climatological features of the weakly and very stably stratified nocturnal boundary layers part iii the structure of meteorological state variables in persistent regime nights and across regime transitions abstractthe evolution of profiles of meteorological state variables during nights with and without transitions in the nocturnal stably stratified boundary layer sbl between weakly stable wsbl a

late cenozoic basin development in west turkey gordes basin tectonics and sedimentation the early miocene sedimentary succession in the northeast southwest trending gordes basin is 1000 m thick and divided into the da dere tepekoy and kuslukkoy formations the age of this fill can be constrained as between 24 2 ma and 16 3 ma at its widest interval paleocurrent directions from south to north demonstrate that the basin had a north dipping basin floor these observations are inconsistent with a previous model of the gordes basin as a cross graben with a south dipping basin floor towards the alasehir graben and an anomalously thick up to 3000 m basin filling

regime transitions in near surface temperature inversions a conceptual model abstracta conceptual model is used in combination with observational analysis to understand regime transitions of near surface temperature inversions at night as well as in arctic conditions the model combines a surface energy budget with a bulk parameterization for turbulent heat transport energy fluxes or feedbacks due to soil and radiative heat transfer are accounted for by a lumped parameter closure which represents the coupling strength of the system observations from cabauw netherlands and dome c antarctica are analyzed as expected inversions are weak for strong winds whereas large inversions are found under weak wind conditions however a sharp transition is found between those regimes as it occurs within a narrow wind range this results in a typical s shaped dependency the conceptual model explains why this characteristic must be a robust feature differences between the cabauw and dome c cases are explained from differences in coupling strength being weaker in the antarctic f

garnet and associated minerals in the southern margin of the menderes massif southwest turkey assemblages with muscovite quartz show a regular increase in grade from the chlorite zone at the base of the lycian nappe complex to the garnet zone within the structurally underlying menderes massif biotite enters before garnet which precedes oligoclase garnet bearing assemblages in pelites are compared with those in re equilibrated quartzofeldspathic gneisses where garnet is unusually calcic in one case approaching gross 50 alm 50 garnet zoning with mn decreasing outwards is interpreted as growth zoning ca decreases outwards in pelite garnets but shows the reverse effect in the gneisses chloritoid is common but rarely coexists with biotite and garnet chlorite paragonite is found rather than chloritoid albite garnet biotite geothermometry corrected for the effect of ca in garnets with up to 29 mole grossular indicates temperatures of 530 or 50 degrees c near the garnet isograd muscovite paragonite geothermometry gives an anomalous result metamorphic pressure is considered in the light of i mn fe partition between garnet and biotite ii ca content of garnet coexisting with plagioclase muscovite biotite iii na in actinolite coexisting with albite chlorite magnetite and iv celadonite content of muscovite which however shows variation due to disequilibrium within a specimen and does not provide an accurate geobarometer comparisons with published studies indicate a strong similarity to the barrovian dalradian of scotland and lead to a tentative pressure estimate of approximately 5 kbar modified journal abstract

miocene nne directed extensional unroofing in the menderes massif southwestern turkey structural investigations in the central part of the menderes massif odemio kiraz submas sif reveal the presence of a large scale low angle extensional shear zone with a top to the n ne shear sense regional ductile deformation was accompanied by the intrusion of two syntectonic granodiorites that have been dated with the 40 ar 39 ar method one hornblende isochron age of 19 5 1 4 ma and two biotite plateau ages of 13 1 0 2 and 12 2 0 4 ma respectively constrain that extension was already active in the early miocene successive tectonic denudation of the odemio kiraz submassif resulted in the formation of a n dipping detachment fault in which ductile fabrics were severely reworked by cataclasis under decreasing temperature syntectonic neogene sediments currently exposed along the southern margin of the gediz graben were deposited in the hanging wall of the extensional fault system and were tectonically emplaced onto the cataclasites during progressive exhumation minor rotation c 15 caused southward tilting of the sediments ongoing nne directed extension created a steep normal fault that truncates the detachment fault and constitutes the southern boundary fault of the gediz graben

effect of wind speed and leads on clear sky cooling over arctic sea ice during polar night abstracta simple analytical model of the atmospheric boundary layer abl coupled to sea ice is presented it describes clear sky cooling over sea ice during polar night in the presence of leads t

how to resist subduction evidence for large scale out of sequence thrusting during eocene collision in western turkey significant along strike variations have locked large parts of the alpine subduction complex in the eastern mediterranean in the eocene and defined the end of high pressure accretion in western turkey structural analysis reveals that the anatolide belt in western turkey formed under greenschist facies metamorphic conditions in the eocene when a high pressure metamorphic fragment of the adriatic plate the cycladic blueschist unit was thrust onto the imbricated mid crustal units of the anatolian microcontinent the menderes nappes the contact between the cycladic blueschist unit and the menderes nappes the cyclades menderes thrust represents an out of sequence ramp which cuts up section towards the south the lack of alpine high pressure fabrics below the cyclades menderes thrust implies c 35 km of exhumation of the cycladic blueschist prior to its eocene emplacement on top of the menderes nappes structure and geodynamic evolution of the anatolide belt are in striking contrast to the neighbouring aegean and contradict the model of a laterally continuous orogenic zone in which the anatolide microcontinent is interpreted as an eastern extension of the adriatic plate

the age of the buyuk menderes graben west turkey and its tectonic implications the age of formation of the buyuk menderes graben middle burdigalian middle serravallian is earlier than previously considered tortonian this supports the contention of seyitog lu scott that north south extensional tectonics in west turkey commenced at the latest during early miocene time following a palaeogene compression

