heavy metal adsorption by ferromanganese coatings on stream alluvium natural controls and implications for exploration abstract the adsorption of cu and zn by natural ferromanganese coatings on stream pebbles collected from varied geologic environments was studied utilizing aqueous solutions of cu and zn special emphasis was given to determining the effect on adsorption of several natural variables including metal concentration ph and ionic strength conditions covered the range known to occur in streams the potential of stream turbulence coating age and periodic drying of coatings to alter adsorption characteristics was also investigated composition of the coatings studied varied considerably but their adsorption characteristics were remarkably similar adsorption increased with metal concentration but was not significantly affected by solution aeration simulating increased stream turbulence increased ionic strength air drying for one year or coating age these results suggest that coatings represent a uniform sampling medium perhaps subject to less variation in metal adsorption behavior than fine grained stream alluvium

stable isotope geochemistry of crude oils and of possible source rocks from new zealand 2 sulfur abstract the sulfur isotopic composition of new zealand low s crude oils and components asphaltenes absorptive filtration fractions and source rock components extracted hydrocarbons kerogen pyrite sulfates were determined oils from the taranaki basin have 34s values from 3 to 14 o the lower values possibly represent plant assimilation of fresh water sulphate higher values particularly those from the west coast basin around 20 suggest closed ocean basin conditions or fast sedimentation rate whereas negative 34s values from east coast basin suggest open ocean or low sedimentation rate conditions it is suggested than an oil source rock relation should show as a similarity in 34s values for total oil and source rock extract kerogen and pyrite shale samples analysed plot outside the corresponding oil range and cannot be considered as possible source rocks however coal samples from the maui 4 well and nelson outcrops show strong isotopic correlations with the taranaki oils

the el salvador and philippines tsunamis of august 2012 insights from sea level data analysis and numerical modeling we studied two tsunamis from 2012 one generated by the el salvador earthquake of 27 august mw 7 3 and the other generated by the philippines earthquake of 31 august mw 7 6 using sea level data analysis and numerical modeling for the el salvador tsunami the largest wave height was observed in baltra galapagos islands 71 1 cm located about 1 400 km away from the source the tsunami governing periods were around 9 and 19 min numerical modeling indicated that most of the tsunami energy was directed towards the galapagos islands explaining the relatively large wave height there for the philippines tsunami the maximum wave height of 30 5 cm was observed at kushimoto in japan located about 2 700 km away from the source the tsunami governing periods were around 8 12 and 29 min numerical modeling showed that a significant part of the far field tsunami energy was directed towards the southern coast of japan fourier and wavelet analyses as well as numerical modeling suggested that the dominant period of the first wave at stations normal to the fault strike is related to the fault width while the period of the first wave at stations in the direction of fault strike is representative of the fault length

the mineralogical distribution of pathfinder elements in gossans derived from dolomitic shale hosted pb zn deposits northwest queensland australia abstract the gossans formed on pb zn mineralization in northwest queensland contain potential pathfinder and indicator elements such as ag ba cl cu pb sr and zn in variable amounts studies of the secondary minerals in these gossans reveal that mineralogy strongly influences elemental abundances in the whole rock an understanding of the distribution of the pathfinder elements within the secondary minerals should therefore aid assessment of the economic potential of a gossan for example because of the ready incorporation of pb and the more mobile cu and zn in alunite jarosite minerals the absence of pb in these minerals can be considered to reflect barren fe sulfides at depth pb and ba form simple sulfates which incorporate minor amounts of zn and cu significant zn and ag may occur in cerussite but other elements are incorporated only in minor amounts secondary carbonates indicate more alkaline conditions at the time of formation than do secondary sulfates cl occurs in trace amounts in many secondary minerals but only forms simple chlorides with ag and na late in the development of a gossan hemimorphite forms under alkaline conditions and does not preferentially incorporate other base metals of the secondary non oxide minerals only the alunite jarosite minerals are both good hosts to pathfinder elements and relatively abundant in outcrop thus although the fe oxides are quantitatively the most important hosts to pathfinder elements a significant proportion of such elements may be stabilized by alunite jarosite minerals

excitation of basin wide modes of the pacific ocean following the march 2011 tohoku tsunami this study is an attempt towards understanding the sources of long oscillations observed within the pacific ocean following the 11 march 2011 tohoku earthquake we present evidence that extremely long modes of the pacific ocean in the range of 2 48 h were excited by this giant tsunami a numerical approach was employed to calculate the basin wide modes of the pacific ocean resulting in 49 modes in the range of 2 48 h we studied 15 tide gauge records around the pacific ocean in order to extract basin wide modes of the pacific ocean excited by this transoceanic tsunami spectral analysis of these tide gauge records showed that some of the calculated basin wide modes were indeed excited by the tohoku tsunami the observed modes ranged from 2 to 49 8 h we attributed the long oscillations of the pacific ocean during the 2011 tohoku tsunami to the excitation of these basin wide modes which can be grouped into global modes 15 48 h and regional modes 2 15 h we classified the signals on the tide gauges into three groups 1 basin wide modes 1 5 h 2 the tsunami source periods 20 90 min and 3 local bathymetric effects 20 min the average contributions to the total tsunami energy were 6 4 for the basin wide mode 64 1 for the tsunami source and 29 5 for the local bathymetry although the ratios varied from station to station simulations suggest that the amount of contribution of basin effects to the total tsunami energy depends on the location of the tsunami source

sediment hosted geothermal systems review and first global mapping abstract sediment hosted geothermal systems shgss are hybrid geological systems where volcanic and sedimentary domains interact leading to mixtures of inorganic and organic gases typically characterized by geothermal thermometamorphic or mantle derived co2 and biotic microbial or thermogenic ch4 shgss occur in sedimentary basins crossed by magmatic intrusions or involved in volcanic plumbing systems these systems can be of considerable interest for petroleum exploration and natural greenhouse gas emission studies but systematic studies for their characterization and worldwide distribution are missing here we provide a review of shgss identified so far and propose methodological criteria for their definition and identification based on integrated geological and gas geochemical parameters we find that shgss are typically characterized by a fluids dominated by mantle or decarbonation methamorphic co2 50 vol b considerable amounts of ch4 and heavier hydrocarbons at least 1 5 vol generally up to 30 40 vol produced by microbial or thermogenic degradation of organic matter hosted in sedimentary rocks c tectonically active sedimentary basins back arc rift zones and foredeep generally hosting petroleum fields and within 300 km from recent or ancient volcanic centers this analysis resulted in a global map including a first set of 33 shgss located in north america central and eastern europe far east eastern oceania and northern new zealand and a second set of potential shgs prone areas occurring also in south america north africa middle east and kamchatka the present shgs map can evolve on the basis of more detailed geological analysis and new gas geochemical data

tide gauge observations of the indian ocean tsunami december 26 2004 the magnitude 9 0 earthquake centered off the west coast of northern sumatra 3 307 n 95 947 e on december 26 2004 at 00 59 utc united states geological survey usgs 2005 usgs earthquake hazards program latest earthquakes earthquake hazards program http earthquake usgs gov eqinthenews 2004 usslav 2005 generated a series of tsunami waves that devastated coastal areas throughout the indian ocean tide gauges operated on behalf of national and international organizations recorded the wave form at a number of island and continental locations this report summarizes the tide gauge observations of the tsunami in the indian ocean available as of january 2005 and provides a recommendation for the use of the basin wide tide gauge network for future warnings

chemical and isotopic indicators of groundwater evolution in the basal sands of a buried bedrock valley in the midwestern united states implications for recharge rock water interactions and mixing buried bedrock valley aquifers can be found throughout canada and the northern united states where glacial deposits have filled in previously exposed bedrock valleys the mahomet bedrock valley is an east west trending buried valley in central illinois containing basal pleistocene sands and gravels making up the mahomet aquifer and the contemporaneous sankoty mahomet aquifer which are the major sources of freshwater for east central illinois the hydrochemical characteristics of the mahomet and sankoty mahomet aquifers change significantly across the buried bedrock valley to determine the geochemical processes controlling the chemistry of the water possible groundwater mixing and the regions of major recharge over 80 samples from the mahomet aquifer the sankoty mahomet aquifer and shallower aquifers were analyzed for their chemical and isotopic composition including 18 o d 13 c 34 s 14 c and 3 h four geochemical regions were observed across the aquifers the central and eastern region of the mahomet aquifer had dilute chemistry and medium 14 c activities suggesting relatively recent recharge from the surface the northeastern mahomet aquifer region had variable sulfate and 34 s values medium chloride concentrations and low 14 c activity suggesting mixing with bedrock groundwater along with sulfate reduction the western mahomet aquifer region had the highest chloride dissolved organic carbon and methane concentrations and showed a continuous decrease in 14 c activity suggesting seepage from bedrock units strong reducing conditions and isolation from surficial recharge characteristics of the sankoty mahomet aquifer indicated rapid freshwater recharge and mixing with western mahomet aquifer water the d and 18 o values indicated little to no pleistocene water in the mahomet bedrock valley aquifer system suggesting an age limit of ca 11 000 yr b p for most of the groundwater the tritium data indicated modern recharge in some shallower aquifers but little to none in the mahomet aquifer and sankoty mahomet aquifer except near a river where stacked sands may have created a hydrologic window to the mahomet aquifer it appears that most of the mahomet aquifer is well protected from surficial contamination the approach used in this study enabled us to better understand and identify the processes that control the groundwater chemistry within the buried pliestocene aquifer in central illinois processes that may be prevalent in other buried bedrock valley aquifers distributed throughout much of north america

