a global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the gps occultation data gps met using temperature profiles obtained by the gps met gps meteorology experiment from april 1995 to february 1997 we have extracted mesoscale temperature perturbations with vertical wavelengths ranging from 2 to 10 km and background brunt vaisala frequency squared n2 for each occultation event we can evaluate a potential energy ep which is assumed to be caused by atmospheric gravity waves the monthly mean values of ep at 15 20 km around japan showed an annual variation with an enhancement in winter which is consistent with the climatological behavior of the kinetic energy of gravity waves observed with the mu middle and upper atmosphere radar 34 9 n 136 0 e from 1985 to 1989 we have then derived the global distribution of ep at 20 30 km during northern hemisphere winter from november to february our analysis shows that the largest ep values are generally centered around the equator between 25 n and 25 s with considerable longitude variations longitudinal variations of ep at 20 30 km in a latitude range of 30 60 n are also analyzed resulting in larger ep values over the continents than over the pacific ocean using gps met data without antispoofing latitudinal variations of ep are determined in 15 45 km although large ep values are concentrated near the equator at 20 30 km ep tends to become larger at midlatitudes at 30 40 km and higher altitude regions at midlatitudes ep is found to be larger in winter months in both hemispheres height variations of ep indicate a decrease at 25 30 km and a monotonic increase above 30 km

detection of ionospheric perturbations using a dense gps array in southern california 1 we present observations of high frequency ionospheric perturbations detected using global positioning system gps data from the southern california integrated gps network scign a densely spaced gps array of about 250 stations centered on the los angeles area we show examples of perturbations with 3 10 minute periods that may result from coupling between the ionosphere and neutral gravity waves generated in the lower atmosphere although the signal to noise ratio of the perturbations is relatively small we show how multi station array processing techniques can take advantage of the high spatial density of the measurements and the coherence of the signal over a region the size of the scign to considerably improve the detection capability

mesoscale spectral analysis of in situ horizontal and vertical wind measurements at 6 km as part of the aloha anlc 93 campaign to investigate atmospheric dynamics in situ wind measurements collected at 6 km with the gust probe sensor attached to the national center for atmospheric research electra aircraft were analyzed for 16 flight segments between 61 n and 14 s and between 92 w and 170 w over land and water horizontal wavenumber spectra for the vertical wind and both zonal and meridional horizontal wind components were calculated the zonal and meridional wavenumber spectra exhibited a decrease in the spectral slope from 1 98 0 02 for wavelengths between 2 km and 100 km to 3 18 0 06 for the longer wavelengths between 100 km and 330 km the wavenumber spectrum for the vertical wind component showed a 2 power law dependence for wavelengths in excess of 5 km and a generally flat shape at shorter wavelengths an increase in power at the wavelength of 10 km was detected for the meridional wavenumber spectrum these results were compared with predictions from two spectral models and with spectral results from other observations

deep scientific dives in the japan and kuril trenches abstract in the summer of 1985 during the french japanese kaiko program ten dives to depths of 6000 m in the japan and kuril trenches were made in the newly launched submersible nautile the sites of the dives were selected on the basis of surface geophysical surveys made during the preceding summer involving seabeam mapping geomagnetic and gravimetric measurements and single channel seismic profiling the results of the dives provide new constraints on the geodynamics of these subduction zones in the japan and kuril trenches huge slump scars were observed on the landward slopes of the trenches slumps produce a typical active erosional morphology with vertical or even overhanging cliffs in poorly consolidated material the slump scars allowed us to observe the internal structure of the margin the monoclinal structure on the northern japan trench margin deduced from the seismic profiles and dsdp drilling was confirmed several dives on kashima seamount confirmed that this volcano has recently been split into two parts by a normal fault system comparisons of lithology and paleontology on the two separated parts of the seamount were made deep sea clams colonies were observed from nearly 6000 m up to 5000 m on the landward slopes of the trenches it can be concluded that the whole margin is venting fluids from depths of 2 3 km which is consistent with the indications of overpressure observed in drill sites on the japan trench margin the fluids probably originate by dewatering of the subducting sediments and then migrate to the seafloor