using tracer tests to estimate vertical recharge and evaluate influencing factors for irrigated agricultural systems accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is critical for semi arid regions especially in places like the north china plain ncp where recharge from irrigation and intermittent precipitation events comprises the largest portion of recharge tracer tests were used to estimate potential recharge beneath agricultural systems irrigated by groundwater and to help delineate factors that influence recharge a bromide solution was applied below root regions to trace infiltration in the vadose zone beneath irrigated agricultural fields and non irrigated woodlands at both piedmont plain shijiazhuang and alluvial and lacustrine plain areas hengshui in the ncp the tracer tests lasted for more than 2 years and were conducted at 37 subsites grouped in sets of two to four at 12 regionally distributed sites for the piedmont plain sites the potential recharge rate ranged between 37 466 mm a 6 27 of precipitation plus irrigation p i beneath wheat maize 110 564 mm a 12 52 of p i beneath orchard and 7 10 mm a 1 2 of p i beneath woodlands for the alluvial and lacustrine plain sites the potential recharge rate ranged between 14 177 mm a 2 20 of p i beneath wheat maize 6 57 mm a 0 5 5 of p i beneath orchard 87 279 mm a 10 31 of p i beneath cotton and 6 44 mm a 1 8 of p i beneath woodlands the potential recharge was impacted by various external factors like lithology crops and irrigation when an irrigation controlled experiment was conducted in the same field with the same crop cultivation the results revealed that larger irrigation quantities led to larger potential recharge rates

impacts of thickening unsaturated zone on groundwater recharge in the north china plain summary unsustainable groundwater development shown by rapid groundwater depletion in the north china plain ncp underscores the need to quantify spatiotemporal variability in groundwater recharge for improved management of the resource the objective of this study was to assess spatiotemporal variability in recharge in response to thickening of the unsaturated zone in the ncp recharge was estimated by linking a soil water balance swb model on the basis of monthly meteorological data irrigation applications and soil moisture monitoring data 1993 2008 to the water table using a deep unsaturated zone flow model the dynamic bottom boundary water table position was provided by the saturated zone flow component which simulates regional pumping the model results clearly indicate the effects of unsaturated zone thickening on both temporal distribution and magnitude of recharge smoothing temporal variability in recharge and increasing unsaturated storage and lag time between percolation and recharge the thickening unsaturated zone can result in average recharge reduction of up to 70 in loam soils with water table declines 30 m declining groundwater levels with irrigation sourced by groundwater converts percolation to unsaturated zone storage averaging 14 mm equivalent water depth per year in mostly loam soil over the study period accounting for 30 of the saturated groundwater storage depletion this study demonstrates that in thickening unsaturated zones modeling approaches that directly equate deep drainage with recharge will overestimate the amount and underestimate the time lag between percolation and recharge emphasizing the importance of more realistic simulation of the continuity of unsaturated and saturated storage to provide more reliable estimates of spatiotemporal variability in recharge

porphyroclast systems as kinematic indicators porphyroclasts of relatively strong minerals in mylonites commonly have an internal monoclinic shape symmetry defined by tails of dynamically recrystallized material the geometry of a porphyroclast and its tails called a porhyroclast system can serve as a valuable indicator of the sense of vorticity porphyroclast systems have been divided into and types on the basis of the geometry of the tails types have wedge shaped recrystallized tails whose median lines lie on opposite sides of a reference plane parallel to the tails and containing the symmetry axis for the system types are further subdivided into a a types in which the porphyroclast is isolated in a relatively homogeneous matrix and b types in which the porphyroclast system is associated with a shear band foliation in the matrix types typically have narrow recrystallized tails whose median lines cross the reference plane adjacent to the porphyroclast consequently embayments of matrix material occur adjacent to the porphyroclasts and the tails display characteristic bends a porphyroclast system in a mylonite develops when the relatively weak dynamically recrystallized grain aggregate in the porphyroclast mantle changes its shape due to non coaxial flow in the adjacent matrix this behaviour has been modelled in shear box experiments passive marker lines around rigid cylinders embedded in silicone putty were subjected to simple shear the experiments were modified to simulate a change in recrystallization rate r with respect to rate of deformation by decreasing the diameter of the rigid cylinder during deformation at variable rates the ratio r appears to be one of the most important factors in determining which porphyroclast system will develop at high r values flow of recrystallized material away from the porphyroclast is continuously appended by the production of new grains and wedge shaped a type tails develop at low r values relatively few new grains are added to the tails which become thinned and deflected by drag due to the spinning motion of the porphyroclast in addition most porphyroclast systems at low shear strains are of a type or lack monoclinic symmetry whereas types are only developed at high shear strain values complex porphyroclast systems characterized by two generations of tails are observed in many of the natural and model shear zones studied and may form due to fluctuating r conditions that allow isolated a and type porphyroclast systems to be used as sense of vorticity indicators are the systems should have a monoclinic shape symmetry matrix grain size should be small with respect to porphyroclast size matrix fabric should be homogeneous deformation history should be simple and observations should be made on sections normal to the inferred bulk vorticity vector for the mylonite

geology of the bozdag area central menderes massif sw turkey pan african basement and alpine deformation the menderes massif consists of a precambrian core series that preserves evidence for a polymetamorphic history and a paleozoic mesozoic cover series that experienced only the alpine tectonometamorphic evolution structural petrographic and geochronologic investigations in the central menderes massif demonstrate that a part of the metamorphic and structural evolution of the precambrian basement is older than the undeformed 551 1 4 ma old birgi metagranite and b inferred alpine fabrics overprinting the cover series largely have the same attitudes as the old structures in the much older core series the inferred alpine fabrics include both contractional and extensional structures contraction under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions resulted in the imbrication of the core and cover series and generated an inverted metamorphic sequence by north directed thrusting during alpine extension most of the south dipping thrust faults were reactivated as extensional shear zones under decreasing greenschist facies conditions

