sr and nd isotopes as tracers of north atlantic lithic particles paleoclimatic implications sr and nd isotopic compositions have been measured on the lithic fraction of last climatic cycle sediments from the north atlantic 40 n 60 n in order to identify the origins of the particles from the reconstruction of their transport pathways we deduce the mechanisms that explain their distributions the main source regions are the canadian shield mostly the area of baffin bay and western greenland the scandinavian shield the european region british isles and bay of biscay and iceland we observe a significant glacial interglacial contrast characterized by a dominant icelandic input via near bottom transport by north atlantic deep water nadw during the interglacials and a largely continent derived contribution of surface transported ice rafted detritus ird during the glacial period during the last glacial period the heinrich events abrupt massive discharges of ird originated not only from the laurentide ice sheet as heretofore envisioned but also from other sources three other major north atlantic ice sheets fennoscandian british isles and icelandic probably surged simultaneously discharging ice and ird into the north atlantic as opposed to theories implying a unique laurentide origin gwiazda et al 1995 driven by an internal mechanism mcayeal 1993 we confirm that the icelandic and the fennoscandian ice sheets also surged as recently proposed by other authors and we here also distinguish a possible detrital contribution from the british isles ice sheet this pan north atlantic phenomenon thus requires a common regional external forcing

late proterozoic high pressure granulite facies meta morphism in the north east ox inlier north west ireland high pressure granulite facies gneisses in the ne ox inlier in nw ireland have undergone extensive caledonian retrogression in the local area of slishwood however reworking was negligible and the gneisses psammites semipelites pelites metabasites and ultramafites preserve evidence of p t changes at high grade which mainly post date pre caledonian polyphase deformation temperatures reached 850 900 c based on garnet clinopyroxene geothermometry and the presence of mesoperthite during and after decompression from earlier eclogite facies conditions inferred from textural evidence of plagioclase release in sieve textured augite subsequent cooling at high pressure is inferred from the unequivocal replacement of sillimanite by kyanite a sm nd mineral isochron gt cpx plag wr of 605 37 ma is taken to date a point on the cooling path and confirms the hitherto suspected pre caledonian age of the high grade metamorphism geochemical and sm nd isotopic data indicate that the protoliths were probably late proterozoic arkosic sediments and tholeiites following metamorphism they apparently came to reside near the base of the crust where they slowly cooled the eventual exhumation of these gneisses is attributed to caledonian crustal imbrication followed by rapid isostatic recovery

nd isotope systematics of coarse and fine grained sediments examples from the middle proterozoic belt purcell supergroup sm nd isotopic compositions are reported for 20 fine and 5 coarse grained samples of the belt purcell supergroup of western north america varepsilon nd and sm nd ratios for fine grained belt purcell sediments are remarkably uniform indicating crustal residence ages ranging only from 1 6 to 2 1 ga varepsilon nd and sm nd ratios for coarse grained sediments however are much more varied and contain evidence of sm nd fractionation during sedimentary recycling assuming that this ree fractionation occurred between the time source areas were eroded and when sediment was deposited a new method of calculating crustal residence age intervals is derived for the coarse grained samples which serves to place constraints on the average time since source materials were extracted from the mantle the nd data from both sample groups provide an average age estimate of 2 0 pm 0 3 ga for the middle proterozoic crust from which most of the belt purcell supergroup was derived the isotopic data toge

silurian turbidite provenance on the northern avalonian margin the windermere supergroup of nw england was deposited in a foreland basin on the northern margin of eastern avalonia and preserves an almost complete ashgill to poidoli sequence it was ideally positioned to record provenance changes associated with the closure of the iapetus ocean petrographic geochemical and nd isotopic parameters show distinct and concordant temporal trends the late ashgill to early llandovery is characterized by progressive hemipelagic dilution of material derived from the underlying borrowdale volcanic group from the llandovery onward petrographic and geochemical data indicate supply from a recycled orogen source input from the scandian orogen may be inferred no conclusive evidence is recorded of laurentian input into the basin by the late wenlock a unified sedimentary system probably spanned the iapetus ocean an abrupt reversal in provenance trends towards the end of the ludlow records basin inversion the occlusion of the iapetus seaway and concomitant cannibalization of older foreland basin sediments provenance data derived from upper wenlock to poidoli sediments aid the characterization of marine foreland basins

the provenance of granite boulders in conglomerates of the northern and central belts of the southern uplands of scotland rb sr whole rock isochrons from several suites of granite boulders which occur in ordovician and silurian conglomerates in the southern uplands of scotland yield ages of around 1200 ma 600 to 700 ma and 470 to 490 ma the plutonic and tectonic history recorded by these clasts corresponds more closely with that of nw newfoundland than with that of scotland the petrography of the clasts can also be matched with exposed granite plutons in newfoundland since the conglomerates were derived from the nw it is concluded that the southern uplands lay to the se of newfoundland a total of 1500 km strike slip displacement occurred between the caradoc and the early devonian consistent with oblique subduction of the iapetus ocean below the north american continental margin

