modeling ionospheric super fountain effect based on the coupled timegcm sami3 1 recently efforts have been undertaken to develop a coupled thermosphere ionosphere plasmasphere model based on two well established models namely the thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere general circulation model timegcm developed at the national center for atmospheric research and the sami3 ionosphere model developed at the naval research laboratory this paper presents the first results from the coupled model on the investigation of a prompt penetration electric field ppef event that took place on 9 november 2004 the coupled model eliminates two major upper boundary limitations of the stand alone timegcm e g the upper boundary height and the prescribed o fluxes at the upper boundary it is found that the f layer peak height is raised above 800 km in response to the large ppef the o fluxes in the top ionosphere vary drastically during the course of the ppef with strong upward and downward fluxes with a magnitude greater than 109 cm 2 s 1 in localized regions for the first time the coupled model allows us to simulate and visualize the super fountain effect on a global scale future model development is also envisaged including the implementation of a more realistic magnetic field model and a fully two way coupling between neutrals and ions

prompt penetration electric fields ppefs and their ionospheric effects during the great magnetic storm of 30 31 october 2003 1 we explore the ionospheric effects of prompt penetration electric fields ppefs for a variety of interplanetary magnetic field directions we use the great magnetic storm of 30 31 october as an example of ppef effects for intense southward interplanetary magnetic fields imfs inward plasma sheet convection occurs with the result of magnetospheric ring current formation and an intense magnetic storm concurrent with the above positive phase ionospheric storms occur in the dayside and negative phase ionospheric storms occur on the nightside the topics of this paper the dayside ionospheric storms due to ppefs are characterized by transport of near equatorial plasma to higher altitudes and latitudes forming a giant plasma fountain these features are part of what is called the dayside ionospheric superfountain dis for these southward imfs dusk and dawn plasma are predicted to be transported toward the dayside for northward imfs negative phase ionospheric storms are expected on the dayside if the ppefs indeed reach that region of space imf by components are expected to have weak or neglible ionospheric effects on the basis of ppef arguments intervals of imf by should not be related to geomagnetic storms they are not imf by intervals should however cause a shearing of the magnetotail a feature that has been previously reported in the literature

estimating daytime vertical exb drift velocities in the equatorial f region using ground based magnetometer observations 1 the daytime equatorial electrojet is a narrow band of enhanced eastward current flowing in the 100 to 120 km altitude region within 2 latitude of the dip equator a unique way of determining the daytime strength of the electrojet is to observe the difference in the magnitudes of the horizontal h component between a magnetometer placed directly on the magnetic equator and one displaced 6 to 9 degrees away the difference between these measured h values provides a direct measure of the daytime electrojet current and in turn the magnitude of the vertical exb drift velocity in the f region ionosphere this paper discusses a recent study that has established the quantitative relationship between the vertical exb drift velocity in the ionospheric f region and the daytime strength of the equatorial electrojet in the south american west coast longitude sector

estimation of seepage rates in a losing stream by means of fiber optic high resolution vertical temperature profiling summary vertical temperature profiling in the river beds of losing streams has been shown to be useful in obtaining seepage rates we present a method for high resolution vertical temperature profiling in surface water sediments for detailed quantification of seepage flux over depth and time the method is based on fiber optic distributed temperature sensing in which temperature profiles along an optical fiber are obtained by making use of raman scattering an optical fiber was wrapped around a 2 in pvc tube and installed vertically within the streambed sediment the wrapping transfers the spatial resolution along the fiber of 1 m to a vertical resolution of about 5 mm the high resolution temperature profiler was tested at a losing reach of the swiss prealpine river thur resulting in a 20 day long temperature time series with a temporal resolution of 10 min the time series are analyzed by means of dynamic harmonic regression to obtain the diurnal contributions of the measured time series at all depths and time points the time for the diurnal temperature signal to reach the observation depth and the associated attenuation of the signal are calculated from the phase angles and amplitudes of the diurnal contributions the time shift results in an apparent celerity of diurnal temperature propagation which is converted into an apparent seepage rate by fitting the data to the analytical solution for convective conductive heat transfer in a semi infinite uniform one dimensional domain with a sinusoidal surface temperature the high spatial resolution allows the location of discontinuities in the river bed which would have remained undetected if temperature had been measured only at a few individual depths to be identified this is a particular strength of the fiber optic high resolution temperature profiler the time series also give evidence of sporadic high infiltration rates at times of high water tables