elemental partitioning into mn and fe oxides derived from dolomitic shale hosted pbzn deposits northwest queensland australia abstract exploration for dolomitic shale hosted base metal mineralization in northwest queensland is largely dependent upon geochemical evaluation of ironstones fe oxides because of their abundance in the weathered zone often quantitatively account for most of the base metal content of an ironstone mn oxides are less well developed but provide particularly good hosts for ba zn and pb and hence assume importance where present the mn fe coatings found in stream coatings vigorously scavenge and concentrate solution transported base metals and hence have to be very carefully evaluated when used during exploration however the present survey of base metal contents in gossans and ironstones in northwest queensland has shown that the ba cu p pb ni s and zn contents of the mn and fe oxides can be used to accurately indicate their parent material only ce and co are possibly preferentially incorporated into mn oxides but neither element is a pathfinder for pb zn mineralization development of the mn oxides chalcophanite todorokite lithiophorite and the cryptomelane group incorporating k ca mg ba co zn and pb reflects acid conditions during sulfide oxidation when an ironstone consistently contains mn oxides with greater than 1 pb or 10 zn it can be regarded as derived from pb or zn rich mineralization as ba is often associated with sulfides and facilitates the incorporation of pb into cryptomelane ba without accompanying base metals in a mn oxide implies derivation from base metal barren pyrite and or pyrrhotite cu pb zn al phosphate sulfate and arsenate are all incorporated into fe oxides however only pb which is more strongly partitioned into hematite and al and phosphate which are preferentially incorporated into goethite show clear partitioning between the fe oxide phases the preferential incorporation of phosphate rather than sulfate into an fe oxide makes areas showing higher sulfate contents particularly good targets knowledge of the nature of the distributions of pathfinder elements helps understanding of the associations seen in whole rock analyses and leads to rational application of geochemical data during exploration

sulfur in coals a review of geochemistry and origins geochemical studies of sulfur in coals comprise several major aspects relating to the nature and origin of sulfur in coals including the abundance and distribution of sulfur in coal seams abundance of sulfur in coal lithotypes and macerals characteristics and geochemical significance of sulfur containing organic compounds sulfur isotopic studies relating to the sources of sulfur in coals and sedimentary environments controlling the geochemistry of sulfur in coal a review of the evidence suggests that the variation of sulfur in coals is closely related to the depositional environments of coal seams for low sulfur coal 1 s sulfur is derived primarily from parent plant material for medium sulfur 1 to 3 s and high sulfur 3 s coals there are two major sources of sulfur 1 parent plant material and 2 sulfate in seawater that flooded peat swamps abundances of sulfur in coal are largely controlled by the degree of seawater influence during peat accumulation and by postdepositional changes diagenesis in high sulfur coals seawater sulfate diffuses into the peat which is subsequently reduced by bacteria into hydrogen sulfide polysulfides and elemental sulfur reaction of hydrogen sulfide with ferrous iron generates fine pyrite crystals and mackinawite fes0 9 mackinawite reacts with elemental sulfur to converts to greigite fe3s4 and then to framboidal pyrite the reduced sulfur species in the peat hydrogen sulfide elemental sulfur and polysulfides react with the organic matter to form organic sulfur compounds during coal diagenesis nodular pyrite forms permineralized peat was formed during diagenesis which contains appreciable fraction of pyrite after coal is solidified pyrite can deposit in the cleats from circulating groundwater epigenetic pyrite veins may be deposited from basinal fluids thus pyrite forms during various stages of coal formation from peat to coal as well as late epigenetic activity the relationships between sulfur abundance in coal seams and depositional environments of coals were reviewed for cases from the u s china u k germany hungary turkey indonesia and brazil in most cases low sulfur coals formed in a fluvial environment and high sulfur coals were deposited in seawater influenced environments there are exceptions for example turkish lignites formed in freshwater environments are high sulfur sulfur sources other than seawater are needed for these high sulfur coals the superhigh organic sulfur shos coals are highly enriched in organic sulfur but depleted in pyritic sulfur the shos coals were deposited in sulfur rich iron poor environments such as carbonate platforms or in an iron poor and clastic starved environment in which algae accumulate speciation of organic sulfur compounds in coal appears to be related to coal rank thiophenic compounds are more abundant in bituminous coal and anthracite than in low rank coals

use of hydrogen and carbon stable isotopes characterizing oils from the potiguar basin onshore northeastern brazil hydrogen and carbon isotopic abundances were measured in representative samples of marine evaporitic lacustrine and mixed oils from the onshore potiguar basin the isotopic data together with chemical compositions and geological information were used to investigate relationships among ddoil and d13coil and source thermal maturity biodegradation mixing and the distance of secondary migration of these oils the marine evaporitic oils are depleted in deuterium 135 to 114 and the lacustrine oils are enriched 101 to 88 values of dd for mixed oils are intermediate 113 to 104 between those of marine evaporitic and lacustrine oils showing that ddoil is a reliable tool to identify oils that differ genetically values of ddoil were not directly related to thermal maturation biodegradation or distance of the secondary migration hydrogen isotopic compositions of the oils can be related mainly to the ddwater in the paleoenvironments in which the primary producers lived therefore ddoil values can provide rough estimates of ddwater in the depositional environments of the source rocks and consequently may provide evidence about paleoclimatic conditions at the site marine evaporitic oils are enriched in 13c 26 5 to 25 7 and lacustrine oils are depleted 33 6 to 30 2 in 13c relative contributions of marine evaporitic and lacustrine sources to mixed oils thus can be calculated independently from carbon or hydrogen isotopic mixing models when these calculations are done independently the mixed oils separate into two families and a previously unrecognized component possibly associated with environments that formed during the lacustrine to marine transition is revealed the investigation thus demonstrates the superior resolving power of two element mixing systematics

characteristics of the 2011 great tohoku tsunami on the russian far east coast deep water and coastal observations the source region of the catastrophic tohoku tsunami of 11 march 2011 was not far from the russian far east coast the sakhalin tsunami warning center at yuzhno sakhalinsk issued an alert for threatened coasts of the kuril islands and kamchatka the observed tsunami heights were up to 2 2 5 m along the pacific coast of the kuril islands the tsunami was clearly recorded by a number of coastal tide gauges and by deep ocean bottom pressure stations located in the vicinity of the kuril islands as well as by the russian open ocean dart station 21401 located eastward from the south kuril islands the data from other dart stations in particular those located near japan and the aleutian islands were used for comparison the records from these instruments were used to estimate the major characteristics of the tsunami waves including arrival times maximum heights durations of the signal and main wavelength periods as well as for comparison with the results of numerical modelling in contrast to deep sea stations where the first waves were the highest at russian coastal sites the highest waves occurred several hours after the arrival of the first tsunami wave further analysis indicated significant differences in spectral characteristics of tsunami waves propagating eastward toward north america and those directed in the northeast direction towards the russian far east the main peaks of the eastward propagating tsunami waves were relatively high frequency periods ranging from 6 8 to 15 20 min while those propagating in the northeast direction were mainly low frequency ranging from 25 40 to 60 80 min additionally pronounced spectral peaks with similar long periods were found in the middle field records at hanasaki on the northeastern coast of hokkaido island at yuzhno kurilsk kunashir island and at malokurilsk shikotan island at remote stations the resonant periods associated with local topographic features were predominant in the spectra

the landslide tsunami of november 3 1994 skagway harbor alaska we show that the tsunami of november 3 1994 in skagway alaska was generated by an underwater landslide formed during the collapse of a cruise ship wharf undergoing construction at the head of taiya inlet this event occurred at a time of extreme low tide and was not associated with a regional seismic event or incoming oceanic tsunami persistent wave motions with an amplitude of 1 m and a period of 3 min recorded by a tide gauge in skagway harbor following the landslide are linked to the formation of a cross inlet seiche and quarter wave resonance within the harbor the high q factor for the harbor q 20 indicates weak dissipation and strong resonance within the harbor

regolith landform processes and geochemical exploration for base metal deposits in regolith dominated terrains of the mt isa region northwest queensland australia abstract the regolith in the mt isa region of queensland consists of a variety of saprolites and duricrusts developed on proterozoic basement rocks and fresh to weathered mesozoic tertiary and quaternary cover all of which has impeded base metals exploration this paper presents an overview of some of the regolith geochemical work conducted in the mt isa region as part of an industry supported three year crc leme amira project a complex weathering and landscape history has produced a landscape of a continuously exposed and exhumed basement rocks that have undergone varying intensities of weathering and partial stripping b weathered and locally eroded mesozoic cover sequences and c areas with younger transported cover concealing basement and mesozoic cover various regolith sample media have been evaluated at a number of prospects and deposits which represent different regolith landform terrains and landscape history geochemical dispersion processes and models are presented and false anomalies explained where ferruginous duricrust or ferruginous nodular gravel are preserved on weathered bedrock on an eroded plateau they exhibit large 500 m multi element as pb sb dispersion haloes and are useful sampling media dispersion haloes in truncated profiles on weathered bedrock covered with colluvium are restricted are limited to tens of metres from subcrop of the source and contrast to the extensive anomalies in ferruginous duricrust and nodules geochemical exploration in covered areas depends on the possible presence of dispersion through the sediments or leakage along faults or fractures but may be complicated by high metal backgrounds in the sediments themselves some of the most prominent anomalies occur in ferruginous materials and soils representing emergent residual terrain developed on mesozoic sediments these are largely due to weathering of sulfide mineralization that continued during submergence in a marine environment with hydromorphic dispersion into the sediments as they accumulated multi element cu as zn sb au anomalies occur in basal sediments and at the unconformity due to a combination of clastic and hydromorphic dispersion and represent a useful sample target metal rich horizons in weathered sediments higher in the sequence can also be targeted particularly by specifically sampling ferruginous units and fragments however these are less certainly related to mineralization zinc and cu concentrated in fe and mn oxides at redox fronts may be derived by leaching from the sediments with concentration in the sesquioxides and be unrelated to any proximal basement mineralization in all these regolith dominated terrains a clear understanding of local geomorphology regolith framework topography of unconformities and the origins of ferruginous materials is essential to sample medium selection and data interpretation

