submerged tidal notches in the rijeka bay ne adriatic sea indicators of relative sea level change and of recent tectonic movements abstract the rijeka bay coast is formed predominately in carbonate rocks due to relatively sheltered position processes of bioerosion dominate while mechanical wave action has low impact biological zone limits in rijeka bay are well expressed and they reflect the local biological mean sea level bmsl therefore they were used as referent levels for measurement of submerged tidal notch position these in situ biological indicators could be more useful than sea level mareograph data well developed tidal notches are permanently submerged and quite ubiquitous in the whole rijeka bay area that is they are situated in the infralittoral zone they have elongated asymmetric shape inasmuch as the roof top of the notches is well preserved they were correlated with well defined biological zone limit upper limit of white we zone sensu schneider j 1976 biological and inorganic factor in the destruction of limestone coast contributions to sedimentology 6 1 11 results of survey showed that in most of the area tidal notches are located 50 60 cm below bmsl however within the bakar bay notches are from 103 to 115 cm below bmsl regional occurrence of well preserved tidal notches at 0 5 0 6 m below bmsl indicates their possible coseismic origin rapid tectonic subsidence deeper positions of tidal notches in the northeastern part of rijeka bay and within bakar bay indicate enhanced subsidence of that zone which is assumed to be the most seismotectonicaly active

discrete plio pleistocene phases of tilting and counterclockwise rotation in the southeastern aegean arc rhodos greece early pliocene formation of the south aegean left lateral strike slip system the island of rhodos represents an uplifted block in the largely submerged southeastern aegean forearc it has a complex history of subsidence uplift and counterclockwise rotation during the plio pleistocene in response to the interplay between large scale geodynamic processes in this paper we present a new chronostratigraphic framework for the continental pliocene apolakkia basin of southwestern rhodos we combine these time constraints with recently published chronostratigraphic data from the marine plio pleistocene basins of northeastern rhodos to reconstruct rotational and vertical motions our palaeomagnetic results identify two rotation phases for rhodos c 10 9 6 counterclockwise ccw rotation between 3 8 and 3 6 ma and c 17 6 ccw rotation since 0 8 ma between these phases rhodos tilted to the se drowning the southeastern coast to a depth of 500 600 m between 2 5 and 1 8 ma then to the nw which resulted in the re emergence of the drowned relief between 1 5 and 1 1 ma we relate the rotations of rhodos to incipient formation of the south aegean sinistral strike slip system and the foundering of the rhodos basin the previously shown absence of messinian evaporites in the deep marine rhodos basin in combination with the 3 8 ma onset of ccw rotation of rhodos constrains the onset of the formation of the south aegean strike slip system between 5 3 and 3 8 ma the formation of this strike slip system is probably related to the interplay of oblique collision between the southeastern aegean region and the northward moving african plate the westward motion of anatolia gravitational spreading of the overthickened aegean lithosphere and the recently postulated southwestward retreat of the african subducted slab along a subduction transform edge propagator fault

relating reactive solute transport to hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture in a lagrangian based transport model 2 particle displacement variance this series of papers addresses the transport of sorbing solutes in groundwater in part 2 plume dispersion as quantified by the particle displacement variance x11r t is linked to hierarchical sedimentary architecture using a lagrangian based transport model this allows for a fundamental understanding of how dispersion arises from the hierarchical architecture of sedimentary facies and allows for a quantitative decomposition of dispersion into facies related contributions at different scales within the hierarchy as in part 1 the plume behavior is assumed to be controlled by linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in both the log permeability y ln k and the log distribution coefficient ln kd heterogeneity in y and arises from sedimentary processes and is structured by the consequent sedimentary architecture our goal is to understand the basic science of the dispersion process at this very fundamental level the spatial auto and cross covariances for the relevant attributes are linear sums of terms corresponding to the probability of transitioning across stratal facies types defined at different scales unlike previous studies that used empirical relationships for the spatial covariances here the model parameters are developed from independent measurements of physically quantifiable attributes of the stratal architecture i e proportions and lengths of facies types and univariate statistics for y and nothing is assumed about y point correlation it is allowed to differ by facies type however it is assumed that y and variance is small but meaningful and that pore scale dispersion is negligible the time dependent spreading rate is a function of the effective ranges of the cross transition probability structures i e the ranges of indicator correlation structures for each relevant scale of stratal hierarchy as in part 1 the well documented perchloroethene pce tracer test at the borden research site is used to illustrate the model the model was parameterized with univariate statistics for y of pce and proportions and lengths of lithologic facies types defined at two scales within a two level hierarchical classification as given by ritzi et al 2013 the model gives a viable explanation for the observed pce plume dispersion and thus x11r t can be explained by the process of linear equilibrium sorption and the heterogeneity in k and kd the results quantitatively show that the k kd cross correlation though small and varied by facies type can significantly impact the particle displacement variance furthermore by quantitatively decomposing the dispersion into facies related contributions we gain the fundamental insight that that the time dependent rate of spreading is mostly defined by the cross transition probability correlation structure imparted by the proportions and sizes of the larger scale facies types

characterization and quantification of aquifer heterogeneity using outcrop analogs at the canadian forces base borden ontario canada accurate characterization of internal structures and geometries of aquifers is critical for evaluation of plume migration and dispersion of contaminants for this reason high resolution transport study field sites such as the waterloo groundwater research site at the canadian forces base borden ontario canada have been established however geological characterization at this site is based primarily on cores and shallow geophysical data outcrop analog studies offer detailed horizontal data that can help to build quantified models of aquifer heterogeneity we used a combination of ground based light detection and ranging lidar and high resolution photographs at a sand quarry cut into borden aquifer sediment to evaluate and quantify the distribution of lithofacies and hydrofacies that control flow properties in the borden aquifer we exposed sixteen 20 m 1 5 m outcrops lidar surveyed photographed and field mapped lithofacies at each exposure and segmented the lithofacies from photographs to produce maps of facies distributions we grouped different lithofacies into hydrofacies based on overall facies geometry and estimated hydraulic properties we used lidar scans and the segmented facies maps to produce a digital outcrop model dom of the site the resultant dom combines lithofacies and hydrofacies derived from field observations with high resolution 5 mm lidar data to reconstruct hydrofacies distributions in a three dimensional 3 d geomodel the dom offers a relatively complete horizontal correlation structure that was used in transition probability geostatistical modeling to create realizations of hydrofacies distributions in the aquifer at the study site

global positioning system measurements of present day crustal movements in the arabia africa eurasia plate collision zone we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1994 at 54 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains of southern russia georgia and armenia to the aegean coast of turkey and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate pontus block to the northern edge of the arabian platform viewed from a eurasia fixed reference frame sites on the northern arabian platform move n38 13 w at 20 3 mm yr roughly consistent with the velocity implied by nuvel 1a circuit closure n23 7 w at 24 2 mm yr the motion of arabia appears to be transferred directly to the region of turkey north of the suture however eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central western turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate internal deformation within the central part of the anatolian plate is less than 2 mm yr the anatolian plate is decoupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf this different response in eastern and western turkey to the collision of arabia may result from the different boundary conditions the hellenic arc forming a free boundary to the west and the asian continent and oceanic lithosphere of the black and caspian seas forming a resistant boundary to the north and east we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 29 2 0 8 n 32 9 0 4 1 3 0 1 m y the mapped surface trace of the naf corresponds well to a small circle about this pole the new euler vector implies an upper bound for naf slip rate of 30 2 mm yr i e assuming all relative motion is accommodated along the naf using the nuvel 1a euler vector for arabia eurasia and the gps euler vector for anatolia eurasia we determine an arabia anatolia euler vector of 31 2 n 45 2 e 0 9 0 1 m y and an upper bound on the east anatolian fault slip rate of 15 3 mm yr the aegean trough region of western turkey deviates significantly from coherent plate rotation in addition to rotating with anatolia this region shows roughly n s extension at a rate of 14 5 mm yr taken together with satellite laser ranging results along the hellenic arc the contemporary pattern of deformation indicates increasing motions toward the arc suggesting that the westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of anatolia is driven both by pushing from the arabian plate and by pulling or basal drag associated with the foundering african plate along the hellenic subduction zone

horizontal spatial correlation of hydraulic and reactive transport parameters as related to hierarchical sedimentary architecture at the borden research site 1 highly resolved data from the borden research site provide a unique opportunity to study the horizontal spatial bivariate correlation of hydraulic and reactive attributes affecting subsurface transport the data also allow quantitatively relating this correlation to the hierarchical sedimentary architecture of the aquifer the data include collocated samples of log permeability y the log of the perchloroethene sorption distribution coefficient and lithologic unit type the horizontal y and autosemivariograms and the y cross semivariogram have the same underlying correlation structure shape and range in the rise to a sill the common structure is not due to y point correlation or in unit spatial correlation the common structure is defined by how the proportion of lag transitions crossing different unit types i e the cross transition probability structure increases with increasing lag distance the common underlying cross transition structure contains two substructures with different correlation ranges corresponding to two scales of unit types within the sedimentary architecture for each substructure a large standard deviation in the length of units relative to the mean length gives rise to an exponential like shape and the proportions and mean length of units define the ranges the horizontal y spatial cross correlation is primarily defined by the larger scale substructure and the differences in mean and y between larger scale unit types

long term versus short term deformation of the meizoseismal area of the 2008 achaia elia mw 6 4 earthquake in nw peloponnese greece evidence from historical triangulation and morphotectonic data abstract the deformation of the meizoseismal area of the 2008 achaia elia mw 6 4 earthquake in nw peloponnese of the first significant strike slip earthquake in continental greece was examined in two time scales of 102 years based on the analysis of high accuracy historical triangulation data describing shear and of 105 106 years based on the analysis of the hydrographic network of the area for signs of streams offset by faulting our study revealed pre seismic accumulation of shear strain of the order of 0 2 rad year in the study area consistent with recent gps evidence but no signs of significant strike slip induced offsets in the hydrographic network these results confirm the hypothesis that the 2008 fault which did not reached the surface and was not associated with significant seismic ground deformation probably because of a surface flysch layer filtering high strain events was associated with an immature or a dormant recently activated fault this fault about 150 km long and discordant to the morphotectonic trends of the area seems first to contain segments which have progressively reactivated in a specific direction in the last 20 years reminiscent of the north anatolian fault and second to limit an 150 km wide recent shear zone in the internal part of the arc in a region mostly dominated by thrust faulting and strong destructive earthquakes