deep biological communities in the subduction zone of japan from bottom photographs taken during nautile dives in the kaiko project abstract twenty seven dives of the submersible nautile in the subduction zone around japan conducted in the french japanese project kaiko proved that fairly luxuriant benthic communities dominated by deep sea giant clams of the genus calyptogena family vesicomyidae were consistently present on the accretionary prism at abyssal depths benthic communities characterized by three hitherto undescribed bivalves of the genus calyptogena were found between depths of about 3800 and 4020 m at the mouth of tenryu canyon and at the top of basement swell of the zenisu ridge both situated in the eastern nankai subduction zone sporadic but discrete patches of organisms characterized by one more undescribed bivalve belonging to the genus calyptogena were observed and collected between depths of 5130 and 5960 m on the landward wall of the japan and kouriles trenches photographic inventories were prepared semiquantitatively using each series of bottom photographs taken in these areas with bow cameras of the submersible nautile observations on the sporadic but dense distribution of the clams and other characteristic associated organisms match well with the scheme that communities sustained by chemosynthetic energy sources can be present at connate water seepages in subduction zones these are to date the deepest record of benthic communities supposedly associated with chemosynthetic processes

seasonal variation of gravity wave activity at 5 20 km observed with vhf radar at white sands missile range new mexico wind observations at altitudes from 5 to 20 km obtained from the vhf wind profiler radar at the white sands missile range ws new mexico are used to construct a climatology of gravity wave intensities over ws during the nearly 6 year period from january 1991 through september 1996 the kinetic energy densities for both high frequency gravity waves ground based period of 6 min to 2 hours and low frequency gravity waves period from 2 to 21 hours are considered these results are compared to earlier results from the middle and upper atmosphere mu radar in japan comparisons of gravity wave variability at high and low frequency reveal both similarities and differences between the two sites the primary differences occur at high frequency the seasonal cycle in the high frequency gravity waves is less pronounced and less regular at ws compared to mu the magnitude of the high frequency kinetic energy density is generally larger at ws compared to mu and the relationship between the upper tropospheric jet stream winds and the high frequency gravity wave activity is not nearly so strong at ws as at mu the primary high frequency gravity wave excitation mechanism at ws appears to change with season there is evidence of a connection in winter and spring between the wind speeds in the middle troposphere and the high frequency gravity wave activity suggesting a topographic source for these waves strong summertime high frequency variability at ws in the upper troposphere is most likely linked to waves launched by deep convection during the monsoon season in new mexico the results for low frequency gravity waves are more consistent between ws and mu similarities appear in the kinetic energy density the nature of the seasonal cycle and the correlation between the kinetic energy density and the mean winds

a serpentinite hosted ecosystem in the southern mariana forearc several varieties of seafloor hydrothermal vents with widely varying fluid compositions and temperatures and vent communities occur in different tectonic settings the discovery of the lost city hydrothermal field in the mid atlantic ridge has stimulated interest in the role of serpentinization of peridotite in generating h2 and ch4 rich fluids and associated carbonate chimneys as well as in the biological communities supported in highly reduced alkaline environments abundant vesicomyid clam communities associated with a serpentinite hosted hydrothermal vent system in the southern mariana forearc were discovered during a dsv shinkai 6500 dive in september 2010 we named this system the shinkai seep field ssf the ssf appears to be a serpentinite hosted ecosystem within a forearc convergent margin setting that is supported by fault controlled fluid pathways connected to the decollement of the subducting slab the discovery of the ssf supports the prediction that serpentinite hosted vents may be widespread on the ocean floor the discovery further indicates that these serpentinite hosted low temperature fluid vents can sustain high biomass communities and has implications for the chemical budget of the oceans and the distribution of abyssal chemosynthetic life

