morphology and environment of cold water coral carbonate mounds on the nw european margin cold water coral carbonate mounds owing their presence mainly to the framework building coral lophelia pertusa and the activity of associated organisms are common along the european margin with their spatial distribution allowing them to be divided into a number of mound provinces variation in mound attributes are explored via a series of case studies on mound provinces that have been the most intensely investigated belgica hovland pelagia logachev and norwegian mounds morphological variation between mound provinces is discussed under the premise that mound morphology is an expression of the environmental conditions under which mounds are initiated and grow cold water coral carbonate mounds can be divided into those exhibiting inherited morphologies where mound morphology reflects the morphology of the colonised features and developed morphology where the mounds assume their own gross morphology mainly reflecting dominant hydrodynamic controls finer scale surface morphological features mainly reflecting biological growth forms are also discussed

reefs of the deep the biology and geology of cold water coral ecosystems coral reefs are generally associated with shallow tropical seas however recent deep ocean exploration using advanced acoustics and submersibles has revealed unexpectedly widespread and diverse coral ecosystems in deep waters on continental shelves slopes seamounts and ridge systems around the world advances reviewed here include the use of corals as paleoclimatic archives and their biogeological functioning biodiversity and biogeography threats to these fragile long lived and rich ecosystems are mounting the impacts of deep water trawling are already widespread and effects of ocean acidification are potentially devastating

ferromanganese nodules and micro hardgrounds associated with the cadiz contourite channel ne atlantic palaeoenvironmental records of fluid venting and bottom currents abstract ferromanganese nodule fields and hardgrounds have recently been discovered in the cadiz contourite channel in the gulf of cadiz 850 1000 m this channel is part of a large contourite depositional system generated by the mediterranean outflow water ferromanganese deposits linked to contourites are interesting tools for palaeoenviromental studies and show an increasing economic interest as potential mineral resources for base and strategic metals we present a complete characterisation of these deposits based on submarine photographs and geophysical petrographic mineralogical and geochemical data the genesis and growth of ferromanganese deposits strongly enriched in fe vs mn av 39 vs 6 in this contourite depositional system result from the combination of hydrogenetic and diagenetic processes the interaction of the mediterranean outflow water with the continental margin has led to the formation of late pleistocene holocene ferromanganese mineral deposits in parallel to the evolution of the contourite depositional system triggered by climatic and tectonic events the diagenetic growth was fuelled by the anaerobic oxidation of thermogenic hydrocarbons 13 c pdb 20 to 37 and organic matter within the channel floor sediments promoting the formation of fe mn carbonate nodules high 87 sr 86 sr isotopic values up to 0 70993 0 00025 observed in the inner parts of nodules are related to the influence of radiogenic fluids fuelled by deep seated fluid venting across the fault systems in the diapirs below the cadiz contourite channel erosive action of the mediterranean outflow water undercurrent could have exhumed the fe mn carbonate nodules especially in the glacial periods when the lower core of the undercurrent was more active in the study area the growth rate determined by 230 th excess 232 th was 113 11 mm ma supporting the hypothesis that the growth of the nodules records palaeoenvironmental changes during the last 70 ka ca rich layers in the nodules could point to the interaction between the mediterranean outflow water and the north atlantic deep water during the heinrich events siderite rhodochrosite nodules exposed to the oxidising sea bottom waters were replaced by fe mn oxyhydroxides slow hydrogenetic growth of goethite from the seawaters is observed in the outermost parts of the exhumed nodules and hardgrounds which show imprints of the mediterranean outflow water with low 87 sr 86 sr isotopic values down to 0 70693 0 00081 we propose a new genetic and evolutionary model for ferromanganese oxide nodules derived from ferromanganese carbonate nodules formed on continental margins above the carbonate compensation depth and dominated by hydrocarbon seepage structures and strong erosive action of bottom currents we also compare and discuss the generation of ferromanganese deposits in the cadiz contourite channel with that in other locations and suggest that our model can be applied to ferromanganiferous deposits in other contouritic systems affected by fluid venting

ch 4 consuming microorganisms and the formation of carbonate crusts at cold seeps to understand the role played by microorganisms in the formation of cold seep carbonates we conducted an integrated microbial mineralogical and organic geochemical study of methane related authigenic carbonate crusts formed on eastern mediterranean mud volcanoes we show that supersaturation with respect to carbonate minerals is induced by microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane combined lipid biomarker analysis and 16s rrna gene surveys identified a highly diversified methane consuming archaeal community possibly comprising novel species implying that the anaerobic oxidation of methane is phylogenetically widespread and directly implicating these organisms in the process of crust precipitation moreover pore water sulphate gradients produced by co occurring methane based sulphate reduction exert the main control on aragonite versus magnesian calcite precipitation we propose that this may be the dominant mode of carbonate crust formation at cold seeps world wide in agreement with aquatic chemistry predictions and explaining carbonate mineralogy

mud volcanism in the gulf of cadiz results from the ttr 10 cruise a new deep water mud volcano field between 2000 and 3500 m water depth was discovered in the deep south portuguese margin as well as several new mud volcanoes in the south spanish and western moroccan margins of the gulf of cadiz during the ttr 10 training through research unesco ioc cruise in july august 2000 this work followed the discovery of a large mud volcano field in the gulf of cadiz first investigated during the ttr 9 cruise gardner 2001 geophys res lett 28 339 342 kenyon et al 2000 ioc technical series no 56 the discoveries were made based on a seamap side scan sonar mosaic and multibeam bathymetry seabeam collected in the area by the naval research laboratory nrl washington dc usa in 1992 kindly released for this purpose single channel seismics long range side scan sonar okean tv controlled grab hull mounted 3 5 khz profiler and coring were used to investigate several seafloor features observed on the side scan sonar imagery in the south iberia spanish and moroccan margins of the gulf of cadiz which were confirmed to be mud volcanoes the typical structures related to fluid venting in the gulf of cadiz are essentially represented by conical mud volcanoes with diameters ranging from several tens of meters to 4 km and heights that can reach 200 m some of these structures appear to be aligned along major conjugate ne sw and nw se trending faults that can be identified on the side scan sonar imagery the new field discovered in the south portuguese margin is the deepest in the gulf of cadiz area and includes three new mud volcanoes bonjardim olenin and carlos ribeiro which seem to be quite active with near surface gas hydrate occurrence and a high saturation in h2s and hydrocarbon gases mainly methane in the mud breccia and overlying pelagic sediments gas hydrates were recovered from the bonjardim mud volcano an intensely gassified mud breccia with one fragment of semi consolidated claystone with a thin bituminous veneer at the surface was recovered from the carlos ribeiro mud volcano the fauna recovered consists mainly of pogonophoran worms belonging to several species and undetermined species of foraminifera three new mud volcanoes were also discovered in the nw moroccan margin rabat student and jesus baraza these show a richer fauna that includes several species of molluscs polychaetes pogonophoran worms crustaceans echinoderms and some fragments of dead coral madrepora and lophelia carbonate crusts were recovered from the student mud volcano the ginsburg mud volcano discovered during the previous ttr 9 cruise was revisited and gas hydrates recovered once again a new mud volcano was also discovered in the spanish margin tasyo where evidence was found of coral build ups on the hard substratum of the mud volcanic edifice