ndsr isotopic study of proterozoic to triassic sediments from southeastern british columbia abstract sedimentary rocks from the southeastern canadian cordillera varying in age from mid proterozoic to triassic have been analysed for their nd isotopic composition e nd t values range from 1 5 to 17 2 and nd model ages t dm nd vary from 1 00 to 2 32 ga much in excess over their stratigraphic ages the difference between the two ages ranges from 0 43 to 1 93 ga decreasing as the sediments become stratigraphically older nd isotopic compositions of sediments suggest that there are two distinct continental sources of sediments in the cordilleran miogeocline a an older source e nd 0 from 20 3 to 23 8 with apparent crustal residence ages of 2 26 2 32 ga and b a younger source average e nd 0 14 0 with the crustal residence age of about 1 8 ga the older residence ages are interpreted to be due to mixtures of materials from the archean and proterozoic crusts sediments belonging to the laib formation lower cambrian and lower clastic part of the milford group namurian appear to have derived from an archean continental segment with some admixture of sediments from the early proterozoic source the younger crustal source which seems to be the principal supplier of sediments for most of the stratigraphic units aldridge formation middle proterozoic horsethief creek group upper proterozoic hamill and lardeau groups lower cambrian nelway formation middle cambrian active formation ordovician and part of milford group is not the archean canadian shield immediately to the east recent subsurface mapping of the alberta basement beneath the phanerozoic sedimentary cover using u pb zircon dating of igneous lithologies 1 has established the extensive archean and early proterozoic crustal provinces it is proposed here that the early proterozoic province of west central alberta is the most likely source of the easterly derived sedimentary rocks of the cordilleran miogeocline with t cr ages from 1 94 to 1 50 ga on the basis of sedimentologic tectonic and isotopic evidence we suggest that the younger sediments could be to some extent recycled older sediments for the triassic slocan and ymir groups eastern part of quesnel terrane sedimentologic lithologic tectonic and isotopic evidence suggest the source was a western one with about 1 8 ga crustal residence age comparison of the crustal residence ages with stratigraphic ages shows the best fit nd evolution curve for the cordilleran miogeocline approximately coincides with the continental growth curve deduced for the north atlantic province and similar to the growth curve for gondwana during the phanerozoic this curve also passes through the north american composite the levelling off of crustal residence ages for the mid proterozoic to triassic sediments at about 1 8 ga supports the idea of negligible crustal growth since at least 1 7 ga the average crustal residence age of the modern miogeoclinal and cratonic sediments

turbidite provenance in the lower palaeozoic manx group isle of man implications for the tectonic setting of eastern avalonia the provenance of turbidites from the predominantly arenig aged manx group has been constrained using petrographical and geochemical techniques petrographical analysis of sandstones reveals that mono and poly crystalline quartz grains of cratonic origin are dominant major trace and rare earth element concentrations in both sandstones and mudstones complement the petrographical data indicating that the source of the sediments consisted of quartzose basement and mature sedimentary rocks there is little evidence of a juvenile volcanic input but a minor palaeovolcanic component of active continental margin affinity is present there are indications of a more immature character in the oldest units but on the whole geochemical data from the manx group suggest an overall passive margin setting these results suggest that eastern avalonia was attached to gondwana during deposition of the manx group and that iapetus oceanic crust did not subduct beneath the region before the end of the arenig

nd and sr isotopic ratios and trace element geochemistry of epidote from the swiss molasse basin as provenance indicators implications for the reconstruction of the exhumation history of the central alps abstract epidote is a common heavy mineral in sandstones its use as a provenance indicator however is limited because it appears in a wide range of lithologies and geological settings in order to discriminate between mantle and crust derived source rocks we measured isotopic and trace element compositions of detrital epidote from sandstones of the swiss molasse basin the compositions of the detrital epidotes were compared to epidotes from penninic metabasites and austroalpine metagranites from the present day exposures and to epidote from ophiolitic and metagranitic pebbles from the molasse basin we found that nd isotopic ratios of epidote allow a good discrimination between different types of source rocks with end values ranging between 6 1 and 8 6 for metabasic lithologies and between 9 7 and 2 8 for metagranitic lithologies sr isotope ratios reveal similar trends but do not allow such a clear discrimination ba u rb nb and th contents of epidote correlate well with the end values yielding the same provenance signal according to isotopic and trace element compositions three types of epidote bearing sandstones can be distinguished one received epidote from lower austroalpine metagranites another from penninic ophiolites and a third type of sandstone received epidote from both sources the provenance of the detrital epidote has important bearing on the exhumation history of the central alps elucidating the transition between the erosion of lower austroalpine felsic lithologies and the onset of erosion of the penninic lower plate according to our data the penninic lower plate became exposed simultaneously in the hinterland of all molasse fans at 21 20 ma at the same time the relief collapsed as reflected by a drastic decrease of sediment accumulation rates in the foreland basin the combination of both events fits well to the geodynamic scenario of large scale lateral extension processes affecting the central alps in post collisional times

air blast recognition and location using regional seismographic networks abstract regional seismic networks are occasionally useful for purposes other than earthquake studies three such applications which involve surface and atmospheric phenomena are described in this report 1 the detection and location of a missile silo explosion in arkansas 2 analysis of an aircraft sonic boom and 3 attempts to determine the time and location of ground impacts of aircraft and a meteorite when the source of the disturbance is in the air seismic instruments respond to the air coupled surface waves generated in the wake of the atmospheric shock front advancing with the speed of sound in air thus the disturbance9s point and time of origin can be determined using a standard iterative hypocenter program with a crustal velocity model appropriate to the prevailing atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions simplified theory predicts that air coupling is significant only when the speed of sound in air is close to the shear wave velocity of the surface crustal layer this is normally the case only when unconsolidated material is present at the surface the observations discussed here support this prediction seismic network instruments sited on soft ground recorded signals from atmospheric disturbances much more clearly than did higher gain instruments on hard rock

neodymium isotopic composition of ordovician conodonts as a seawater proxy testing paleogeography 1 to evaluate recent ordovician paleogeographic reconstructions end values were determined in conodonts as a proxy for the isotopic variations in ancient seawater using samples from the major cratons and microplates isotopic variations reveal the existence of distinct oceanic masses and epeiric seas that constrain the position of plates and terranes relative to these water masses and hence constrain models of regional and global paleogeography the isotopic patterns show a consistent picture of the changes in the ordovician oceans the end values for water masses associated with laurentia are strongly negative 28 to 18 in the early ordovician evolving over time to higher values in the range 13 to 5 the early ordovician signature of laurentia is in marked contrast to other cratons and microplates which have a range of values from 10 to 5 samples from south china show interesting signals that reflect a greater similarity to laurentia than other peri gondwana terranes the isotopic variations are a function of both regional geology and global tectonic processes the most obvious being the taconic orogeny and onset of the closure of the iapetus ocean regional and global models of paleogeography are considered in light of these proxy signals this study also reveals that conodonts are powerful geochemical tools for obtaining information on ancient water masses the use of the nd isotopic signatures from conodonts provides a method independent of paleomagnetism and biogeography to test paleogeographic models by integrating such information a more multidisciplinary approach is possible