granitoid rocks of the southern menderes massif southwestern turkey field evidence for tertiary magmatism in an extensional shear zone recent field campaign in the southern menderes massif in southwestern turkey revealed that the so called core of the massif comprises two distinct types of granitoid rocks an orthogneiss traditionally known as augen gneisses and leucocratic metagranite where the latter is intrusive into the former and the structurally overlying cover schists these differ from one another in intensity of deformation degree of metamorphism and kinematics the orthogneiss display penetrative top to the n nne fabrics formed under upper amphibolite facies conditions during the eocene main menderes metamorphism mmm whereas foliation and stretching lineation exists in the leucocratic metagranites but are not strongly developed the leucocratic metagranites show evidence of syn to post emplacement deformation in a series of weakly developed top to the s ssw fabrics formed under lower greenschist facies conditions leucocratic metagranite bodies occur all along the augen gneiss schist contact in the southern menderes massif they are emplaced as sheet like bodies into country rocks previously deformed and metamorphosed during a top to the n nne alpine orogeny along a ductile extensional shear zone located between orthogneisses and metasediments which was possibly active during emplacement the data presently available indicate that emplacement and associated ductile extensional deformation occurred during late oligocene early miocene time these results confirm previous contentions that there are tertiary granites in this part of the menderes massif

field study of spatial variability in unsaturated flow beneath and adjacent to playas we quantified unsaturated flow beneath playa and adjacent interplaya settings at a site in the southern high plains united states to resolve issues related to where and how water moves through the unsaturated zone this is the first study in which the data density 39 boreholes and the variety of techniques used physical chemical and isotopic were sufficient to quantify spatial variability in unsaturated flow water contents water potentials and tritium eoneentrations were much higher and chloride eoneentrations were much lower beneath playas than in interplaya settings which indicated that playas focus recharge these results refute previous hypotheses that playas act as evaporation pans or that recharge is restricted to the annular region around playas water fluxes estimated from environmental tracers ranged from 60 to 120 mm yr 1 beneath playas and were 0 1 mm yr 1 during the past 2000 5000 years beneath natural interplaya areas not subjected to ponding to evaluate the apparent inconsistency between high recharge rates and thick clay layers beneath playas we applied bromide and fd c blue dye to evaluate flow processes these applied tracer experiments showed preferential flow along roots and desiccation cracks through structured clays in the shallow subsurface in playas

shear flow instability in the stable nocturnal boundary layer as observed by doppler lidar during cases 99 abstract this study investigates a shear flow instability observed in the stably stratified nighttime boundary layer on 6 october 1999 during the cooperative atmosphere surface exchange study cases 99 in south central kansas a scanning doppler lidar captured the spatial structure and evolution of the instability and high rate in situ sensors mounted on a nearby 60 m tower provided stability and turbulence data with excellent vertical resolution data from these instruments are analyzed and linear stability analysis lsa is employed to carefully characterize the wave field its interaction with the mean flow and its role in turbulence generation the event persisted for about 30 min and was confined within the shear zone between the surface and a low level jet llj maximum eigenvalues corresponding to the fastest growing mode of the lsa showed good agreement with the basic wave parameters determined from the lidar data good qualitative agreement was also obtained between the eigenfunction of the f

contrasts between the summertime surface energy balance and boundary layer structure at dome c and halley stations antarctica 1 the antarctic research stations of dome c and halley lie at similar latitudes 75 s and are thus subject to similar diurnal variation of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere however the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to this diurnally varying forcing differs greatly at the two stations at dome c during summer there is a strong diurnal cycle in near surface temperature and wind speed and a shallow 350 m convective boundary layer is observed to grow in response to diurnal heating at halley diurnal variations in temperature and wind speed are smaller than those at dome c and there is no clear diurnal variability in boundary layer depth analysis of the summertime surface energy budget for both stations indicates that the main reason for the different diurnal variability at the two stations is the greater partitioning of available energy into latent heat flux at the warmer halley station we argue that the diurnally varying convective boundary layer observed at dome c will not be typical of the whole of the east antarctic plateau

longitudinal and lateral dispersion in an unsaturated field soil lateral and longitudinal dispersion was quantified in a field soil under water unsaturated conditions the relatively mobile dye tracer brilliant blue fcf was applied as a line source and leached into the soil at two different rates of infiltration 4 and 24 mm d 1 respectively the resulting tracer plume was photographically recorded at vertical soil profiles excavated perpendicularly to the line source after 50 100 and 200 mm of cumulative infiltration an image analysis technique was used to determine two dimensional concentration distributions from the photographs average horizontal and vertical concentration distributions were analyzed using the two dimensional advection dispersipn equation model parameters were fitted to optimize the agreement between measured and modeled averaged concentration profiles in both horizontal as well as vertical directions dispersivities showed a dependency on flow rates and amount of cumulative infiltration but this dependency appeared to be related to the degree of irregularities of observed flow patterns large dispersivities were associated with higher degree of irregularities in the flow patterns and vice versa layer boundaries played a significant role for redirecting flow when flow rates were high and cumulative infiltration was large this study demonstrates 1 that more than just the vertical concentration profiles are needed to define the transport regime under unsaturated conditions and 2 that even subtle layer boundaries affect the lateral mixing regime and exert a marked influence on the transport in the main flow direction

antarctic boundary layer parametrization in a general circulation model 1 d simulations facing summer observations at dome c the parametrization of the atmospheric boundary layer abl is critical over the antarctic plateau for climate modelling since it affects the large scale temperature inversion and the katabatic winds this study challenges state of the art parametrizations used in general circulation models to represent the clear sky summertime diurnal cycle of the abl at dome c antarctic plateau the laboratoire de meteorologie dynamique zoom model is run in a 1d configuration on the fourth gewex atmospheric boundary layers study case simulations are analysed and compared to observations giving insights into the sensitivity of one model that participates to the intercomparison exercise snow albedo and thermal inertia are calibrated leading to better surface temperatures using the so called thermal plume model improves the momentum mixing in the diurnal abl in stable conditions four turbulence schemes are tested best simulations are those in which the turbulence cuts off above 35m in the middle of the night highlighting the contribution of the longwave radiation in the abl heat budget however the nocturnal surface layer is not stable enough to distinguish between surface fluxes computed with different stability functions the absence of subsidence in the forcings and an underestimation of downward longwave radiation are identified to be likely responsible for a cold bias in the nocturnal abl apart from model specific improvements the paper clarifies on which are the critical aspects to improve in general circulation models to correctly represent the summertime abl over the antarctic plateau