microbial methane turnover at mud volcanoes of the gulf of cadiz the gulf of cadiz is a tectonically active area of the european continental margin and characterised by a high abundance of mud volcanoes diapirs pockmarks and carbonate chimneys during the r v sonne expedition gap gibraltar arc processes so 175 in december 2003 several mud volcanoes were surveyed for gas seepage and associated microbial methane turnover pore water analyses and methane oxidation measurements on sediment cores recovered from the centres of the mud volcanoes captain arutyunov bonjardim ginsburg gemini and a newly discovered mud volcano like structure called no name show that thermogenic methane and associated higher hydrocarbons rising from deeper sediment strata are completely consumed within the seabed the presence of a distinct sulphate methane transition zone smt overlapping with high sulphide concentrations suggests that methane oxidation is mediated under anaerobic conditions with sulphate as the electron acceptor anaerobic oxidation of methane aom and sulphate reduction sr rates show maxima at the smt which was found between 20 and 200 cm below seafloor at the different mud volcanoes in comparison to other methane seeps aom activity 383 mmol m 2 year 1 and diffusive methane fluxes 321 mmol m 2 year 1 in mud volcano sediments of the gulf of cadiz are low to mid range corresponding lipid biomarker and 16s rdna clone library analysis give evidence that aom is mediated by a mixed community of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea and associated sulphate reducing bacteria srb in the studied mud volcanoes little is known about the variability of methane fluxes in this environment carbonate crusts littering the seafloor of mud volcanoes in the northern part of the gulf of cadiz had strongly 13c depleted lipid signatures indicative of higher seepage activities in the past however actual seafloor video observations showed only scarce traces of methane seepage and associated biological processes at the seafloor no active fluid or free gas escape to the hydrosphere was observed visually at any of the surveyed mud volcanoes and biogeochemical measurements indicate a complete methane consumption in the seafloor our observations suggest that the emission of methane to the hydrosphere from the mud volcano structures studied here may be insignificant at present

carbonate mounds from paradox to world heritage the recent marine carbonate world comprises two major compartments 1 the surface domain of the photozoan carbonates confined in space by water depth and by the penetration of light and 2 a deep domain where heterozoan mound builder guilds directly forage on fluxes of nutrients which primarily percolate from the photic zone and or are generated by in situ benthic processes locally giant cold water coral mounds tower up to heights of 150 to 250 m above the sea floor in general between 500 and 1300 m water depth and within sharply delineated provinces some 15 years of research on these giant mound provinces conveys a picture of their distribution in space and possibly sheds light on controls acting in concert globally there is no counterpart for the prolific north atlantic mound basin namb a chemical control is seen by an overlay of the mound provinces on a map of the aragonite saturation horizon ash an external physical control is inferred fromthe position of themound provinces girdling a vigorous north atlantic subtropical gyre systemand clustering close to the roof of the intermediate to deep water masses of a dynamically stratified ocean on the eastern boundary of the namb nutrient fluxes are enhanced by mixing processes driven either by internal waves between galicia and the shetlands or by the vast and heterogeneous eastern boundary upwelling system along the iberian african margins down to 10 n early diagenesis by carbonate dissolution and re precipitation driven by convecting or advecting internal fluids can contribute to stabilize such constructions facilitating an exuberant vertical accretion it is speculated that in thenorth atlantic ocean the deep water carbonate factory outclasses in size the shallow water coral reefs giant mound formation is a recurrent play of life since the dawn of the metazoans nama group upper neoproterozoic however with actors and plots varying from act to act remarkably literature reports only three occurrences of deep water mounds in the phanerozoic the modern ocean possibly the danian and the carboniferous some striking parallelisms in the development of the atlantic and the paleo tethys oceans combined with the developing insights in the controls on deep watermounds in the present ocean invite for a comparative study this has the potential to eventually shed light on the full circulation pattern of the paleo tethys ocean surface and deep comparative studies will build upon 1 modeling of ocean circulation constrained by the record of deep water carbonate systems and supported by advances in tracer and proxy tools and 2 field studies on representative and accessible continental locations the mound route that develops in morocco under the auspices of ioc unesco will provide tomulti disciplinary teams with marine and continental experience opportunities for confronting observations from the modern ocean and on key records of past oceanic basins it has the potential to eventually qualify for a unesco recognition as world heritage