tsunami heights along the pacific coast of northern honshu recorded from the 2011 tohoku and previous great earthquakes the 2011 tohoku earthquake generated a huge destructive tsunami with coastal heights of up to 40 m recorded along northern honshu the sanriku coast experienced similar tsunamis and damage from the 1896 and 1933 sanriku earthquakes whereas the only damaging tsunamis on both the ibaraki and chiba coasts in the previous century were from the 1960 and 2010 chile earthquakes we summarized 12 field surveys in which the height of the 2011 tsunami was recorded at 296 points along with descriptions of the survey method reliability and accuracy we then compared them with the above mentioned tsunamis at locations for which specific measurements were given in previous reports on the sanriku coast the 2011 tsunami heights are positively correlated with the previous sanriku tsunamis indicating that local variations resulting from the irregular coastline were more dominant factors than the earthquake location type or magnitude for near field tsunamis the correlations with the chilean tsunami heights are less significant due to the differences between the local and trans pacific tsunamis on the ibaraki and chiba coasts the 2011 tohoku and the two chilean tsunami heights are positively correlated showing the general decrease toward the south with small local variations such as large heights near peninsulas

spectral analysis of tsunami waves separation of source and topography effects a new approach is proposed to separate the influence of source and topography in observed tsunami spectra and to reconstruct the initial source spectrum the method assumes a linear tide gauge response to external forcing and is based on comparative analysis of tsunami and background spectra evaluation of the ratio of tsunami to background spectra gives functional characteristics that are invariant of station location and dependent only on the source parameters three events the urup tsunami of december 22 1991 northwest pacific the hokkaido southwest okushiri tsunami of july 12 1993 sea of japan and the shikotan tsunami of october 4 1994 northwest pacific are used as examples of the proposed approach the source spectra reconstructed from the analysis of different tide gauges were found to be in good agreement with each other and with the seismological geodetic and field survey data

mineralogy and composition of concentric layers within a manganese nodule from the north pacific ocean abstract the minor element composition of concentric layers within a single ferromanganese nodule from the eastern north pacific exhibits strong correlations with fe and mn contents but appears to be independent of pronounced mineralogic variations on the basis of these correlations the elemental composition of individual layers apparently is controlled by the relative contribution of two sources seawater and interstitial water of associated sediment in contrast the mineralogy of the nodule consisting of birnessite in the outer few layers and todorokite in the inner layers is considered to be a function of nodule diagenesis

an isotopic study of hydrocarbon generation processes abstract the sources of reservoired liquid hydrocarbons in australia differ substantially from their northern hemisphere counterparts not only are australian source rocks largely of terrigenous origin but the concepts accepted as defining the hydrocarbon potential of source rocks have recently been challenged although isotopic measurements on australian source rocks and liquid hydrocarbon products closely parallel those published from elsewhere new interpretations of these data have been made particularly with regard to d h ratios in coals as interesting as such results may be the most important findings relate to the origins and histories of methane the higher gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide and the interpretation of these data in terms of hydrocarbon genesis simple northern hemisphere concepts which characterize gases as being biogenic oil associated etc on the bases of their isotopic and chemical compositions are clearly not applicable to the australian scene indeed justification of such precise classifications in the northern hemisphere on the available evidence is also questioned isotopic and compositional data from gases from the cooper bowen sydney and gippsland basins and from the north west shelf australia are reviewed and assessed in terms of generation pathways

introduction to historical and recent catastrophic tsunamis in the world volume ii tsunamis from 1755 to 2010 eighteen papers on past and recent destructive tsunamis are included in volume ii of the pageoph topical issue historical and recent catastrophic tsunamis in the world three papers discuss deep sea dart and coastal tsunami observations warning systems and risk management in the pacific ocean four papers examine the 1755 lisbon 1964 alaska 2003 algeria and 2011 haiti tsunamis four more papers as well as some papers in volume i report on various aspects of the 2010 chile tsunami two papers present some results of field survey and modelling investigation of the 2010 mentawai indonesia tsunami three papers report on modelling efforts of tsunami generation by earthquake and landslide and of tsunami propagation finally two papers discuss hazard assessment using a probabilistic approach

geochemical evidence for lacustrine microbial blooms in the vast permian main karoo parana falkland islands and huab basins of southwestern gondwana early permian black pyritic shale units i e the whitehill irati and huab formations and black rock member in southwestern gondwana basins have elevated 13c values of total organic carbon up to 17 pdb hydrogen indices between 300 and 1000 mg co2 g c and oxygen indices 30 mg co2 g c these data suggest a manifestation of a microbial bloom event values for 13c between 26 and 22 pdb hydrogen 100 mg co2 g c and oxygen indices of total organic carbon above and below these rock units are typical for palaeozoic terrestrial type iii organic matter carbon 13 isotope stratigraphy concur with palaeontological evidence that these formations are stratigraphical equivalents and therefore that the microbial blooms covered a vast area 5 million km2 possibly earth s most expansive microbial bloom the palaeoenvironment of the rock units preceding and including the black shales was most likely lacustrine with fresh to brackish water as shown by stable isotope c o and s evidence from organic matter carbonates and pyrite the implication is that a broad tectonic belt which formed as a result of compressional tectonics during the late carboniferous to early permian from the palaeo west must have been sufficiently well developed to cut off any contact with seawater earlier than predicted late permian from previous stratigraphic and sedimentological studies stable isotope data supported by mineralogical evidence indicate that conditions particularly in the upper portions of the lacustrine oil shales were brackish and locally may have been evaporitic we envisage that the microbial blooms possibly botryococcus peaked in the upper half of the black shale units conditions rapidly became unfavourable for microbial blooms across the entire basin in the overlying formations manifested by a change from oil shales type i organic matter to organic poor type iii shales this may possibly have been a consequence of tectonic activity and interrelated causes stable isotope data of carbonates in the overlying sediments indicate that in the palaeo north the basin became evaporitic drying up and in the palaeo southern part of the basin high latitude altitude water flooded the basin and so brought to a close the microbial blooms

composition and origin of coalbed gases in the lower silesian basin southwest poland abstract coalbed gases in the lower silesian coal basin lscb of poland are highly variable in both their molecular and stable isotope compositions geochemical indices and stable isotope ratios vary within the following ranges hydrocarbon chc index chc ch4 c2h6 c3h8 from 1 1 to 5825 wet gas c2 index c2 c2h6 c3h8 c4h10 c5h12 ch4 c2h6 c3h8 c4h10 c5h12 100 from 0 0 to 48 3 co2 ch4 cdmi index cdmi co2 co2 ch4 100 from 0 1 to 99 9 13c ch4 from 66 1 to 24 6 d ch4 from 266 to 117 13c c2h6 from 27 8 to 22 8 and 13c co2 from 26 6 to 16 8 isotopic studies reveal the presence of 3 genetic types of natural gases thermogenic ch4 higher gaseous hydrocarbons and co2 endogenic co2 and microbial ch4 and co2 thermogenic gases resulted from coalification processes which were probably completed by late carboniferous and early permian time endogenic co2 migrated along the deep seated faults from upper mantle and or magma chambers minor volumes of microbial ch4 and co2 occur at shallow depths close to the abandoned mine workings late stage microbial processes have commenced in the upper cretaceous and are probably active at present however depth related isotopic fractionation which has resulted from physical and physicochemical e g diffusion and adsorption desorption processes during gas migration cannot be neglected the strongest rock and gas outbursts occur only in those parts of coal deposits of the lscb which are dominated by large amounts of endogenic co2

recent advances in petroleum isotope geochemistry abstract organic matter is isotopically heterogeneous lipids tend to be depleted in the heavy carbon and hydrogen isotopes as compared to carbohydrates and lignite the c and h isotopic composition of kerogens is determined by many factors such as environmental conditions during formation and deposition and variability of sources of organic matter stable isotope concentrations in mature kerogens are not significantly altered during maturation and hence reflect the variability of the organic matter during deposition isotope variations in kerogens therefore reflect to some extent the paleogeographic situation and can be used for paleoreconstruction a basin facies with anoxia and a marginal facies with detrital input can be differentiated isotopically in the toarcian of central europe coals are isotopically heterogeneous due to different isotopic composition of macerals inertinite and vitrinite tends to be enriched in deuterium as compared to exinite also boghead coals tend to be depleted in dueterium which possibly reflects various lipid contents of respective precursor materials petroleums can be genetically classified through the patterns of covariance of their compound classes carbonate and shale sourced petroleums may be additionally differentiated through their deuterium content the general world wide applicability of such genetic differentiations needs still to be proved carbon and hydrogen isotope variations in methane are genetically controlled bacterial methane in freshwater environments is characteristically depleted in deuterium even complex origins of natural gases can be unraveled using compositional and isotopic variations new analytical developments led to the application of carbon isotope analyses of gaseous hydrocarbons desorbed from sediments for geochemical surface exploration a discussion reveals that processes such as isotope effects during degassing and bacterial oxidation as well as indigenous formation of hydrocarbons may completely obscure the results

microbial origin of australian coalbed methane bituminous coal seam gases from the permian sydney and bowen basins australia are characterized by 1 methane ethane ratios greater than or equal to 1000 2 dgr13c and dgrd values for methane of 60 10 pmil pdb and 217 17 pmil smow respectively 3 carbon dioxide contents of less than 5 and 4 dgr13c co 2 ch4 values of 55 10 pmil pdb these data suggest that microbial reduction of co2 rather than traditional thermogenic reactions is mainly responsible for gas composition invasions by co2 of deep seated external origins are readily recognized by their isotopic compositions 7 2 pmil pdb

effects of harbor modification on crescent city california s tsunami vulnerability more damaging tsunamis have impacted crescent city california in historic times than any other location on the west coast of the usa crescent city s harbor has undergone significant modification since the early 20th century including construction of several breakwaters dredging and a 200 300 m2 small boat basin in 2006 a mw 8 3 earthquake in the kuril islands generated a moderate pacific wide tsunami crescent city recorded the highest amplitudes of any tide gauge in the pacific and was the only location to experience structural damage strong currents damaged docks and boats within the small boat basin causing more than us 20 million in damage and replacement costs we examine how modifications to crescent city s harbor may have affected its vulnerability to moderate tsunamis such as the 2006 event a bathymetric grid of the basin was constructed based on us army corps of engineers soundings in 1964 and 1965 before the construction of the small boat basin the method of splitting tsunamis was used to estimate tsunami water heights and current velocities at several locations in the harbor using both the 1964 1965 grid and the 2006 bathymetric grid for the 2006 kuril event and a similar sized source along the sanriku coast of japan model velocity outputs are compared for the two different bathymetries at the tide gauge location and at six additional computational sites in the harbor the largest difference between the two grids is at the small boat basin entrance where the 2006 bathymetry produces currents over three times the strength of the currents produced by the 1965 bathymetry peak currents from a sanriku event are comparable to those produced by the 2006 event and within the boat basin may have been higher the modifications of the harbor and in particular the addition of the small boat basin appear to have contributed to the high current velocities and resulting damage in 2006 and help to explain why the 1933 mw 8 4 8 7 sanriku tsunami caused no damage at crescent city