preferential flow in a sandy vadose zone 1 field observation abstract field experiments of water movement in the lower portion of an unsaturated zone i e vadose zone are far more difficult to conduct than those in the root zone thus our concept of the transport mechanism in the vadose zone is still primitive and mainly an extrapolation of our understanding of transport in the root zone recent results from field experiments conducted at the hancock agricultural research station indicated that water and solute applied uniformly to soil surfaces did not flow through the entire vadose zone by using dye tracing and profile excavation field experiments were conducted during the 1987 growing season to examine water flow patterns in the unsaturated zone of the central sand area of wisconsin csaw the results confirmed that preferential flow paths constitute the dominant flow pattern at this location water flowing through the root zone was funneled into concentrated flow paths that occupied only a small portion of the soil matrix in the vadose zone yet accounted for most of the transport the observed phenomena of preferential flow in a sandy vadose zone are discussed in this paper the mechanism and implications of preferential flow are presented in a companion paper

discussion on the evolution of the southern menderes massif in sw turkey as revealed by zircon dating journal vol 156 1999 1021 1030 scientific editing by randy parrish erdin bozkurt graham park write loos reischmann 1999 employ geochronological evidence single zircon ages from the augen gneisses of the southern menderes massif sw turkey to conclude that the granitic precursors were intruded between c 521 and 572 ma averaging 550 ma during the late precambrian and early cambrian they claim that this evidence contradicts the views of bozkurt et al 1993 1995 and bozkurt park 1994 who provided the first field evidence for the intrusive nature and tertiary age of the granitic protolith of the gneisses in a complex polydeformed environment like the menderes massif reliance on geochronological evidence alone can be seriously misleading and any viable geological model must satisfy both geochronological and field constraints we would point out that similar old zircon ages are widely known from the literature reischmann et al 1991 loos reischmann 1995 hetzel reischmann 1996 dannat reischmann 1998 hetzel et al 1998 koralay et al 1998 and that it was emphasized in our papers bozkurt et al 1993 1995 bozkurt park 1994 1997 a b that these ages apparently contradict the intrusive contact relations between the metagranites and the structurally overlying metasedimentary envelope loos reischmann confirm the presence of an intrusive contact close to lake bafa but question the intrusive contact relations in the selimiye milas area described by us they claim that the interference of various deformation phases led to the formation of tectonic lenses of the augen gneisses within the schists and vice versa and suggest that it is these structures that we bozkurt et al 1993 1995 interpreted as intrusive contacts however we would emphasise that the intrusive contacts described in

near surface temperature inversion growth rate during the onset of the stable boundary layer abstractthis study aims to find the typical growth rate of the temperature inversion during the onset of the stable boundary layer around sunset the sunset transition is a very challenging period for numerical weather prediction since neither accepted theories for the convective boundary layer nor those for the stable boundary layer appear to be applicable to gain more insight in this period a systematic investigation of the temperature inversion growth rate is conducted a statistical procedure is used to analyze almost 16 years of observations from the cabauw observational tower supported by observations from two additional sites dome c and karlsruhe the results show that on average the growth rate of the temperature inversion normalized by the maximum inversion during the night weakly declines with increasing wind speed the observed growth rate is quantitatively consistent among the sites and it appears insensitive to various other parameters the results were also insensitive to the afte

stable boundary layer regimes at dome c antarctica observation and analysis investigation of meteorological measurements along a 45 m tower at dome c on the high east antarctic plateau revealed two distinct stable boundary layer sbl regimes at this location the first regime is characterized by strong winds and continuous turbulence it results in full vertical coupling of temperature wind magnitude and wind direction in the sbl the second regime is characterized by weak winds associated with weak turbulent activity and very strong temperature inversions reaching up to 25 k in the lowest 10 m vertical temperature profiles are generally exponentially shaped convex in the first regime and convex concave convex in the second the transition between the two regimes is particularly abrupt when looking at the near surface temperature inversion and it can be identified by a 10 m wind speed threshold with winds under this threshold the turbulent heat supply toward the surface becomes significantly lower than the net surface radiative cooling the threshold value including its range of uncertainty appears to agree with recent theoretical predictions from the so called minimum wind speed for sustainable turbulence mwst theory for the quasi steady clear sky winter cases the relation between the near surface inversion amplitude and the wind speed takes a characteristic s shape closer analysis suggests that this relation corresponds to a critical transition between a steady turbulent and a steady radiative regime with a dynamically unstable branch in the transition zone these fascinating characteristics of the antarctic boundary layer challenge present and future numerical models to represent this region in a physically correct manner