magnetic polarity stratigraphy of pliocene pleistocene marine sediments from rhodos eastern mediterranean abstract a magnetic polarity stratigraphy extending from the end of the gilbert chron 3 5 ma into the brunhes chron 0 73 ma has been constructed from three partly overlapping sections of an 25 m thick sequence of marine pliocene pleistocene sediments of the sgourou formation rhodos the natural remanent magnetization is carried by detrital maghemite magnetite phases normal polarity magnetic overprints most likely of viscous origin were successfully removed from normal polarity zones only the secondary overprints of the reversed polarity magnetizations cannot be removed by alternating field a f demagnetization polarity zones have nevertheless been unambiguously determined by detailed analysis of the behaviour of the samples during step wise a f demagnetization the fad of hyalina baltica base of emilian occurs below the jaramillo subchron and is the only available biostratigraphic datum cytheropteron testudo pliocene pleistocene boundary is not found in undoubted specimens within this sequence on the assumption of a continuous accumulation rate a one to one correlation with the established geomagnetic polarity time scale gpts has been performed within this time frame a thin but pronounced volcanic ash layer is dated to 2 95 ma coinciding with the age of igneous activity on nearby islands k ar dated to 3 0 3 15 ma age depth relationships suggest that deposition of the sediment occurred in three distinct phases with different deposition rates and these are probably related to local tectonic events

crustal block movements from holocene shorelines rhodes island greece abstract signs of up to eight stepped holocene shorelines which have been reported in a previous study on the east coast of rhodes island have been reinvestigated in detail on the basis of a new geomorphological survey identification and petrological analysis of many new samples of exposed marine organic crusts and over 30 radiocarbon datings confirmation was obtained of the view that the island can be charactered by considering small crustal blocks up to a dozen kilometres long with each block being affected by a specific tectonic history and a general trend towards an uplift increasing from south to north two successive phases of submergence emergence have been revealed by petrogenetic sequences in many samples which give evidence of the occurrence of positive and negative vertical movements this implies possible rejuvenation effects of the later submergence phase on the apparent age of pre existing algal crusts and those have been taken into account and estimated the most likely sequence of vertical crustal movements to have occurred has been specified for each block and a time range has been ascribed to each former shoreline independent up and down movements increasing in amplitude from south to north appear in most blocks there is a recurrent periodicity varying from a few hundred to one or at most two thousand years the largest vertical displacement observed during the late holocene a sudden uplift movement of about 3 8 m in the northernmost part of the island is likely to be linked with the earthquake which destroyed the colossus in 222 b c

seismic coastal uplift and subsidence in rhodes island aegean arc evidence from an uplifted ancient harbour abstract archaeological evidence from a 2400 years old harbour currently about 3 m above sea level sheds light on an enigmatic sequence of coastal uplift and subsidence along the coasts of rhodes island close to a 4 km deep trough marking the east edge of the aegean arc the tectonics of this area are not clear because of the absence of major earthquakes in the last 80 years but are likely to be controlled by a combination of shear and compression producing strong earthquakes some associated with tsunamis and some with thrust uplifted notches the latter up to 6000 years old also show evidence of phases of subsidence our study focuses on remains of shipsheds in particular a ramp used to pull warships out of the water and keep them protected under cover during winter this ramp was constructed between approximately 250 225 bc and some decades later it was repaved after a major earthquake destroyed the town of rhodes and most probably the harbour and sheltered ships as historical evidence reveals 300 years later the harbour was to a great part abandoned because of a coastal uplift the only reasonable explanation for the ramp reconstruction was to counteract a 1 m seismic subsidence at around 220 bc or earlier several possible explanations can be proposed for the earthquake which produced seismic subsidence alternating with uplift in rhodes in a pattern of vertical motions different from that observed in crete or other convergent boundaries

geodetic constraints to the kinematics of the kapareli fault reactivated during the 1981 gulf of corinth earthquakes abstract comparison of historical and of post seismic triangulation data is used to model vertical crustal movements in the vicinity of the kapareli fault or the alkynonides earthquakes north fault one of the two antithetic normal faults which reactivated during the 1981 gulf of corinth ms 6 7 earthquakes this fault is characterized by a much smaller geomorphological signature than the south or perachora fault of the same seismic sequence analysis of geodetic data on the basis of polynomial filtering and elastic dislocation modelling as well as analysis of structural and coastal change data permits us to conclude that the upper bound in the uncertainty level of most of the available elevation changes is 20 30 cm usually lower than the corresponding dislocation signal in addition the available geodetic data have a systematic pattern and are consistent with structural data for this reason they permit more precise constraints on the geometry and the role of the kapareli fault or the alkyonides earthquakes north fault its total length is estimated about 17 km about 50 longer than its surface trace about 30 40 cm subsidence of its hanging wall as well as at least 15 cm maximum uplift of its footwall is also inferred this new evidence suggests that although in the long term the kapareli fault may represent a rather secondary antithetic fault to the alkyonides earthquakes south perachora fault during the 1981 earthquakes it probably had a more important structural role

the influence of large convective eddies on the surface layer turbulence summary close to the surface large coherent eddies consisting of plumes and downdraughts cause convergent winds blowing towards the plume axes which in turn cause wind shears and generation of turbulence this mechanism strongly enhances the convective heat mass transfer at the surface and in contrast to the classical formulation implies an important role of the surface roughness in this context we introduce the stability dependence of the roughness length the latter is important over very rough surfaces when the height of the roughness elements becomes comparable with the large eddy monin obukhov length a consistent theoretical model covering convective regimes over all types of natural surfaces from the smooth still sea to the very rough city of athens is developed it is also comprehensively validated against data from measurements at different sites and also through the convective boundary layer good correspondence between model results field observations and large eddy simulation is achieved over a wide range of surface roughness lengths and convective boundary layer heights

hydrophobic organic contaminant transport property heterogeneity in the borden aquifer we determined that the spatial heterogeneity in aquifer properties governing the reactive transport of volatile organic contaminants is defined by the arrangement of lithofacies we measured permeability k and perchloroethene sorption distribution coefficient kd for lithofacies that we delineated for samples from the canadian forces base borden aquifer we compiled existing data and collected 57 new cores to characterize a 30 m section of the aquifer near the test location of mackay et al 1986 the k and kd were measured for samples taken at six elevations from all cores to create a data set consisting of nearly 400 colocated measurements through analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons we determined that the 12 originally mapped lithofacies could be grouped into five relatively distinct chemohydrofacies that capture the variability of both transport properties the mean of ln k by lithofacies was related to the grain size and the variance was relatively consistent in contrast both the mean and variance of ln kd were greater for more poorly sorted lithofacies which were also typically more coarse grained half of the aquifer sorption capacity occurred in the three highest sorbing lithofacies but comprised only 20 of its volume the model of the aquifer that emerged is that of discontinuous scour fill deposits of medium sand generally characterized by greater kd and k within laterally extensive fine grained to very fine grained sands of lower kd and k our findings demonstrate the importance of considering source rock composition transport and deposition processes when constructing conceptual models of chemohydrofacies

influence of the valley surroundings on valley wind dynamics abstractin a recent study the authors investigated the mechanisms leading to the formation of diurnal along valley winds in a valley formed by two isolated mountain ridges on a horizontal plain the main focus was on the relation between the valley heat budget and the valley plain pressure difference the present work investigates the influence of the valley surroundings on the evolution of the valley winds three valley plain configurations with identical valley volumes are studied a periodic valley an isolated valley on a plain the former case and an isolated valley entrenched in an elevated plateau according to the valley volume argument topographic amplification factor these three cases should develop identical temperature perturbations and thus similar along valley winds however substantial differences are found between the three cases in particular a much stronger daytime up valley wind and nighttime down valley wind for the plateau configuration the analysis demonstrates the importanc

dilution enhancement in hierarchical and multiscale heterogeneous sediments abstract we quantify the dilution of solute clouds in geological formations displaying hierarchical and multiscale sedimentary architecture through the use of a lagrangian framework this allows for a fundamental understanding of how dilution arises from the hierarchical architecture of sedimentary facies and enables for a quantitative decomposition of dilution into facies related contributions at different scales within the hierarchy the new developed semi analytical solution that quantify the dilution index is based on hierarchical expressions of the spatial covariance of the log conductivity the spatial correlation structure in the covariance expression is defined by the probability of transitioning within and across facies types of different scales which are parameterized by independent and physically quantifiable attributes of sediments including geostatistical properties of the conductivity field and the proportions and lengths of facies types we illustrate the applicability of the model in the well documented tracer test at the borden research site canada we show how different scales of sedimentary architecture contribute to the dilution enhancement of the solute cloud at borden aquifer by quantitatively decomposing the dilution index into facies related contributions we gain fundamental insights on the key factors controlling the time dependent rate of dilution the results also illustrate that the probability of transitioning from one facies to another i e cross transitions at different scales defines the temporal scaling for enhanced dilution additionally we perform sensitivity analyses to investigate the effects of mean difference in conductivity volume proportion the statistical anisotropy ratio and the scale of heterogeneity on the overall solute dilution