deep sea communities dominated by the giant clam calyptogena soyoae along the slope foot of hatsushima island sagami bay central japan abstract calyptogena vestimentiferan tube worm communities were observed over a distance of roughly 7 km along the foot of the hatsushima escarpment sagami bay central japan between depths of 900 and 1200 m by means of towed tv still camera system and a submersible the composition of the communities the occurrence of a positive temperature anomaly of about 0 5 c within the community beds and an extremely high amounts of methane in the bottom water indicated the presence of cold seepage the biomass of living calyptogena was estimated to surpass 10 kg m 2 which was three orders of magnitude higher than that of the usual nearshore deep sea benthic communities at an equivalent depth the present results combined with the electron microscopic evidence for symbiotic bacteria and the high sulfur content and negative 34 s value in the gills of the calyptogena soyoae collected from the communities and the stable and radioactive carbon isotopic compositions of the clam suggested that the seepage system of the hatsushima site is similar to those found at other plate convergent areas such as off oregon and off peru and in the japan trench with symbiotic bacteria probably sulfur and or methane bacteria playing important nutritional roles to support the seepage communities

nankai trough and zenisu ridge a deep sea submersible survey abstract eight submersible dives between 3000 and 4200 m water depth were made off southern japan in the eastern nankai subduction zone benthic communities associated with chemosynthetic processes were discovered along the 800 m wide active tectonic zone at the toe of the accretionary prism a benthic community was also discovered along a zone of active compression at the foot of zenisu ridge 30 km south of nankai trough temperature measurements within the sediments below the benthic communities confirm that upward motion of interstitial water occurs there studies of water samples indicate advection of methane and light hydrocarbons specimens of the benthic community have been shown to have included in their shells carbonate resulting from methane consumption thus the benthic communities are related to overpressure driven fluid advection along tectonic zones with active surface deformation a 300 m high active scarp at the toe of the accretionary prism is related to relative motion in a 280 direction which is close to the 305 average direction of subduction in this area the dives establish further that compressive deformation is presently occurring at the foot of zenisu ridge the previous interpretation of the zenisu ridge as a zone of recent north south intraplate shortening 40 km south of the nankai trench is confirmed we conclude that tectonic evolution might well lead to future detachment of the zenisu ridge and overthrusting of this large piece of oceanic crust over the continental margin such a process might be an efficient one to emplace ophiolites over continents

vertical wind disturbances in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by the mu radar abstract an analysis is made of vertical wind disturbances vwds observed by the mu radar shigaraki shiga japan in terms of the wave structures sources and vertical momentum flux first it is shown through spectral and lag correlation analyses that there are several common features in three observation periods when the vwds appeared large power in the vertical wind fluctuations exists below a height of 20 km and is distributed largely at lower frequencies the decrease in power near 20 km is sharp and the correlation between vertical winds above and below the level is very small suggesting that the height of 20 km is a special level for the vwds such as a critical level the disturbances below 20 km consist of several modes in a height frequency space some of which oscillate almost in phase in a wide height range spanning 8 km at the maximum second using eight sets of the mu radar data the relationship between vertical wind activity and horizontal wind near the surface is examined in order

geochemical mapping in hokuriku japan influence of surface geology mineral occurrences and mass movement from terrestrial to marine environments abstract the authors have created terrestrial and marine geochemical maps of the hokuriku region japan and examined the background distribution of elemental concentrations the terrestrial geochemical maps strongly reflect the surface geology and mineral occurrences an analysis of variance anova reveals the relationships between the distribution of surface geology and geochemical maps granite metamorphic and felsic volcanic rocks and sedimentary rock in accretionary complexes give rise to high concentrations of alkali metal be y ba ree except eu tl th and u the distributions of mgo al 2 o 3 p 2 o 5 cao 3d transition metals except cu ga sr and eu are controlled by mafic volcanic and ultramafic rocks the watersheds with above threshold levels for cu zn as cd mo sn sb hg pb and bi strongly relate to the mineral occurrences but anova demonstrated that they are partly affected by surface geology the marine geochemical maps exhibit control by 3 factors calcareous sediments on the continental shelf clay minerals on the continental slope and ocean floor and sediments supplied from rivers many elemental concentrations are quite low in continental shelf sediment because of dilution by calcareous materials the continental slope and deep valley sediments are rich in most elements except for mgo cao and sr coarse sediments supplied from large rivers contribute to local enrichments of several elements such as k 2 o cr and zn the spatial distribution patterns of cr and zn concentrations show that gravity moves the river sediments over 60 km offshore along a deep valley