cold water coral mounds on the pen duick escarpment gulf of cadiz the microsystems project approach here we present a case study of three cold water coral mounds in a juvenile growth stage on top of the pen duick escarpment in the gulf of cadiz alpha beta and gamma mounds although cold water corals are a common feature on the adjacent cliffs mud volcanoes and open slope no actual living cold water coral has been observed this multidisciplinary and integrated study comprises geophysical sedimentological and bio geochemical data and aims to present a holistic view on the interaction of both environmental and geological drivers in cold water coral mound development in the gulf of cadiz coring data evidences past or present methane seepage near the pen duick escarpment several sources and pathways are proposed among which a stratigraphic migration through uplifted miocene series underneath the escarpment the dominant morphology of the escarpment has influenced the local hydrodynamics within the course of the pliocene as documented by the emplacement of a sediment drift predominantly during post middle pleistocene glacial episodes favourable conditions were present for mound growth an additional advantage for mound formation near the top of pen duick escarpment is presented by seepage related carbonate crusts which might have offered a suitable substrate for coral settling the spatially and temporally variable character and burial stage of the observed open reef frameworks formed by cold water coral rubble provides a possible model for the transition from cold water coral reef patches towards juvenile mound these rubble graveyards not only act as sediment trap but also as micro habitat for a wide range of organisms the presence of a fluctuating sulphate methane transition zone has an important effect on early diagenetic processes affecting both geochemical and physical characteristics transforming the buried reef into a solid mound nevertheless the responsible seepage fluxes seem to be locally variable as such the origin and evolution of the cold water coral mounds on top of the pen duick escarpment is probably more than any other ne atlantic cold water coral mound province located on the crossroads of environmental hydrodynamic and geological seepage pathways

seabed morphology and hydrocarbon seepage in the gulf of cadiz mud volcano area acoustic imagery multibeam and ultra high resolution seismic data abstract extensive mud volcanism mud diapirism and carbonate chimneys related to hydrocarbon rich fluid venting are observed throughout the spanish portuguese margin of the gulf of cadiz all the mud volcanoes and diapirs addressed in this paper lie in the region of olistostrome accretionary complex units which were emplaced in the late miocene in response to nw directed convergence between the african and eurasian plates the study area was investigated by multibeam echo sounder high and ultra high resolution seismic profiling dredging and coring the structures observed on multibeam bathymetry at water depths between 500 and 1300 m are dominated by elongate mud ridges mud cones mud volcanoes and crater like collapse structures ranging in relief from 50 to 300 m and size from 0 8 to 2 km in diameter the main morphotectonic features named the guadalquivir diapiric ridge gdr and the cadiz diapiric ridge cdr are longitudinally shaped diapirs which trend ne sw and consist of lower middle miocene plastic marly clays the gdr field and the tasyo field which consist of mud volcanoes and extensive fluid venting related to diapiric ridge development are described in this paper the gdr field is characterised by numerous single sub circular mud volcanoes and mud cones the single mud volcanoes are cone shaped features with relatively gentle slopes of 3 6 consisting of several generations of mud breccia deposition with indications of gas saturation degassing structures and the presence of h2s the mud cones have asymmetric profiles with steep slopes of up to 25 and contain large surficial deposits of hydrocarbon derived carbonate chimneys and slabs the tasyo field is characterised by an extensive concentration of small sub circular depressions oval and multi cone mud volcanoes and large sediment slides mud volcanoes in this area are characterised by moderate slopes 8 12 have bathymetric relief ranging from 100 to 190 m and consist of sulphide rich mud breccia calcite chimneys carbonate crusts and chemosynthetic fauna pogonophora tube worms we propose that all these hydrocarbon seepage structures are related to lateral compressional stress generated at the front of the olistostromic accretionary wedge this stress results in the uplifting and squeezing plastic marly clay deposits additionally the compressional stress at the toe of the olistostrome forms overpressurised compartments which provide avenues for hydrocarbon enriched fluids to migrate

structure and evolution of the olistostrome complex of the gibraltar arc in the gulf of cadiz eastern central atlantic evidence from two long seismic cross sections reflection profiles characterize the structure and the upper mesozoic to cenozoic deposits of the gulf of ca diz region two long ene wsw multichannel seismic lines ca 400 500 km long are analyzed to study the evolution of the area from the continental shelf to the horseshoe and seine abyssal plains the huge allochthonous deposits emplaced in this region the socalled olistostrome of the gulf of cadiz are described in terms of three different domains on the basis of the seismic architecture the main tectonic features and the nature of the basement oceanic or continental the eastern domain extends along the continental shelf and upper and middle slope and corresponds to the offshore extension of the betic rifean external front it is characterized by salt and shale nappes later affected by extensional collapses the central domain develops along the lower slope between the betic rifean front and the abyssal plains and is characterized by a change in dip of the allochthonous basal surface and the basement the allochthonous masses were emplaced by a combined gravitational and tectonic mechanism the northern boundary of this domain is marked by the occurrence of an outstanding wnw ese trending thrust fault with a strike slip component termed here as the gorringe horseshoe fault the westernmost domain corresponds to the abyssal plains where the distal emplacement of the allochthonous body takes place it is characterized by thrust faults affecting both the sedimentary cover and the oceanic basement the allochthonous masses show a less chaotic character and the thickness decreases notably these domains represent different evolutionary steps in the mechanisms of emplacement of the allochthonous units the eastern domain of the allochthonous units was emplaced as part of the pre messinian orogenic wedge related to the collision that gave rise to the betic rifean belt whereas the allochthonous wedge of the central and western domains were emplaced later as a consequence of the ne sw late miocene compression that continues in present times

the cadiz margin study off spain an introduction abstract the cadiz continental margin of the northeastern gulf of cadiz off spain was selected for a multidisciplinary project because of the interplay of complex tectonic history between the iberian and african plates sediment supply from multiple sources and unique mediterranean gateway inflow and outflow currents the nature of this complex margin particularly during the last 5 million years was investigated with emphasis on tectonic history stratigraphic sequences marine circulation contourite depositional facies geotechnical properties geologic hazards and human influences such as dispersal of river contaminants this study provides an integrated view of the tectonic sediment supply and oceanographic factors that control depositional processes and growth patterns of the cadiz and similar modern and ancient continental margins

metamorphic origin of the coeur d alene base and precious metal veins in the belt basin idaho and montana fluid inclusions geochronology and field studies show that the world class base and precious metal veins of the coeur d alene district idaho and montana are the product of deformation coupled with regional metamorphism of the belt basin around 850 ma fluid inclusion data show that the mineralizing solutions were complex co2 ch4 cnhm n2 h2o nacl fluids that changed in composition from ch4 cnhm rich fluids in the older zn rich veins to co2 rich fluids in the younger ag rich veins ore deposition occurred at about 250 to 350 c and at pressures in excess of 1 kbar