geostatistical analysis of the borden aquifer hydraulic conductivity field abstract a total of 11 vertical cores spaced 1 m apart along a single transect were extracted from the borden aquifer at a location 60 m north northeast from the site studied by sudicky previously examination of these cores shows the upper 1 5 2 0 m of the aquifer to be comprised of relatively unstructured fine to medium sands underlain by a 0 1 0 8 m thick peaty layer and a 0 1 m thick organic rich horizon between depths of 3 05 and 6 10 m the aquifer is comprised of clean horizontally bedded fine to medium sands similar to those examined by sudicky previously statistical analysis of 642 subsamples of 5 cm length from this interval suggests that the permeability data may follow a log normal distribution with a mean lntransformed permeability m 2 of 25 67 and a variance of 0 585 no consistent trend with depth was detected for ln k or for the mean and variance of ln k on a core by core basis exponential spherical and gaussian models all provided excellent fits to the vertical experimental variogram calculated using the classical estimator without the removal of outliers these fits produced correlation scales ranging from 0 16 to 0 23 m of the three theoretical models only the gaussian model produced a reasonable fit to the horizontal experimental variogram with a correlation scale of 4 8 m a linear model was also found to fit the experimental variogram data well in comparison with earlier results of sudicky and woodbury and sudicky it can be concluded that similar deposits were examined in this study particularly with respect to correlation structure on the basis of statistical tests however it cannot be concluded that the mean and variance of ln k are stationary over the 60 m distance between the cores examined in this study and those of sudicky the results of this study indicate that the borden hydraulic conductivity field is relatively uniform over the scale examined but that it cannot be characterized by a single spatially invariant statistical distribution

spatial distribution of sea level markers on lesvos island ne aegean sea evidence of differential relative sea level changes and the neotectonic implications article i nfo the aim of this study is to provide new data on relative sea level changes and neotectonics of the northeast ern aegean sea region eastern mediterranean through the analysis of the coastal geomorphology of lesvos the third largest greek island there is a paucity of presently available data in this sector of the aegean sea which is a tectonically active area strongly controlled by the north anatolian fault in this paper morpholog ical biological and sedimentary records of paleo sea levels have been used to reconstruct relative sea level changes to identify variations in the tectonic regimes as well as to assess the paleoseismicity in the studied areas according to the results late quaternary relative sea level changes at lesvos were not homogenous and variations in the tectonic setting played a crucial role in the coastal evolution the nw se trending faults on the southern shore of the island control a significant uplift affecting about 30 km of coastline this uplift trend is controlled by the footwall of the lesvos fault a major offshore normal fault that has been subject to relatively little quantitative investigation radiocarbon dating indicated that the last co seismic uplift took place at 3365 3963 cal yr bp and resulted in about 0 75 m of vertical displacement in contrast all the paleo sea level markers mapped in the northeastern sector were presently underwater and despite the high seismicity of the area no evidence of coastal uplift was observed in this part of the island thus the paper provides the first field evidence of a differential late quaternary evolution of lesvos island in addition results represent the first quantitative information on the activity of the lesvos fault suggesting a reconsid eration of its importance in the neotectonics of the area

facies associations in warm temperate siliciclastic deposits insights from early pleistocene eastern mediterranean rhodes greece diverse abundant and usually well preserved communities of skeletal organisms occur in the lower pleistocene gelasian siliciclastic deposits of the greek island of rhodes benthic foraminifers molluscs and bryozoans have been studied in four measured and sampled sections located in the northern part of the island among these bottom dwelling organisms numerous extant taxa are good environmental indicators and combined with field observations and sedimentological data they provide information on the probable conditions in which they developed the siliciclastic deposits of the kritika formation have been divided into 14 different bio and lithofacies which have been further grouped into four facies associations corresponding to four different environmental settings 1 continental to fluviatile 2 brackish water lagoonal deltaic 3 infralittoral 0 20 m and 4 upper circalittoral depths of 20 40 m but also down to c 50 60 m among the marine facies associations several characteristic biocoenoses have been recognized soft bottoms fine to coarse sands and gravels seagrass meadows biogenic calcareous crusts on drowned beachrock slabs red algal rhodoliths and bivalve shell beds in the studied sections 13 superimposed genetic sequences have been documented the repetition of similar facies associations within each sequence suggests 1 a possibly eustasy controlled cyclic sedimentation 2 a general subsidence of rhodes during the deposition of the studied facies associations and 3 a mostly constant range of environmental conditions i e sedimentation rates and temperature throughout the gelasian

tectonic motion in oblique subduction forearcs insights from the revisited middle and upper pleistocene deposits of rhodes greece the sedimentary model of coastal deposits in eastern rhodes over the last 2 ma is refined and improved in accuracy new field investigations and u th dating of spondylus bivalve shells combined with micropalaeontological and sedimentological data allow the recognition of four synthems separated by major erosional surfaces we present here evidence for two of these erosional surfaces this new model allows the identification and quantification of the vertical movements recorded by the studied exposures the history of these vertical motions is characterized by two periods of uplift and two periods of subsidence such an evolution is unique at the regional scale in the eastern hellenic forearc we interpret these results as reflecting the individualization of rhodes as a single tectonic block during increasing trench bending this trench bending is accommodated by an increase in the curvature of the forearc during the last 2 ma

monthly mean sea levels in greece during 1969 1983 compared to relative vertical land movements measured over different timescales sea level data from 16 tide gauge stations in greece have been used in an analysis of the seasonal cycle of mean sea level in greek waters together with an investigation of the interannual variability of sea level in the region for the period 1969 1983 the recorded seasonal cycle is found to vary considerably across the area and to agree well with sea level observations from neighbouring coastlines the greek data result in knowledge of the mean sea level seasonal cycle being now available from throughout the northeastern mediterranean an overall drop of sea levels is observed during the mid 1970 s while the larger peaks and dips in the records are found to be coherent over the whole area and on several occasions to be general to the entire northern mediterranean the tide gauge data set has also provided measurements of the secular trends in relative mean sea levels over the same 15 year period a wide geographical variation of sea level trends is observed spanning a range from 21 to 11 mm yr measured relative to sea levels at katakolon after inversion these measurements provide estimates of relative vertical land movements of the present epoch which can be compared to those obtained from archaeological and geological sources i e changes over timescales of thousands tens of thousands and tens of millions of years differences in the sign and magnitude of the relative vertical land movements of this geologically complicated region obtained from the different data sets are discussed in detail it is shown that the direction of vertical movement recorded by the tide gauges correlates well with that observed over longer periods and that with relatively few exceptions sites which are uplifting submerging relatively rapidly over one timescale are uplifting submerging relatively rapidly at all timescales while the rate of vertical movement throughout the aegean and southern greece usually preserves the same sign at a given site over timescales of 101 107 yrs its magnitude decreases approximately by a factor 1t 0 4 where t is the measurement averaging period

a new method for analysis of variance of the hydraulic and reactive attributes of aquifers as linked to hierarchical and multiscaled sedimentary architecture this technical note presents a useful methodology for studying how the variance of hydraulic and or reactive attributes of an aquifer are linked to the multiscaled and hierarchical sedimentary architecture of the aquifer a new recursive equation is derived which quantitatively describes how the variance is related to sedimentary facies defined at all scales across an entire stratal hierarchy as compared to prior published equations that emphasize differences in means among facies populations within a hierarchical level it emphasizes differences across levels because of the hierarchical relationships among the terms of the equation we find it to be useful for conducting a holistic analysis of the relative contributions to the variance arising from all facies types defined across all scales the methodology is demonstrated using appropriate field data and is shown to be useful in defining parsimonious classification systems

the rhodes basin a post miocene tectonic trough abstract new light is shed on the enigmatic rhodes deep marine basin by a set of underway geophysical data across it including swath bathymetry seismic reflection profiles gravity and magnetic data this deep trough as much as 4485 m to the east of the island of rhodes and close to southwestern turkey contains no messinian evaporites and only a thin pliocene quaternary sedimentary section

the earthquake deformation cycle recurrence and the time predictable model geodetic and geologic observations from a handful of well studied great plate boundary earthquakes provide a basis for exploring those features of the deformation cycle having the strongest influence on recurrence estimation in ideal circumstances the time predictable model requires knowledge of only the seismic slip and time of the last earthquake and the rate of relative plate motion or fault slip practically indirect measurements must usually suffice local coseismic strain changes rather than seismic slip and local deformation rate rather than slip rate permanent nonrecoverable deformation often roughly half the coseismic strain offset near great thrust earthquakes complicates the inference of interplate seismic slip owing to short and long term postseismic transients commonly 20 40 of the coseismic strain drop deformation rates are variable and not simply related to the plate motion rate at strike slip plate boundaries these complications can sometimes be avoided and seismic slip and slip rate can be obtained more or less directly when these favorable circumstances are absent and when knowledge of the deformation cycle is incomplete recurrence accuracy can be improved by empirically correcting for unknown elements of the cycle systematic features in the spatial distribution of the transients and permanent deformation near subduction zones help identify the regions where these corrections are largest and where the shortcomings of the empirical approach are most severe

vertical displacement trends in the aegean coastal zone ne mediterranean during the holocene assessed by geo archaeological data trends in the vertical displacement i e uplift or subsidence of the aegean sea coastal zone have been assessed by comparing observational data with those derived from the predictive glacio hydro isostatic model of lambeck and purcell 2005 for a period spanning from the mesolithic to the late roman times the data base comprises published studies that use both geomorphological with associated biological material and archaeological sea level indicators markers localities demonstrating uplift of high amplitude were detected in front of the hellenic arc antikythira crete rhodes nisyros and in the northeast aegean region thrace whilst areas experiencing tectonic subsidence were mainly observed in the central aegean region which is characterized by an extensional tectonic domain however regional scale tectonic particularities have caused uplift in parts of the west and east coast of central aegean tectonically stable sites can be found in the cyclades plateau however this is due to a bala

a case study of convective boundary layer development during ihop_2002 numerical simulations compared to observations abstract results are presented from a combined numerical and observational study of the convective boundary layer cbl diurnal evolution on a day of the international h2o project ihop 2002 experiment that was marked by the passage of a dryline across part of the oklahoma and texas panhandles the initial numerical setup was based on observational data obtained from ihop 2002 measurement platforms and supplementary datasets from surrounding locations the initial goals of the study were as follows i numerical investigation of the structure and evolution of the relatively shallow and homogeneous cbl east of the dryline by means of large eddy simulation les ii evaluation of les predictions of the sheared cbl growth against lidar observations of the cbl depth evolution and iii comparison of the simulated turbulence structures with those observed by lidar and vertically pointing radar during the cbl evolution in the process of meeting these goals complications associated with comparisons betwee