sulfate reduction using methane in sediments beneath a bathyal cold seep giant clam community off hatsushima island sagami bay japan two sandy sediment cores cores d227 120 and d380 were collected from inside a deep sea giant clam calyptogena soyoae community off hatsushima island western sagami bay central japan 35 59 9 n 139 13 6 e 1160 m deep and a muddy sediment core core d227 202 was obtained from outside the community by the submersibleshinkai 2000 the chloride concentration of the pore waters is constant vertically and sulfate reduction using sedimentary organic matter occurs in core d227 202 21 cm long the chloride concentrations are lower by 7 at the 7 5 9 cm depth in core d227 120 9 cm long and by 3 at the 11 12 cm depth in core d380 16 cm long than those of the overlying bottom waters in the cores from inside of the community sulfate concentration decreases remarkably and dissolved inorganic carbon alkalinity ammonium n and hydrogen sulfide concentrations increase significantly with increasing depth in core d380 34s values of sulfate ions increase from 20 5 to 35 3 and 13c values of dissolved inorganic carbon decrease drastically from 7 0 to 45 with increasing depth from the top to the bottom of the core although the 13c values of the organic carbon of the sediments are 23 7 0 9 in core d380 these results indicate that sulfate reduction using methane is active within the sediments just beneath the living clams and that the hydrogen sulfide produced can be used by endosymbiotic sulfur oxidizing bacteria living in the gills ofc soyoae in the community

stable isotope evidence for chemosynthesis in an abyssal seep community communities of abundant organisms similar to those which surround the hydrothermal vents of the east pacific rise epr occur in 3 266 m of water in the gulf of mexico they were discovered with the alvin at 26 02 n 84 55 w in an area where pore waters seep from the cretaceous limestones of the adjacent platform at the contact between the florida escarpment and the holocene hemipelagic sediments of the abyssal gulf because of the unusual abundance of organisms in this deep sea environment and the taxonomic similarities to the chemosynthetically based communities which surround the hydrothermal vents on the epr the seep communities are suspected to exist on a local non photosynthetic food source1 we have now measured isotope ratios in tissues of organisms which surround these saline seeps to determine the origin of the local food chain the tissues have extremely negative 13c 42 to 77 pdb and 15n 2 72 to 9 34 air values such highly fractionated carbon and nitrogen isotopes are unknown in food chains based on photosynthesis suggesting that these communities are chemosynthetic the cause of this extreme fractionation is attributed either to assimilation from local supplies of isotopically depleted methane and ammonium or to biochemical fractionation the tissues of these animals contain significant amounts of 14c 60 modern so the source of this fractionated carbon is not predominantly fossil methane

msx satellite observations of thunderstorm generated gravity waves in mid wave infrared images of the upper stratosphere data from the midcourse space experiment msx has provided the first observations of thunderstorm generated gravity waves imaged from space gravity wave theory predicts that isolated sufficiently convective thunderstorms can launch waves and create a unique intensity pattern of concentric circles on a radiating surface of constant altitude above such a storm among the msx constant nadir angle mid wave infrared mwir observations two instances of such patterns have been identified it was confirmed from meteorological satellite images that highly convective isolated thunderstorms occurred at the locations and times expected

sources of mesoscale variability of gravity waves part i topographic excitation abstract aircraft measurements of winds and temperatures collected during the gasp program are used to study the effects of topography as a source of mesoscale variability variances of fluctuations at the mesoscale over rough terrain are enhanced up to nearly two orders of magnitude compared to nonsource regions in some cases and are frequently enhanced by an order of magnitude the implications of these episodic enhancements of variances for the vertical transports of energy and momentum are considered in the framework of gravity wave theory the observed flight data are used to estimate the momentum flux u w on several flight segments results show that the flux is generally negative with mean value 0 26 m2 s 2 and with magnitudes ranging up to 1 5 m2 s 2 spectral analysis shows that the largest contributions to the net flux come from horizontal scales of 25 x 60 km finally the observed momentum fluxes are used to infer the anisotropy factor of gravity waves over rough terrain which is foun