dayside ionospheric response to the intense interplanetary shocks solar wind discontinuities observations from the digisonde global ionospheric radio observatory 1 the digisonde global ionospheric radio observatory giro has recorded strong ionospheric responses to two powerful interplanetary shock passages on 7 november 7 2004 and 21 january 2005 both events provide excellent opportunities to study geospace response processes to strong interplanetary forward shocks in great detail the angle between the normal of the 7 november 2004 shock front and the sun earth line was 3 0 degrees indicating that the shock hit the equatorial magnetosphere at 1200 lt local noon the subsequent dayside shock induced ionospheric phenomena were found to have marked longitudinal and latitudinal distributions comparative studies of the intense interplanetary shocks including the sheath associated with northward and southward interplanetary magnetic fields imf revealed their different geospace effects on the dayside ionospheric region the equatorial ionosphere responds to the interplanetary shock rather quickly and if the shock is associated with southward imf the plasma electrons in the equatorial ionosphere are rapidly uplifted during the 7 november 2004 event the averaged uplift velocity was close to 67 m s and the ionospheric total electron content tec increased from the original 16 tec units tecu to 38 tecu 1 tecu 1016 m 2 which may be due to the shock effect when the interplanetary shock including the magnetosheath is associated with northward imf the plasma in the equatorial ionosphere moves downward causing a sudden drop in the total electron content during the 21 january 2005 event the averaged downward velocity was 120 m s and the tec dropped from 75 tecu to 22 tecu at the time of maximum solar wind dynamic pressure and then recovered to 68 tecu in about 2 h after the shock passage the middle and high latitude ionospheric tec enhancements may be due to particle ion and electron precipitation ionization losses caused by the strong impacts of the interplanetary shocks

common origin of positive ionospheric storms at middle latitudes and the geomagnetic activity effect at low latitudes anomalous increases of the ionization density at middle latitudes positive ionospheric storms and anomalous increases of the neutral gas density at low latitudes the geomagnetic activity effect are prominent features of upper atmospheric storms the present study investigates the idea that both phenomena are caused by traveling atmospheric disturbances tads according to theory such tads are generated during magnetic substorm activity and propagate with high velocity from polar to equatorial latitudes to examine the above hypothesis magnetic ionospheric and neutral atmospheric data are compared for five different disturbance events these case studies demonstrate that 1 there is a good temporal correlation between magnetic substorm activity at high latitudes daytime positive ionospheric storms at middle latitudes and the geomagnetic activity effect at low latitudes 2 the initial phase of positive ionospheric storms propagates with high velocity toward lower latitudes 3 this velocity is roughly consistent with the time lag of the geomagnetic activity effect at low latitudes 4 the ionospheric disturbance is a conjugate phenomenon of global extent and 5 it cannot be explained as an electric field effect in summary our data are fully consistent with the idea that tads are responsible for both positive ionospheric storms at middle latitudes and the geomagnetic activity effect at low latitudes

resolving centimeter scale flows in aquifers and their hydrostratigraphic controls 1 the rate of groundwater flow has long been recognized as a critical control on solute transport in the subsurface however information about groundwater flux and its variability in space is rarely available especially at the resolution required for investigations at sites of groundwater contamination recently high resolution information about vertical variations in groundwater flux was obtained using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing technology to monitor the temperature response to active heating in a well a series of vertical thermal profiles were acquired at a 1 4 cm resolution in a sand and gravel aquifer these high resolution profiles which display many of the same general features as hydraulic conductivity k profiles obtained using multiple techniques at the same well provide new insights into site hydrostratigraphy in particular the near continuous profiles reveal the existence of thin zones of relatively high or low velocity that would be difficult to detect using other methods these profiles also demonstrate that vertical variations in k may not be an accurate indicator of vertical variability in groundwater flux in highly heterogeneous aquifers