coastal uplift earthquakes and active faulting of rhodes island aegean arc modeling based on geodetic inversion the geodetic inversion technique was used to model the fault pattern responsible for the uplifted holocene notches along the ne rhodes island coast se edge of the hellenic aegean arc input in the modeling was the elevation of uplifted notches up to 6000 yr old which are interpreted to reflect remains of fossil shorelines to testify to a series of earthquakes producing both uplift and subsidence i e to elastic dislocations and to correspond to geodetic data senso lato these shorelines up to 3 8 m high were probably originally continuous along the whole of the 75 km long se rhodes coast possibly locally disturbed by minor normal faults and reflect the last phases of the uplift and tilting of the island as a rather rigid block since late pliocene their radiocarbon dating was further refined from archeological data testifying to an about 1 m subsidence associated with the 227 bc earthquake followed by 3 m seismic uplift inversion constrained by the hypothesis of a compressional fault offshore rhodes was based on standard uniform slip elastic dislocation analysis it proved to depend only weakly even on extreme glacio isostatic corrections and indicated that coastal uplift is dominated by a main compressional fault zone offshore sub parallel to the island coast with normal faults inland reflecting thin skin tectonics this fault pattern similar to that of western crete is confirmed by seismic reflection profiles indicating a major reverse close to the modeled fault and can explain 1 the occurrence of strong m 7 5 historical earthquakes producing tsunamis and destruction on an east mediterranean scale 2 the alternation of uplift and subsidence as a result of fault shift inside the same fault zone and 3 the long term uplift of the island as a rather conjugate effect of the formation of an about 4 5 km deep 5 myr old marine basin se of rhodes bounded to the nw by the modeled fault zone the seismic risk of rhodes higher in its ne part of the island and than what was previously believed is associated with strong m 7 5 earthquakes producing widespread destruction tsunamis coastal uplift and coastal subsidence

new evidence of holocene coastal uplift in the strophades islets w hellenic arc greece abstract the strophades islets ionian sea correspond to a 2 km thick evaporitic diapir formed due to compression along the western part of the aegean arc in the last 5 ma field observations and radiometric dating indicate that the only clear evidence of holocene vertical movement in these islets is an approximately 2 m vertical displacement which occurred about 1560 years ago while the traces of the 10 cm uplift of a 1997 earthquake and possibly of other earthquakes which have produced minor uplifts are not preserved a mean uplift rate of 0 8 mm yr for the last 2500 years and possibly of 0 1 mm yr since the last interglacial are inferred this indicates a high contrast between strong deformation over the long term and small uplift during the holocene and possibly also since the last interglacial in agreement with results of seismological and tectonophysical studies

the 8 5 magnitude ad365 earthquake in crete coastal uplift topography changes archaeological and historical signature abstract an up to 9 m uplift of western crete a cluster of coastal uplifts in the east mediterranean radiocarbon dated approximately 1500 bp as well as historical and archaeological data are evidence for major although poorly documented seismic destruction on a nearly mediterranean scale in the 4th to 5th c ad including the destruction of the nile delta in egypt by a tsunami in ad365 these data represent parts of a puzzle for historians archaeologists geologists and seismologists detailed analysis of geological historical and archaeological data including precise numismatic evidence permits recognition of a major earthquake in crete responsible for coastal uplift at ad365 elastic dislocation analysis of coastal uplift data reveals that this earthquake was associated with a reverse fault offshore of southwestern crete that its minimum magnitude was 8 5 and that this model is consistent with the available seismological and large scale tectonic data despite its magnitude this earthquake cannot have produced the necessary short period high energy waves which are necessary to explain the seismic damage which occurred circa ad365 in a very broad region from sicily to cyprus and libya hence the ad365 earthquake sequence included at least two other major events with epicentres close to cyprus and sicily although significant changes in the coastal morphology widespread destruction and a high human death toll occurred the ad365 crete earthquake was not responsible for any major cultural change it occurred during the transition from the roman to the christian period characterized by vast luxurious villas and modest dwellings on crete respectively

late holocene uplift of rhodes greece evidence for a large tsunamigenic earthquake and the implications for the tectonics of the eastern hellenic trench system several large earthquakes in the hellenic subduction zone have been documented in historical records from around the eastern mediterranean but the relative seismic quiescence of the region over the period of instrumental observation means that the exact locations of these earthquakes and their tectonic significance are not known we present ams radiocarbon dates from uplifted late holocene palaeoshorelines from the island of rhodes showing that uplift is most consistent with a single large mw 7 7 reverse faulting earthquake between about 2000 bc and 200 bc analysis of the uplift treating the earthquake as a dislocation in an elastic half space shows a predominantly reverse faulting event with a slip vector oblique to the direction of convergence between rhodes and nubia we suggest that the fault responsible for the uplift dips at an angle of 30 60 above the more gently dipping oblique subduction interface the highly oblique convergence across the eastern hellenic plate boundary zone appears to be partitioned into reverse slip on faults that strike parallel to the boundary and strike parallel or oblique slip on the subduction interface hydrodynamical simulation of tsunami propagation from a range of tectonically plausible sources suggests that earthquakes on the fault uplifting rhodes represent a significant tsunami hazard for rhodes and sw turkey and also possibly for cyprus and the nile delta

an alternative scaling for unsteady penetrative free convection 1 the daytime evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer under high pressure anticyclonic synoptic systems over a homogeneous terrain can be successfully described by a penetrative free convection model evolving from an initially stably stratified environment in this article dimensional analysis has been employed to derive a new set of scaling parameters which are functions of external time dependent fluid properties and boundary conditions this novel theoretical framework has been adopted to compare laboratory scale experiments performed using a thermally controlled water tank and a large eddy simulation les numerical model both these have been developed for the characterization of the instabilities associated with the development of the convective boundary layer cbl the characteristic length and time scales of the thermal plumes their spatial distribution and interaction with the overlying stable layer are analyzed the proposed scaling parameters appear to be representative of the bulk and turbulent properties of the cbl as confirmed by both numerical and laboratory results

tearing segmentation and backstepping of subduction in the aegean new insights from seismicity abstract this study revisits subduction processes at the hellenic subduction zone hsz including tearing segmentation and backstepping by refining the geometry of the nubian slab down to 150 180 km depth using well located hypocentres from global and local seismicity catalogues at the western termination of the hsz the kefalonia transform fault marks the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere subducting to the south and to the north of it respectively a discontinuity is suggested to exist between the two slabs at shallow depths the kefalonia transform fault is interpreted as an active subduction transform edge propagator fault formed as consequence of faster trench retreat induced by the subduction of oceanic lithosphere to the south of it a model reconstructing the evolution of the subduction system in the area of peloponnese since 34 ma involving the backstepping of the subduction to the back side of adria provides seismological evidence that supports the single slab model for the hsz and suggests the correlation between the downdip limit of the seismicity to the amount of subducted oceanic lithosphere in the area of rhodes earthquake hypocentres indicate the presence of a nw dipping subducting slab that rules out the presence of a ne sw striking subduction transform edge propagator fault in the pliny strabo trenches region earthquake hypocentres also allow refining the slab tear beneath southwestern anatolia down to 150 180 km depth furthermore the distribution of microseismicity shows a first order slab segmentation in the region between crete and karpathos with a less steep and laterally wider slab segment to the west and a steeper and narrower slab segment to the east thermal models indicate the presence of a colder slab beneath the southeastern aegean that leads to deepening of the intermediate depth seismicity slab segmentation affects the upper plate deformation that is stronger above the eastern slab segment and the seismicity along the interplate seismogenic zone

water tank studies of atmospheric boundary layer structure and air pollution transport in upslope flow systems 1 heated mountain slopes sometimes vent air pollutants out of the boundary layer over the slope top and at other times trap pollutants in closed circulations field numerical and water tank studies of fair weather atmospheric conditions over complex terrain have shown more complicated vertical distributions of temperature moisture and aerosols than over horizontal terrain to study these phenomena we analyze flow fields densities and dye distributions in a bottom heated salt stratified water tank over a 19 slope with adjacent plain and plateau and compare with field and numerical model data vertical layering of dye results from upslope and plain plateau circulations the thermal boundary layer tbl the bottom layer up to neutral buoyancy height coincides with the lower branches of these circulations the return flow branches form elevated layers el with properties intermediate between the tbl and environmental background as heating continues the tbl rapidly entrains the els leading to deeper circulations with new els at greater heights field data suggest that successive formation and entrainment of els occurs at multiple scales in the atmosphere if the aerosol loading of an el is too high to distinguish it from the underlying tbl on lidar backscatter scans then both layers and the associated closed circulation appear embedded in one deep backscatter boundary layer the findings suggest defining the atmospheric boundary layer in complex terrain on the diurnal heating timescale rather than the commonly used 1 hour timescale which is more appropriate for flat terrain we discuss conditions leading to venting versus trapping of air pollutants

paleo ecologic and neotectonic evolution of a marine depositional environment in se rhodes greece during the early pleistocene abstract we have studied benthic foraminiferal assemblages in a marine sediment section pefka e section from the lindos bay formation deposited during the early pleistocene to provide new insights into the paleo ecologic and neotectonic evolution of the se part of the island of rhodes ne mediterranean sea relatively high amounts of eutrophic low oxygen tolerant species and a comparatively high foraminiferal diversity indicate generally mesotrophic conditions at the sea floor and the presence of well oxygenated bottom waters these conditions are attributed to generally elevated surface water productivity and related organic matter fluxes during the early pleistocene which is in contrast to the modern oligotrophic conditions in this region the abundance of individual species shows orbital driven variability in the obliquity 41 kyr and precessional 23 kyr bands obliquity driven changes in food availability are indicated by increased percentages of cassidulina carinata s l during marine isotope stages mis 44 and 42 reflecting enhanced food fluxes under glacial conditions precession driven changes are observed for ca carinata s l cibicidoides pseudoungerianus s l cibicidoides mundulus and gyroidinoides altiformis these changes likely reflect prolonged near coastal phytoplankton blooms triggered by local fresh water runoff at times of northern hemisphere insolation maxima coeval to the formation of sapropels in the adjacent deep sea basins the application of a benthic foraminiferal transfer function allowed for the identification of a number of short term subsidence uplift cycles superimposed by overall long term subsidence of the se coast of rhodes estimated average uplift and subsidence rates vary between 4 2 and 10 3 mm yr these rates of tectonic motions are distinctly higher compared to most other estimates from rhodes and suggest a complex neotectonic history of the island during the early pleistocene involving both large scale and local motions associated with alternating compressional and extensional regimes