87sr 86sr compositional linkage between geological and biological materials a case study from the toyota granite region of japan abstract the strontium isotope value 87sr 86sr is often used to identify the origins of agricultural products and the movements of ancient people maps delineating the distribution of 87sr 86sr values can therefore be of great use previous 87sr 86sr distribution maps of stream sediments covering small areas of japan largely reflect the 87sr 86sr values of underlying bedrock it remains unclear however whether the 87sr 86sr values of stream sediments may also reflect the 87sr 86sr values of the nearby vegetation and fauna we sought to resolve this question by investigating the relationship between 87sr 86sr values in biological samples and in geological samples from the sites from which the biological samples grew the geological samples consisted of soil samples from 2 paddy fields and 13 bed sediment samples grain size in the geological samples the 87sr 86sr values of water extracted sr water soluble sr and ammonium acetate extracted sr exchangeable sr fractions in paddy soils were almost the same as each other 0 7098 0 7100 and slightly lower than the 87sr 86sr values of bulk sr fractions 0 7099 0 7106 the 87sr 86sr values of biological samples 0 7098 0 7100 were also similar to those of the water soluble sr and exchangeable sr fractions in paddy soils though they varied among the parts of plants analyzed this indicates that exchangeable sr is absorbed by plants from soils through nutrients and water and ingested by herbivorous animals from soils through plants and water the 87sr 86sr values of bulk sr in paddy soils ranged somewhat widely while those from stream sediments collected around paddy fields were less variable 0 7099 0 7100 the difference in 87sr 86sr values between the paddy soils and stream sediments samples similarly derived from inagawa granite bedrock may be related to the variable degree of weathering and ultimately to the mineral composition of the samples this difference however was smaller than the range of 87sr 86sr values observed in the watershed geology we therefore propose that in a silicate dominated geology of the type typical of japan an 87sr 86sr spatial distribution map using both exchangeable sr and bulk sr fractions in stream sediments can provide useful guidance for identifying the geographic origins of food or for serving other related purposes

gravity waves appearing in a high resolution gcm simulation global characteristics of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere are examined using a gcm with high resolution in both the horizontal t106 corresponding to about 120 km and the vertical 600 m the bottom boundary condition of the model is that of an aquaplanet with perpetual february sea surface temperature the simulated gravity waves are in good agreement with mesosphere stratosphere troposphere mst radar observations at a middle latitude on the gravity wave structure and on the frequency spectra as a function of height the frequency spectra of simulated wind and temperature fluctuations are also examined as a function of latitude large values of spectral density are observed at frequencies higher than the inertial frequency f in a weak wind region around 20 km which is consistent with the characteristics of internal gravity waves an isolated peak is observed near f for horizontal wind spectra at latitudes higher than 108 while the energy is distributed in a wide range of frequency at lower latitudes where f approaches zero further analysis is performed of those fluctuations having periods shorter than 24 h and those having vertical wavelengths smaller than 5 km these are frequently analyzed as gravity waves using observation data the distribution of energy and momentum fluxes in the latitude height section is examined the result indicates that short period waves mostly propagate upward and poleward from the equatorial region the wave energy reaches about 508 lat at the 27 km altitude a negative positive maximum of vertical flux of meridional momentum y9w9 is seen above the subtropical jet in the northern southern hemisphere for small vertical scale gravity waves this is consistent with the preferred equatorward propagation of the wave indicated by a statistical analysis based on mst radar observations the ratio of potential to kinetic energy maximizes over the equator and decreases poleward the eliassen palm flux divergence associated with gravity waves is decelerative above the subtropical jet albeit small

geochemical and biogeochemical observations on the biological communities associated with fluid venting in nankai trough and japan trench subduction zones we have studied the compositions and structure of the lamellibranchiacalyptogena sp associated with fluid venting in subduction zones off japan the gills of thecalyptogena are the habitat of symbiotic bacteria which develop owing to chemoautotrophy they most probably assimilate hydrogen sulfide methane and or carbon dioxide and reduce nitrogen the isotopic budget of methane uptake enables to establish the thermal diagenetic origin of the light hydrocarbons brought by the upwelling fluids the microscopic examination of thin sections of the bacteria enables to establish that their membranes are compatible with uptake of inorganic nutrients and to establish relations with the metabolism of archeobacteria