anaerobic oxidation of methane in a cold water coral carbonate mound from the gulf of cadiz the gulf of cadiz is an area of mud volcanism and gas venting through the seafloor in addition several cold water coral carbonate mounds have been discovered at the pen duick escarpment amidst the el arraiche mud volcano field on the moroccan margin one of these mounds named alpha mound has been studied to examine the impact of the presence of methane on pore water geochemistry potential sulphate reduction sr rate and dissolved inorganic carbon dic budget of the mound in comparison with off mound and off escarpment locations pore water profiles of sulphate sulphide methane and dic from the on mound location showed the presence of a sulphate to methane transition zone at 350 cm below the sea floor this was well correlated with an increase in sr activity 13c depleted dic at the transition zone 21 9 vs vienna pee dee belemnite indicated that microbial methane oxidation significantly contribute to the dic budget of the mound the alpha mound thus represents a new carbonate mound type where the presence and anaerobic oxidation of methane has an important imprint on both geochemistry and dic isotopic signature and budget of this carbonate mound

comment and reply on porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers sanford and konikow 1989a in comparing their numerical model of coastal carbonate aquifers to the yucatan peninsula concluded that the model results were in general agreement with the rates of dissolution estimated by hanshaw and back 1980 the agreement may be fortuitous because the location of the steady state mixing zone predicted by the model is a poor representation of the actual mixing zone observed between playa del carmen and tulum which is the most intensively studied part of the coastal aquifer sanford and konikow s model predicts that the 50 isoline for mixing of fresh water and seawater will be at a depth of 100 m at a position 650 m inland from the coast the halocline has been observed by cave divers at a depth of 18 m in a cave located 11 km inland from the coast on the basis of the haloclines in several caves the layer of lower

methane emission from the mud volcanoes of sicily italy 1 mud volcanoes represent the largest expression of natural methane release into the atmosphere however the gas flux has never been investigated in detail methane output from vents and diffuse soil degassing is herewith reported for the first time measurements were carried out at 5 mud volcano fields around sicily italy each mud volcano is characterized by tens of vents and bubbling pools in the quiescent phase methane emission from single vents ranges between 0 01 and 6 8 kg day diffuse soil leakage around the vents is in the order of 102 104 mg m 2 d 1 an exceptional flux of 106 mg m 2 d 1 was recorded close to an everlasting fire soil ch4 flux is positive even at large distances from the mud volcano fields suggesting a diffuse microseepage over wider areas a total of at least 400 tons ch4 per year can be estimated over the area investigated alone 1 5 km2

implications structurales et paleogeographiques de la presence de messinien a l ouest de gibraltar structural and paleogeographical implications of the existence of messinian layers west of gibraltar abstract a core sampled west of gibraltar shows at its base lower messinian sediments typical of the mediterranean area and at its top pleistocene sediments of atlantic type these observations lead us to consider the existence of a basin west of gibraltar which would have been isolated from the atlantic during the upper miocene though still communicating with the mediterranean through a south rifan strait the isolation of this basin during the messinian would be the result of the creation of a south iberian spur made up of the series folded during miocene events between the moroccan and iberian margins at about 9 w

seismo acoustic analysis of the buncefield oil depot explosion in the uk 2005 december 11 summary a massive vapour cloud explosion occurred at the buncefield fuel depot near hemel hempstead uk in the morning of 2005 december 11 the explosion was the result of an overflow from one of the storage tanks with the release of over 300 tons of petrol and generating a vapour cloud that spread over an area of 80 000 m2 before being ignited considerable damage was caused in the vicinity of the explosion and a total of 43 people were injured the explosion was detected by seismograph stations in the uk and the netherlands and by infrasound arrays in the netherlands we analysed the seismic recordings to determine the origin time of 06 01 31 45 0 5 s utc from p wave arrival times uncertainties in determination of origin time from acoustic arrival times alone were less than 10 s amplitudes of p lg and primary acoustic waves were measured to derive decay relationships as function of distance from the seismic amplitudes we estimated a yield of 2 10 tons equivalent to a buried explosion most seismic stations recorded primary and secondary acoustic waves we used atmospheric ray tracing to identify the various travel paths which depend on temperature and wind speed as function of altitude leading to directional variation refracted waves were observed from the troposphere stratosphere and thermosphere with a good match between observed and calculated traveltimes the various wave types were also identified through array processing which provides backazimuth and slowness of recordings from an infrasound array in the netherlands the amplitude of stratospheric refracted acoustic waves recorded by the array microbarometers was used to estimate a yield of 21 6 5 tons tnt equivalent we have demonstrated through joint seismo acoustic analysis of the explosion that both the seismic velocity model and the atmospheric model are sufficient to explain the observed traveltimes

fault associated seabed mounds carbonate knolls off western ireland and north west australia abstract groups of seabed mounds suspected to be modern carbonate knolls or bioherms have been located on reflection seismic data in the porcupine basin off western ireland and in the vulcan sub basin off north west australia the size of these mounds is impressive often being over 1 km across and over 100 m high in the porcupine basin they occur in water depths of 650 1000 m whereas in the vulcan sub basin they occur in water depths of 200 350 m shallow seabed coring in the porcupine basin has provided data on the age lithological composition and hydrocarbon concentrations in the upper 3 m layer of sediment both on and off the mounds in both basins the mounds occur close to faults which may provide conduits for upward migrating hydrocarbons the seepage of hydrocarbons is suspected to have caused local eutrophication or fertilization by providing nutrients to bacteria which in turn are part of the food chain for higher organisms the dominant organism in the porcupine basin examples appears to be the deep water coral lophelia sp whereas in the vulcan sub basin the mounds appear to be halimeda dominated