characterizing the heterogeneity and correlation of perchloroethene sorption and hydraulic conductivity using a facies based approach a facies based approach was used to delineate both geochemical and physical aquifer property heterogeneity specifically the parameters considered were the sorption coefficient kd for a model organic contaminant and hydraulic conductivity k inferred from the particle size distribution subfacies sized samples were analyzed for both tetrachloroethene kd and k in a vertical core of the borden aquifer both parameters were correlated with the six sedimentary facies identified within the vertical core as a consequence of their relations to sedimentary facies significant positive correlations between ln k and ln kd which were different from the core scale correlation and different from each other were identified for some facies fades specific correlations generally resulted in improved statistics i e higher correlation coefficients and reduced confidence intervals compared to the core scale correlation the results suggest that a facies based approach can be useful in characterizing the heterogeneity of the transport properties of sedimentary aquifers

spatial moments analysis of kinetically sorbing solutes in aquifer with bimodal permeability distribution 1 we analyze the influence of the formation structure upon transport of nonreactive and kinetically sorbing solutes in heterogeneous porous formations formation structure is represented through a bimodal distribution of hydraulic conductivity with two scales of spatial variability which is a simplified yet realistic model of spatial variability kinetic sorption is modeled using a linear reversible rate expression we derive new closed form solutions of the second ergodic spatial moments of a kinetically sorbing solute although these solutions are obtained through a perturbation expansion in term of logconductivity variance they are not limited to any particular model of spatial variability we show that the formation structure as described by the bimodal model has a significant impact on plume moments of a non reactive tracer at moderate contrast between mean hydraulic conductivity of the two hydrofacies when the two scales of variability have comparable weight on the contrary the impact diminishes when bimodality weakens at both low and high contrast as expected the large time asymptotic longitudinal macrodispersion coefficient is influenced by the structure only through the variance and integral scale of log conductivity and thus the result for the bimodal model is identical to that of a unimodal gaussian field sharing the same second order statistics the impact of kinetic sorption depends upon the plume travel time since injection at early times sorption kinetics tends to accentuate the difference between the longitudinal macrodispersivity in bimodal and unimodal fields while at later times the difference is minimal because overall macrodispersivity is dominated by the spreading caused by nonequilibrium sorption in a bimodal formation transverse macrodispersivity peaks later and declines to zero slower than in a gaussian unimodal field with the same second order statistics these results demonstrate that even a very simplified facies model such as the bimodal model relying on a statistical distribution of high and low conductivity zones has important impacts upon global parameters describing the migration of nonreactive and reactive tracers consequently larger effects are expected for quantities such as early arrival times and btc tailing which are more directly influenced by the spatial patterns of high hydraulic conductivity than global parameters such as macrodispersivity furthermore these solutions contribute to bridge the gap between stochastic modeling and applications since bimodal fields can be obtained to honor soft data typically available in applications for example through conditional simulations using stratigraphic information from well logs

large eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer abstract large eddy simulations of a free convective atmospheric boundary layer with an overlying capping inversion are considered attention is given to the dependence of the results upon the various factors influencing the simulation the subgrid model the domain size and the mesh resolution by providing artificial constraints upon the convection the results also provide extra insight into the underlying dynamics the gross features of the boundary layer such as the overall energy budget are not sensitive to the details of the simulations but a number of important factors are revealed it has been found that near the surface the subgrid diffusivity must be larger than is usually supposed in order for the vertical velocity skewness to have the correct sign this region of the flow has a significant subgrid scale heat flux and it seems that the subgrid model requires improvement in such cases a revised model which under statically unstable conditions allows the mixing length of the subgrid scale tu

contaminant tailing in highly heterogeneous porous formations sensitivity on model selection and material properties summary coupled impacts of slow advection diffusion and sorption were investigated using two heterogeneity models that differ in structure and in the mathematical framework that was used to simulate flow and transport and to quantify contaminant tailing both models were built using data from a highly heterogeneous exposure of the borden aquifer at a site located 2 km north west of the stanford waterloo experimental site at canadian forces base borden ontario canada the inclusions based model used a simplified representation of the different materials found at the site while the second model was based on transitional probability geostatistics of the formation these two models were used to investigate sensitivity of contaminant tailing on model selection and on geometric and material properties while simulations were based on data collected at borden models were exercised beyond the geometric and material properties that characterize the site various realizations have identified very low conductive silty clay found at volume fraction of 23 4 as the material with dominant influence on tailing and vertical diffusion in and out of low conductive units affected by sorption as the dominant transport mechanism causing tailing the two models yielded almost identical transport results when vertical correlation lengths of silty clay were matched several practical implications relevant for characterization of low conductive units were identified and briefly discussed

new insights on the subsidence of lipari island aeolian islands southern italy from the submerged roman age pier at marina lunga abstract lipari island belongs to the aeolian archipelago located in the southern tyrrhenian sea italy which is one of the most active volcanic areas of the mediterranean basin although this region has been settled since prehistory only during roman times were coastal installations built in these islands in this study we present and discuss data on the relative sea level change estimated from a submerged pier of roman age dated 2100 100 bp this structure about 140 60 m is located along the coast of marina lunga corresponding to the present location of the main harbor of lipari island this pier which was accidentally discovered in 2008 during preliminary excavations for the construction of a new pier is a valuable indicator of relative sea level changes and vertical land movements its top surface is presently located at 9 1 0 05 m while the foundations at the outer end of the pier are at 11 6 0 05 m above a shoreline placed at 13 0 0 05 m we studied this site through direct archaeological investigations and ultra high resolution multibeam bathymetry the current submergence of this pier can be explained by the cumulative effect of the relative sea level changes caused by the regional glacio hydro isostatic signal active since the end of the last glacial maximum and the local volcano tectonic land subsidence from our investigations a relative sea level change at 12 3 0 7 m with a subsidence rate at 5 79 0 01 mm y 1 and an average value of volcano tectonic contribution at 5 17 0 01 m y 1 for the last 2100 100 years bp is estimated from comparison against the latest predicted sea level model for the southern tyrrhenian sea these rates of relative sea level change led to the disuse of the harbor after around the fourth century ad in agreement with archaeological interpretations our results provide new insights on the recent evolution of this active volcanic area

upscaling of reactive mass transport in fractured rocks with multimodal reactive mineral facies 1 this paper presents a methodology for upscaling matrix material transport parameters in fractured flow dominated systems with multimodal reactive mineral facies the upscaling method provides a theoretical and practical link between controlled experimental results at the laboratory bench scale and multikilometer field scales at which contaminant remediation and risk assessment are actually conducted as sorption reactions in matrix are in part determined by mineral properties a new conceptual model is developed to reflect the hierarchical structure of reactive mineral facies at the microform mesoform and macroform scales the conceptual model of hierarchical reactive matrix mineral facies is integrated with a dual porosity model for simulating diffusion of solutes out of fractures and sorption onto the matrix minerals by assuming that sorption reactions primarily occur in the rock matrix we develop a multimodal spatial random function for characterizing both the tortuosity physical heterogeneity and sorption coefficient chemical heterogeneity at different scales in the rock matrix the effective tortuosity at the field scale is derived by volume averaging of mass transfer coefficient for a conservative species subsequently using a sorbing species e g uranium we derive the equations for upscaling the sorption coefficients in a saturated fractured rock system for field scale simulations the effective field scale tortuosity and sorption coefficient are related to their mean variance integral scale and domain size along a pathway through a three dimensional flow field the upscaled values increase with the integral scale and are larger than their geometric mean simulations conducted with upscaled sorption coefficients and tortuousities are compared very well with high resolution monte carlo simulations capturing the parameter spatial variations results of this study can be extended to explore scaledependenceofotherimportant transportparametersforfractured rocksolutetransport citation deng h z dai a wolfsberg z lu m ye and p reimus 2010 upscaling of reactive mass transport in fractured rocks with multimodal reactive mineral facies water resour res 46 w06501 doi 10 1029 2009wr008363

an updated and refined holocene uplift history of southern tenerife canary islands and the possible consequences for future volcanic activity various uplift markers suggest asymmetrical uplift of tenerife island with stable conditions in the north but significant uplift of up to 45 m in the south over the past 42 ka fossil shells in beach deposits uplifted by 7 5 9 m were 14 c dated at a holocene age of 2460 35 bp 1 this confirms earlier results and documents very young and probably still ongoing uplift of southern tenerife potentially caused by ascending magma this underlines that southern tenerife is probably undergoing a further cycle of volcanic activity that started 95 ka ago

palaeotsunamis and tsunami hazards in the eastern mediterranean the dominant uncertainties in assessing tsunami hazard in the eastern mediterranean are attached to the location of the sources reliable historical reports exist for five tsunamis associated with earthquakes at the hellenic plate boundary including two that caused widespread devastation because most of the relative motion across this boundary is aseismic however the modern record of seismicity provides little or no information about the faults that are likely to generate such earthquakes independent geological and geophysical observations of two large historical to prehistorical earthquakes in crete and rhodes lead to a coherent framework in which large to great earthquakes occurred not on the subduction boundary but on reverse faults within the overlying crust we apply this framework to the less complete evidence from the remainder of the hellenic plate boundary zone identifying candidate sources for future tsunamigenic earthquakes each such source poses a significant hazard to the north african coast of the eastern mediterranean because modern rates of seismicity are irrelevant to slip on the tsunamigenic faults and because historical and geological data are too sparse there is no reliable basis for a probabilistic assessment of this hazard and a precautionary approach seems advisable