simulation of low latitude ionospheric response to 2015 st patrick s day super geomagnetic storm using ionosonde derived pre vertical drifts over indian region

dayside midlatitude ionospheric response to storm time electric fields a case study for 7 september 2002 1 with the storm of 7 8 september 2002 as a study case we demonstrate that an ionospheric model driven by a suitable storm time convection electric field can reproduce the f region dayside density enhancements associated with the ionospheric storm positive phase the ionospheric model in this case is the utah state university time dependent ionospheric model tdim the electric field model is the university of michigan s hot electron and ion drift integrator heidi extensive ground truth is available throughout the study period from two independent sources ground based vertical tec and ionosonde stations our simulation results are in good agreement with these observations we address the question of what is the source of the high density plasma that is seen during the positive storm phase and show that in this case a magnetospheric electric field with an eastward component that penetrates to midlatitudes increases local production on the dayside to a degree that is sufficient to account for the storm time density increases that have been observed

multiradar observations of the polar tongue of ionization 1 we present a global view of large scale ionospheric disturbances during the main phase of a major geomagnetic storm we find that the low latitude auroral and polar latitude regions are coupled by processes that redistribute thermal plasma throughout the system for the large geomagnetic storm on 20 november 2003 we examine data from the high latitude incoherent scatter radars at millstone hill sondrestrom and eiscat tromso with superdarn hf radar observations of the high latitude convection pattern and dmsp observations of in situ plasma parameters in the topside ionosphere we combine these with north polar maps of stormtime plumes of enhanced total electron content tec derived from a network of gps receivers the polar tongue of ionization toi is seen to be a continuous stream of dense cold plasma entrained in the global convection pattern the dayside source of the toi is the plume of storm enhanced density sed transported from low latitudes in the postnoon sector by the subauroral disturbance electric field convection carries this material through the dayside cusp and across the polar cap to the nightside where the auroral f region is significantly enhanced by the sed material the three incoherent scatter radars provided full altitude profiles of plasma density temperatures and vertical velocity as the toi plume crossed their different positions under the cusp in the center of the polar cap and at the midnight oval polar cap boundary greatly elevated f peak density 1 5e12 m 3 and low electron and ion temperatures 2500 k at the f peak altitude characterize the sed toi plasma observed at all points along its high latitude trajectory for this event sed toi f region tec 150 1000 km was 50 tecu both in the cusp and in the center of the polar cap large upward directed fluxes of o 1 e14 m 2 s 1 were observed in the topside ionosphere

ionospheric electron content within the equatorial f 2 layer anomaly belt this paper describes some new results on the day to day behavior of the location of the equatorial anomaly in the columnar electron content the measurements were made from a unique network of stations covering dip latitudes from 0 n to 25 n during the period in 1975 1976 near sunspot minimum when the ats 6 satellite was visible from india the latitudinal distribution of the total electron content on a particular day was found to depend only on the strength of the electrojet current as determined by the difference of the horizontal magnetic field at stations on the magnetic equator and another outside the equatorial electrojet rather than on the horizontal magnetic field measured only at the equatorial station during magnetically disturbed periods the presence or absence of the anomaly was also found to depend only upon the strength of the electrojet current the varying electrojet current that is the equatorial electric field is very effective in moving the ionization to the anomaly latitudes of 15 20 but the columnar electron content over the magnetic equator remains relatively constant