a cryptic caledonian flysch terrane in scotland a substantial part of the lower old red sandstone crawton group in the north east midland valley of scotland has a first cycle provenance from the south and east i e from a source block within the midland valley from the clast assemblages in proximal conglomerates it is clear that this provenance comprised a flysch terrane cut by granodioritic and tonalitic plutons angular clasts of lithic arenite and metagreywacke derived from this cryptic flysch sequence show it to be distinct from a metasedimentary sequence which flanked the lower old red sandstone basin to the north and north east the basin must overlie or lie adjacent to a boundary between two quite different sedimentary assemblages petrographic examination and chemical analysis of the clasts show that the southerly cryptic succession includes an important mafic ultramanc provenance implying that ophiolitic source rocks may have originally contributed to it sr and nd isotopic compositions for the clasts establish that the midland valley flysch is isotopically unrelated to either southern uplands shales and greywackes or dalradian metasedimentary rocks the clasts have lower sr contents than either suite and sr isotopic compositions 87 sr 86 sr in the range 0 7099 0 7176 at 450 ma which are more radiogenic than the southern uplands but less radiogenic than the dalradian crustal residence ages t dm have a narrow range of 1 76 1 94 ga the mean of 1 87 0 06 ga compares with a mean residence age of 1 49 0 21 ga for southern uplands greywackes and shales mixing calculations demonstrate that the incorporation of young ophiolite derived basaltic detritus into the caledonian sedimentary mass can explain properties of the nd data previously attributed to a bimodal proterozoic provenance the distinct compositions of the southern uplands and midland valley flysch sediments suggest they originally tapped different parts of the laurentian margin and have subsequently been brought together structurally as displaced fore arc slivers the diverse isotopic compositions of outboard flysch terranes has implications for the nature of the sedimentary component incorporated in inboard magma suites

crustal reworking in southern africa constraints from sr nd isotope studies in archaean to pan african terrains abstract isotopic data for crustal rocks from southern africa indicate that significant crustal growth occurred prior to 2 5 ga and crustal growth since 1 0 ga was negligible orogenic events since about 2 0 ga appear to have reworked progressively larger proportions of pre existing crustal material and the last major orogenic event the damara of namibia resulted in no detectable increase in crustal mass model age ratios dm nd t dm sr refect intracrustal fractionation of rb sr relative to sm nd and so constrain models for intracrustal reworking data from sedimentary rocks suggest that rb sr ratios are increased at average rates of between 1 2 and 2 2 per billion years by processes of erosion and sedimentation metamorphism and intracrustal melting in the continuously reworked upper crust these inferred rates of rb sr fractionation can account for the present day 87 sr 86 sr ratios in modern river particulates and the restricted range of depositional 87 sr 86 sr ratios in upper proterozoic sediments

provenance of the pre devonian sediments of england and wales sm nd isotopic evidence nd values and clast petrography of the longmyndian sediments of shropshire indicate a provenance dominated by juvenile high nd t uriconian volcanic sources but with an increasing detrital contribution from older low nd t metamorphic sources up section by contrast most lower palaeozoic strata of england and wales have low nd t values typical of sediments derived from long established continental crust the sm nd isotopic evidence suggests that avalonia received sediment from an adjacent large continent in the cambrian to lower ordovician and in the silurian ordovician and silurian volcanicity supplied juvenile detritus only during and shortly after active volcanism

the history of a continent from upb ages of zircons from orinoco river sand and smnd isotopes in orinoco basin river sediments abstract we report shrimp u pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower orinoco river venezuela and nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries the u pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events the sm nd model ages reflect average crustal residence ages of the sediment sources together they allow delineation of the crust formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments the u pb ages range from 2 83 to 0 15 ga and most are concordant or nearly so discrete age groupings occur at 2 8 2 1 and 1 1 ga the oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a 600 ma age gap larger age groupings at 2 1 and 1 1 ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses respectively the remaining analyses scatter along concordia and most are younger than 1 6 ga the 2 8 and 2 1 ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the imataca and trans amazonian provinces of the guyana shield respectively and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth these ages coincide with 2 9 and 2 1 ga nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the archean and proterozoic provinces of the guyana shield respectively indicating that the u pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the orinoco basin zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the north atlantic continents the superior at 2 7 ga and hudsonian at 1 7 1 9 ga were not found in the orinoco sample the age distribution may indicate that south and north america were separated throughout their history nd model ages of sediments from the lower orinoco river and andean tributaries are 1 9 ga broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts this age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust formation ages the igneous and metamorphic history of these sources as recorded by the detrital zircons is that of the orinoco basin basement this implies that despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling global similarities in nd crustal residence ages and the probability of cross continent mixing through continental drift the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin the global semblance in nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large scale sampling of the continents which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales a large portion of the continental crust in the orinoco basin formed during the trans amazonian orogeny at 2 0 2 1 ga and smaller portions formed both earlier at 2 8 ga and later after 1 6 ga these observations which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the orinoco basin indicate that sediments from the lower orinoco and andean tributaries contain 25 35 of material added to the crust since trans amazonian times nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust formation age of the basement of the orinoco basin by only about 10 if this relationship holds in other river basins then nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is 1 9 2 ga