daytime development of the boundary layer over a plain and in a valley under fair weather conditions a comparison by means of idealized numerical simulations abstractthe daytime thermal structures of the valley boundary layer vbl and of the convective boundary layer cbl above a plain as revealed by idealized large eddy simulations are compared simulations in the two environments consider similar thermal forcing thus allowing an analysis of the atmospheric heating processes in the vbl and cbl in light of the volume effect theory traditionally invoked to explain the larger diurnal temperature ranges observed in valleys it is found that after an equal input of thermal energy the atmospheric volumes affected by thermal perturbations in the cbl and in the vbl are comparable although the boundary layer top is higher in the vbl than in the cbl the average vbl depth is approximately equal to the cbl depth since the ground elevation is nonuniform in the valley accordingly the volume averaged potential temperature increments in the cbl and vbl are comparable nevertheless surface air temperature variations are larger in the vbl while differences in th

three dimensional model of hellenic arc deformation and origin of the cretan uplift 1 the hellenic arc of greece is the most seismically active part of europe but little is know about its mechanics we modeled deformation along the arc using a finite element model the model was intended to capture large scale 3 d structure of nubian plate subduction beneath the aegean block and its deformational consequences the shape of the interface was developed using mapped traces at the surface and earthquake hypocenters at depth model block motions were constrained by recent compilations of gps velocity vectors we simulated a 10 ka period of convergence between nubia and the aegean and calculated the strain field in the overriding plate as well as the spatial distribution and orientation of differential stress 1 3 from these calculations we derived testable quantities such as the expected seismic moment rate on the interplate contact uplift pattern and distribution of strain modes our relatively simple model broadly reproduced observed uplift patterns earthquake activity and loci of extension and contraction the model showed a localization of uplift near the island of crete where the fastest aegean uplift rates are well documented comparison of calculated expected seismic moment and observed earthquake catalogs implies a nearly fully coupled interplate contact on the basis of our modeling results we suggest that south aegean deformation is driven primarily by the fast moving 33 mm a 1 aegean upper plate overriding a nearly stalled 5 mm a 1 nubian lower plate this tectonic setting thus more closely resembles a continental thrust than it does a typical oceanic subduction zone

spatial distributions of perchloroethylene reactive transport parameters in the borden aquifer 1 we determined the descriptive statistical and spatial geostatistical properties of the perchloroethene ln kd and the ln k of a 1 5 m thick by 10 m horizontal transect of the borden aquifer near the location of the stanford waterloo sw tracer experiment the ln kd distribution is not normal and is right skewed because of a few high values that occur localized in two regions of the transect in contrast the ln k data can be characterized by a normal distribution a linear regression of ln kd on ln k yields a statistically significant positive correlation also shown at small lags in the cross correlogram no significant vertical or horizontal trend in the ln kd data was detected the semivariogram ranges of ln k and ln kd differ from one another in the vertical direction 0 33 0 06 m and 0 20 0 04 m respectively and are much less than the horizontal ranges a few meters despite significant effort the horizontal range of ln kd remains poorly characterized because of limitations of the sample locations many of the characteristics described above do not match those assumed in prior theoretical studies that examined the importance of various aquifer characteristics on sw tracer transport we suggest that there is knowledge to be gained by revisiting the conclusions of these prior studies in light of the new information presented here

the growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes 1 conceptual framework in many places earthquakes with similar characteristics have been shown to recur if this is common then relatively small deformations associated with individual earthquake cycles should accumulate over time to create geological structures following this paradigm we show that existing models developed to describe leveling line changes associated with the seismic cycle can be adapted to explain geological features associated with a fault in these models an elastic layer containing the fault overlies a viscous half space with a different density fault motion associated with an earthquake results in immediate deformation followed by a long period of readjustment as stresses relax in the viscous layer and isostatic equilibrium is restored deformation is also caused as a result of the loading and unloading due to sediment deposition and erosion in this paper the parameters that control the growth of dip slip structures are identified we find that the flexural rigidity of the crust or the apparent elastic thickness provides the main control of the width of a structure the loading due to erosion and deposition of sediment determines the ratio of uplift to subsidence between the two sides of the fault the flexure due to sediment load is much more important in this respect than whether the fault is normal or reverse in character we find that in general real structures are associated with apparent elastic thicknesses of 4 km or less and thus with very low flexural rigidities

submerged notches coastal changes and tectonics in the rijeka area nw croatia abstract submerged coastal notches characterize the coast of the wider rijeka area nw croatian coast adriatic sea these notches originate from a notch formed approximately 2 000 years ago their depth ranges between 0 50 and 1 15 m and their subsidence history is a matter of debate a detailed study of all the available data in relation to the tectonics of the area was made using signal analysis techniques our analysis revealed that the notch depth reflects the superimposition of two different effects a quasi regional relative sea level rise of about 55 cm and of a subsequent local tectonic subsidence with amplitude gradually increasing to 60 cm in the vicinity of the major thrust in the bakar bakar vinodol area elastic dislocation modeling permitted to explain this last local subsidence in terms of loading of the footwall of this thrust and provide evidence for an unrecorded earthquake of minimum magnitude m w 6 8 which occurred most probably in the last few centuries this result indicates that the convergence between the southern alps and the adria is at least partly accommodated by earthquakes and puts some constraints in the estimations of the seismic risk in the wider region

evidence of active subsidence at basiluzzo island aeolian islands southern italy inferred from a roman age wharf abstract the aeolian arc southern tyrrhenian sea italy is one of the most active volcanic areas of the mediterranean basin affected by volcanic hydrothermal and seismic activity ancient populations settled this region since historical times building coastal installations which currently are valuable archaeological indicators of relative sea level changes and vertical land movements in this study we show and discuss data on the relative sea level change estimated from a submerged wharf of roman age dated between 50 b c and 50 a d located at basiluzzo island this structure has been studied through marine surveys and archaeological interpretations and is presently located at a corrected depth of 4 10 0 2 m we explain this submergence by a cumulative effect of the relative sea level change caused by the regional glacio hydro isostatic signal active since the end of the last glacial maximum and the local volcano tectonic land subsidence finally a total subsidence rate of 2 05 0 1 mm yr 1 with a volcano tectonic contribution of 1 43 0 1 mm yr 1 for the last 2 ka bp is inferred from the comparison against the latest predicted sea level curve for the southern tyrrhenian sea suggesting new evaluations of the volcano tectonic hazard for this area of the aeolian islands

mechanisms of up valley winds abstract the basic physical mechanisms governing the daytime evolution of up valley winds in mountain valleys are investigated using a series of numerical simulations of thermally driven flow over idealized three dimensional topography the three dimensional topography used in this study is composed of two two dimensional topographies one a slope connecting a plain with a plateau and the other a valley with a horizontal floor the present two dimensional simulations of the valley flow agree with results of previous investigations in that the heated sidewalls produce upslope flows that require a compensating subsidence in the valley core bringing down potentially warmer air from the stable free atmosphere in the context of the three dimensional valley plain simulations the authors find that this subsidence heating in the valley core is the main contributor to the valley plain temperature contrast which under the hydrostatic approximation is the main contributor to the valley plain pressure differe

the 2014 cephalonia earthquakes finite fault modeling fault segmentation shear and thrusting at the nw aegean arc greece we present refined finite fault models ffm for the 2014 cephalonia keffalinia kefalonia seismic sequence mw 6 0 at the nw edge of the aegean arc ionian sea the area represents the seismically most active part of europe and a continental promontory in which fault modeling is a challenge because of structural complexity and poor coverage by seismological gps and insar data inversion was based on gps data and a new algorithm permitting fusion of slip vectors of individual earthquakes and of their cumulative dislocation and accepting constraints and collocation type analysis of uncertainties computed ffm which correspond to an essentially strike slip fault and a blind shallow oblique slip thrust were assessed by sensitivity analysis and insar data and are consistent with the tectonic fabric of the area they can also explain the observed extreme peak ground accelerations the 2014 faults in combination with ffms of the 2003 and 2015 leucas lefkada lefkas earthquakes farther ne and of the 1983 m7 0 earthquake farther sw constrain a 100 km long immature strike slip fault zone along close to the cephalonia leucas coasts this fault pattern previously regarded as a poorly documented cephalonia transform fault consists of occasionally overlapping oblique slip segments with variable geometric and kinematic characteristics in a shear zone landwards of the plate interface as evidence from seismic profiles reveals this pattern may explain the enigmatic superimposition of shear and compression in the nw edge of the aegean arc

the pliny strabo trench region a large shear zone resulting from slab tearing the eastern part of the hellenic subduction zone is composed of the pliny and strabo trenches that have been regarded as a zone of convergence between the subducting african lithosphere and the overriding anatolian aegean plate in the pliny and strabo trenches the oblique relative plate motion is generally thought to be accommodated by a typical strain partitioning consisting of strike slip and convergence components notwithstanding the occurrence of strike slip motion parallel with the pliny strabo trenches trench normal thrusting is not observed so far therefore we conducted a detailed analysis to investigate the deformation mechanisms of the eastern part of the hellenic trench system our analyses of offshore faulting and mechanisms of earthquakes in the overriding aegean lithosphere show that the region of the pliny and strabo trenches obeys the mechanics of the sinistral shear zone model of tchalenko 1970 we propose that the trench perpendicular convergence is taken up by the rhodes fold and thrust belt which has been postulated off the southeast coast of rhodes several regional p wave tomography results give indications of a slow seismic anomaly under this zone which is interpreted as a tear between the hellenic and cyprus subduction zones the primary reason for such tear and its propagation is the ongoing rollback of the subducted part of the african lithosphere also referred to as the aegean slab our work elucidates the surface expression of this tearing process in the form of the development of a shear zone between the aegean lithosphere in the nw and the african lithosphere in the se the pliny strabo shear zone