response of the equatorial ionosphere in the indian midnight sector to the severe magnetic storm of july 15 2000 1 during the severe magnetic storm of july 15 2000 an impulsive and remarkably large downward movement of f region occurred simultaneously at locations throughout the equatorial region dip 0 3 20 n in the indian sector in close association with episodes of rapid ring current intensification the abnormal midnight descent of equatorial f region maximum amplitude close to the magnetic equator 215 km hr indicative of a short lived westward electric field disturbance peak amplitude 4 6 mv m is interpreted as the signature of prompt penetration electric fields associated primarily with impulsive ring current injections the westward electric field disturbance in the indian midnight sector occurred near simultaneous with the eastward electric field disturbances in the dusk sector reported by basu et al 2001a moreover the prompt electric field penetration to the magnetic equator both in the dusk and midnight sectors occurred in an environment already under the influence of ionospheric disturbance dynamo idd electric fields illustrating the profound manner in which the equatorial f region plasma dynamics can get modified globally during the main phase of severe magnetic storms

an active heat tracer experiment to determine groundwater velocities using fiber optic cables installed with direct push equipment a new approach is developed to insert fiber optic cables vertically into the ground with direct push equipment groundwater temperatures may be measured along the cables with high spatial and temporal resolution using a distributed temperature sensing system the cables may be inserted up to depths of tens of meters in unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers the main advantages of the method are that the cables are in direct contact with the aquifer material the disturbance of the aquifer is minor and no borehole is needed this cost effective approach may be applied to both passive and active heat tracer experiments an active heat tracer experiment was conducted to estimate horizontal groundwater velocities in a managed aquifer recharge system in the netherlands six fiber optic cables and a separate heating cable were inserted with a 1 m spacing at the surface the heating cable was turned on for 4 days and temperatures were measured during both heating and cooling of the aquifer temperature measurements at the heating cable alone were used to estimate the magnitude of the groundwater velocity and the thermal conductivity of the solids the direction of the velocity and heat capacity of the solids were estimated by including temperature measurements at the other fiber optic cables in the analysis the latter analysis suffered from the fact that the cables were not inserted exactly vertical the three dimensional position of the fiber optic cables must be measured for future active heat tracer experiments

response of the equatorial ionosphere in the south atlantic region to the great magnetic storm of july 15 2000 the effects of the great magnetic storm of july 15 2000 on the equatorial ionosphere have been studied by ground based and satellite in situ measurements a large westward plasma drift in the evening equatorial ionosphere was observed as a result of the ionospheric disturbance dynamo in that environment the imf bz turned southward and presumably caused penetration of e fields to low latitudes this e field initiated the onset of 250 mhz and l band scintillations at ascension island 15 w and precipitous tec decrease at fortaleza brazil 38 w bounding the narrow longitude region in the south atlantic these impulsive ionospheric effects were extremely well correlated with abrupt decreases of sym h 1 min resolution dst the dmsp in situ measurements showed the presence of severe ion density bite outs extending over 30 latitude in the south atlantic magnetic anomaly region the rocsat 1 satellite measured upward and large southward ion drifts in the same sector

role of imf b y in the prompt electric field disturbances over equatorial ionosphere during a space weather event on 7 january 2005 a p 40 prompt penetration electric field perturbations of opposite polarities were observed over thumba and jicamarca on a few occasions during 13 45 16 30 ut however the electric field was found to be eastward during 14 45 15 30 ut over both thumba and jicamarca contrary to the general expectation wherein opposite polarities are expected at nearly antipodal points on closer scrutiny three important observational features are noticed during 14 10 15 15 ut first during 14 10 14 45 ut despite increasing southward interplanetary magnetic field imf b z condition the already westward electric field over thumba weakened less westward while the eastward electric field over jicamarca intensified more eastward second the electric field not only became anomalously eastward over thumba but also got intensified further during 14 45 15 00 ut similar to jicamarca third during 15 00 15 15 ut despite imf b z remaining steadily southward the eastward electric field continued to intensify over thumba but weakened over jicamarca it is suggested that the changes in imf b y component under southward imf b z condition are responsible for skewing the ionospheric equipotential patterns over the dip equator in such a way that thumba came into the same dp2 cell as that of jicamarca leading to anomalous electric field variations magnetic field measurements along the indian and jicamarca longitude sectors and changes in high latitude ionospheric convection patterns provide credence to this proposition thus the present investigation shows that the variations in imf b y are fundamentally important to understand the prompt penetration effects over low latitudes