sm nd studies of archaean metasediments and metavolcanics from west greenland and their implications for the earth s early history metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks from the archaean of west greenland have been examined for evidence of crustal components greater than 3 8 ga in age and for their compatibility with the presently adopted bulk earth sm nd parameters sm nd isotopic data have been obtained for the garbenschiefer metagabbro unit metasediments from the isua supracrustal belt gneisses interior to the isua belt and metasediments from the malene supracrustal belt using estimates of emplacement age t of between 3 77 and 3 67 ga for the parental volcanics to the garbenschiefer unit initial143nd 144nd ratios yield positiveendt values between 1 0 and 3 1 relative to the chur parameters for seven out of eight samples model sm nd ages for the isua gneisses and metasediments are only compatible with their estimated stratigraphic ages if their sources were ca 2end relative to chur at those times similarly model sm nd ages for the malene samples are only compatible with stratigraphic age constraints when based on a source evolution with positiveendt implications of these results for the early development of the earth s mantle are discussed

upper crustal recycling in southern britain evidence from nd and sr isotopes analyses of representative rocks from southern britain are used to examine in detail the evolution of this segment of continental crust the vast majority of late precambrian basement rocks have unradiogenic 87sr 86sr ratios and model tdmnd ages of 1 3 ga although locally the rosslare complex and rushton schists have model tdmnd ages 1 7 ga identifying for the first time an old component in the basement of southern britain following the closure of the iapetus ocean sediments exhibit a progressive increase in model tdmnd ages 1 35 ga in the lower palaeozoic to 1 75 ga in the jurassic this variation demonstrates the southerly transport of detritus tdmnd 2 0 ga from the mixed archaean proterozoic terrains of northern europe and america the granitoids have significantly higher end than those of contemporaneous sediments and thus yield a different nd isotope evolution curve when considered in isolation the majority of rocks analysed have model tdmsr ages in the range 1 2 to 0 46 ga with youngest sediments generally recording the lowest model ages therefore with time the sediments record a striking increase in the ratio of model nd to model sr age the data suggest that the rb sr ratios of the crustal rocks is increased by a factor of approximately 2 every 900 ma implying that on average the british upper crust was reworked by erosion and sedimentation every 600 ma

the age and nature of the basement of southern britain evidence from sr and pb isotopes in granites the isotopic study of granitic intrusions in southern britain provides an indication of the age and geochemical nature of the south british basement which is otherwise generally obscured from observation by sedimentary cover this paper reports pb isotopic compositions of feldspars in granites from sw england lundy mountsorrel and shap in addition to age and initial 87 sr 86 sr data on two of the granites a review of published rb sr age and isotope data for southern britain and consideration of the new pb data using the plumbotectonics model of doe zartman 1979 indicate that the basement to southern britain has an age of 800 ma with an upper limit of 1200 ma the granites studied in this work have substantial components of crustally derived sr and pb

the development of continental crust through geological time the south african case nd isotopic compositions and147sm144nd ratios were measured in fifty eight south african shales and greywackes with depositional ages ranging from 0 2 to 3 3 b y elements such as the rare earths which are poorly soluble in water and not fractionated during exogeneous processes preserve the signature of the original crustal source the147sm144nd ratios appear to be approximately constant throughout the time interval sampled we calculated nd model ages of crustal differentiation knowing that the shales represent a true blend of different continental areas we consider these model ages representative of the mean ages of their primitive continental sources then using the inverse technique developed by alle gre and rousseau in 1984 we computed a growth curve for the continental crust in south africa two periods of important crustal genesis archaean and around 1 5 b y can be compared with the observed geology and with other continental crust growth curves obtained in previous studies in southern africa and in australia the observation of large variations in the mgo content and ni cr u and th concentrations between archaean south african shales and post archaean samples compared to the constancy of the147sm144nd ratios leads us to propose that the archaean crust was composed of both granite 70 5 and a mafic component 29 5 which could have been komatiite the small dispersion of 147sm 144nd ratios suggests that erosion and sedimentation processes yielded homogeneous archaean shales the present day continental crust is much more heterogeneous because it has undergone several episodes of recycling thus recent shales are characterized by more variable 147sm 144nd ratios

nd sr isotopes and elemental geochemistry of surface sediments from the south china sea implications for provenance tracing abstract the mineralogy major and trace elements and neodymium and strontium isotopes of surface sediments in the south china sea scs are documented with the aim of investigating their applicability in provenance tracing the results indicate that mineralogical compositions alone do not clearly identify the sources for the bulk sediments in the scs the nd isotopic compositions of the scs sediments show a clear zonal distribution the most negative end values were obtained for sediments from offshore south china 13 0 to 10 7 while those from offshore indochina are slightly more positive 10 7 to 9 4 the nd isotopic compositions of the sediments from offshore borneo are even higher with end ranging from 8 8 to 7 0 and the sediments offshore from the southern philippine arc have the most positive end values from 3 7 to 5 3 this zonal distribution in end is in good agreement with the nd isotopic compositions of the sediments supplied by river systems that drain into the corresponding regions indicating that nd isotopic compositions are an adequate proxy for provenance tracing of scs sediments sr isotopic compositions in contrast can only be used to identify the sediments from offshore south china and offshore from the southern philippine arc as the 87sr 86sr ratios of sediments from other regions overlapped similar zonal distributions are also apparent in a la th sc discrimination diagram sediments from the west margin of the scs such as those from beibuwan bay offshore from hainan island offshore from indochina and from the sunda shelf plot in the same field while those offshore from the northeastern scs offshore from borneo and offshore from the southern philippine arc plot in distinct fields thus the la th sc discrimination diagram coupled with nd isotopes can be used to trace the provenance of scs sediments using this method we re assessed the provenance changes of sediments at ocean drilling program odp site 1148 since the late oligocene the results indicate that sediments deposited after 23 8 ma above 455 mcd meters composite depth were supplied mainly from the eastern south china block with a negligible contribution from the interior of the south china block sediments deposited before 26 ma beneath 477 mcd were supplied mainly from the north palawan continental terrane which may retain the geochemical characteristics of the materials covered on the late mesozoic granitoids along the coastal south china for that the north palawan continental terrane is presently located within the southern philippine arc but was located close to odp site 1148 in the late oligocene the weathering products of volcanic material associated with the extension of the scs ocean crust also contributed to these sediments the rapid change in sediment source at 26 23 8 ma probably resulted from a sudden cessation of sediment supply from the north palawan continental terrane we suggest that the north palawan continental terrane drifted southwards along with the extension of the scs ocean crust during that time and when the basin was large enough the supply of sediment from the south to odp site 1148 at the north slope may have ceased