the mediterranean ridge a mass balance across the fastest growing accretionary complex on earth depth migration of seismic reflection profiles across the mediterranean ridge accretionary complex between the african and eurasian blocks illustrates profound variations in the geometry and internal structure along strike structural interpretations of four cross sections together with bathymetric and acoustic surface information and drilling data are used to volumetrically balance the amount of subduction versus accretion with time results suggest the existence of three distinct scenarios with a jump in decollement in the west intense backthrusting in the central part between libya and crete and transcurrent tectonism in the east the onset of accretion coincides with exhumation of thrust sheets 19 ma followed by rapid sediment accretion with thick evaporite bearing incoming successions facilitating outward growth of the wedge the minimum rate of accretion 20 25 of the total sediment supply is observed in the central portion where the ridge suffers maximum deformation here the indenting leading edge of the african plate apparently forces the sediment into subduction or local underplating in contrast an estimated 40 60 of the available sedimentary input was accreted in the western domain where collision is less accentuated the results support the hypothesis that highly destructive forearc collisional events like slab break off and exhumation of thrust sheets can be followed by periods of accretion and continuous growth of accretionary wedges

microbial community composition and biogeochemical processes in cold water coral carbonate mounds in the gulf of cadiz on the moroccan margin abstract this study reports on the microbial community composition of bacteria and archaea in a cluster of carbonate mounds located in the gulf of cadiz on the moroccan margin at water depths between 500 and 600 m amidst a field of mud volcanoes although nearly no live corals were observed on the mound surfaces gravity cores examined from both alpha and beta mound md 169 microsystems cruise cores md08 3218 and md08 3214 respectively display a high number of cold water coral fragments scleractinians throughout the cores molecular techniques using taxonomic 16s rrna gene pcr dgge and functional mcra and dsrab gene markers were applied to assess prokaryotic diversity this was compared with the distribution of total cell counts and a novel approach of atp activity measurements to identify microbial activity hot spots during core sub sampling despite broad similarities in the prokaryotic community at the two sites some differences were observed at specific depth intervals in correlation with differences in atp activity alpha and beta mound showed evidence for the presence of a shallow sulfate methane transition zone smtz with increased sulfate reduction rates indicating the presence of microbially mediated anaerobic oxidation of methane aom the key marker gene for methanotrophy and methanogenesis mcra was only found at alpha mound within the smtz where aom is occurring in contrast sulfate reducing prokaryotes dsrab were identified in cores from both mounds but at different depths correlating with increased atp activity and sr rates this study demonstrates that the cold water coral carbonate mounds of the pen duick escarpment host a diverse and metabolically active prokaryotic population although it remains unclear to what extent prokaryotes are important for the initiation of a cold water coral carbonate mound our results provide some evidence that microbes may play a role in the cementation of the mound sediment through microbially induced carbonate precipitation and thereby help preserve the mound structure

carbonate mounds in a mud volcano province off north west morocco key to processes and controls abstract this paper presents a new cluster of carbonate mounds discovered in 2002 in the gulf of cadiz off morocco r v belgica 2002 in water depths of 500 to 600 m amidst a field of giant mud volcanoes multibeam bathymetry side scan sonar imagery and 2d seismics are analyzed to present four mound provinces 1 the pen duick mound province on the pen duick escarpment 2 the renard mound province on the renard ridge 3 the vernadsky mound province on the vernadsky ridge and the al idrisi mound province on the gas blanked sediments above the buried al idrisi ridge video imagery and surface samples are described to ground truth the different mound areas the paradox is that nearly no live corals are presently being observed at the surface of the mounds while the mound cores display throughout a high number of reef forming cold water coral fragments scleractinians in association with numerous associated fauna formerly inhabiting the econiches provided by the coral framework environmental and oceanographic conditions during the recent past glacials stadials were probably more favourable for cold water coral growth pore water analyses in on mound cores at the south eastern edge of pen duick escarpment give evidence of focused higher methane fluxes and sulphate reduction rates on mounds than in the surrounding sediments cores from several mounds display horizons of strong corrosion and dissolution of the coral fragments a three phase model for carbonate mound evolution in these settings is proposed 1 in a first stage external controls positive oceanographic and environmental conditions the presence of an active planktonic food chain based on a high primary production and a suitable substrate are responsible for the initiation of cold water coral growth 2 once the cold water corals established an initial framework sedimentation becomes an important factor controlling mound growth the cold water corals baffle the sediments 3 throughout mound growth the mound may episodically be affected by diagenetic processes responsible for aragonite dissolution and probably carbonate precipitation

carbonate budget of a cold water coral carbonate mound propeller mound porcupine seabight high resolution studies from the propeller mound a cold water coral carbonate mound in the ne atlantic show that this mound consists of 50 carbonate justifying the name carbonate mound through the last 300 000 years approximately one third of the carbonate has been contributed by cold water corals namely lophelia pertusa and madrepora oculata this coral bound contribution to the carbonate budget of propeller mound is probably accompanied by an unknown portion of sediments buffered from suspension by the corals however extended hiatuses in propeller mound sequences only allow the calculation of a net carbonate accumulation thus net carbonate accumulation for the last 175 kyr accounts for only 0 3 g cm2 kyr which is even less than for the off mound sediments these data imply that propeller mound faces burial by hemipelagic sediments as has happened to numerous buried carbonate mounds found slightly to the north of the investigated area

nucleation of calcium carbonate on bacterial nanoglobules nucleation of calcium carbonate on microbial cell material may have been the dominant mode of microbial carbonate formation during most of earth s history current knowledge predicts that nucleation takes place on the cell surface or on extracellular polymeric substances however the initial nucleation steps have not been described in detail and the process remains elusive here we describe the bacterial nucleation of calcium carbonate at the nanometer scale in our precipitation experiment with sulfate reducing bacteria srb the bulk of calcium carbonate precipitates on hundreds of individual globules 60 200 nm in diameter globules originate from the srb cell surface but calcify significantly only when released to the culture medium similar globules have been observed albeit at a much larger scale in other bacterial precipitation experiments and in many natural microbial carbonates suggesting that the process we describe could be an important step in microbial calcification

cold water corals are they hydrocarbon seep related numerous cold water ahermatypic coral reefs so called lophelia reefs up to 30m high 150m wide and 400m long occur at waterdepths from 100 to 350 m off mid norway after the discovery of relatively high interstitial methane concentrations 204 ppb in sediments collected at the base of one of these reef structures a causative link between the presence of the reefs and local micro seepage through seabed of light hydrocarbons is here suggested shallow seismic records gathered across this and other reef colonies off mid norway also indicate the existence of gas charged sediments below the reefs