stable isotope geochemistry of sulfate in relation to hydrogeology in southern saskatchewan canada abstract isotope and chemical analyses were carried out on soil and water samples collected from testholes drilled into different stratigraphic layers at six locations in the assiniboia area southern saskatchewan to understand the origin and distribution of so 4 and sources of groundwater recharge the 34 s so 4 and 18 o so 4 values were mostly negative indicating oxidation of highly reduced sulfide in subsurface environments as the major source of so 4 in the soils and groundwaters however positive or near positive 34 s and 18 o values in some of the samples indicated that oxidation of sulfide with positive or near positive 34 s values or dissolution of a so 4 mineral such as evaporite gypsum may serve as alternate sources of s salt concentration and isotope compositions in the eastend sand were nearly uniform in comparison with till and shale layers total s content in the sediments varied from 0 7 to 3 2 g kg with greater accumulations in the till layer which were mostly 1 0 g kg the insoluble s fraction of the sediments was 4 s was the major form of s the 34 s and 18 o values of soluble so 4 and 18 o and d values of groundwaters provide supporting evidence of groundwater flow direction determined by other techniques the d and 18 o values of the groundwater samples varied between 131 and 119 and 15 2 to 11 4 respectively without any correlation with stratigraphy these data plot on a d vs 18 o line with a slope of 2 0 this departure from the meteoric water line with slope of 8 0 appears to be the result of evaporation or oxygen exchange with soil minerals the o isotope data suggest that exchange between so 4 and h 2 o is very slow under the conditions prevailing in the subsurface

geochemistry and stable isotope investigation of acid mine drainage associated with abandoned coal mines in central montana usa the great falls lewistown coal field gflcf in central montana contains over 400 abandoned underground coal mines many of which are discharging acidic water with serious environmental consequences areas of the mines that are completely submerged by groundwater have circum neutral ph and relatively low concentrations of metals whereas areas that are only partially flooded or freely draining have acidic ph 3 and high concentrations of metals the ph of the mine drains either decreases or increases after discharging to the surface depending on the initial ratio of acidity mainly al and fe2 to alkalinity mainly hco3 in acidic fe rich waters oxidation of fe2 after exposure to air is microbially catalyzed and follows zero order kinetics with computed rate constants falling in the range of 0 97 to 1 25 mmol l 1 h 1 in contrast fe2 oxidation in near neutral ph waters appears to be first order with respect to fe2 concentration although insufficient data were collected to constrain the rate law expression rates of fe2 oxidation in the field are dependent on temperature such that lower fe2 concentrations were measured in down gradient waters during the day and higher concentrations at night diel cycles in dissolved concentrations of zn and other trace metals mn ni were also noted for down gradient waters that were net alkaline but not in the acidic drains the coal seams of the gflcf and overlying cretaceous sandstones form a perched aquifer that lies 50 m above the regional water table situated in the underlying madison limestone the d and 18o values of flooded mine waters suggest local derivation from meteoric water that has been partially evaporated in agricultural soils overlying the coal mines the s and o isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate in the low ph mine drains is consistent with oxidation of biogenic pyrite in coal under aerated conditions a clear distinction exists between the isotopic composition of sulfate in the acid mine waters and sulfate in the adjacent sedimentary aquifers making it theoretically possible to determine if acid drainage from the coal mines has leaked into the underlying madison aquifer

the effect of maturation on the isotopic composition of fossil fuels abstract few measurements of the d h ratios in liquid and solid fossil fuels have been made additional isotopic data are reported here in the form of d h and 13 c 12 c ratios for crude oils and brown coals which occur together in the bass strait region of australia studies of petrographic fractions of these coals and of the changes in the isotopic composition of coals and coal extracts with increasing maturity show that the original d h ratios characteristic of contributing plant materials are more readily erased and homogenized during early diagenesis than the corresponding 13 c 12 c ratios

reexamination of the magnitudes for the 1906 and 1922 chilean earthquakes using japanese tsunami amplitudes implications for source depth constraints far field tsunami records from the japanese tide gauge network allow the reexamination of the moment magnitudes mw for the 1906 and 1922 chilean earthquakes which to date rely on limited information mainly from seismological observations alone tide gauges along the japanese coast provide extensive records of tsunamis triggered by six great mw 8 chilean earthquakes with instrumentally determined moment magnitudes these tsunami records are used to explore the dependence of tsunami amplitudes in japan on the parent earthquake magnitude of chilean origin using the resulting regression parameters together with tide gauge amplitudes measured in japan we estimate apparent moment magnitudes of mw 8 0 8 2 and mw 8 5 8 6 for the 1906 central and 1922 north central chile earthquakes the large discrepancy of the 1906 magnitude estimated from the tsunami observed in japan as compared with those previously determined from seismic waves ms 8 4 suggests a deeper than average source with reduced tsunami excitation a deep dislocation along the chilean megathrust would favor uplift of the coast rather than beneath the sea giving rise to a smaller tsunami and producing effects consistent with those observed in 1906 the 1922 magnitude inferred from far field tsunami amplitudes appear to better explain the large extent of damage and the destructive tsunami that were locally observed following the earthquake than the lower seismic magnitudes ms 8 3 that were likely affected by the well known saturation effects thus a repeat of the large 1922 earthquake poses seismic and tsunami hazards in a region identified as a mature seismic gap

the elemental and isotopic composition of sulfur and nitrogen in chinese coals abstract coal combustion is an important atmospheric pollution source in most chinese cities so systematic studies on sulfur and nitrogen in chinese coals are needed the sulfur contents in chinese coals average 0 9 1 0 indicating that most chinese coals are low in sulfur a nearly constant mean 34 s value is observed in low sulfur ts 1 t 3 and j 3 high sulfur chinese coals os 0 8 often found at late carboniferous c 3 and late permian p 2 in southern china had two main sulfur sources original plant sulfur and secondary sulfur the wide variety of 34 s values of chinese coals 15 to 50 is a result of a complex sulfur origin the 15 n values of chinese coals ranged from 6 to 4 showing a lack of correlation with coal ages whereas nitrogen contents are higher in paleozoic coals than in mesozoic coals this may be related to their original precursor plant species high nitrogen pteridophytes for the paleozoic coals and low nitrogen gymnosperms for the mesozoic coals different to 34 s values chinese coals showed higher 15 n values in marine environments than in freshwater environments

the relationships between rock derived lead and iron in natural waters abstract the relationships between fe and pb released to the hydrocycle via rock weathering is examined in terms of field observations and laboratory experiments rock soil and unpolluted water samples from granodiorite basalt and carbonate terrains were analyzed for their pb fe and other element ca mg na k si al mn concentrations samples of granodiorite soil developed on the granodiorite basalt and dolomite rocks as well as biotite and feldspar minerals were also used for laboratory leaching experiments fe pb ratios found in granodiorite basalt and insoluble residue of carbonate bedrocks are preserved within an order of magnitude in surface and shallow groundwater reservoirs draining these rocks with the exception of carbonate rocks leachates of these rocks have fe pb ratios similar to that of the bedrock laboratory experiments suggest that pb is adsorbed and coprecipitates with fe rich particles even in the presence of higher concentrations of competing ions e g mg2 complexation of pb by ethylenediaminetetraacetate edta however substantially decreases the amount of pb bound to surface sites ligand competition based on our results we suggest that in early phases of the weathering cycle pb both coprecipitates and is adsorbed on surfaces of fe rich particles because of complementary transport mechanisms and comparable rates of release from common source rock and soil minerals the molar ratio of fe to natural rock derived pb in the particulate load of rivers in many cases it includes particles which pass through 0 45 m pore size filters is similar to that of the upper continental crustal rock approximately 6500 this ratio can vary in watersheds which drain rocks with different fe pb ratios than the average upper continental crust in rivers loaded with dissolved natural organic matter or in rivers polluted with pb or with anthropogenic chelators secondary pollution effect

isotopic evidence for the origin of sulfur in the herrin no 6 coal member of illinois abstract the sulfur isotopic composition of the herrin no 6 coal from several localities in the illinois basin was measured the sediments immediately overlying these coal beds range from marine shales and limestones to non marine shales organic sulfur disseminated pyrite and massive pyrite were extracted from hand samples taken in vertical sections the 34 s values from low sulfur coals 0 for organic sulfur 1 8 to 16 8 0 for massive pyrite and 3 9 to 23 8 0 for disseminated pyrite in contrast the 34 s values from high sulfur coals 0 8 organic sulfur underlying marine sediments were more variable organic sulfur 7 7 to 0 5 0 pyrites 17 8 to 28 5 0 in both types of coal organic sulfur is typically enriched in 34 s relative to pyritic sulfur in general 34 s values increased from the top to the base of the bed vertical and lateral variations in 34 s are small for organic sulfur but are large for pyritic sulfur the sulfur content is relatively constant throughout the bed with organic sulfur content greater than disseminated pyrite content the results indicate that most of the organic sulfur in high sulfur coals is derived from post depositional reactions with a 34 s depleted source this source is probably related to bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate in carboniferous seawater during a marine transgression after peat deposition the data suggest that sulfate reduction occurred in an open system initially and then continued in a closed system as sea water penetrated the bed organic sulfur in the low sulfur coals appears to reflect the original plant sulfur although diagenetic changes in content and isotopic composition of this fraction cannot be ruled out the wide variability of the 34 s in pyrite fractions suggests a complex origin involving varying extents of microbial h 2 s production from sulfate reservoirs of different isotopic compositions the precipitation of pyrite may have begun soon after deposition and continued throughout the coalification process