investigations of the spatial and temporal variations of sr and nd isotopes in sediments from two indian rivers implications to source identification radiogenic isotopes of sr and nd provide crucial information on chemical and physical erosion processes therefore used as tracers for fingerprinting the sources of fluvial sediments moreover elemental geochemistry 87sr 86sr and 143nd 144nd signatures in silicate fractions of sediments primarily reflect intricate controls of characteristics and provenance of sediment a suite of sediment samples collected from two rivers of india narmada large and netravati small were analyzed for elemental concentrations 87sr 86sr and 143nd 144nd in silicate as well as acid leachable fractions 87sr 86sr in acid leachable sediment fractions from both the rivers 0 7094 0 0002 for narmada and 0 7158 0 003 for netravati showed more radiogenic 87sr 86sr in netravati compared to narmada indicating influence of source rocks in their watersheds weak correlation of sedimentary 87sr 86sr and 143nd 144nd with al and chemical index of alteration cia in silicate fraction indicate that isotopic compositions are primarily controlled by their sources and not by chemical weathering in both the rivers provenance of sediments in narmada is dominated by their supply from deccan deposits with secondary supply from mid late proterozoic vindhyan along with mesoproterozoic to mesoarchean tdmnd ages sediments from netravati reflected signatures of peninsular gneisses dominant with gneisses schists and granodiorite along with paleoarchean tdmnd ages based on variability of 87sr 86sr and 143nd 144nd present study highlight that sediment supplies from tributaries to the mainstream in narmada is inadequate as compared to that in netravati 87sr 86sr and 143nd 144nd signatures in narmada and netravati are comparable with global rivers this article is protected by copyright all rights reserved

dynamics of the bingham canyon rock avalanches utah usa resolved from topographic seismic and infrasound data the 2013 bingham canyon mine rock avalanches represent one of the largest cumulative landslide events in recorded u s history and provide a unique opportunity to test remote analysis techniques for landslide characterization here we combine aerial photogrammetry surveying topographic reconstruction numerical runout modeling and analysis of broadband seismic and infrasound data to extract salient details of the dynamics and evolution of the multi phase landslide event our results reveal a cumulative intact rock source volume of 52 mm3 which mobilized in two main rock avalanche phases separated by 1 5 h we estimate the first rock avalanche had 1 5 2 times greater volume than the second each failure initiated by sliding along a gently dipping 21 highly persistent basal fault before transitioning to a rock avalanche and spilling into the inner pit the trajectory and duration of the two rock avalanches were reconstructed using runout modeling and independent force history inversion of intermediate period 10 50 s seismic data intermediate and shorter period 1 50 s seismic data were sensitive to intervals of mass redirection and constrained finer details of the individual slide dynamics back projecting short period 0 2 1 s seismic energy we located the two rock avalanches within 2 and 4 km of the mine further analysis of infrasound and seismic data revealed that the cumulative event included an additional 11 smaller landslides volumes 104 105 m3 and that a trailing signal following the second rock avalanche may result from an air coupled rayleigh wave our results demonstrate new and refined techniques for detailed remote characterization of the dynamics and evolution of large landslides

source parameter estimation for large bermed surface chemical explosions abstract near source accelerograms 0 2 to 2 0 km range were acquired from a series of bermed surface charges 0 075 to 1 65 kilotons detonated in alluvium at a test site near yuma arizona the areal extent of the explosion test beds radii from 18 to 54 m affords the unique opportunity to study wave propagation from and source parameters of large surface explosions at near source ranges p and sv rayleigh phases are identified using particle motions rayleigh waves at an intermediate range transition to a combination of higher mode and fundamental mode rayleigh waves at the farthest range the power law decay rates for body waves radial at r 1 8 and vertical at r 1 4 and surface waves radial at r 1 0 and vertical at r 0 8 are further indication of complex propagation effects in the shallow alluvial geology as a result of this complexity and the two orders of magnitude range of explosive yields available seismic source parameters are obtained with full waveform spectral ratios source corner frequency is proportional to the radius of the explosion test beds and long period level relative moment scales linearly with yield spectral ratio yield estimates using smaller explosions as standard or calibration events gave absolute yield estimates within 6 to 35 of the true yield with a linear scaling law the precision of individual yield estimates is reflected by multiplicative errors of 1 11 to 1 17 full waveform spectral ratio corner frequency estimates compare favorably with reglonal p wave corner frequencies and validate the use of the spectral ratio technique for near source seismic data

modeling surface waves from aboveground and underground explosions in alluvium and limestone the may 2012 humble redwood iii hriii experiment series in new mexico provides a unique dataset to study surface wave generation from explosions conducted above and underground for different rock types four 90 6 kg trinitrotoluene equivalent explosions were detonated either at 2 m height of burst hob or 7 m depth of burial dob at separate alluvium and limestone test sites for the alluvium site data from a temporary seismoacoustic network show that fundamental mode surface waves graphic 1 from the 7 m dob in alluvium shot were four to five times larger than the above alluvium shot the graphic 2 amplitudes from the 7 m dob limestone shot were 15 times larger than graphic 3 recorded from the collocated 2 m hob shot to model these differences in graphic 4 we generated 1d velocity models for both test sites using observed surface wave dispersion we considered two different methods for synthetic seismogram generation for the aboveground shots we have coupled near field blast wave pressures and shapes with source medium properties to model seismic data at distance for the underground shots we use explosion source theory to estimate a moment for scaling explosion synthetics for both above and underground shots the synthetics provide excellent fits to the observed 1 5 hz graphic 5 data this modeling provides a viable technique to predict peak particle velocities for surface and aboveground explosions in different rock types that can be used to estimate combined seismoacoustic yields online material movies of four explosions studied in this paper 1 embed inline graphic 1 gif 2 embed inline graphic 2 gif 3 embed inline graphic 3 gif 4 embed inline graphic 4 gif 5 embed inline graphic 5 gif