microstructures in feldspars from a major crustal thrust zone the grenville front ontario canada abstract samples collected across the nw grenville front in ontario canada have been used to document the change in feldspar microstructures produced during shearing under metamorphic conditions that range from upper amphibolite to lower greenschist grade the differential displacement across this 5 km thick section of the grenville front tectonic zone is at least 10 km at upper to mid amphibolite conditions both plagioclase and potassium feldspars behave plastically grainsize reduction occurs through grain boundary migration and or subgrain rotation and produces a core and mantle structure at middle to lower amphibolite grade grain size reduction is accomplished through grain boundary migration at lower amphibolite to upper greenschist grade grain size reduction occurs by the nucleation and growth of new grains with a different composition the abundance of intracrystalline deformation at this grade is inversely proportional to the amount of fine grained matrix in ultramylonite with a high matrix to porphyroclast ratio few intracrystalline strain features occur other than ubiquitous undulatory extinction myrmekite is well developed on the high stress boundaries in k feldspar at upper to mid greenshist conditions feldspars deform mainly by slip on synthetic shear fractures deformation twins undulatory extinction deformation bands and kink bands occur in plagioclase and perthite flames and myrmekite occur principally on high stress boundaries in k feldspar grain size reduction in feldspar is accomplished through cataclasis at middle to lower greenschist facies deformation in feldspars is dominated by antithetic fractures the transition from the dominance of synthetic to antithetic fractures is gradational below lower greenschist grade rocks deform by pervasive cataclasis of all minerals

transitions in the wintertime near surface temperature inversion at dome c antarctica in this work we study the dynamics of the surface based temperature inversion over the antarctic plateau during the polar winter using 6 years of observations from the french italian antarctic station concordia at dome c we investigate sudden regime transitions in the strength of the near surface temperature inversion here we define near surface as being within the domain of the 45 m measuring tower in particular we consider the strongly nonlinear relation between the 10 m inversion strength t 10m t s and the 10 m wind speed to this end all individual events for which the 10 m inversion strength increases or decreases continuously by more than 15 k in time are considered composite time series and vertical profiles of wind and temperature reveal specific characteristics of the transition from weak to very strong inversions and vice versa in contrast to midlatitudes the largest variations in temperature are not found at the surface but at a height of 10 m a similar analysis was performed on results from an atmospheric single column model scm overall the scm results reproduce the observed characteristics of the transitions in the near surface inversion remarkably well using model output the underlying mechanisms of the regime transitions are identified the nonlinear relation between inversion strength and wind speed at a given level is explained by variations in the geostrophic wind speed changes in the depth of the turbulent layer and the vertical divergence of turbulent fluxes moreover the transitions between different boundary layer regimes cannot be explained without considering the contribution of subsidence heating

estimating groundwater recharge in hebei plain china under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers summary tritium and bromide were used as applied tracers to determine groundwater recharge in hebei plain north china to evaluate the impacts of different soil types land use irrigation and crop cultivation practice on recharge additional objectives were to evaluate temporal variability of recharge and the effect on results of the particular tracer used thirty nine profiles at representative locations were chosen for investigation average recharge rates and recharge coefficient determined by tritium and bromide tracing for different sites were 0 00 1 05 mm d and 0 0 42 5 respectively the results showed relative recharge rates for the following paired influences items within each pair are listed with the influence producing greater recharge first flood irrigated cropland and non irrigated non cultivation land flood irrigation 0 42 0 58 mm d and sprinkling irrigation 0 17 0 23 mm d no stalk mulch 0 56 0 80 mm d and stalk mulch 0 44 0 60 mm d vegetable e g chinese cabbage and garlic 0 70 mm d and wheat maize 0 38 mm d peanut 0 51 mm d and peach 0 43 mm d the results also showed greater recharge for the first year of tracer travel than for the second because total precipitation and irrigation were greater in the first year than in the second this may reflect temporal variability of recharge the method may not be applicable where the water table is shallow less than 3 m a comparison of the near ideal tritium tracer with the more common but less ideal bromide showed that bromide moved approximately 23 faster than tritiated water perhaps because of anion exclusion

night time measurements of astronomical seeing at dome a in antarctica seeing the angular size of stellar images blurred by atmospheric turbulence is a critical parameter used to assess the quality of astronomical sites at optical infrared wavelengths median values at the best mid latitude sites are generally in the range of 0 6 0 8 arcseconds1 3 sites on the antarctic plateau are characterized by comparatively weak turbulence in the free atmosphere above a strong but thin boundary layer4 6 the median seeing at dome c is estimated to be 0 23 0 36 arcseconds7 10 above a boundary layer that has a typical height of 30 metres10 12 at domes a and f the only previous seeing measurements have been made during daytime13 14 here we report measurements of night time seeing at dome a using a differential image motion monitor15 located at a height of just 8 metres it recorded seeing as low as 0 13 arcseconds and provided seeing statistics that are comparable to those at a height of 20 metres at dome c this indicates that the boundary layer was below 8 metres for 31 per cent of the time with median seeing of 0 31 arcseconds consistent with free atmosphere seeing the seeing and boundary layer thickness are found to be strongly correlated with the near surface temperature gradient the correlation confirms a median thickness of approximately 14 metres for the boundary layer at dome a as found from a sonic radar16 the thinner boundary layer makes it less challenging to locate a telescope above it thereby giving greater access to the free atmosphere

tectonic transport directions of the lycian nappes in southwest turkey constrained by kinematic indicators abstract the orientation asymmetry and cross cutting relationships of the structures along the contact zone between the lycian nappes and the menderes massif suggest the presence of three deformation phases in the milas region of southwest turkey the first deformation phase d1 is characterized by a ductile deformation with top to the ne sense of shear structural data of the first deformation measured along the uppermost part of the menderes massif and the base of the lycian nappes suggest that the lowermost unit of the lycian nappes was emplaced initially from southwest to northeast onto the menderes massif during the early eocene the second deformation phase d2 is also ductile in nature and is characterized by an e w trending stretching lineation with a bivergent sense of shear which is probably related to the load of the overlying nappes a third deformation phase d3 is characterized by south dipping normal faults with top to the s sense of movement this third deformation phase can be related to southward movement of the lycian nappes along a low angle decollement zone the tectonic contact between the menderes massif and the lycian nappes and their strongly deformed rocks are unconformably covered by approximately flat lying coal bearing early middle miocene sedimentary rocks which constrains the upper time limit for all three deformation phases