the impact of aquifer heterogeneity on the performance of aquifer thermal energy storage 1 heterogeneity in hydraulic properties of the subsurface is not accounted for in current design calculations of aquifer thermal energy storage ates however the subsurface is heterogeneous and thus affects the heat distribution around ates wells in this paper the influence of heterogeneity on the performance of a doublet well system is quantified using stochastic heat transport modeling the results show that on average thermal recovery decreases with increasing heterogeneity expressed as the lognormal standard deviation of the hydraulic conductivity field around the doublet furthermore heterogeneity at the scale of a doublet ates system introduces an uncertainty in the amount of expected thermal interference between the warm and cold storage this results in an uncertainty in thermal recovery that also increases with heterogeneity and decreases with increasing distance between ates wells the uncertainty in thermal balance due to heterogeneity can reach values near 50 percent points in case of regional groundwater flow in excess of 200 m yr to account for heterogeneity whilst using homogeneous models an attempt was made to express the effect of heterogeneity by an apparent macrodispersivity as expected apparent macrodispersivity increases with increasing heterogeneity however it also depends on well to well distance and regional groundwater velocity again the uncertainty in thermal recovery is reflected in a range in the apparent macrodispersivity values considering the increasing density of ates systems we conclude that thermal interference limits the number of ates systems that can be implemented in a specific area and the uncertainty in the hydraulic conductivity field related to heterogeneity should be accounted for when optimizing well to well distances

abnormal evening vertical plasma drift and effects on esf and eia over brazil south atlantic sector during the 30 october 2003 superstorm 1 equatorial f region vertical plasma drifts spread f and anomaly responses in the south american longitude sector during the superstorm of 30 october 2003 are analyzed using data from an array of instruments consisting of digisondes a vhf radar gps tec and scintillation receivers in brazil and a digisonde and a magnetometer in jicamarca peru prompt penetrating eastward electric field of abnormally large intensity drove the f layer plasma up at a velocity 1200 ms 1 during post dusk hours in the eastern sector over brazil the equatorial anomaly was intensified and expanded poleward while the development of spread f plasma bubble irregularities and gps signal scintillations were weaker than their quiet time intensity significantly weaker f region response over jicamarca presented a striking difference in the intensity of prompt penetration electric field between peru and eastern longitudes of brazil the enhanced post dusk sector vertical drift over brazil is attributed to electro dynamics effects arising energetic particle precipitation in the south atlantic magnetic anomaly sama these extraordinary results and their longitudinal differences are presented and discussed in this paper

equatorial density depletions observed at 840 km during the great magnetic storm of march 1989 early on march 14 1989 a thermal plasma probe on the defense meteorological satellite program dmsp f9 spacecraft detected extensive and dramatic decreases in the ion density at 840 km near 2130 lt during two consecutive transequatorial passes over south america the order of magnitude decreases in the ion density extended more than 4000 km along the satellite track the depletions were accompanied by upward and westward plasma drifts both in excess of 100 m s their onsets and terminations were marked by extremely sharp density gradients dmsp f9 observed no similar depletions over the atlantic during preceding orbits a partial depletion was detected over the eastern pacific during the following orbit the dmsp f9 ground track passed slightly west of a brazilian total electron content tec station and two brazilian ionosondes during the first depletion encounter the tec fell far below normal during the night of march 13 14 the ionosonde measurements indicate that in the hour after sunset before dmsp passed through the depletions the f2 layer rose rapidly and disappeared but at the time of the first depletion encounter hmf2 was decreasing over one of the stations the dmsp f8 satellite which orbits in the dawn dusk meridian made related measurements on march 13 and 14 crossing the equator at dust on march 13 at the same longitude where dmsp f9 encountered the first depletion dmsp f8 detected upward and westward drifts but it measured extremely large rather then depleted ion densities during two dawn passes over the eastern pacific on march 14 dmsp f8 observed depletions somewhat similar to those detected by dmsp f9 large westward drifts accompanied the depletions detected by dmsp f8 it is quite probable that the morningside depletions detected on march 14 are remnants of those detected earlier by dmsp f9 in the evening sector we develop a phenomenological model reconciling dmsp f8 f9 and ground based measurements our calculations show that rapid upward drifts sustained for several hours can produce depletions in the equatorial ion density with sharp gradients at their high latitude boundaries consistent with the data we discuss possible contributing mechanisms for generating these upward drifts these include direct penetration of the magnetospheric electric field to low latitudes the electric fields generated by the disturbance dynamo and the effects of conductivity gradients near the dusk terminator and the south atlantic anomaly