deep circulation changes in the labrador sea since the last glacial maximum new constraints from sm nd data on sediments sm nd concentrations and nd isotopes were investigated in the fine fraction of two labrador sea cores to reconstruct the deep circulation patterns through changes in sedimentary supply since the last glacial stage three sources are involved the north american shield palaeozoic rocks from northeastern greenland and mid atlantic volcanism the variable input of these sources provides constraints on the relative sedimentary supply in conjunction with inception of deep currents during the last glacial stage a persistent but sluggish current occurred inside the labrador basin an increasing discharge of volcanic material driven by the north east atlantic deep water is documented since 14 3 kyr signaling the setup of a modern like deep circulation pattern throughout the labrador irminger and iceland basins during the last deglacial stage the isotopic record was punctually influenced by erosion processes related mainly to ice sheet instabilities especially 11 4 10 2 and 9 2 kyr ago

trace element and nd isotopes in shales as indexes of provenance and crustal growth the early paleozoic from the brabant massif belgium abstract the cambrian ordovician shales from the brabant massif show an increase in th 6 7 17 7 ppm and la 16 6 71 2 ppm contents in lree hree ratio la n yb n 3 8 13 9 and in tnd values 3 3 to 8 9 with younger age of the sedimentary rocks this evolution is related to a change in the dominant source rock from basic metavolcanics in the early cambrian to granite gneiss schist rocks in the early ordovician the ta content appears to be controlled by the provenance area as well the modification in the origin of detritus is not reflected in the abundance of sc cr and v but it is slightly recorded in the co and ni concentrations tnd responds more sensitively to source changes than sm nd ratios and crustal residence ages and it is confirmed to be a more powerful parameter to detect new addition of mantle material to the crust the evolution of tnd with stratigraphic age tnd vs t for the brabant shales parallels the trends for coeval clastic rocks from brittany france and southern britain michard et al 1985 davies et al 1985 and is considered to be a characteristic of the armorica plate the tnd vs t path of sediments deriving from crystalline rocks first cycle sediments turns out to be a convenient function to delineate the boundaries of fossil lithospheric plates on the contrary such first cycle sediments are not very useful to investigate the long term continental growth because their tnd vs t path represents a second order pattern episodic evolution that disturbs the first order trend of the sedimentary nd isotope record secular evolution

nd evidence for proterozoic crustal development in the belt purcell supergroup a knowledge of the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the continents as they existed in the past is essential to an understanding of their evolution1 7 vestiges of these characteristics remain in the sedimentary record for example the character and crustal residence age4 of ancient continental crust has been deduced from the sm nd isotopic patterns of clastic sediments that have survived to the present day4 6 8 we report here sm nd isotopic measurements from the belt purcell supergroup of western north america which form the first detailed isotopic investigation of a major proterozoic sedimentary succession the belt purcell has many features also seen in the detrital load of the world s major contemporary rivers including exceptionally homogeneous 147sm 144nd and 143nd 144nd ratios and a small range of crustal residence ages mantle additions to the continental crust seem to have been relatively minor since the middle proterozoic

an entry model for the tagish lake fireball using seismic satellite and infrasound records we present instrumental observations of the tagish lake fireball and interpret the observed characteristics in the context of two different models of ablation from these models we estimate the pre atmospheric mass of the tagish lake meteoroid to be 56 tonnes and its porosity to be between 37 and 58 with the lowest part of this range most probable these models further suggest that some 1300 kg of gram sized or larger tagish lake material survived ablation to reach the earth s surface representing an ablation loss of 97 for the fireball satellite recordings of the tagish lake fireball indicate that 1 1 1012 j of optical energy were emitted by the fireball during the last 4 s of its flight the fraction of the total kinetic energy converted to light in the satellite pass band is found to be 16 infrasonic observations of the airwave associated with the fireball establish a total energy for the event of 1 66 0 70 kt tnt equivalent energy the fraction of this total energy converted to acoustic signal energy is found to be between 0 10 and 0 23 examination of the seismic recordings of the airwave from tagish lake have established that the acoustic energy near the sub terminal point is converted to seismic body waves in the upper most portion of the earth s crust the acoustic energy to seismic energy coupling efficiency is found to be near 10 6 for the tagish lake fireball the resulting energy estimate is near 1 7 kt corresponding to a meteoroid 4 m in diameter the seismic record indicates extensive nearly continuous fragmentation of the body over the height intervals from 50 to 32 km seismic and infrasound energy estimates are in close agreement with the pre atmospheric mass of 56 tonnes established from the modeling the observed flight characteristics of the tagish lake fireball indicate that the bulk compressive strength of the pre atmospheric tagish lake meteoroid was near 0 25 mpa while the material compressive strength most appropriate to the recovered meteorites was closer to 0 7 mpa these are much lower than values found for fireballs of ordinary chondritic composition the behavior of the tagish lake fireball suggests that it represents the lowest end of the strength spectrum of carbonaceous chondrites or the high end of cometary meteoroids the bulk density and porosity results for the tagish lake meteoroid suggest that the low bulk densities measured for some small primitive bodies in the solar system may reflect physical structure dominated by microporosity rather than macroporosity and rubble pile assemblages