carbonate formation by anaerobic oxidation of methane evidence from lipid biomarker and fossil 16s rdna carbonate chimneys and other carbonate structures occur widespread in the gulf of cadiz and probably reflect the presence of cold seeps and associated release of methane in the geological past possibly in the early pleistocene but it is unclear under what conditions and by which processes these carbonates were formed we studied a fossil methane related carbonate crust collected from the kidd mud volcano in the gulf concentrations of microbial lipids their stable carbon isotope composition sequences of fossil 16s rrna genes of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea in combination with mineralogical and carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate were obtained for seven different horizons of the crust this combination of organic and inorganic geochemical techniques with molecular ecological methods gave a consistent view on processes resulting in the formation of the crust and indicated that it took place in two phases and in a downward direction archaeal lipid biomarkers and fossil 16s rrna gene sequence data revealed the dominance of archaeal anme 2 group and elevated methane partial pressures during the formation of the top part of the crust the lower part of the carbonate was likely formed in an environment with reduced methane fluxes as revealed by the dominance of fossil remains of anme 1 archaea the combination of these methods can be used as an effective tool to reconstruct in unprecedented detail the palaeo biogeochemical processes resulting in the formation of carbonate fabrics this interdisciplinary strategy may also be applied for other fossil methane derived carbonates generating new concepts and knowledge about past methane related carbonate systems

molecular and carbon isotopic variability of hydrocarbon gases from mud volcanoes in the gulf of cadiz ne atlantic investigations of molecular and carbon isotopic variability of hydrocarbon gases from methane through butanes pentanes have been performed on six mud volcanoes from two fluid venting provinces located in the gulf of cadiz ne atlantic the main aims were to define the basic gas types to describe their geochemical characteristics in relationship to their sources and to determine the secondary effects due to migration mixing and microbial alteration hydrocarbon gas data reveal two groups of gases despite the different maturation characteristics both gas groups are allochthonous to the erupted mud breccia and represent a complex of redeposited secondary migrated mixed and microbially altered hydrocarbons it may possibly imply the presence of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep subsurface of the gulf of cadiz

environmental changes and growth history of a cold water carbonate mound propeller mound porcupine seabight on and off mound sediment cores from propeller mound hovland mound province porcupine seabight were analysed to understand better the evolution of a carbonate mound the evaluation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the off mound position helps to determine the changes of the environmental controls on propeller mound in glacial and interglacial times two different assemblages describe the holocene and marine isotope stage mis 2 and late mis 3 31 kyr bp the different assemblages are related to changes in oceanographic conditions surface productivity and the waxing and waning of the british irish ice sheet biis during the last glacial stages the interglacial assemblage is related to a higher supply of organic material and stronger current intensities in water depth of recent coral growth during the last glaciation the benthic faunas showed high abundances of cassidulinid species implying cold bottom waters and a reduced availability of organic matter high sedimentation rates and the domination of elphidium excavatum point to shelf erosion related to sea level lowering 50 m and the progradation of the biis onto the shelf a different assemblage described for the on mound core is dominated by discanomalina coronata gavelinopsis translucens planulina ariminensis cibicides lobatulus and to a lower degree by hyrrokkin sarcophaga these species are only found or show significantly higher relative abundances in on mound samples and their maximum contribution in the lower part of the record indicates a higher coral growth density on propeller mound in an earlier period they are less abundant during the holocene however this dataset portrays the boundary conditions of the habitable range for the cold water coral lophelia pertusa which dominates the deep water reefal ecosystem on the upper flanks of propeller mound the growth of this ecosystem occurs during interglacial and interstadial periods whereas a retreat of corals is documented in the absence of glacial sediments on mound glacial conditions with cold intermediate waters a weak current regime and high sedimentation rates provide an unfavourable environmental setting for lophelia corals to grow a late pleistocene decrease is observed in the mound growth for propeller mound which might face its complete burial in the future as it already happened to the buried mounds of the magellan mound province further north

the el arraiche mud volcano field at the moroccan atlantic slope gulf of cadiz the el arraiche field is a new mud volcano field discovered near the moroccan shelf edge in the gulf of cadiz that consists of 8 mud volcanoes in water depths from 200 to 700 m the largest mud volcano in the field al idrissi mud volcano is 255 m high and 5 4 km wide the cluster was discovered during a survey with the rv belgica and studied further during leg 2 of the ttr 12 survey onboard the r v prof logachev the 2002 surveys yielded detailed multibeam bathymetry over a 700 km 2 study area dense grids of high resolution seismic data deep tow sub bottom profiles sidescan sonar mosaics over the major structures selected video imagery lines video guided grab samples dredge samples gravity cores and box cores were collected for groundtruthing purposes eight mud volcanoes in water depths from 200 to 700 m cluster around two sub parallel anticlines and associated active extensional faults rock clasts and regional seismic data locate the el arraiche field over a late miocene pliocene extensional basin the onset of mud volcanic activity is estimated at about 2 4 ma and probably roots in the cretaceous miocene accretionary wedge stacked outflows are visible up to a depth of about 500 m below the sea floor the occurrence of long lived mud volcanoes bear witness to continued overpressure generation at depth either by in situ oil and gas generation or by focussed flow and accumulation in the area geochemical analyses of pore water from cores demonstrate the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbon processes the activity of the mud volcanoes is indicated by the thickness of hemi pelagic sediments covering extruded mud breccia the

methane rich fluid inclusions in the proterozoic zn pb ag deposit at dugald river nw queensland potential as an exploration guide abstract calculated isochores determined from microthermometry and laser raman microprobe analysis for ch 4 inclusions hosted in quartz grains from 3 different ore types in the dugald river zn pb ag deposit yield fluid trapping p t conditions of 300 350 c and 0 8 2 3 kbar for post depositional metamorphic conditions of sulfide mineralization the consistent relationship between fluid composition and metamorphic grade of the host rocks suggests that ch 4 has been formed by reaction of graphite with aqueous fluids during metamorphic retrogression even though fluids responsible for mineralization are generally similar to those for barren quartz veins in chemistry and microthermometry the substantial contents of ch 4 and co 2 in the dugald river lode inclusions contrast sharply with co 2 alone in barren vein inclusions the presence of ch 4 rich inclusions in the mineralization at dugald river and other similar deposits and their absence in the barren veins in a regional context can be regarded as a possible exploration guide for defining target areas hosting mineralization of this style

