslope scale mass movements featuring characteristic landforms such as double crested ridges and upslope facing scarps that occur in diverse landscapes throughout the world although these deformations have been studied since the 1960s significant insights to the rates of dsgsds have only been gained within the last two decades owing to progress in geochronology remote sensing and instrumental monitoring absolute age and monitoring data indicate that dsgsd movements are observable over long term 102 years and short term future research directions include constraining the lifespan of dsgsds with absolute age dating and precise high resolution monitoring of spatio temporal displacement across dsgsd bodies it is of great importance to include absolute time scales in the numerical models of dsgsds furthermore combining remote sensing techniques such as synthetic aperture radar interferometry with high resolution lidar scanning and near surface geophysics offers a promising toolkit for collecting very detailed and accurate data on the short term deformation rates of dsgsds

fine sediment mineralogy as a tracer of latest quaternary sediment delivery to a dynamic continental margin pandora trough gulf of papua papua new guinea abstract sediment cores and geophysical data from the shelf and slope in the pandora trough and gulf of papua gop papua new guinea northern coral sea have been studied to evaluate timing pathways and sources of sediment delivery to a muddy shelf slope depositional system that developed during the late quaternary marine transgression cores were analyzed for 14 c geochronology clay and bulk mineralogy grain size sedimentary fabric and physical properties observations reveal a shelf edge depocenter and adjacent middle to upper slope sediment wedge that each developed at different times from different sedimentary sources despite close proximity along a down slope gradient clay mineralogy of modern shelf sediments reveals strong longitudinal gradients that appear related to fluvial source composition similar gradients in source composition reveal heterogeneous and shifting sediment sources to the shelf and slope through time from the bolling allerod interstadial 14 5 12 5 kyr bp and the younger dryas 12 5 11 5 kyr bp fluvial sediments accumulated in a muddy inner shelf forming a shelf edge depocenter core mv 41 with high kaolinite chlorite values that are indicative of a local volcanic source consistent with the geology of the nearby lakekamu and vailala river catchments shelf edge sediment accumulation decreased from the time of meltwater pulse 1b mwp 1b to the present due to shelf flooding and inshore trapping of sediment during mwp 1b and possibly earlier sediment transport west of mv 41 was steered obliquely offshore to the northern pandora trough continental margin upper middle slope mv 46 and mv 49 this transport has persisted nearly to the present and has allowed for the development of a holocene upper middle slope sediment wedge cores mv 46 and mv 49 that differs strongly in clay composition and so source from the adjacent up slope shelf edge depocenter mv 41 slope deposits have intermediate illite smectite values similar to the central gop which differ from the very low illite smectite values at mv 41 such heterogeneous dispersal patterns oblique to seabed gradient are likely due to complex interactions of shelf processes with dynamic shelf morphology along the flooding gop shelf rather than a response solely due to rising sea level and down slope transport

tectonics sedimentation and surface processes from the erosional engine to basin deposition this special issue collects a number of papers mainly reflecting discussions during the tectonics sedimentation and surface processes sessions tssp organized at recent egu conferences 2012 2013 2014 as well as related studies that have appeared in earth surface processes and landforms over the last two years the sedimentary record has long been used to invert for deformation at all scales and in all tectonics settings growth strata sediment provenance sequence stratigraphy and changing depositional environments have all provided first order constraints on quantifying deformation at a range of spatial and temporal scales at the same time these studies have motivated much work on the influence of tectonics on both sedimentation patterns and basin fill successions however relatively few studies have considered the whole integrated system of catchment erosion fluvial transport and sediment deposition together often concentrating on either the basin or the catchment separately recently however methodological progress in quantifying rates of surface processes in the upstream erosion and transfer zones as well as revived interest in the couplings between surface processes tectonics and climate have made it possible to renew our understanding of the interactions between sedimentation and tectonics within the framework of the whole integrated sediment routing system although the studies within this special issue are only a fraction of the work presented over the last five years of the tssp sessions the manuscripts presented here reflect a selection of the broad content and diversity of studies that integrate both sedimentation and surface processes to understand deformation in the context of sedimentary systems they highlight and are organized into three active challenges of the field 1 tectonics and climate into landscapes 2 signal propagation within sediment routing systems and 3 modeling of tectonic and surface processes

paleoenvironmental reconstruction of late quaternary succession by foraminiferal assemblages of three cores from the san benedetto del tronto coast central adriatic sea italy new shelf records based on benthic foraminiferal assemblages allowed reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental evolution of the central adriatic sea during the late quaternary four distinct assemblages related to four different environments were identified based on multivariate analyses cluster analysis and principal component analysis circalittoral shallow water with vegetation deltaic and shallow marine with riverine influence two main phases were recognized by comparing the study area with the northern and southern portion of the adriatic basin the first phase was characterized by the last glacial lowstand or the beginning of the last pleistocene transgression the foraminiferal assemblage distribution was controlled by sea level changes and by the location of the ancient po river delta likely placed at the northern margin of the mid adriatic deep a subsequent deepening from a deltaic to normal marine shallow water environment occurred river supply decreases consistently from the bottom to the top of the cores due to the northern migration of the po delta the second phase which occurred during the holocene was characterized by sea level stabilization and modern water circulation pattern circalittoral foraminiferal assemblage typical of the outer mud belt developed during this second phase