end silurian modifications of ordovician terranes in western ireland the ordovician elements in the caledonides of western ireland may be divided into the clew bay south mayo north connemara and south connemara sub zones evidence suggests the presence of a number of proximal suspect terranes and the remnants of one or possibly two arc complexes palaeontological and sedimentary evidence suggests an allochthonous relationship between the silurian rocks of croagh patrick and north galway these successions may therefore not represent a single sedimentary overlap to the ordovician suspect terranes end silurian deformation was the result of transpression which was responsible in part for the present configuration of the area s geology deep seated shear zones with fuchsite and gold mineralization were foci for lateral translation concomitant with southward directed thrusting northward directed back thrusts and variable degrees of metamorphism being of higher grade in the north the end silurian event is intermediate between the high grade metamorphism in parts of the appalachians and the non metamorphic silurian sequences of scotland

geologic framework of phosphate resources in onslow bay north carolina continental shelf high resolution uniboom sparker and 3 5 khz subbottom seismic profiles in combination with 9 m vibracores from onslow bay delineate a belt of neogene sediments which crop out on the north carolina continental shelf around the east flank of the mid carolina platform high this broad southeast trending basement high has controlled the general distribution of cenzoic sediment sequences within the mid atlantic continental margin the neogene section includes the miocene pungo river formation which thickens downdip to the east and southeast off the mid carolina platform high the pungo river formation consists of three third order and at least 21 fourth order seismic depositional sequences many of which are abruptly truncated by erosional surfaces and associated channels these seismic sequences reflect third and fourth order eustatic sea level cycles within the miocene second order transgressive sea level cycle the fourth order seismic sequences appear to be equivalent to cyclic lithostratigraphic units characterized by interbedded phosphorite sands phosphatic foraminiferal muds calcareous quartz sands calcarenites and dolosilts some phosphorite sands also occur in the holocene sand sheet which forms a thin and discontinuous cover on the pungo river sediments in the frying pan phosphate district preliminary evaluation of phosphate resources in onslow bay has delineated several potential economic prospects the pungo river formation crops out in a northeast southwest trending belt which is 150 km long by 25 to 50 km wide and extends into the subsurface to the east and southeast in two different areas within onslow bay vibracores have penetrated five beds which contain anomalous concentrations of phosphate two beds within the frying pan phosphate district are estimated to contain 3 75 billion metric tons of phosphate concentrate with an average content of 29 2 percent p 2 o 5 the other three beds in the northeast onslow bay phosphate district are extensive units with low to intermediate phosphate content within the total sediment up to 9 8 p 2 o 5 these three lean deposits contain at least 780 million metric tons of phosphate concentrate with average p 2 o 5 contents which range from 29 7 to 31 percent phosphate resources in the frying pan phosphate district have a moderate to high potential for economic development whereas those in the northeast onslow bay phosphate district have a low potential for economic development this newly discovered continental shelf phosphate province could become economically feasible to mine in the near future when rapidly expanding demand for fertilizers and agricultural products combined with ever increasing land use pressures produces an unacceptable escalation in the cost of mining land based reserves

crustal residence ages of clastic sediments orogeny and continental evolution abstract the relationships between additions to the continental crust and periods of orogenesis have been investigated by means of sm 1bnd isotopic analyses of fine grained clastic sediments from the western canadian and baltic shields the crustal residence ages of these sediments indicate that proterozoic crustal additions occurred in both regions but in canada preceded the main magmatic stage of the wopmay orogeny demonstrating that proterozoic orogenic events are not always accompanied by identifiable crustal addition a review of sm 1bnd data for clastic sediments world wide suggests that the major sediment sources have undergone broadly similar evolutionary histories in quite separate continental areas and together yield a mean age estimate for the entire sedimentary mass of 2 0 0 2 ga a minimum crustal growth curve can be derived from these data which requires that 90 or more of the continental crust existed at the end of the proterozoic

melange versus forearc contributions to sedimentation and uplift during rapid denudation of a young banda forearc continent collisional belt abstract new sedimentary geochemistry and petrographic analyses provide the most extensive sedimentary documentation yet of the rapid denudation of the young timor orogen the data from three basins including two widely separated well dated sections of the synorogenic megasequence of timor leste and a re dated dsdp 262 constrain the source and timing of detrital sediment flux during forearc continent collision along the timor sector of the banda arc the exhumed synorogenic piggy back basins formed above a melange unit that developed at the expense of a weak stratigraphic horizon in the mesozoic stratigraphy and was exhumed to the sea floor in latest messinian time following an interval of deep marine chalky marl sedimentation an increasingly muddy sediment flux indicates that the island of timor became emergent and shed sediment by 4 5 ma comparison of exhumed sections with similar patterns in the dsdp262 chemistry suggests that the sediment source was probably located some 50 60 km distant from the basin which is consistent with the aileu region of timor leste that shows an appropriate exhumation history all sedimentation between 4 5 and 3 2 ma was probably derived from a low relief rapidly eroding and mudstone dominated landscape with geochemical affinities to the triassic mudstone derived synorogenic melange the melange unit overlies and surrounds the banda terrane and was presumably structurally emplaced by propagation of a decollement through the triassic rocks during the collision after 3 2 ma sedimentation was dominated by hard rock lithologies of the banda terrane consisting of forearc cover and basement the latter including elements of metamafic rocks and metapelites this phase of sedimentation was accompanied by rapid uplift which may have been partly driven by a transient imbalance between rock uplift and denudation as resistant lithologies emerged from below melange like mudstone previous work has suggested that the timing of collision in timor leste and west timor was substantially different our reevaluation of dsdp 262 facies migration history in the context of the re dating presented here favours a relatively synchronous onset of uplift in both halves of the island but with different partitioning of strain between the foreland and hinterland in each half of the island