vast fields of hydrocarbon derived carbonate chimneys related to the accretionary wedge olistostrome of the gulf of cadiz we report the first discovery and sampling of vast fields of hydrocarbon derived carbonate chimneys along the gulf of cadiz continental slope at depths between 500 and 1200 m a large variety of carbonate chimneys more than 200 samples were recovered from four different areas named the diasom tasyo gbf guadalquivir basin and esf east moroccan fields observations from an underwater camera revealed a spectacular high density of pipe like chimneys some of them longer than 2 m lying over the sea floor and some protruding from muddy sediment local fissures and alignment of isolated chimneys were also observed suggesting that their distribution is controlled by fault planes chimneys collected show a wide range of morphological types spiral cylindrical conical mushroom like and mounded with numerous nodule protuberances and ramified fluid channelways the chimneys are mainly composed of authigenic carbonates ankerite fe bearing dolomite and calcite with abundance of iron oxides forming agglomerates of pseudo pyrite framboids n 18 o isotopic values vary from 0 7 to 5 5x whereas n 13 c values indicate that chimney carbonates are moderately depleted in 13 c ranging from 346x to 320x pdb interpreted as formed from a mixture of deep thermogenic hydrocarbons and shallow biogenic methane these vast fields of carbonate chimneys imply new considerations on the importance of hydrocarbon fluid venting in the gulf of cadiz and moreover on the active role of the olistostrome accretionary wedge of the gibraltar arc b 2003 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

seafloor expression of sediment extrusion and intrusion at the el arraiche mud volcano field gulf of cadiz 1 the el arraiche mud volcano field consists of eight mud volcanoes up to 255 m high and 5 4 km wide located in the moroccan margin of the gulf of cadiz at water depths between 700 and 200 m available data include detailed swath bathymetry over the entire area dense grids of high resolution seismic data very high resolution deep tow subbottom profiles side scan sonar mosaics over the major structures selected underwater video lines and sediment samples the main morphological aspects of the mud volcanoes are from the margin toward the center a subsidence rim or moat the mud volcano slope in some cases a deep crater and a recent central mud dome at the top the slope is characterized by radial outward sediment flow deposits or by a concentric pattern of terraces and steps the sediment flow deposits can be divided into elongate outflows that accumulate at the base of the slope and short bulky outflow deposits that freeze on the steep slope the crater hosts extruded sediment ranging from fluidized sand to mud breccia with centimeter to meter sized rock clasts issued from several vents within the crater the concentric slope terraces and the central mud dome are interpreted to result from several phases of uplift caused by sediment intrusion or shallow diapirism the mud volcano growth is thus interpreted to result from a combination of extrusive and intrusive processes

graphite ch4 h2o co2 equilibria at low grade metamorphic conditions equilibrium calculations and published phase equilibria are used to show that at temperatures below 400 c and pressures above 300 bar the fluids coexisting with graphite in the c o h system consist either of co2 h2o mixtures or ch4 h2o mixtures bulk fluid compositions consisting of ch4 h2o will unmix to methane rich fluid and h2o rich liquid at temperatures below about 325 c compositions on the co2 h2o join will unmix only at temperatures below about 275 c oxygen fugacity in the ch4 h2o graphite three phase region is fixed at constant p and t and approximately equal to that of the quartz magnetite fayalite assemblage in the co2 h2o graphite three phase region oxygen fugacity is about three orders of magnitude greater from the end stages of diagenesis to temperatures of 300 c and possibly 400 c in salt rich systems many metamorphic rocks may contain ch4 h2o fluids rather than co2 h2o mixtures thus metamorphic reactions involving carbonate minerals would involve ch4 graphite and h2o rather than co2 the immiscibility between ch4 and h2o could result in the common occurrence of methane natural gas in low grade metamorphic terrains

methane derived carbonates and authigenic pyrite from the northwestern black sea abstract methane seeps in the northwestern black sea are accompanied by carbonate and pyrite precipitates sediments were sampled at locations on the romanian 120 m depth and ukrainian 180 200 m depth shelf and slope layered carbonate crusts are formed of i carbonate cemented siliciclastic sediment containing dreissenoid bivalves ii microcrystalline high mg calcite or aragonite and iii aragonitic cement the dreissena sediment is subrecent and was deposited during the freshwater phase of the black sea it has been affected by seepage of methane rich fluids which induced intergranular precipitation of authigenic carbonates the microcrystalline carbonates exhibit an intense autofluorescence high mg calcite contains 11 14 mol mgco3 the aragonitic cement 8300 9500 ppm sr forms either isopachous layers or botryoids microbial filaments about 10 20 m in diameter and up to 900 m in length are preserved within and on carbonate crusts the carbonates are depleted in 13c microcrystalline carbonate ranges from 27 to 41 pdb and botryoidal aragonite ranges from 26 to 38 pdb the 13c depletion indicates that the carbonates predominantly derive from the microbial oxidation of methane carbonate deposits do not project up into the oxic water column they are restricted to the anoxic water column and to anoxic sediments revealing the crucial role of anaerobic methane oxidation for carbonate precipitation 14c contents give apparent radiocarbon ages of 20 640 180 a bp for a sample of botryoidal aragonite and 19 110 180 a bp for a sample of microcrystalline carbonate compatible with minimum ages of carbon derived from a fossil hydrocarbon source the 18o values of methane derived carbonates show a narrow range from 1 2 to 0 2 pdb 87sr 86sr ratios of microcrystalline carbonate mean 0 70927 and aragonitic cement mean 0 70918 are indistinguishable from ambient seawater mean 0 70917 and thus indicate a shallow sr source higher 87sr 86sr ratios of the dreissena sediment mean 0 71005 are probably caused by sr derived from detrital mica carbonates are accompanied by blocks and crusts composed of pyrite the framboidal sulphide exhibits a palisade like fabric with framboids arranged to parallel pillars sulphur isotopic ratios 34s ranging from 16 8 to 19 7 cdt indicate that the sulphur derives not from the 34s depleted h2s of the water column or the uppermost sediment layers most likely pyrite formed in the lacustrine sediments after the first incursion of mediterranean seawater