tsunami source of the 2004 sumatra andaman earthquake inferred from tide gauge and satellite data tsunami source of the 2004 sumatra andaman earthquake was esti mated from a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges and sea surface heights captured by satellite altimetry measurements the earthquake the largest in the past 40 years caused devastating tsunami damage to countries around the indian ocean but the tsunami source in particular its northern end was not well resolved although aftershocks and crustal deformation extended from off north western sumatra island through the nicobar islands to the andaman islands some seismic wave analyses indicated a shorter source length several hundred kilometers we used tsunami waveforms recorded at 12 tide gauge stations around the source and the sea surface heights measured by three satellites jason1 topex poseidon and envisat we numerically computed tsunami propagation using realistic bathym etry more than 66 000 depth points were digitized from nautical charts and combined with the etopo2 data inversion of satellite data indicates that the tsunami source extended to the andaman islands with a total length of 1 400 km but such a model produces much larger tsunami waveforms than observed at indian tide gauge stations inversion of tide gauge records and the joint inversion indicate that the tsunami source was about 900 km long the largest slip about 13 to 25 m was located off sumatra island and the second largest slip up to 7 m near the nicobar islands the slip distribution is similar for different rupture velocities and rise times with a slow velocity of 1 km sec and a rise time of 3 min yielding the largest variance reduction

characterizing thermogenic coalbed gas from polish coals of different ranks by hydrous pyrolysis abstract to provide a better characterization of origin and volume of thermogenic gas generation from coals hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 360 c for 72 h on polish coals ranging in rank from lignite 0 3 r r to semi anthracite 2 0 r r under these conditions the lignites attained a medium volatile bituminous rank 1 5 r r high volatile bituminous coals attained a low volatile bituminous rank 1 7 r r and the semi anthracite obtained an anthracite rank 4 0 r r hydrous pyrolysis of a coal irrespective of rank provides a diagnostic 13 c value for its thermogenic hydrocarbon gases this value can be used quantitatively to interpret mixing of indigenous thermogenic gas with microbial methane or exogenous thermogenic gas from other sources thermogenic methane quantities range from 20 dm 3 kg of lignite 0 3 r r to 0 35 dm 3 kg of semi anthracite 2 0 r r at a vitrinite reflectance of 1 7 r r approximately 75 of the maximum potential for a coal to generate thermogenic methane has been expended at a vitrinite reflectance of 1 7 r r more than 90 of the maximum potential for a coal to generate co 2 has been expended assuming that these quantities of generated co 2 remain associated with a sourcing coal bed as uplift or erosion provide conditions conducive for microbial methanogenesis the resulting quantities of microbial methane generated by complete co 2 reduction can exceed the quantities of thermogenic methane generated from the same coal bed by a factor of 2 5

a comparative study of far field tsunami amplitudes and ocean wide propagation properties insight from major trans pacific tsunamis of 2010 2015

a stable carbon isotope and biological marker study of polish bituminous coals and carbonaceous shales abstract biological marker and carbon isotopic compositions of coals and carbonaceous shales from the upper carboniferous strata of the upper silesian uscb lower silesian lscb and lublin lcb coal basins were determined to assess depositional conditions and sources of the organic matter n alkane sterane and isoprenoid distribution and carbon isotope ratios are consistent with an origin from higher plants in some cases pristane phytane pr ph ratios of carbonaceous shales roof and floor shales are 29 stereoisomers typical but not conclusive of higher plant origin carbonaceous shales exhibit a wider range of sterane composition suggesting local significant input of algal organic matter significant amounts of benzohopanes and gammacerane are present in some coals although benzohopanes are present at least in small amounts in samples from many different environments they have been reported to occur most commonly in marine environments the present study seems to provide the first example where benzohopanes have been reported in significant amounts in terrestrial organic matter gammacerane is abundant in rocks or sediments deposited in carbonate or highly saline marine environments the finding of high gammacerane concentrations in the coals expands the depositional settings in which it has been observed and questions its utility as an independent indicator of hypersaline carbonate environments stable carbon isotope composition of coals and type iii kerogen in carbonaceous shales as well as correlation of stable carbon isotope composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in carbonaceous shales from both the uscb and the lscb indicate terrigenous origin bitumens are always co genetic with associated coals and kerogens isotopic data reveal that sofer s genetic classification of oils is not applicable to organic matter in coals

lithogeochemical patterns around pb zn mineralizations in dinantian carbonate rocks of eastern belgium the lithogeochemical distribution patterns of mg sr na zn pb fe mn k corg organic matter and ir insoluble residue in the dinantian limestones and dolomites from the eastern part of belgium have been studied dinant and verviers synclinorium comparison of geochemical data of non mineralized strata revealed higher background values in the strata of the verviers synclinorium where pb zn mineralizations occur in this area a relation may exist with the metallogenetic district herve vesdre theux district proposed by dejonghe 1985b however the higher background values also could relate to the more restricted sedimentation conditions in the verviers synclinorium as opposed to the more open marine conditions in the dinant synclinorium the influence of mineralization on the geochemistry of limestones is limited and unpredictable in dolomites however the effect can be important in these rocks the lithogeochemical distribution of zn pb and mn can be subdivided into three populations i e a regional background a local high background and a halo population the higher trace element concentrations in the halo population is caused by the existence of disseminated sulfide minerals sphalerite galena and pyrite and zn bearing goethite mainly pseudomorphs after pyrite and mn oxides the sulfides relate to the ore emplacement in the local high background only the zn bearing oxides occur their presence and thus the development of the local high background relates to weathering processes

sulfur isotopic variations in low sulfur coals from the rocky mountain region abstract the isotopic composition of organic sulfur and disseminated and massive pyrite has been determined in vertical sections from eight low sulfur coals paleocene and cretaceous in age in four coal fields of wyoming and colorado the 34 s values of organic sulfur from five sites in the anderson wyodak coal paleocene of the eastern powder river basin wyoming are more negative than expected for low sulfur coals 18 7 to 3 9 suggesting that organic sulfur was derived from a combination of original plant sulfur and secondary 34 s depleted sulfur the 34 s depleted sulfur was probably produced from bacterial reduction of sulfate which infiltrated from the top and bottom during the peat stage the 34 s of organic sulfur in a paleocene coal from the hanna basin wyoming ranges from 1 6 to 13 1 vertical variation in 34 s here suggests bacterial reduction in a partially closed system of sulfate which infiltrated from the top of the seam a paleocene and a cretaceous coal from the green river coal region in wyoming and colorado both yield 34 s values of organic sulfur 2 4 to 8 1 consistent with what would be expected for original plant sulfur 34 s values of pyrite at all sites varies widely 52 6 to 34 6 the isotope composition of the disseminated pyrite correlates with that of the organic sulfur implying a similar mode and timing of incorporation 34 s of the massive pyrite shows no such correlation

isotopic evidence for the source of sulfur in the upper freeport coal bed west central pennsylvania u s a abstract sulfur isotopic variations were used to determine the sources of sulfur in a medium sulfur coal 2 wt s that lacked marine influence which is often cited as a major source of sulfur in coal variations in the amount and isotopic composition of the organic and pyritic sulfur among the coal bed facies of the upper freeport coal bed middle pennsylvanian are attributed to differential incorporation of syngenetic and epigenetic sulfur these variations reflect varying environmental conditions during paleopeat formation porosity and permeability and the availability of sulfate and iron a large increase in the abundance and sulfur isotopic value of pyritic sulfur in the upper facies of the coal bed in proximity to the overlying lacustrine shale corresponds to an increase in massive and irregular forms of pyrite this relationship is attributed to at least two stages of epigenetic pyrite incorporation an early stage of epigenetic pyrite moderately enriched in 34s apparently formed during the fluvial lacustrine period immediately following peat accumulation a late stage of epigenetic pyrite highly enriched in 34s formed after compaction of the original peat as cleat and fracture filling pyrite this sulfur was probably derived from bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate in groundwater isotopic mass balance calculations indicate that this late stage epigenetic pyrite may account for up to 50 of the pyritic sulfur in some upper facies of the coal bed these results suggest that most of the pyritic sulfur in the upper freeport coal bed may be epigenetic incorporated either soon after peat accumulation or later during coalification

geochemistry of sulfur and elements in coals from the antaibao surface mine pingshuo shanxi province china abstract coal bearing strata in the antaibao surface mine pingshuo mining district shanxi china occur in the taiyuan formation upper carboniferous and shanxi formation lower permian the most productive coal seams in the mine are the nos 11 9 and 4 twenty five samples of coals partings and roof shales from the nos 11 10 9 5 taiyuan formation and 4 shanxi formation seams in the antaibao mine were analyzed for ash and total sulfur contents and forms of sulfur the no 11 seam is a medium to high sulfur coal 1 3 3 1 s a coal sample 14 1 ash from the no 10 seam contains 3 4 and high ash coal 37 4 ash from the same seam contains only 0 4 total sulfur the no 9 seam is a low to medium sulfur coal 0 6 1 3 s the highest sulfur content among the samples is 5 8 total sulfur from a coal sample of the no 5 seam the no 4 seam is low sulfur coal 0 29 0 54 s the remarkable variation in sulfur content among the coal seams in the taiyuan and shanxi formations could reflect different depositional environments from coastal to lower deltaic plain for the taiyuan and from upper deltaic plain to fluvial basin for the shanxi formation the sulfate sulfur comes mainly from the oxidation of pyrite sixteen samples were analyzed for 26 major minor and trace elements by x ray fluorescence spectrometry the sr content is significantly higher in coals from the no 4 seam in the shanxi formation than those from nos 11 to 5 seams chlorine sr ca and p are elements bound organically while si al ti fe k na mg cr v ni rb ba and nb are mainly associated with minerals