sedimentary evolution of a late pleistocene temperate red algal reef coralligene on rhodes greece correlation with global sea level fluctuations autochthonous red algal structures known as coralligene de plateau occur in the modern warm temperate mediterranean sea at water depths from 20 to 120 m but fossil counterparts are not so well known this study describes from an uplifted coastal section at plimiri on the island of rhodes a 450 m long by 10 m thick late pleistocene red algal reef coralligene facies interpreted as being a coralligene de plateau and its associated deposits the coralligene facies constructed mainly by lithophyllum and titanoderma sits unconformably upon the plio pleistocene rhodes formation and is overlain by a maerl facies 2 m a mixed siliciclastic carbonate facies 0 2 m and an aeolian sand facies 2 5 m the three calcareous facies of heterozoan character are correlated with established members in the lindos acropolis formation in the north of the island while the aeolian facies is assigned to the new plimiri aeolianite formation the palaeoenvironmental and genetic stratigraphic interpretations of these mixed siliciclastic carbonate temperate water deposits involved consideration of certain characteristics associated with siliciclastic shelf and tropical carbonate shelf models such as vertical grain size trends and the stratigraphic position of zooxanthellate coral growths integration of these results with electron spin resonance dates of bivalve shells indicates that the coralligene facies was deposited during marine isotope stage 6 to 5e transgressive event ca 135 to 120 ka in water depths of 20 to 50 m and the overlying maerl facies was deposited during regression from marine isotope stage 5e to 5d ca 120 to 110 ka at water depths of 25 to 40 m the capping aeolian sand facies involving dual terrestrial subunits is interpreted as having formed during each of the glacial intervals marine isotope stages 4 71 to 59 ka and 2 24 to 12 ka with soil formation during the subsequent interglacial periods of marine isotope stages 3 and 1 respectively accumulation rates of about 0 7 mm year 1 are estimated for the coralligene facies and minimum accumulation rates of 0 2 mm year 1 are estimated for the maerl facies the existence of older red algal reefs in the plimiri region during at least marine isotope stages 7 245 to 186 ka and 9 339 to 303 ka is inferred from the occurrence of reworked coralligene type lithoclasts in the basal part of the section and from the electron spin resonance ages of transported bivalve shells

late pleistocene and holocene sea level change in greece and south western turkey a separation of eustatic isostatic and tectonic contributions summary sea level change during late pleistocene and holocene times is a combination of eustatic isostatic and tectonic contributions in the central mediterranean sea region of greece and western turkey the isostatic components are important due to the changing gravitational potential of the earth the readjustment of the crust upon the removal of the large ice sheets and the addition of the meltwater into the oceans including the mediterranean changes in relative sea level due to these glacio hydro isostatic adjustments have reached amplitudes of 1 mm yr 1 during the last few thousand years a model for the isostatic contribution to sea level change including the movement of shorelines due to the combined eustatic isostatic changes is developed based on earth model and ice sheet parameters estimated from sea level observations from other areas comparisons of this model with observations of sea level change permit rates of vertical movement to be estimated for late holocene time allowance for the isostatic factors makes a significant difference to these rates the plains of argolis lakonia messinia and navarine in the southern peloponnese for example appear to be tectonically stable on time scales of a few thousand years and longer consistent with the position of the last interglacial shoreline close to the present day sea level the observations here of a rising sea level are largely the consequence of the glacio hydro isostasy and not of a long term tectonic process crete as a whole is subject to tectonic uplift but at variable rates and forms part of an arcuate zone of uplift extending from rhodes and karpathos in the east to kithera in the west at rates that locally exceed 4 mm yr 1 the southern shore of the gulf of corinthos is also subject to uplift at rates approaching 1 5 mm yr 1 these isostatically corrected estimates for the past few thousand years are in agreement with longer term estimates based on the position of the last interglacial shoreline only on the perachora peninsula do the tectonic rates over these two time intervals appear to be in disagreement with the late holocene rates being much higher than the long term rates

subduction and vertical coastal motions in the eastern mediterranean convergence in the eastern mediterranean of oceanic nubia with anatolia and the aegean is complex and poorly understood large volumes of sediment obscure the shallow structure of the subduction zone and since much of the convergence is accommodated aseismically there are limited earthquake data to constrain its kinematics we present new source models for recent earthquakes combining these with field observations published gps velocities and reflection seismic data to investigate faulting in three areas the florence rise sw turkey and the pliny and strabo trenches the depths and locations of earthquakes reveal the geometry of the subducting nubian plate ne of the florence rise a bathymetric high that is probably formed by deformation of sediment at the surface projection of the anatolia nubia subduction interface in sw turkey the presence of a strike slip shear zone has often been inferred despite an absence of strike slip earthquakes we show that the gps derived strain rate field is consistent with extension on the orthogonal systems of normal faults observed in the region and that strike slip faulting is not required to explain observed gps velocities further sw the pliny and strabo trenches are also often interpreted as strike slip shear zones but almost all nearby earthquakes have either reverse faulting or normal faulting focal mechanisms oblique convergence across the trenches may be accommodated either by a partitioned system of strike slip and reverse faults or by oblique slip on the aegean nubia subduction interface the observed late quaternary vertical motions of coastlines close to the subduction zone are influenced by the interplay between 1 thickening of the material overriding the subduction interface associated with convergence which promotes coastal uplift and 2 subsidence due to extension and associated crustal thinning long wavelength gravity data suggest that some of the observed topographic contrasts in the eastern mediterranean are supported by mantle convection however whether the convection is time dependent and whether its pattern moves relative to nubia are uncertain and its contribution to present day rates of vertical coastal motions is therefore hard to constrain the observed extension of the overriding material in the subduction system is probably partly related to buoyancy forces arising from topographic contrasts between the aegean anatolia and the mediterranean seafloor but the reasons for regional variations are less clear

linking hierarchical stratal architecture to plume spreading in a lagrangian based transport model 2 evaluation using new data from the borden site 1 a new data set collected at the well documented borden research site was used in order to evaluate a newly published but as yet untested idea for stochastic modeling ramanathan et al 2008 the new data set reveals the stratal architecture of the borden aquifer and allowed us to determine how the stratal architecture at different scales controlled the macrodispersion observed in the original natural gradient tracer test the newly published idea for modeling uses a lagrangian based model for the particle displacement variance developed from independent physically based quantifiable univariate statistics including the proportions and mean length of the strata the method for defining model parameters avoids the often equivocal step of fitting sample bivariate permeability statistics the model parameters were developed from the new data from the borden site the new data included geologic data in much greater abundance than permeability data there are two scales of unit types delineated in a hierarchy of stratal architecture their shapes are complex not simple layers or lenses the method facilitated the direct use of both geologic and permeability data which need not be collocated the dispersion model developed from these data represents the field measured particle displacement variance that occurred in the natural gradient tracer test well the contributions to time dependent macrodispersion by strata at each scale were computed and analyzed independently this analysis revealed that macrodispersion at the borden site is primarily controlled by the proportions and the mean and variance in length of larger scale strata of medium sand m and strata of fine sand and silt fz with secondary contributions by smaller scale strata types occurring within the larger scale units when sampling the pattern in the longitudinal direction m and fz couplets repeat at 10 m intervals on average with a high length variance to reach a time constant macrodispersivity the stratal length variability must be fully sampled by the plume the macrodispersivity becomes asymptotic beyond an advective distance of about 60 m corresponding to about 12 longitudinal transitions between m and fz unit types

earthquake mechanisms in the hellenic trench near crete summary in the hellenic trench south of crete convergence between the southern aegean sea and africa occurs at a rate of at least 60 mm yr 1 previously published first motion fault plane solutions show a variety of different fault orientations and types but are not well constrained furthermore the lack of reliable focal depths for these earthquakes has obscured any simple pattern of deformation that might exist nonetheless the mechanisms of these earthquakes have strongly influenced views of the tectonics in the hellenic trench we have improved estimates of the fault parameters and focal depths for 14 of these earthquakes using long period p and sh waveforms the earthquake mechanisms fall into four groups a normal faults with a n s strike in the over riding material above the subduction zone b low angle thrusts with an e w strike at a depth of about 40 km c high angle reverse faults with the same strike but shallower focal depths than b d events within the suducting lithosphere with approximately e w p axes the thrusting in groups b and c is probably the mechanism by which the sediments of the mediterranean sea underplate and uplift crete these events have slip vectors in the direction 025 12 which represents the convergence direction between crete and africa along the sw facing boundary of the hellenic trench one of the events in group d occurred beneath the mediterranean ridge and involved high angle reverse faulting with a wnw ese p axis almost perpendicular to the direction of shortening deduced from folds at the surface the mediterranean sea floor in this region appears to be in a state of e w compression for reasons that are not clear

global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern mediterranean and caucasus we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1997 at 189 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains to the adriatic sea and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate to the northern edge of the african plate sites on the northern arabian platform move 18 2 mm yr at n25 5 w relative to eurasia less than the nuvel 1a circuit closure rate 25 1 mm yr at n21 7 w preliminary motion estimates 1994 1997 for stations located in egypt on the northeastern part of africa show northward motion at 5 6 2 mm yr also slower than nuvel ia estimates 10 1 mm yr at n2 4 e eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate the anatolian plate is de coupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 30 7 0 8 n 32 6 0 4 e 1 2 0 1 myr the euler vector gives an upper bound for naf slip rate of 24 1 mm yr we determine a preliminary gps arabia anatolia euler vector of 32 9 1 2 n 40 3 1 1 e 0 8 0 2 myr and an upper bound on left lateral slip on the east anatolian fault eaf of 9 1 mm yr the central and southern aegean is characterized by coherent motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr toward the sw at 30 1 mm yr relative to eurasia stations in the se aegean deviate significantly from the overall motion of the southern aegean showing increasing velocities toward the trench and reaching 10 1 mm yr relative to the southern aegean as a whole