field validation of thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity in the summer of 2015 a series of thermal tracer tests were conducted at the widen field site in northeast switzerland to validate travel time based thermal tracer tomography for reconstruction of aquifer heterogeneity repeated thermal tracer tests and distributed temperature observations were used to obtain a multisource multireceiver tomographic experimental setup after creating forced hydraulic gradient conditions heated water was injected as a pulse temperature signal via a double packer system with this solution long temperature recovery periods were not required between the repeated injections at the expense of smaller observed temperatures the recorded temperature breakthrough curves delivered a tomographic travel time data set that was inverted assuming advection dominated condition the obtained hydraulic conductivity tomogram for a small aquifer profile is validated with the results of the findings from previous field investigations at the same site the reconstructed profile confirms the presence of a thin sand layer with low permeability and reveals a previously unknown low permeable zone close to the bottom of the aquifer the inverted hydraulic conductivity values also correspond with those from previous tracer tests thus the results of this study demonstrate the potential of thermal tracer tomography for resolving structures and transport characteristics of heterogeneous aquifers

characterizing groundwater flow and heat transport in fractured rock using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing 1 we show how fully distributed space time measurements with fiber optic distributed temperature sensing fo dts can be used to investigate groundwater flow and heat transport in fractured media heat injection experiments are combined with temperature measurements along fiber optic cables installed in boreholes thermal dilution tests are shown to enable detection of cross flowing fractures and quantification of the cross flow rate a cross borehole thermal tracer test is then analyzed to identify fracture zones that are in hydraulic connection between boreholes and to estimate spatially distributed temperature breakthrough in each fracture zone this provides a significant improvement compared to classical tracer tests for which concentration data are usually integrated over the whole abstraction borehole however despite providing some complementary results we find that the main contributive fracture for heat transport is different to that for a solute tracer

radar and satellite global equatorial f region vertical drift model we present the first global empirical model for the quiet time f region equatorial vertical drifts based on combined incoherent scatter radar observations at jicamarca and ion drift meter observations on board the atmospheric explorer e satellite this analytical model based on products of cubic b splines and with nearly conservative electric fields describes the diurnal and seasonal variations of the equatorial vertical drifts for a continuous range of all longitudes and solar flux values our results indicate that during solar minimum the evening prereversal velocity enhancement exhibits only small longitudinal variations during equinox with amplitudes of about 15 20 m s is observed only in the american sector during december solstice with amplitudes of about 5 10 m s and is absent at all longitudes during june solstice the solar minimum evening reversal times are fairly independent of longitude except during december solstice during solar maximum the evening upward vertical drifts and reversal times exhibit large longitudinal variations particularly during the solstices in this case for a solar flux index of 180 the june solstice evening peak drifts maximize in the pacific region with drift amplitudes of up to 35 m s whereas the december solstice velocities maximize in the american sector with comparable magnitudes the equinoctial peak velocities vary between about 35 and 45 m s the morning reversal times and the daytime drifts exhibit only small variations with the phase of the solar cycle the daytime drifts have largest amplitudes between about 0900 and 1100 lt with typical values of 25 30 m s we also show that our model results are in good agreement with other equatorial ground based observations over india brazil and kwajalein