sulfur isotopes in coal constrain the evolution of the phanerozoic sulfur cycle sulfate is the second most abundant anion behind chloride in modern seawater and its cycling is intimately coupled to the cycling of organic matter and oxygen at the earth s surface for example the reduction of sulfide by microbes oxidizes vast amounts of organic carbon and the subsequent reaction of sulfide with iron produces pyrite whose burial in sediments is an important oxygen source to the atmosphere the concentrations of seawater sulfate and the operation of sulfur cycle have experienced dynamic changes through earth s history and our understanding of this history is based mainly on interpretations of the isotope record of seawater sulfates and sedimentary pyrites the isotope record however does not give a complete picture of the ancient sulfur cycle this is because in standard isotope mass balance models there are more variables than constraints typically in interpretations of the isotope record and in the absence of better information one assumes that the isotopic composition of the input sulfate to the oceans has remained constant through time it is argued here that this assumption has a constraint over the last 390 ma from the isotopic composition of sulfur in coal indeed these compositions do not deviate substantially from the modern surface water input to the oceans when applied to mass balance models these results support previous interpretations of sulfur cycle operation and counter recent suggestions that sulfate has been a minor player in sulfur cycling through the phanerozoic eon

sulfur and carbon isotope geochemistry of coal and derived coal combustion by products an example from an eastern kentucky mine and power plant abstract the isotopic compositions of s 34 s and c 13 c were determined for the coal utilized by a power plant and for the fly ash produced as a by product of the coal combustion in a 220 mw utility boiler the coal samples analyzed represent different lithologies within a single mine the coal supplied to the power plant the pulverized feed coal and the coal rejected by the pulverizer the ash was collected at various stages of the ash collection system in the plant there is a notable enrichment in 34 s from the base to the top of the coal seam in the mine with much of the variation due to an upwards enrichment in the 34 s values of the pyrite variations in 34 s and in the amount of pyritic s in the coal delivered to the plant show that there was a change of source of coal supplied to the plant between week one and week two of monitoring supporting a previous study based on metal and sulfide geochemistry for the same plant the fly ash has a more enriched 34 s than the pulverized coal and in general the 34 s is more enriched in fly ashes collected at cooler points in the ash collection system this pattern of 34 s suggests an increased isotopic fractionation due to temperature with the fly ash becoming progressively depleted in 34 s and the flue gas s containing components becoming progressively enriched in 34 s with increasing temperatures substantially less variation is seen in the c isotopes compared to s isotopes there is little vertical variation in 13 c in the coal bed with 13 c becoming slightly heavier towards the top of the coal seam an 83 93 loss of solid phase c occurs during coal combustion in the transition from coal to ash owing to loss of co 2 despite the significant difference in total c content only a small enrichment of 0 44 0 67 in 13 c in the ash relative to the coal is observed demonstrating that redistribution of c isotopes in the boiler and convective passes prior to the arrival of the fly ash in the ash collections system is minor

influence of lamprophyre sills on coal metamorphism coalbed gas composition and coalbed gas occurrence in the tongxin minefield datong coalfield china abstract magmatic intrusions in coal bearing strata can significantly change the physical and chemical properties of the intruded coal lamprophyre intrusions are extensive in coal seams 3 5 and 8 of the carboniferous permian coal bearing strata in the southeastern and southwestern regions of the tongxin minefield datong coalfield china they appear primarily as sills of varying magnitudes with thicknesses ranging from 0 15 to 23 51 m in this area coals can be classified as unaffected normal geothermal gradient and intrusion affected unaffected coals are of high volatile bituminous rank with values of maximum vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0 7 to 0 9 whereas intrusion affected coals have values of maximum vitrinite reflectance ranging from 0 9 to 7 2 a marked decrease in the degree of coalification can be observed with increasing distance from the lamprophyre intrusions near the intrusion coal contacts high volatile bituminous coals have been thermally altered to form natural coke the carbonate contents in intrusion affected coals 0 2 46 1 are significantly higher than those of the unaffected coal 0 2 0 the coalbed gases of coal seams 3 5 and 8 are highly variable in both their molecular compositions and overall gas contents their co2 volumes vary from 0 01 to 6 55 m3 t daf higher co2 values are found in the coals affected by intrusions and roughly decrease with increasing distance from the lamprophyre igneous intrusions toward the central region of the minefield these variations in gas compositions are mainly related to magmatic activity the coalbed gas contents in coal seams 3 5 and 8 range from 1 48 to 16 43 m3 t on a dry ash free basis the positive correlation observed between gas content and the ratio of co2 ch4 co2 occurs only in intrusion affected coals lamprophyre intrusions have negative effects on ch4 content in the study area since co2 has a higher adsorption capacity than ch4 c2h6 and n2 the injection of gaseous co2 derived from magmatic intrusions can effectively displace ch4 rich reservoir gas in addition there is a positive correlation between ash content and gas content on a dry ash free basis ash content is positively correlated with the ratio of co2 ch4 co2 occurring only in intrusion affected coals massive secondary carbonates that filled in the cleats act as small scale impermeable seals which provide a sealing effect both on gas contents and gas compositions during uplift

marshall islands fringing reef and atoll lagoon observations of the tohoku tsunami the magnitude 9 0 tohoku earthquake on 11 march 2011 generated a tsunami which caused significant impacts throughout the pacific ocean a description of the tsunami within the lagoons and on the surrounding fringing reefs of two mid ocean atoll islands is presented using bottom pressure observations from the majuro and kwajalein atolls in the marshall islands supplemented by tide gauge data in the lagoons and by numerical model simulations in the deep ocean although the initial wave arrival was not captured by the pressure sensors subsequent oscillations on the reef face resemble the deep ocean tsunami signal simulated by two numerical models suggesting that the tsunami amplitudes over the atoll outer reefs are similar to that in deep water in contrast tsunami oscillations in the lagoon are more energetic and long lasting than observed on the reefs or modelled in the deep ocean the tsunami energy in the majuro lagoon exhibits persistent peaks in the 30 and 60 min period bands that suggest the excitation of closed and open basin normal modes while energy in the kwajalein lagoon spans a broader range of frequencies with weaker multiple peaks than observed at majuro which may be associated with the tsunami behavior within the more irregular geometry of the kwajalein lagoon the propagation of the tsunami across the reef flats is shown to be tidally dependent with amplitudes increasing decreasing shoreward at high low tide the impact of the tsunami on the marshall islands was reduced due to the coincidence of peak wave amplitudes with low tide however the observed wave amplitudes particularly in the atoll lagoon would have led to inundation at different tidal phases

the stable isotope geochemistry of australian coals abstract d h 13 c 12 c 18 o 16 o and 34 s 32 s ratios in the organic matrix and organic solvent extracts of australian coals and in the fluids and minerals associated with these coals are reported and reviewed against similar isotopic data for coals from other regions where coals are immature original isotopic differences between macrolithotypes and between solvent extracts lipid concentrates and insoluble residues are largely preserved however with increasing maturity these characteristic differences particularly those between macrolithotypes are rapidly erased conversely where as indicated by low total sulfur contents coals of cretaceous to permian age were deposited under essentially freshwater conditions 34 s values for the organically bound sulfur remain remarkably constant at 4 3 relative to meteoritic sulfur in similar younger tertiary coals the organic sulfur is markedly enriched in 34 s five distinctive isotopic patterns which may be interpreted in terms of the environment of sulfate reduction can be recognized from 34 s 32 s ratio measurements on the various forms of sulfur in australian coals isotopic studies of seam gas hydrocarbons collected in situ show these to be unexpectedly strongly depleted in the heavier isotopes of hydrogen and carbon relative to natural gases from proposed humic sources furthermore no pronounced increase in the 13 c content in methane with increase in rank of the parent coal was observed in addition several sources of associated carbon dioxide have been delineated including normal maturation processes invasion of the seams by magnetic carbon dioxide and interaction of the coal with intrusive magma isotopic exchange between free seam gases is not accepted as an explanation for some unusual isotopic fractionations seen rather the data suggest that these gases may be formed in a state approaching isotopic equilibrium this argument also satisfactorily explains the isotopic compositions of primary siderite and secondary calcite associated with bituminous coal seams however where seams are invaded and permeated with externally derived carbon dioxide usually of magnetic origin carbonates are frequently absent presumably as a result of the action of carbonic acid

rare earth element enriched cobaltiferous wads bungonia eastern australia wad occurs as a cement to fluvial sediments which unconformably overlie a complex palaeozoic basement comprising flysch type greywacke limestone shale tuff and granodiorite the eocene fluvial sediments are variably cemented by fe oxides mn oxides and silica the area underwent 0 5 0 75 km uplift throughout the tertiary and was intenseely lateritised in the late miocene the mn rich cement comprises cobaltian todorokite lithiophorite birnessite in sandstones which contain up to 12 mno and enrichments in co max 1 8 total ree max 0 5 ce max 0 2 nd max 0 1 ni max 0 3 cu max 0 2 and li max 0 1 the total ree content ce content and nasc normalized la lu ratio are positively correlated with the mno fe2o3 ratio enrichment of ree especially lree and other elements derives from miocene lateritisation and resultant mobilization of elements from basalt fe co ni cu ree shale ree limestone mn and granite li these warm acid fluids were focussed in eocene fluvial channels which acted as aquifers and redox barriers by the oxidative precipitation of fe and mn oxide cements further oxidation of ce and adsorption of ree co etc by todorokite have resulted in the extraordinary enrichment of ree in wad cemented fluvial sandstones

the 26 december 2004 sumatra tsunami analysis of tide gauge data from the world ocean part 1 indian ocean and south africa the m w 9 3 megathrust earthquake of december 26 2004 off the northwest coast of sumatra in the indian ocean generated a catastrophic tsunami that was recorded by a large number of tide gauges throughout the world ocean part 1 of our study of this event examines tide gauge measurements from the indian ocean region at sites located from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers from the source area statistical characteristics of the tsunami waves including wave height duration and arrival time are determined along with spectral properties of the tsunami records

the global reach of the 26 december 2004 sumatra tsunami numerical model simulations combined with tide gauge and satellite altimetry data reveal that wave amplitudes directionality and global propagation patterns of the 26 december 2004 sumatra tsunami were primarily determined by the orientation and intensity of the offshore seismic line source and subsequently by the trapping effect of mid ocean ridge topographic waveguides