the suitability of the pieve fosciana hydrothermal system italy as a detection site for geochemical seismic precursors abstract the serchio valley is one of the regions of highest seismic risk in tuscany italy as a part of a seismic prevention prediction pilot project funded by regional government of tuscany the geochemical and hydrologic processes that control the composition of the thermal waters emerging near the pieve fosciana village pra di lama site have been investigated to assess the suitability of the site for the monitoring of geochemical precursors of earthquakes the investigation protocol considered the coupled use of chemical analyses on water aliquots sampled during discrete surveys and of continuous signals for selected physical chemical parameters acquired via an automatic station equipped with a suite of parameter specific sensors concentrations of major inorganic dissolved aqueous components have been processed with geochemical modeling techniques to obtain a quantitative description of water rock interactions occurring at depth in local mesozoic aquifers the geochemical background of the system was defined by combining these data and an integrated hydrogeological and geochemical model of the hydrothermal aquifer feeding the springs was elaborated based on the very low variability of physical and geochemical parameters over a long observation time the relatively long and deep underground circulation paths of discharged waters under confined conditions the site specific sensitivity of monitored parameters to local crustal strain and the proximity to seismically active neotectonic structures the pieve fosciana system ranks as a favorable site for recognizing fluids possibly connected to energy release and or permeability variations induced by seismogenic processes at depth the integrated geological hydrogeological geochemical and modeling approach presented here could be profitably applied for the design of similar projects elsewhere

tidal responses and earthquake related changes in the water level of deep wells monitoring of the water level has been continued in 100 m deep and 500 m deep wells in the southern kanto district japan to examine the relationship between changes in the well water level and earthquake occurrence by using a bayesian approach the observed data were decomposed into four components tidal response barometric response trend drift and irregular noise components loading effects of the ocean tide on aquifer dilatation were evaluated by using schwiderski s ocean tide models and the harmonic constants compiled by the international hydrographic bureau well aquifer properties were examined based on the tidal and barometric responses of the water level coseismic water level steps were detected in both wells for two earthquakes during the observation period from april 1985 to december 1989 by calibrating the strain sensitivity of the well water levels based on the tidal responses strain changes equivalent to the coseismic steps in the water levels were estimated the coseismic strain changes obtained for the deeper well can be explained reasonably by earthquake fault models in a viscoelastic half space however those observed in the shallower well were too large and in the wrong direction to be explained by the earthquake fault models

recent movement on the garlock fault as suggested by water level fluctuations in a well in fremont valley california water levels have been continuously recorded since march 1978 in a well in fremont valley where several strands of the adjacent garlock fault zone have exhibited both left lateral displacement and components of normal displacement differences in water levels indicate that a fault segment lies between the observation well and a nearby irrigation well during the 4 year recording period six sharp fluctuations or spikes were noted these fluctuations occurring over 2 to 4 day periods have amplitudes of 15 30 cm they appear to be the result of creep events on a nearby fault two types of creep events are plausible 1 normal slip on an en echelon trace of the garlock fault less than 300 m south of the well with the north side up relative to fremont valley or 2 left lateral slip on the same fault because of the nature of the fluctuations we favor the latter interpretation dislocation models utilizing exponential arc tangent and skewed cosine functions were used to analyze the water level fluctuations associated pressure distribution and fault displacements the results suggest that creep on the fault ranges from several millimeters to a centimeter for individual events estimates of cumulative creep for the period 1978 1982 range from 20 to 50 mm depending on the particular model employed

temporal changes of hydraulic properties of overburden aquifer induced by longwall mining in ningtiaota coalfield northwest china abstract characterizing the mining induced temporal changes of hydraulic properties of the overburden aquifer is significant for groundwater resource protection conventional hydrogeological methods e g hydraulic test physical model test and numerical simulation of determining hydraulic properties of the overburden aquifer cannot quantitatively analyze the temporal changes of the hydraulic properties induced by mining disturbances this paper demonstrates a quantitative determination for the temporal changes of parameters compressibility porosity and specific storage in the overburden aquifer influenced by the mining processes based on in situ continuous measurements of groundwater level that was affected by earth tide atmospheric loading and mining disturbances the results showed that when working face reached a certain distance 127 m from borehole j6 in this study those parameters compressibility porosity and specific storage of overburden aquifer began to show gradual decrease with approximately up to two order of magnitudes after the working face passed by the observation borehole j6 those properties of overburden aquifer recovered in about 80 days which might reflect the characteristic of elastic deformation of the aquifer those findings of the mining induced parameters temporal changes could improve our understanding of the mining effects on aquifer system and could be meaningful in groundwater resource protection