geochemical mapping in aichi prefecture japan its significance as a useful dataset for geological mapping abstract since 1994 a geochemical mapping project has been undertaken in aichi prefecture central japan with the aim of establishing a database to contribute to environmental assessment in the region to date more than 1200 stream sediments have been collected and analyzed the samples were analyzed for 10 major elements by x ray fluorescence spectrometry and loss on ignition the analyses show that stream sediments from areas with sedimentary bedrock are enriched in sio 2 and mafic elements such as tio 2 and fe 2 o 3 compared to areas with granitic bedrock the sio 2 enrichment is mainly due to the amount of quartz and the enrichment in mafic elements is due to biotite both of which are derived from the sedimentary bedrock in contrast sediments derived from granitic bedrock are characterized by high abundances of elements contained in feldspars such as na 2 o and cao this contrast in elemental distribution e g na 2 o tio 2 ratio can be useful for geological mapping in the areas covered by vegetation and with poor bedrock exposure the relative abundances of ca na and k in the stream sediments suggest that the inagawa granite one of the main granite bodies in the study area can be classified into four distinct types this classification is distinct from previous classifications based on geological and petrochemical studies it is confirmed that analysis of geochemical compositions of stream sediments has considerable potential as a tool in geological studies including lithological mapping

the use of apatite as a record of initial 87sr 86sr ratios and indicator of magma processes in the inagawa pluton ryoke belt japan abstract sr isotopic analysis of apatite in the extensive inagawa pluton of southwestern japan reveals the spatial distribution of initial 87sr 86sr sri within this body with an unprecedented resolution while the sri values in older units show the largest variation 0 7093 0 7107 the younger ones have relatively homogeneous sri values around 0 7096 the older units also contain numerous mafic microgranular enclaves which are absent in the younger units combining these results with bulk rock analyses and field observations suggests the wide variation in petrology and bulk chemistry in the inagawa pluton is not solely due to fractional crystallization as previously thought mixing between mafic and felsic melts has also played a significant role the lack of enclaves and homogeneous sri values in the younger units suggest that mixing was complete by this time

radiosonde observations of equatorial atmosphere dynamics over indonesia 2 characteristics of gravity waves this paper discusses the characteristics of gravity waves in the equatorial region revealed by analyzing radiosonde measurements of wind velocity and temperature fluctuations at 0 35 km with a height resolution of 150 m made every 5 7 hours between february 27 and march 22 1990 in east java indonesia we conducted hodograph analysis to delineate vertical and horizontal propagation characteristics and found that most gravity waves were generated in the middle of the troposphere and that they propagated upward into the stratosphere the amplitudes of wind velocity and temperature fluctuations due to gravity waves were larger in the stratosphere than in the troposphere the direction of horizontal propagation of gravity waves was rather uniformly distributed in the troposphere but it became eastward in the lower stratosphere being opposite to that of the mean winds because of quasi biennial oscillation the vertical wavenumber spectra of wind velocity were described fairly well by a saturated model spectrum although their amplitudes were smaller in the stratosphere a typical vertical wavelength was 2 2 5 km while the horizontal phase velocities were 5 7 and 12 m s in the troposphere and stratosphere respectively the amplitudes of small scale gravity waves were significantly larger in the equatorial stratosphere than at middle latitudes time height variation of the wind velocity variance due to gravity waves showed a clear correlation with that for high relative humidity which implies that cloud convection is an important mechanism of gravity wave generation in the equatorial region