the 2011 tohoku tsunami on the coast of mexico a case study the tohoku east japan earthquake of 11 march 2011 m w 9 0 generated a great trans oceanic tsunami that spread throughout the pacific ocean where it was measured by numerous coastal tide gauges and open ocean dart deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis stations statistical and spectral analyses of the tsunami waves recorded along the pacific coast of mexico have enabled us to estimate the principal parameters of the waves along the coast and to compare statistical features of the tsunami with other tsunamis recorded on this coast we identify coastal hot spots manzanillo zihuatanejo acapulco and ensenada corresponding to sites having highest tsunami hazard potential where wave heights during the 2011 event exceeded 1 5 2 m and tsunami induced currents were strong enough to close port operations based on a joint spectral analysis of the tsunamis and background noise we reconstructed the spectra of tsunami waves in the deep ocean and found that with the exception of the high frequency spectral band 5 cph the spectra are in close agreement with the true tsunami spectra determined from dart bottom pressure records the departure of the high frequency spectra in the coastal region from the deep sea spectra is shown to be related to background infragravity waves generated in the coastal zone the total energy and frequency content of the tohoku tsunami is compared with the corresponding results for the 2010 chilean tsunami our findings show that the integral open ocean tsunami energy i 0 was 2 30 cm2 or approximately 1 7 times larger than for the 2010 event comparison of this parameter with the mean coastal tsunami variance 451 cm2 indicates that tsunami waves propagating onshore from the open ocean amplified by 14 times the same was observed for the 2010 tsunami the tsunami colour frequency content for the 2011 tohoku tsunami was red with about 65 of the total energy associated with low frequency waves at frequencies 35 min the red colour i e the prevalence of low frequency waves in the 2011 tohoku as well as in the 2010 chile tsunamis is explained by the large extension of the source areas in contrast the 2014 and 2015 chilean earthquakes had much smaller source areas and consequently induced bluish high frequency tsunamis

sulphur isotopic composition in the palaeogene coal of japan abstract sulphur isotopic compositions of organic and inorganic sulphur are reported for 39 coal samples from three major coalfields of japan the 34 s values are from 2 7 to 21 1 and from 2 6 to 20 3 for organic and pyritic sulphur respectively in low sulphur coal beds 34 s value of organic sulphur of the kado coal 2 7 3 9 which was formed in a freshwater environment are probably the 34 s values of the primary sulphur in the palaoegene eocene coals of japan the 34 s values show a downward decrease in the low sulphur coal beds in the ishikari and miike coalfields in contrast the 34 s values are from 0 2 to 30 6 and from 9 6 to 43 1 for organic and pyritic sulphur respectively in high sulphur coal beds 1 total sulphur in the miike coalfield and show three distinctive vertical variations 1 a little downward and remarkable downward increase in organic and pyritic sulphur respectively 2 a large vertical variation having the maximum value near the middle of the bed in both organic and pyritic sulphur and 3 a downward decrease associating major fractionations near the top and bottom of the bed in both organic and pyritic sulphur both organic and pyritic sulphur even in the low sulphur coal beds except for the kado coal probably originated from the reduction of seawater sulfate which infiltrated from above and partially from below the bed two major stages of sulphur incorporation were inferred the early stage occurred at the peat forming stage and the late stage occurred after burial at a few hundred meters depth a distinctive relationship between the 34 s values and the sulphur contents is observed among individual coal samples in the low sulphur coals organic sulphur is enriched in 34 s relative to pyritic sulphur and is more abundant than pyritic sulphur in high sulphur coals three types are recognized 1 when the 34 s values of both organic and pyritic sulphur are over 20 organic sulphur is depleted in 34 s relative to pyritic sulphur and is more abundant than pyritic sulphur 2 when the 34 s values of organic sulphur are over 20 but those of pyritic sulphur are not organic sulphur is enriched in 34 s relative to pyritic sulphur and is more abundant than pyritic sulphur and 3 when the 34 s values of both organic and pyritic sulphur are less than 20 organic sulphur is enriched in 34 s relative to pyritic sulphur but no general pattern in the sulphur contents exists

sulphur and carbon isotopic composition of power supply coals in the pannonian basin hungary abstract the present work is an attempt to establish the stable isotope database for mesozoic to tertiary coals from the pannonian basin hungary maceral composition proximate analysis sulphur form sulphur isotopes organic and pyritic and carbon isotopes were determined this database supports the assessment of the environmental risks associated with energy generation the characterization of the formation and the distribution of sulphur in the coals used the maceral composition the sulphur composition the c s isotopic signatures and some of the geological evidences published earlier show that the majority of these coals were deposited in freshwater and brackish water environments despite the relatively high average sulphur content however the upper cretaceous eocene and lower miocene formations also contain coal seams of marine origin as indicated by their maceral composition and sulphur and carbon chemistry the majority of the sulphur in these coals occurs in the organic form all studied sulphur phases are relatively rich in 34s isotopes 34sorganic 12 74 34spyrite 10 06 on average this indicates that marine bacterial sulphate reduction played a minor role in their formation in the sense that isotopic fractionation was limited it seems that the interstitial spaces of the peat closed rapidly during early diagenesis due to a regime of high depositional rate leading to a relative enrichment of the heavy sulphur isotopes

upward increase of kerogen δ13c in the peru margin upper oligocene possible implications for the cenozoic evolution of atmospheric co2 abstract carbon isotopic composition of predominantly marine kerogen in latest oligocene mudstones of the peru margin odp 682a hole shows an about 3 5 increase with decreasing age py gc and elemental c n ratio analysis of the kerogen plus sulphur isotopic study together with earlier knowledge on geological setting and organic geochemistry results in a better understanding of depositionary environment and allows to separation of the influence of concentration of water dissolved carbon dioxide ce on kerogen 13c from that of other factors bacterial degradation sea surface temperature dic 13c productivity and admixture of land plant om based on this analysis the major part of the kerogen shift is considered as a result of the latest oligocene decrease of marine photosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation in the peru margin photic zone which in turn possibly reflects a simultaneous drop in atmospheric co2 level uncertainties in the evaluation of the factors affecting the marine photosynthetic carbon isotopic fractionation and the extent of ocean atmosphere disequilibrium do not permit calculation of the decrease of the atmospheric co2

waveform and spectral analyses of the 2011 japan tsunami records on tide gauge and dart stations across the pacific ocean we studied the 11 march 2011 tohoku tsunami through analysis of the sea level records from 21 tide gauge and 16 dart deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis stations from across the pacific ocean the extreme power of this trans oceanic tsunami was indicated by the trough to crest heights of 3 03 m at arena cove on the western coast of the usa and 3 94 m at coquimbo on the southern coast of chile the average value of the maximum amplitude was 163 9 cm for the examined tide gauge records at many coastal tide gauge stations the largest wave arrived several hours after the first arrival of the tsunami wave and the tsunami lasted for a long time with an average duration of 4 days on the contrary at most of the dart stations in the deep ocean the first wave was the largest the tsunami amplitudes were smaller with an average maximum of 51 2 cm and the durations were shorter with an average of 2 days the two dominant tsunami periods on the dart records were 37 and 67 4 min which are possibly attributed to the width and length of the tsunami source fault respectively the dimensions of the tsunami source was estimated as 233 km 424 km wavelet analyses of tide gauge and dart records showed that most of the tsunami energy was distributed at the wide period band of around 10 80 min during the first hour after the tsunami arrival then it was concentrated in a relatively narrower band the frequency time plots showed the switches and lapses of tsunami energy at the 35 and 65 min period bands

rare earth element zonation in pacific ferromanganese nodules abstract the lower surfaces of ferromanganese nodules from the north equatorial pacific ocean which are enriched in mn cu and ni and the upper surfaces which are enriched in fe p and co have been analyzed for la ce nd sm eu gd dy er and yb the ree contents are lower and the ce anomaly is smaller in the lower surfaces than in the upper surfaces the magnitude of the ce anomaly increases with decreasing mn fe ratio indicative of a seawater origin the zonal distribution of the other ree supports the conclusion derived previously from inter nodule and nodule sediment relationships that diagenetic fixation of rare earths in sediments affects their enrichment by nodular iron oxyhydroxides

effects of bathymetry on tsunami propagation application of ray tracing to tsunamis ray tracing of seismic surface waves is applied to tsunami propagation to examine bathymetric effect along its propagation path computations are made for trans pacific tsunamis and for near field tsunamis in the japan sea for tsunamis across the pacific ocean the comparison to a uniform ocean shows that focusing and defocusing due to bathymetry are significant for some combinations of source and receiver for example the refraction of rays is predominant at the east pacific rise for the tsunami from chile the tsunamis in the japan sea are strongly affected by the shallow yamato rise the predicted arrival time and amplitude distribution generally agree with the observations from an actual tsunami since the computation can be made very quickly the method is useful for preliminary analysis of tsunami propagation such as in an operational warning system or in the determination of computational area for finite difference computation

history and features of trans oceanic tsunamis and implications for paleo tsunami studies abstract far field tsunamis and their features as well as methods to quantify trans oceanic tsunamis are reviewed with examples of instrumental and historical data tsunamis from the 1854 nankai earthquakes the 1946 aleutian tsunami earthquake the 1960 and 2010 chile earthquakes as well as the 2011 tohoku earthquake were recorded around the pacific ocean the 1883 krakatoa volcanic eruption caused volcanic tsunami in the indian ocean and meteotsunami in the pacific ocean the 2004 indian ocean tsunami was also recorded in the pacific ocean when a tsunami amplitude is larger than that of ocean tides which usually requires the parent earthquake to be gigantic mw 9 it can cause damage and may be historically documented the trans pacific tsunamis described in historical documents include those from the 1700 cascadia earthquake the 1730 1751 1837 and 1877 earthquakes off chile and the 1687 and 1868 earthquakes off peru the tsunami record in japan from the 1586 peru earthquakes was found to be incorrect and should be discounted the tsunami magnitude scale relates the tsunami heights to the earthquake size tsunami travel time can be computed from actual bathymetry and the tsunami ray tracing provides relative amplitudes due to focusing defocusing caused by irregular bathymetry numerical computations from fault models produce tsunami amplitudes and waveforms and indicate strong directivity due to strike of fault or orientation of subduction zones far field tsunamis are often long lasting due to multiple reflections across the basin or on continental shelf or due to resonance in bays harbors these features would provide important criteria to estimate tsunami sources from paleo tsunami data