a late miocene pliocene origin for the central himalayan inverted metamorphism abstract perhaps the best known occurrence of an inverted metamorphic sequence is that found immediately beneath the himalayan main central thrust mct generally thought to have been active during the early miocene however in situ 208 pb 232 th dating of monazite inclusions in garnet indicates that peak metamorphic recrystallization of the mct footwall occurred in this portion of the central himalaya at only ca 6 ma the apparent inverted metamorphism appears to have resulted from activation of a broad shear zone beneath the mct which tectonically telescoped the young metamorphic sequence this explanation may resolve some outstanding problems in himalayan tectonics such why the mct and not the more recently initiated thrusts marks the break in slope of the present day mountain range it also renders unnecessary the need for exceptional physical conditions e g high shear stress to explain the generation of the himalayan leucogranites

review of wave turbulence interactions in the stable atmospheric boundary layer flow in a stably stratified environment is characterized by anisotropic and intermittent turbulence and wavelike motions of varying amplitudes and periods understanding turbulence intermittency and wave turbulence interactions in a stably stratified flow remains a challenging issue in geosciences including planetary atmospheres and oceans the stable atmospheric boundary layer sabl commonly occurs when the ground surface is cooled by longwave radiation emission such as at night over land surfaces or even daytime over snow and ice surfaces and when warm air is advected over cold surfaces intermittent turbulence intensification in the sabl impacts human activities and weather variability yet it cannot be generated in state of the art numerical forecast models this failure is mainly due to a lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms for seemingly random turbulence generation in a stably stratified flow in which wave turbulence interaction is a potential mechanism for turbulence intermittency a workshop on wave turbulence interactions in the sabl addressed the current understanding and challenges of wave turbulence interactions and the role of wavelike motions in contributing to anisotropic and intermittent turbulence from the perspectives of theory observations and numerical parameterization there have been a number of reviews on waves and a few on turbulence in stably stratified flows but not much on wave turbulence interactions this review focuses on the nocturnal sabl however the discussions here on intermittent turbulence and wave turbulence interactions in stably stratified flows underscore important issues in stably stratified geophysical dynamics in general

timing of tectonic events in the menderes massif western turkey implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for pan african basement in turkey the menderes massif forms the western of the two large metamorphic culminations within the turkish alpide orogen it has three major lithologic units with a gneissic core at the base and a schist and a marble envelope overlying it successively although relations between them have been largely obscured by the polymetamorphic and structurally complex history of the massif we present a review of the available stratigraphic evidence and combine it with new isotopic ages from the central and southern parts of the massif to constrain the timing of major tectonic events that shaped the massif since the late proterozoic pt3 in the southern part of the massif sensu stricto three episodes of deformation and metamorphism are distinguished whereas in its northern part there are four the first episode occurred at 500 10 ma with intense deformation and metamorphism at high grade amphibolite facies with local anatexis in the central part of the massif the 470 9 ma old now highly deformed tonalitic and granitic intrusions mark the end of this episode on a cambrian reconstruction of continents around the eastern mediterranean the menderes massif forms the southern end of the pan african orogenic collage of northeastern africa and arabia the area of earliest palaeozoic deformation in the menderes may connect with the northwest african orogenic collage along the strike via the bozburun and saricicek diabases arkoses and schists in the center of the karacahisar dome interpreted herein as fragments of a pan african suture the earliest palaeozoic deformations to affect the rocks were probably related to the last pan african collisions and associated postcollisional convergence the southern part of the massif was undeformed from early ordovician to the early later eocene whereas the northern part was deformed metamorphosed and intruded possibly during the late triassic related to the closure of the karakaya marginal basin of palaeo tethys the next major event affecting the whole of the massif was the intense deformation and widespread metamorphism that reached high amphibolite grade in the structurally lower parts and only greenschist grade in the outermost envelope this metamorphism here called the main menderes metamorphism mmm is biostratigraphically constrained between early eocene and early oligocene time rb sr isotopic data show a spread of ages between 60 ma and 25 ma with the greatest number of determinations around 35 5 ma this number is in excellent agreement with the stratigraphic evidence and shows that mmm took place during latest eocene time or at the transition from eocene to oligocene time along the northern border of the massif deformation and metamorphism had already taken place during the late cretaceous in a high pressure low temperature hp lt metamorphic belt northernmost part of menderes massif sensu lato which was then covered by palaeocene molasse the evolution of the hp lt belt was probably related to the obduction of the bozkir ophiolites from the izmir ankara branch of the neo tethys ocean and preceded terminal collision in the evolution of the massif the mmm was a product of the latest palaeocene collision across neo tethys and the consequent internal imbrication of the menderes taurus block that resulted in the burial of the menderes massif area beneath the lycian nappe complex a low grade metamorphic event dated at 10 to 5 ma is interpreted to be related to the extensional deformation in the aegean and western turkey which has been dated stratigraphically to have begun during the tortonian 11 5 ma

plagioclase relations in pelites central menderes massif turkey ii perturbation of garnet plagioclase geobarometers activity composition relations in oligoclase near the peristerite gap are investigated in pelites from the central menderes massif the pressure of metamorphism is estimated independently from garnet rutile ilmenite kyanite quartz as being in the range 4 7 kbar in the temperature range 450 600 c approximately both the newton haselton calibration of the garnet plagioclase kyanite quartz geobarometer and a related simple treatment of garnet plagioclase muscovite biotite give a wide range of apparent pressures correlated with plagioclase composition and ranging up to 11 12 kbar where the plagioclase is most sodic this effect is attributed to failure of the activity model for plagioclase used in the newton haselton treatment it is inferred that in the present area plagan decreases with increasing xplagan in the range an15 an25 the data can be interpreted in terms of high plagan in the high albite structure at these temperatures modified to lower values by e ordering in the more calcic oligoclases the ordering appears to be independent of the peristerite gap and the data do not support the interpretation of the gap as a solvus garnet plagioclase assemblages are unreliable as geobarometers where the plagioclase is more sodic than approximately an20 and t 700 c and should instead be used to investigate the x behaviour of the plagioclase where independent geobarometry can be used as a constraint