do norwegian deep water coral reefs rely on seeping fluids hundreds of large coral reefs up to 45 m high exist a on the continental shelf and b on morainic threshold ridges in fjords of northern mid and southwest norway they occur in water depths between 400 and 40 m and contain a large variety of megafauna the most common frame building coral is lophelia pertusa l the oldest reef found to date is 8600 calendar years old determined by radiocarbon dating of buried lophelia skeleton even though many of these reefs have been known to science for over 200 years there is as yet no viable and unifying hypothesis to explain their existence in deep cool waters other than perhaps the hydraulic theory presented by the author in 1990 it states that primary producers mainly bacteria are locally formed and concentrated at reef locations due to seepage of light hydrocarbons mainly methane on the continental shelf and nutrient rich groundwater in the fjords the hydraulic theory is supported by the following topographic reflection seismic and geochemical indicators for the continental shelf reefs a seaward dipping sedimentary permeable strata enhanced acoustic seismic reflectors adjacent pockmark craters locally elevated light hydrocarbon sediment content locally elevated seawater methane content for the fjord reefs b threshold morainic substratum rather than adjacent hardrock substratum sub surface dipping sedimentary layers h2s smell of near surface sediment samples these indicators or reef associated observations have been documented by german british and norwegian researchers over the last 10 15 years however all the listed indicators do not necessarily occur at each of the respective shelf and fjord reef locations simultaneously

microthermometry and geochemistry of fluid inclusions from the tennant creek gold copper deposits implications for ore deposition and exploration gold copper bismuth mineralization in the tennant creek goldfield of the northern territory occurs in pipe like ellipsoidal or lensoidal lodes of magnetite hematite ironstones which are hosted in turbiditic sedimentary rocks of proterozoic age fluid inclusion studies have revealed four major inclusion types in quartz associated with mineralized and barren ironstones at ten nant creek 1 liquid vapour inclusions with low liquid vapour ratios type i 2 liquid vapour inclusions with high liquid vapour ratios or high vapour liquid ratios and characteristic dark bubbles type ii 3 liquid vapour halite inclusions type iii and 4 liquid vapour inclusions with variable liquid vapour ratios type v type i inclusions are present in the barren ironstones and the unmineralized portions of fertile ironstones whereas types ii and iii inclusions are recognized in fertile ironstones trails of types ii and iii inclusions cut trails of type i inclusions type i fluid inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 100 to 350 c with a mode at 200 to 250 c type ii inclusions in mineralized ironstones e g juno white devil eldorado tc8 and gecko k 44 deposits have homogenization temperatures of 250 c to 600 c with a mode of 350 c type i fluid inclusions have a salinity range of 10 to 30 nacl equiv wt salinity measurements on fluid inclusions in the mineralized zones gave a range of 10 to 50 nacl equiv wt with a mode of 35 nacl equiv wt fluid inclusion studies indicate that the tennant creek ironstones were formed from a relatively low temperature and moderately saline fluid where as gold and copper mineralization was deposited from later hydrothermal fluids of higher temperature and salin ity gas analysis indicates the presence of n2 and co2 with very minor ch4 in types ii inclusions but no n2 or ch4 gases in type i inclusions microprobe analysis of the fluid inclusion decrepitates indicates that the inclusions from tennant creek contain sodium and calcium as dominant cations and potassium in a subordinate amount the high temperatures 350 c high salinities 35 nacl equiv wt and cation composition of the tennant creek ore fluids suggest that the ore fluids were derived from upward migrating heated basinal brines although contribution from a magmatic source cannot be ruled out close association of vapour rich type iib and salt rich type iii inclusions in the mineralized ironstones e g juno white devil eldorado tc8 and gecko k 44 indicates heterogeneous trapping of ore fluids this heterogeneous trapping is interpreted to be due to unmixing exsolution of a gas rich e g n2 fluid during the upward migration of the metal bearing brines and or due to degassing caused by reaction of oxidized ore fluids and host ironstones fluid inclusion data have important implications regarding the deposition of gold in the ironstones and may have application in discriminating fertile from barren ironstones

the imprint of methane seepage on the geochemical record and early diagenetic processes in cold water coral mounds on pen duick escarpment gulf of cadiz abstract the diagenetic history and biogeochemical processes in three cold water coral mounds located in close proximity to each other on pen duick escarpment in the gulf of cadiz were examined the influence of ascending methane rich fluids from underlying sediment strata delineated two mound groups alpha and beta mound showed evidence for the presence of a sulfate methane transition zone smtz at shallow depth whereas gamma mound appeared to lack a shallow smtz in the methane influenced alpha and beta mound upward diffusion of hydrogen sulfide from the shallow smtz caused extensive pyritization of reactive iron phases as indicated by values for the degree of pyritization 0 7 this secondary pyritization overprinted the sulfur isotope composition of sulfides formed during organoclastic sulfate reduction the almost complete consumption of reactive iron phases by upward diffusing sulfide limited dissimilatory iron reduction to the top layer in these mounds while organic matter in the pyritized zones below was primarily degraded by organoclastic sulfate reduction hydrogen sulfide produced during sulfate reduction coupled to the anaerobic oxidation of methane aom diffused upward and induced aragonite dissolution as evidenced in strongly corroded corals in alpha mound this mound has been affected by strong fluctuations in the depth of the smtz as observed by distinct layers with abundant diagenetic high mg calcite with a 13 c depleted carbon isotope composition in the non methane influenced gamma mound low sulfate reduction rates elevated concentrations of dissolved iron and solid phase iron speciation indicated that organic matter mineralization was driven by dissimilatory iron reduction and organoclastic sulfate reduction coupled to oxidative sulfur cycling the latter process led to 34 s depletion in pyrite of up to 70 relative to pore water sulfate