environmental history of the german lower rhine embayment during the middle miocene as reflected by carbon isotopes in brown coal stable carbon isotope investigations have been carried out on miocene brown coal from the garzweiler seam of the german lower rhine embayment material studied included fossil wood from seven different taxa and brown coal matrix isotope results from macrofossil analysis show variations of more than 6 within individual samples and reveal a general isotopic difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm wood specimens according to mean carbon isotope values found for gymnosperms angiosperms and brown coal matrix 23 3 26 0 and 25 8 the peat forming vegetation of the garzweiler seam was dominated by angiosperm taxa results from brown coal matrix establish a continuous high resolution depth profile of carbon isotope variations during the late middle miocene they show a significant and characteristic isotope pattern with distinct medium and short term cycles high frequency variations in the two main units of garzweiler seam locally split into three units the medium term 13c variations are most likely caused by varying proportions of gymnosperms within the peat forming vegetation while high frequency oscillations seem to be a direct signal of environmental changes a long term decline of carbon isotope values observed within the complete garzweiler seam from base to top is presumably due to a cooling trend in the miocene

progression in sulfur isotopic compositions from coal to fly ash examples from single source combustion in indiana abstract sulfur occurs in multiple mineral forms in coals and its fate in coal combustion is still not well understood the sulfur isotopic composition of coal from two coal mines in indiana and fly ash from two power plants that use these coals were studied using geological and geochemical methods the two coal beds are middle pennsylvanian in age one seam is the low sulfur 5 springfield coal member of the petersburg formation both seams have ash contents of approximately 11 fly ash samples were collected at various points in the ash collection system in the two plants the results show notable difference in 34s for sulfur species within and between the low sulfur and high sulfur coal the 34s values for all sulfur species are exclusively positive in the low sulfur danville coal whereas the 34s values for sulfate pyritic and organic sulfur are both positive and negative in the high sulfur springfield coal each coal exhibits a distinct pattern of stratigraphic variation in sulfur isotopic composition overall the 34s for sulfur species values increase up the section in the low sulfur danville coal whereas they show a decrease up the vertical section in the high sulfur springfield coal based on the evolution of 34s for sulfur species it is suggested that there was influence of seawater on peat swamp with two marine incursions occurring during peat accumulation of the high sulfur springfield coal therefore bacterial sulfate reduction played a key role in converting sulfate into hydrogen sulfide sulfide minerals and elemental sulfur the differences in 34s between sulfate sulfur and pyritic sulfur is very small between individual benches of both coals implying that some oxidation occurred during deposition or postdeposition the 34s values for fly ash from the high sulfur springfield coal averaging 9 7 are greatly enriched in 34s relative to those in the parent coal averaging 2 2 this indicates a fractionation of sulfur isotopes during high sulfur coal combustion by contrast the 34s values for fly ash samples from the low sulfur danville coal average 10 2 only slightly enriched in 34s relative to those from the parent coal average 7 5 the 34s values for bulk s determined directly from the fly ash samples show close correspondence with the 34s values for so4 2 leached from the fly ash in the low sulfur coal suggesting that the transition from pyrite to sulfate occurred via high temperature oxidation during coal combustion

the distribution of fe mn ni cr and co between the acid soluble and fe oxides and hydroxides and matrix fractions of the gercus red beds of northeast iraq abstract twenty samples of the gercus middle eocene red marl and carbonate of northeast iraq have been analysed for their mn cr ni co and fe content in the hcl soluble and free fe oxide and hydroxide phases the greater bulk of hcl soluble mn is associated with carbonate minerals only trace amounts up to 120 ppm of mn are associated with free fe oxides and hydroxides hcl soluble cr ni and co varies between 12 and 67 68 and 529 and 14 and 41 ppm respectively these constitute 4 5 26 and 36 9 respectively of their total content in the samples good positive correlation was found between free fe oxides and hydroxides and the associated cr ni co and mn content cr ni and co was found to be enriched in the free fe oxides and hydroxides relative to their total content in the main matrix enrichment factors are in the order co 5 0 ni 3 5 cr 2 4 this together with the similar partition order of these elements in the hcl soluble phase is in agreement with the relative mobility of these elements during the weathering transportation and deposition regime of the sediments

new insights into the source of the makran tsunami of 27 november 1945 from tsunami waveforms and coastal deformation data we constrain the source of the 27 november 1945 tsunami in the makran subduction zone msz using available tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges at mumbai india and karachi pakistan and that inferred at port victoria seychelles and coseismic deformation data along the makran coast spectral analysis of the tsunami waveforms shows that the tsunami governing period was 40 50 min at karachi whereas it was around 22 min at mumbai the inferred tsunami waveform at port victoria also indicated a period of around 21 min for the tsunami tsunami numerical simulations from the previously proposed source models failed in reproducing the observed tsunami waveforms and coseismic deformation data sensitivity analysis showed that the source fault needs to be extended offshore into deep water in order to reproduce the first 22 min signal at mumbai based on the inversion of the observed tsunami waveforms we propose a four segment fault with varying slip amounts as the final source this source includes a slip of 4 3 m onshore near ormara pakistan and a slip of 10 m offshore at water depth of around 3 000 m the total fault length is 220 km and the average slip is 6 1 m this source first reproduces fairly well the observed tide gauge records at mumbai and karachi second produces 1 m of uplift at ormara and 1 m of subsidence at pasni and third gives a moment magnitude of 8 3 for the earthquake which is in the acceptable range of seismic data the computed 1 m uplift at ormara is in the uplift range of 1 3 m reported in the literature as the tide gauge stations were located in the far field our proposed source explains mainly the tectonic source of the tsunami

records of terrestrial sulfur deposition from the latest permian coals in sw china abstract different sulfur fractions of low sulfur average 0 11 coals from the latest permian in southwestern china were analyzed isotopically at a high vertical resolution to examine the ramifications for potential terrestrial extinction mechanisms at the permo triassic boundary s org organic sulfur accounts for 87 of the total sulfur content on average while s py pyritic sulfur is very low 13 of the total sulfur content and ca 0 01 of the whole sample weight and relatively constant throughout the profile except for some insignificant additions in clay rich layers these indicate the possible differential contribution of local diagenesis during the early stages of peat accumulation the 34 s org values have a relatively narrow range from 1 5 to 7 6 while the 34 s py values have a wider range from 0 8 to 34 1 suggesting that pyrite was possibly formed in different stages and that there was negligible bacterial contribution to the primary organic sulfur fraction thus the organic sulfur signal in the coal is largely sourced from the original plant material and records temporal variations in the isotopic composition of the sulfur input to the coal forming environment the stratigraphically lower coal b3 has 34 s org values around 4 while the stratigraphically higher coal b2 which is closer to the permian triassic boundary has clearly higher 34 s org values ranging from 5 3 to 7 6 this change is most likely due to increased marine sulfate aerosol inputs into the coal forming peatland caused by coastline retreat during late permian transgression importantly there is no evidence in these discrete intervals of coal formation to indicate a dominant role of atmospheric inputs of isotopically lighter sulfur from either h 2 s released from euxinic oceans or volcanic so 2 this militates against theories that implicate such sources of sulfur in terrestrial extinction mechanisms at the end permian

metalliferous manganese oxide mineralization associated with the boleo cu co zn district mexico apart from its large reserves of cu co zn mineralization contained within stratiform ore beds or mantos the boleo district of central baja mexico also contains significant concentrations of mn oxides typically 2 3 wt mn interspersed with hydrothermal sulfides and both hydrothermal and weathering related metal oxide minerals within the mantos mn oxides occur as concentric nodules disk shaped concretions laminae granules or aggregates veins dendrites and various replacements the oxides are composed of varying amounts of hollandite cryptomelane todorkite romanechite pyrolusite and x ray amorphous mn oxide chemically the manto oxides are unique owing to their extraordinarily high abundances of co cu pb and zn typically 2 5 wt but up to 23 wt existing mineralogical and geochemical classifications are ambiguous regarding the genetic classification of mn oxides within the mantos a new mno 2 fe 2 o 3 t mgo diagram is proposed in order to discriminate among highly metalliferous mn oxides based on the new classification scheme manto mn oxides record a complex interaction between hydrothermal and diagenetic processes to better understand the mechanism of oxide deposition radiogenic isotopes sr and pb and ree geochemistry were used to delineate fluid and metal sources isotopic and ree constraints indicate that the boleo mn oxides are largely hydrothermal in origin however they show varying degrees of modification resulting from diagenetic processes hydrothermal mn oxides are syngenetic synsedimentary to syndiagenetic in origin and were precipitated in association with sulfides reflecting localized variations in redox conditions within the manto sequence due to the downward infiltration of metal bearing brines apart from morphological and stratigraphic evidence e g occurrence of nodular crusts along the upper contact of the manto a syngenetic origin is supported by a single k ar date of 7 0 0 2 ma which is within the estimated age range for deposition of boleo formation clastic sediments interaction between brine and seawater or brine and pore fluid as it infiltrates the sedimentary pile produced hydrothermal precipitates with certain hydrogenetic attributes i e positive ce anomaly lree enrichment on the other hand oxides with hydrogenetic and with mixed hydrothermal hydrogenetic affinities represent diagenetic alteration and remobilization of earlier formed hydrothermal oxides by meteoric fluids by far the greatest degree of remobilization occurred in response to compactional dewatering of the manto where the dewatering pore waters enriched the uppermost manto strata in mn fe zn co and to lesser degrees cu later diagenetic modifications coincided with the development of a supergene overprint which typifies boleo formation strata at elevations above the present day water table