interpretation of changes in water level accompanying fault creep and implications for earthquake prediction quantitative calculations for the effect of a fault creep event on observations of changes in water level in wells provide an approach to the tectonic interpretation of these phenomena for the pore pressure field associated with an idealized creep event having an exponential displacement versus time curve an analytic expression has been obtained in terms of exponential integral functions the pore pressure versus time curves for observation points near the fault are pulselike a sharp pressure increase or decrease depending on the direction of propagation is followed by more gradual decay to the normal level after the creep event the time function of the water level change may be obtained by applying the filter derived by a g johnson and others to determine the influence of atmospheric pressure on water level to the analytic pore pressure versus time curves the resulting water level curves show a fairly rapid increase or decrease and then a very gradual return to normal the results of this analytic model do not reproduce the steplike changes in water level observed by johnson and others if the procedure used to obtain the water level from the pore pressure is correct these results suggest that steplike changes in water level are not produced by smoothly propagating creep events but by creep events that propagate discontinously by changes in the bulk properties of the region around the well or by some other mechanism in addition simplistic calculations show that significant pressure field variations and water level changes near the surface may be expected to accompany a propagating creep event on a buried fault water level changes of as much as several meters may be expected at the surface for a creep event having a dislocation amplitude of l m on a semi infinite dislocation surface extending downward from a depth of 10 km and propagating horizontally at a rate of 10 km day the maximum near surface effect should be observed at a horizontal distance from the fault about equal to the depth of the top of the dislocation surface these results are consistent with the observations made in china of large water level changes preceding large earthquakes if some sort of aseismic creep event at depth precedes these earthquakes

co seismic groundwater level changes induced by the may 12 2008 wenchuan earthquake in the near field the large scales of co seismic water level changes in mainland china were observed in response to the tragic 2008 ms 8 0 wenchuan earthquake to better understand the mechanism of these hydrogeological phenomena groundwater level data at 17 confined wells with an epicentral distance of 500 km were collected we compare the static strain predicted by dislocation theory with the volumetric strain calculated by the tide effect of the groundwater based on poroelastic theory the results show that the sign of the co seismic groundwater level change is consistent with the sign predicted by dislocation theory additionally the magnitude of the strain calculated by the two methods is also concordant in half of the wells in the rest of the wells the strains inversed from the groundwater level are one or two orders of magnitude larger than the fault dislocation model these wells mostly have an epicenter distance larger than 300 km therefore the dynamic stress induced by the seismic wave may be responsible for the co seismic water level changes in these wells according to these results we roughly estimate that the effect range of the static stress is approximately 300 km for the wenchuan earthquake and the dynamic stresses dominate beyond this epicenter distance in addition geological and hydrogeological conditions and other mechanisms may be responsible for these changes

distributary channels and their impact on sediment dispersal a global analysis of world deltas with details from a natural and an anthropogenic influenced delta demonstrates how distributary channels control the flux of sediment into the coastal ocean the study addresses the range in the number of distributary channels across world deltas using remote sensing techniques a power law relationship is found between the number of distributary channels and the length of river and separately the delta gradient these relationships hold for all types of deltas whether controlled or strongly influenced by waves river discharge tides or ice permafrost or sea ice nature controlled deltas such as the klinaklini delta have distributary channels that act as overflow conduits that become active during flooding events anthropogenic controlled deltas like the po delta have distributary channels that are controlled for flood mitigation or low flow maintenance anthropogenic influences greatly impact the natural rate of delta progradation through changes in sediment supply controlling the position of distributary channels and impacting subsidence from gas and groundwater extraction even with flood controls the po delta traps 16 of the sediment load in its channels that are becoming super elevated at rates of 4 to 10 cm yr with respect to the delta plain a new model is formulated and shown to predict accurately the sediment flux through each channel along with their hydraulic properties deltas with high numbers of distributary channels produce hypopycnal plumes with reduced transport capacity as a result sediment diffuses out of the multi channel deltas as a buoyantly driven plume rather than as a momentum driven jet

advances in the numerical modeling of sediment failure during the development of a continental margin abstract the sedflux model is modified to more realistically simulate the distributions of seafloor geotechnical parameters during the growth of a seismically active continental margin alternative methods are provided for the prediction of the coefficient of consolidation remolded shear strength internal friction angle sediment cohesion dynamic viscosity and excess pore pressure the new methods improve simulations of the architecture of basin deposits through the dynamics within the slope stability and debris flow modules the new formulation shows sediment failures to be more frequent but smaller in size and to occur at larger water depths however the overall architecture is not significantly different sedflux is then used to examine the role of global sea level fluctuations on the location and dimensions of sediment failure and the subsequent transport of sediment to the deep ocean more sediment failures are predicted to occur during periods of falling or low sea level conditions and to be confined to the upper continental slope 500 250 m water depth the shallower failures are more characteristic of the period represented by the last two episodes of low sea level i e during the late pleistocene affected by the magnitude of the sea level fluctuation most of the predicted failures have thickness