large eddy simulation of the onset of the sea breeze this paper describes results from a large eddy simulation les model used in an idealized setting to simulate the onset of the sea breeze as the les is capable of simulating boundary layer scale threedimensional turbulence along with the mesoscale sea breeze circulation a parameterization of the planetary boundary layer was unnecessary the basic experimental design considers a rotating uniformly stratified resting atmosphere that is suddenly heated at the surface over the land half of the domain to focus on the simplest nontrivial problem the diurnal cycle effects of moisture interactions with large scale winds and coastline curvature were all neglected in this study the assumption of a straight coastline allows the use of a rectangular computational domain that extends to 50 km on either side of the coast but only 5 km along the coast with 100 m grid intervals so that the small scale turbulent convective eddies together with the mesoscale sea breeze may be accurately computed through dimensional analysis of the simulation results the length and velocity scales characterizing the simulated sea breeze as functions of the externally specified parameters are identified

structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer the authors use large eddy simulation les to investigate entrainment and structure of the inversion layer of a clear convectively driven planetary boundary layer pbl over a range of bulk richardson numbers ri the les code uses a nested grid technique to achieve fine resolution in all three directions in the inversion layer extensive flow visualization is used to examine the structure of the inversion layer and to illustrate the temporal and spatial interaction of a thermal plume and the overlying inversion it is found that coherent structures in the convective pbl that is thermal plumes are primary instigators of entrainment in the ri range 13 6 ri 43 8 at ri 5 13 6 strong horizontal and downward velocities are generated near the inversion layer because of the plume interface interaction this leads to folding of the interface and hence entrainment of warm inversion air at the plume s edge at ri 5 34 5 the inversion s strong stability prevents folding of the interface but strong horizontal and downward motions near the plume s edge pull down pockets of warm air below the nominal inversion height these pockets of warm air are then scoured off by turbulent motions and entrained into the pbl the structure of the inversion interface from les is in good visual agreement with lidar measurements in the pbl obtained during the lidars in flat terrain field experiment a quadrant analysis of the buoyancy flux shows that net entrainment flux or average minimum buoyancy flux wu min is identified with quadrant iv w2u1 0 motions that is warm air moving downward plumes generate both large negative quadrant ii w1u2 0 and positive quadrant iii w2u2 0 buoyancy fluxes that tend to cancel the maximum vertical gradient in potential temperature at every x y grid point is used to define a local pbl height zi x y a statistical analysis of zi shows that skewness of zi depends on the inversion strength spectra of zi exhibit a sensitivity to grid resolution the normalized entrainment rate we w where we and w are entrainment and convective velocities varies as ari21 with a 0 2 in the range 13 6 ri 43 8 and is in good agreement with convection tank measurements for a clear convective pbl the authors found that the finite thickness of the inversion layer needs to be considered in an entrainment rate parameterization derived from a jump condition

the lycian sarcophagus of arttumpara pinara turkey testing seismogenic and anthropogenic damage scenarios abstract a lycian sarcophagus located in the ancient city of pinara southwest turkey shows a clockwise rotation of 6 37 with respect to its north south oriented foundation considering the seismotectonic potential of the area this rotation has been attributed to earthquake ground motion before we present a 3d model of the sarcophagus based on 11 5 million points from a 3d laser scan the sarcophagus shows a crater in the eastern side of the coffin which was most probably caused by the detonation of an explosive charge during looting as the direction of the rotation agrees with the sense of motion expected from a blast we will attempt to quantify whether the rotation has a natural seismogenic or anthropogenic cause with a rigid block model we studied the feasibility of an explosion or earthquake ground motion as the reason for the rotation of the coffin scaled recorded ground motions from local earthquakes and a strong motion record from the recent l aquila italy earthquake m w 6 3 were used to study the sarcophagus dynamic reactions the calculations show that the geometry of the structure requires large peak ground acceleration amplitudes to initiate rocking above 4 m s 2 this rocking in turn is necessary to produce rotation around the vertical axis by translational movements the size of the explosion is back calculated from the crater size and compared with duration and amplitude of an impulse necessary to rotate the coffin the small rotations resulting from all earthquake simulations and the plausible explosion size necessary to rotate the coffin by the observed amount make an explosion a much more probable cause for the rotation of the sarcophagus than an earthquake

dramatic pliocene quaternary subsidence of the southern rhodes basin and concomitant north tilting and uplift of the anaximander mountains the junction of hellenic and cyprus arcs eastern mediterranean sea abstract the anaximander mountains and the rhodes basin at the junction of cyprus and hellenic arcs are one of the tectonically most complex regions in the eastern mediterranean harmonically tilted messinian and the uppermost messinian pliocene successions across the northern and eastern margins of the rhodes basin showed that these regions experienced dramatic subsidence exceeding 1500 2500 ms 1125 1875 m 1500 m s 1 during the upper pliocene quaternary tilted upper pliocene quaternary growth strata wedges showing apparent north directed downlap along the northern foothills of the anaximander mountain suggested that this region experienced 1000 2500 ms 750 1125 m concomitant uplift the absence of faults showing extensional stratigraphic separations and the relative subsidence rates calculated using amount of tilting collectively suggest that the rhodes basin experienced sagging of its deeper basinal regions which is attributable to the loading effect of the building of the tauride mountains modified by the vertical axis rotations of the beydaglari block and the island of rhodes and the horizontal axis rotation of the anaximander mountain messinian and uppermost messinian pliocene were tectonically relatively quiet as shown by the harmonically structured and isopachous successions across the rhodes basin and anaximander mountain this interval coincides with the paleomagnetically determined 9 counterclockwise vertical axis rotation of the island of rhodes the dramatic subsidence observed within the rhodes basin and the concommitant uplift of the anaximander mountain and its western extension occurred broadly coincident with southeast tilting of the island of rhodes and its associated 500 600 m subsidence between 2 5 and 1 8 ma the northwest tilting between 1 5 and 1 1 ma and the associated re emergence of the southeastern coast the large counterclockwise rotation of the island of rhodes since 0 8 ma corresponds with the enormous subsidence observed across the northeastern sector of the rhodes basin which brought the shelf edge deltas from the near sea level to their present day depth of 1200 1500 m

the 2008 methoni earthquake sequence the relationship between the earthquake cycle on the subduction interface and coastal uplift in sw greece ah is supported by a shell exploration studentship this study forms part of the nerc and esrc funded project earthquakes without frontiers under grant nej02001x 1 and was partly funded by the nerc grant looking inside the continents from space

dating and characterization of polymorphic transformation of aragonite to calcite in pleistocene bivalves from rhodes greece by combined shell microstructure stable isotope and electron spin resonance study absolute dating of diagenesis is a challenging yet significant problem reconstructing the depositional and diagenetic history of a late pleistocene coralligene type red algal reef and overlying maerl red algal sand from the plimiri coastal cliff se island of rhodes greece is enabled using a combination of microstructure stable isotope analyses and electron spin resonance of large bivalve shells partially altered by diagenesis these shells consisting of both original shell aragonite and polymorphic transformed rims now consisting of neomorphic spar provide the opportunity to date the primary age when the shells were precipitated as well as the age of their polymorphic transformation the contamination of samples presented a significant problem for interpreting ages based on data from electron spin resonance esr alone however sample contamination was evaluated with quantitative xrd providing the opportunity to apply corrections which increased reliability of the ages the carbon and oxygen stable isotope values and the neomorphic spar microtexture suggested that the polymorphic transformation at plimiri took place in a meteoric environment with a high and increasing fluid rock ratio the electron spin resonance dates combined with the vertical sedimentary evolution allowed to assign the formation of the red algal reef to the marine isotope stages 6 to 5e transgressive event ca 135 to 120 ka and to identify meteoric diagenetic phases during possibly the marine isotope stage 5d and the upper marine isotope stage 5c to lower 3 the use of electron spin resonance dating of neomorphic spar and age correction for sample contamination is presented herein for the first time and the results suggest that it might provide a useful tool to date late pleistocene diagenesis

crustal block movements from holocene shorelines crete and antikythira greece abstract marks of several shorelines left by sea level stands during the last 4000 yrs occur along the coasts of the islands of crete and antikythira in this area recent movements of the earth s crust were identified by using a systematic survey based on multidisciplinary analyses strengthened by 60 radiometric datings between 4000 and 1700 yr b p a block of lithosphere a about 150 km long fig 10 which included antikythira and the levka mountains in crete underwent a series of ten rapid subsidences from 10 to 25 cm each time without noticeable tilting these movements ended about 1 530 40 yr b p a further block of lithosphere b approximately 200 km long was then uplifted about 10 m and inclined northeastwards in a single event block b includes block a and extends 50 km further eastwards beyond the ida mountains as far as the iraklion sedimentary basin the tectonic movements were preceded by vertically reversed displacements of short duration on at least three occasions if the a block subsidences can be ascribed to gravitational forces then the b block uplift suggests a cause that originated at depth crustal consumption and elastic rebound to the east of the ierapetra graben the sitian peninsula appears to belong to a block of lithosphere c affected by a northeast tilting and separated by an active fault from the crustal block of khrisi koufonisi

long term uplift of the santa cruz coastline in response to repeated earthquakes along the san andreas fault abstract the 18 october 1989 loma prieta earthquake m s 7 1 provides unprecedented insights into geomorphological processes of the santa cruz mountains region of central california in particular it inspires a simple explanation for the uplift that the area has been experiencing through its recent geological past predicted tectonic uplift from 442 oblique slip earthquakes on the loma prieta fault plane reproduces the variable elevations of 36 positions along the lowest santa cruz marine terrace within observational uncertainties an inferred formation height of 8 9 3 m ties the cutting of this terrace with the global sea level highstand at 125 kyr b p since then uplift rates between 0 13 and 0 35 mm yr have been maintained along the coast about one third as fast as previously proposed loma prieta type earthquakes recur every three to six centuries and account for less than half of the strike slip plate motion on this segment of the san andreas repetition of these characteristic events over much longer periods likely explains the deformation of the older terraces and motivates the configuration of this portion of the coastal range