intrusion age of pan african augen gneisses in the southern menderes massif and the age of cooling after alpine ductile extensional deformation

chloride hydrochemical and isotope methods of groundwater recharge estimation in eastern mediterranean areas a case study in jordan jordan is classified as an arid to semi arid country with a population according to 1999 estimates of 4 8 millions inhabitants and a growth rate of 3 4 efficient use of jordan s scarce water is becoming increasingly important as the urban population grows this study was carried out within the framework of the joint european research project groundwater recharge in the eastern mediterranean and describes a combined methodology for groundwater recharge estimation in jordan the chloride method as well as isotopic and hydrochemical approaches recharge estimations using the chloride method range from 14 mm year 1 mean annual precipitation of 500 mm for a shallow and stony soil to values of 3 7 mm year 1 for a thick desert soil mean annual precipitation of 100 mm and values of well below 1 mm year 1 for thick alluvial deposits mean annual rainfall of 250 mm isotopically most of the groundwater in the hammad basin east jordan falls below the global meteoric water line and far away from the mediterranean meteoric water line suggesting that the waters are ancient and were recharged in a climate different than mediterranean tritium levels in the groundwater of the hammad basin are less than the detection limit 1 3 tu however three samples in east hammad where the aquifer is unconfined present tritium values between 1 and 4 tu copyright 2007 john wiley sons ltd

timing of cenozoic extensional tectonics in west turkey the timing of the transition from compressional to extensional tectonics in the late cenozoic evolution of west turkey has been constrained by k ar geochronology from acidic volcanic rocks and tourmaline leucogranite dykes in the central and east margin respectively of the gordes basin dacites and rhyolites in the centre of the gordes neogene sedimentary basin cut both the basement ophiolites of the izmir ankara suture zone and the neogene sediments on the basin s eastern margin the leucogranites cut metamorphic basement along a major ne sw trending normal fault that controls the regional structure of the basin pebbles of these leucogranites occur in adjacent neogene turfites and conglomerates k ar dates on biotites from the central volcanic rocks vary from 18 4 0 8 ma to 16 3 0 5 ma early miocene whilst muscovite from a leucogranite on the eastern margin of the basin provides ages of 24 2 0 8 ma and 21 1 1 1 ma latest oligocene to early miocene geochronological data and field relationships demonstrate that the earlier compressional regime had been replaced by extensional tectonics by latest oligocene early miocene

intermittent turbulence in the stable boundary layer over land part iii a classification for observations during cases 99 abstract in this paper a classification of stable boundary layer regimes is presented based on observations of near surface turbulence during the cooperative atmosphere surface exchange study 1999 cases 99 it is found that the different nights can be divided into three subclasses a turbulent regime an intermittent regime and a radiative regime which confirms the findings of two companion papers that use a simplified theoretical model it is noted that its simpliflied structure limits the model generality to near surface flows the papers predict the occurrence of stable boundary layer regimes in terms of external forcing parameters such as the effective pressure gradient and radiative forcing the classification in the present work supports these predictions and shows that the predictions are robust in a qualitative sense as such it is for example shown that intermittent turbulence is most likely to occur in clear sky conditions with a moderately weak effective pressure gradient the quantit

recharge to groundwater in the turi basin northern chile an evaluation based on tritium and chloride mass balance techniques summary the turi basin contains an unconfined phreatic aquifer within the toconce formation volcano sedimentary sequence that passes eastwards under the quaternary volcanic chain and outcrops in the altiplano the phreatic aquifer is floored by impermeable welded miocene ignimbrites precipitation captured by the volcanic edifices infiltrates through high permeability soils to recharge the phreatic aquifer the hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the phreatic aquifer shows little evidence of mixing with geothermal water and therefore approximates to a closed system tritium values demonstrate that recharge is occurring under current climatic conditions and takes around 40 years to pass 10 km from recharge areas on the slopes of the volcanoes and the altiplano to the center of the basin the chloride mass balance technique has been used to quantify precipitation recharge at 15 500 m3 d 1 this is significantly less than the flow through the phreatic aquifer 58 000 86 000 m3 d 1 calculated from its physical properties and the difference is interpreted to be due to subsurface inflow through the toconce formation from the altiplano the results of this study have wider application throughout the andean hydrological environment of northern chile

tracing infiltration and recharge using stable isotope in taihang mt north china the groundwater in headwater region is an important recharge source for the adjacent mountain front plain in order to reveal the relationship among precipitation soil water and groundwater from june to september in 2004 stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation and soil waters at the depths of 10 20 30 50 70 90 and 110 cm were analyzed at two sites covered by black locust robinia pseudoacia l site a and grass predominated by themeda triandra t japonica willd tanaka and bothriochloa ischaemum b ischaemum l keng site b in an experimental catchment at taihang mt north china respectively the 18o of precipitation in daily rain events shows large variations 13 3 to 4 3 with a mean of 8 1 the 18o and d of soil waters along profiles in two sites suggest that the influence of canopy cover was just up to 10 cm in top soil water the soil water moved over the zero flux plane at 70 cm in depth is expected to escape the evaporative effect at the end of september in both sites the results show that the stable isotope instead of tritium as tradition can be used to trace the soil water behaviors based on the movement of isotopic peak along the vertical profiles in this semi arid and semi humid mountainous region the infiltration depths of soil water in taihang mt are 12 and 10 mm day from june to september in 2004 in site a and site b respectively tracing by stable isotope recharge fluxes of soil water to local groundwater are of 3 8 and 3 2 mm day in site a and site b respectively the results provide desirable information for assessment of local groundwater resources