impact of oscillating imf bz during 17 march 2013 storm on the distribution of plasma over indian low latitude and mid latitude ionospheric regions we show evidence of a positive ionospheric storm occurring simultaneously at the equatorial low and mid latitude ionospheric regions in the indian sector in response to an intense geomagnetic storm on 17 march 2013 the storm had its onset time coinciding with the local noon an on site digisonde at trivandrum dip equator recorded a sharp decrease in the height of f region peak in the afternoon which is a signature of westward electric field associated with a cej coupled with it was a simultaneous increase in tec in the entire indian region the magnitude of increase in tec decreased slowly northward of the dip equator and had almost no change near the anomaly crest further northward of the anomaly crest the tec started increasing again and at shimla a mid latitude station it had a value close to 2 times its monthly mean we surmise that the westward electric field resulting from the cej pushed the f layer at the dip equator down to the altitude regions where recombination and diffusion played minimal roles no loss of plasma due to diffusion while photo production of ions was still taking place led to an enhancement in the electron density near the equatorial low latitude region the joule heating of the thermosphere on the other hand gave rise to the tads which pushed the plasma up in altitude at the equatorial anomaly region it supplemented the loss of plasma at the anomaly crest region resulting in no change in the tec and a marked increase in the tec in the mid latitude ionosphere

observation of ocean tides below the filchner and ronne ice shelves antarctica using synthetic aperture radar interferometry comparison with tide model predictions tides near and under floating glacial ice such as ice shelves and glacier termini in fjords can influence heat transport into the subice cavity mixing of the under ice water column and the calving and subsequent drift of icebergs free surface displacement patterns associated with ocean variability below glacial ice can be observed by differencing two synthetic aperture radar sar interferograms each of which represents the combination of the displacement patterns associated with the time varying vertical motion and the time independent lateral ice flow we present the pattern of net free surface displacement for the iceberg calving regions of the ronne and filchner ice shelves in the southern weddell sea by comparing sar based displacement fields with ocean tidal models the free surface displacement variability for these regions is found to be dominated by ocean tides the inverse barometer effect i e the ocean s isostatic response to changing atmospheric pressure also contributes to the observed vertical displacement the principal value of using sar interferometry in this manner lies in the very high lateral resolution tens of meters obtained over the large region covered by each sar image small features that are not well resolved by the typical grid spacing of ocean tidal models may contribute to such processes as iceberg calving and cross frontal ventilation of the ocean cavity under the ice shelf

use of cpt and other direct push methods for hydro stratigraphic aquifer characterization a field study every environmental site investigation aims at delineating near surface hydro stratigraphic units and their characterization to determine the type and hydraulic properties of sedimentary deposi

development of in aquifer heat testing for high resolution subsurface thermal storage capability characterisation the ongoing transition from fossil fuels to alternative energy source provision has resulted in increased geothermal uses as well as storage of the shallow subsurface existing approaches for exploration of shallow subsurface geothermal energy storage often lack the ability to provide information concerning the spatial variability of thermal storage parameters however parameter distributions have to be known to ensure that sustainable geothermal use of the shallow subsurface can take place especially when it is subject to intensive usage in this paper we test a temperature decay time approach to obtain in situ direct qualitative spatial high resolution information about the distribution of thermal storage capabilities of the shallow subsurface to achieve this temperature data from a high resolution fibre optic distributed temperature sensing device as well as data from conventional pt100 temperature sensors were collected during a heat injection test the latter test was used to measure the decay time of temperature signal dissipation of the subsurface signal generation was provided by in aquifer heating with a temperature self regulating electric heating cable heating was carried out for 4 5 days after this a cooling period of 1 5 weeks was observed temperature dissipation data was also compared to direct push derived high resolution hydro geological data the results show that besides hydraulic properties also the bedding and compaction state of the sediment have an impact on the thermal storage capability of the saturated subsurface the temperature decay time approach is therefore a reliable method for obtaining information regarding the qualitative heat storage capability of heterogeneous aquifers for the use with closed loop system geothermal storage systems furthermore this approach is advantageous over other commonly used methods e g soil sampling and laboratory analysis as even small changes in hydro geological properties lead to strong variances in observed heat storage capabilities at the investigated case study site by using fibre optic thermometers nearly every requested spatial resolution can be achieved and easily be adjusted to the needs of actual test sites for shallow geothermal storage exploration