application of sr isotopes to geochemical mapping and provenance analysis the case of aichi prefecture central japan abstract geochemical maps expressing areal distributions of chemical elements in the earth s land surface have been published in several countries in relation to various global environment issues the authors have applied a radiogenic isotope ratio 87 sr 86 sr to geochemical mapping in order to understand the geological origin transportation and dispersion system of chemical elements in the earth s land surface the sr isotope ratio is a useful tracer for distinguishing the geological origin of surficial deposits especially in areas where surface exposure of bedrocks is low because it is not significantly altered by the processes of weathering and transportation most bedrocks in the japanese islands are covered by plants soils and urban areas in this study 142 of 1219 stream sediments 87 sr 86 sr values and the above average presence of granitic rocks in the study area compared with the surface exposure of the japan arc the first factor controlling the distribution of sr isotope ratios is the bedrock distributed around the sampling points regional variation in the 87 sr 86 sr value shows that it is higher in the western and southeastern parts where sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are distributed and that it is lower mainly in the central part where granitic rocks are distributed the 87 rb 86 sr 87 sr 86 sr plot for stream sediments more clearly reveals the differences and similarities of bedrocks in some locations the distribution of sr isotope ratios does not correspond to that of bedrocks on the geological map one reason is the existence of unmapped bedrock for example small intrusive masses of granite the other is fluvial transportation and dispersion the distribution of the isotope ratios suggests that some stream sediments include surficial deposits from a few km upstream application of the sr isotope ratio to geochemical mapping is useful for revealing both the distribution of unexposed bedrocks and the transportation of surficial deposits information on unexposed bedrocks will be expected to contribute to the improvement of geological mapping

quasi monochromatic inertia gravity waves in the lower stratosphere from mst radar observations 1 the frequency of occurrence of quasi monochromatic oscillations with periods near the inertial period is examined using hourly mean wind observations from the mst radars at white sands missile range new mexico and vandenberg air force base california spanning 6 years and 4 years respectively power spectral analyses show that the energy levels near the inertial frequency during summer are nearly constant with altitude from about 12 km up to the highest altitude available about 20 km while energy levels at lower frequencies decrease with altitude this decrease leads to a relative enhancement of energy near the inertial frequency during winter the relative enhancement near the inertial frequency is much smaller results from least squares curve fitting used to find the percent of wind variance explained pev by a single wave over data blocks 72 hours long and 2 km deep indicate that a quasi monochromatic oscillation is present when pev 25 during summer in the stratosphere over 50 of the cases have pev 25 the best fit waveform has mean period near 21 hours and vertical wavelength near 3 km the wind vectors exhibit anticyclonic rotation in time and with height consistent with upward propagating gravity waves the mean ratio of the intrinsic to the inertial frequency is about 1 3 in this data set and the associated mean horizontal wavelength of these waves is slightly over 1000 km

13c 12c and 15n 14n ratios of vesicomyid clams and a vestimentiferan tube worm in the subduction zone east of japan abstract the 13 c 12 c and 15 n 14 n ratios were measured for a vesicomyid clam calyptogena phaseoliformis collected at a depth of 5960 m in the japan trench and the vesicomyid clam c soyoae and a vestimentiferan tube worm lamellibrachia sp collected at a depth of 1170 m in sagami bay the 13 c 12 c of clams varied from 35 9 to 38 7 in c phaseoliformis and from 34 3 to 35 5 in c soyoae 13 c 12 c of the tube worm 19 9 in tube and 25 8 in trophosome differed markedly from that of c soyoae collected at the same location 15 n 14 n of the clams varied from 3 3 to 0 8 in c phaseoliformis and from 4 1 to 9 6 in c soyoae 15 n 14 n of the tube worm were 3 6 in tube and 4 1 in trophosome in calyptogena gills showed the lowest 13 c 12 c and 15 n 14 n ratios the 15 n 14 n of the gill of c soyoae reported here was the lowest 9 6 ever reported for animals in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps a possibility of seepage of isotopically depleted ammonium is briefly discussed

an investigation of terrain effects on the mesoscale spectrum of atmospheric motions abstract wind and temperature data collected on commercial aircraft during the global atmospheric sampling program gasp are used to investigate the effects of underlying terrain on mesoscale variability and the observational results are interpreted within the theories of gravity wave motions and quasi two dimensional turbulence the data show the variances are up to six times larger over mountainous terrain than over oceans or plains with the most striking differences at horizontal scales from 4 to 80 km results were subdivided between the stratosphere and troposphere and between high and low background wind speed cases and show basically the same response to topography in all cases the linear theory of gravity waves is found to predict correctly the scaling of wave amplitude with background stability in the case of low background wind speeds while the two dimensional turbulence theory correctly predicts the shape of the variance spectrum and the observed amplitude scales with as required by t