a new chloride leaching approach to the estimation of diffuse recharge following a change in land use abstract a new approach has been developed to estimate the increase in groundwater recharge following land use modification the approach uses the degree of leaching of chloride to quantify soilwater drainage below the root zone which ultimately leads to groundwater recharge it is more general than similar previously reported techniques for analysing transient chloride profiles to infer recharge rates and hence has wider application we have applied the technique to a field situation in southern australia where clearing of native vegetation for agricultural production leads to large increases in groundwater recharge the examples serve to demonstrate the technique and some of the practical difficulties in the application of solutes techniques to recharge estimation

stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the central menderes massif a new structural model the menderes massif is a large area of dominantly tertiary metamorphic rocks in western turkey it is bordered in the west by the cycladic metamorphic complex with eocene high pressure low temperature hp lt metamorphism in the central menderes the aydin mountains are made up of a thrust stack of eocene age at the base of the thrust stack greenschist facies paleozoic metasediments of the menderes massif form an inverted stratigraphic sequence the barrovian type metamorphism is also inverted with garnet bearing metapelites lying over the lower grade biotite bearing metapelites the p t conditions in the garnet zone are estimated as 530 c and 8 kbar this schist sequence of the central menderes massif is interpreted as the inverted lower limb of a major southward closing recumbent fold with the southern menderes massif representing a section from the near hinge of this fold the paleozoic metamorphic rocks of the central menderes massif are tectonically overlain by gneiss klippen possibly originating from the sheared and southward translated core of the menderes fold lying also tectonically over the paleozoic metamorphic rocks is a major thrust sheet belonging to the cycladic metamorphic complex it consists of garnet micaschist mesozoic marble serpentinite and amphibolitised eclogite although it has a highly sheared internal structure it probably represents an initially coherent sequence that has undergone hp lt metamorphism during the eocene the aydin mountains are dominated by contractional structures with subordinate extensional structures

structural and metamorphic evolution of the northern part of the menderes massif new data from the derbent area and their implication for the tectonics of the massif the menderes massif represents the western part of the metamorphic axis of the alpide orogen of anatolia asia minor a restricted area in its poorly known northern part around the village of derbent was studied to shed some light on its geological evolution and to compare it with that of the southern part of the massif in the derbent area three lithologic groups are recognized on the basis of their lithology and structural position namely the gneiss and the schist complexes and the marbles petrographic mineralogic and structural data indicate that the schist complex and the overlying marbles have undergone at least three phases of deformation and metamorphism the first phase probably reflects the closure of the karakaya marginal basin located to the north of the present menderes massif during the late triassic the traces of the first phase have been largely obliterated by the second phase which led to amphibolite facies metamorphism a pronounced flat lying foliation and a nne ssw trending

plagioclase relations in pelites central menderes massif turkey i the peristerite gap with coexisting kyanite in pelites of the central menderes massif albite and oligoclase with only slight chemical zoning coexist in apparent textural equilibrium in the garnet zone staurolite zone and staurolite kyanite transition zone the metamorphic temperature range is estimated as approximately 440 550 c from the hodges spear calibration of the garnet biotite geo thermometer or 440 500 c ganguly saxena calibration while oligoclase composition at the peristerite gap changes from an22 to an14 albite also becomes more sodic an1 5 an0 6 the slope of the albite limb is thus the reverse of that reported in other areas and may not be a true equilibrium feature occurrence of kyanite at temperatures below the crest of the gap is due to low water activity in the presence of graphite ah2o is estimated at approximately 0 1 0 2 from the na content of muscovite coexisting with albite kyanite quartz

what caused the denudation of the menderes massif review of crustal evolution lithosphere structure and dynamic topography in southwest turkey the deformation of earth s lithosphere in orogenic belts is largely forced externally by the sinking slab but can also be driven by internal delamination processes caused by mechanical instabiliti

the origin and evolution of the menderes massif w turkey a rubidium strontium and oxygen isotope study the menderes massif located in the alpine orogen of western turkey has three litho structural units a basal gneiss core a schist mantle covering the gneiss core and an overlying marble mantle this study reports isotopic data from samples of metasediments and migmatites from the southern type a and of tonalitic to granitic metaigneous rocks from the northern menderes massif type b type a rocks define a rb sr whole rock isochron age of 502 10 ma and an initial87sr 86sr ratio of 0 71174 73 this is interpreted as the age of migmatization type b rocks give a rb sr whole rock isochron age of 471 9 ma with an initial87sr 86sr ratio of 0 70684 25 which we interpret as the intrusion age k white micas from rock type a give an average rb sr mineral age of 56 1 ma which can be interpreted as the formation age of the alpine mineral paragenesis k white micas from rock type b give rb sr mixed ages of 120 230 ma between alpine and pan african orogenies biotites from both rock types yield an average rb sr age of 37 1 ma which is interpreted as an alpine cooling age the oxygen isotope ratios of type a rocks range from 10 4 to 14 6 and of type b from 8 9 to 11 8 the oxygen and strontium isotopic compositions together clearly distinguish rocks of types a and b compositions of type a rocks suggest a crustal origin type b rocks have compositions transitional between those of crustal and mantle derived materials

multiple regimes of wind stratification and turbulence in the stable boundary layer abstracta long time series of temporally high resolution wind and potential temperature data from the 213 m tower at cabauw in the netherlands demonstrates the existence of two distinct regimes of the stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer at this location hidden markov model hmm analysis is used to objectively characterize these regimes and classify individual observed states the first regime is characterized by strongly stable stratification large wind speed differences between 10 and 200 m and relatively weak turbulence the second is associated with near neutral stratification weaker wind speed differences between 10 and 200 m and relatively strong turbulence in this second regime the state of the boundary layer is similar to that during the day the occupation statistics of these regimes are shown to covary with the large scale pressure gradient force and cloud cover such that the first regime predominates under clear skies with weak geostrophic wind speed and the second regime predomin