formation and tectonic evolution of southeastern china and taiwan isotopic and geochemical constraints abstract the southern part of china consists of the proterozoic yangtze craton and the phanerozoic south china foldbelts including the himalayan foldbelt of taiwan models for continental growth have been many and controversial isotopic and geochemical data from mesozoic and younger granitoids and sediments are used here to place constraints on the tectonic evolution of southeastern china and to evaluate whether the young phanerozoic foldbelts are representative of old rejuvenated landmass whether they characterize crustal accretion through successive subduction processes hence suggesting a net growth of continental mass or whether they represent some intermediate situation available sm nd isotopic data for phanerozoic granitoids and metasediments from the south china foldbelts and taiwan invariably show proterozoic model ages t dm ranging from 1 to 2 5 ga with a mean of 1 54 0 30 1 ga all rocks have negative nd t values 2 to 15 suggesting variable but important contributions of old continental materials to the sources of the phanerozoic rocks obviously they do not represent wholesale growth of continental mass the granitoids of the south china foldbelts have multiple origins as viewed from their chemical and isotopic characteristics secular geochemical variation has been established for inland granitoids of proterozoic to mesozoic age their high i sr values 0 710 0 737 suggest that most granitoids are essentially anatectic products of ancient continental crust this is compatible with remelting via microcontinental collision or terrane accretion repeated intracrustal reprocessing by partial fusion and differentiation has undoutedly contributed to important mineralization mesozoic granitoids excluding a type alkaline granites in the coastal region and taiwan show relatively low i sr 0 705 0 710 and high nd values implying that greater amounts of mantle components have been added to ancient continental material in the generation of these rocks this means that mesozoic magmatism in the coastal region resulted from subduction of a paleo pacific plate kula beneath the asian continent the overall geochemical evidence seems to be consistent with a model of serial collisions between microcontinental blocks for the bulk of the south china foldbelts the latest arc continent collision began about 4 ma ago in eastern taiwan

seismic observations of meteors coupling theory and observations to date coupling of acoustic waves directly with the earth s surface represents the bulk of the observed meteor related seismic signals while precursory and impact related seismic waves remain an observational rarity with proliferation of infrasound and seismic monitoring systems new opportunities exist to explore the relationship between earth s atmosphere andsurface continued studyofmeteorseismologywillleadto new methods to constrain energies sizes and fluxes for moderately cm to m sized meteoroids on earth and potentially on mars

trace element and nd isotopic evidence for sediment sources in the mid proterozoic vindhyan basin central india abstract ancient sediments reflect the compositions of old eroded continental crustal material and preserve geochemical signatures of paleo tectonic and volcanic events geochemical study of such sediments provides insight into tectonic events that shaped the face of the earth nd isotopes are best suited for such studies because rare earth elements ree specifically sm and nd are not fractionated during post depositional processes such as erosion transportation and diagenesis of organic poor sediments and hence reflect the source composition of these sediments sedimentation in the proterozoic vindhyan basin of central india with a 4 km thick succession of unmetamorphosed and mostly undeformed sediments lasted over 1000 ma from 1630 ma up to the precambrian cambrian boundary these sediments provide an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of ancient continental crust as well as the tectonic evolution of peninsular india the occurrence of porcellanites in the lower part of the basin indicates active volcanism during deposition of the vindhyan sediments these tuffs show large ion lithophile element lile enrichment as well as depletions in nb and ta in primitive mantle normalized plots characteristic of an arc volcanic source in combined trace element ratio plots these volcanic rocks indicate mixing between mantle derived melts and the continental crust and overlap with the composition of global arcs their initial nd at 1630 ma ranging from 5 7 to 0 9 is similar to those observed in andean type continental margin arcs trace element concentration patterns as well as nd isotopic compositions of the clastic and non clastic sediments of the vindhyan basin from one of the type localities of the vindhyan stratigraphy in the son valley are vastly different from those of the bundelkhand granite which is the basement for these sediments indicating that these granitic rocks were not a major source of sediments for the vindhyan basin our nd isotopic study clearly indicates that sedimentation in the vindhyan basin which lasted over 1 ga was not continuous the boundaries between the semri and kaimur groups as well as the rewa and bhander groups are characterized by abrupt changes in the nd isotopic compositions indicating changes in provenance with sediments in the kaimur and bhander groups being derived from more juvenile sources compared to the semri and rewa groups respectively this inference is also supported by changes in t dm and f sm nd for the sediments across these boundaries the strikingly different trace element patterns of the rewa group sediments compared to the underlying kaimur sediments indicates that sediment sources also changed across the kaimur rewa boundary multiple changes in provenance in the vindhyan sediments indicate that this basin was tectonically active during the entire span of sedimentation while there is some uncertainty in determining the exact sources of sediments for the vindhyan basin we argue on the basis of our geochemical in particular nd isotopic ratios data and available paleocurrent data that majority of the sediments were derived from a now extinct andean type arc source in the south that resulted from a southerly dipping subduction prior to the collision of the bhandara and bundelkhand cratons according to this reconstruction the vindhyan basin was initiated as a foreland basin after the collision of these two cratons

the archean proterozoic transition evidence from the geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks of guyana and montana abstract chemical and isotopic compositions of ancient sedimentary rocks have in some cases provided evidence of first order changes yin the composition and extent of continental crust from the archean to the proterozoic we reversed the typical sampling pattern comparing metapelites and carbonates from proterozoic greenstone belts with those from an archean continental margin sequence and found the reverse of the typical age composition relations metapelites and volcaniclastic metagreywackes from the early proterozoic greenstone belts of northern guyana resemble those of many archean greenstone belts in ree trace and major element compositions mean ratios la sm 5 0 la th 5 1 eu eu 0 80 th u 3 4 median k 2 o na 2 o 0 8 schists from an archean continental marginal sequence in montana have compositions like many post archean metapelites derived from continental sources mean ratios la sm 6 8 la th 2 7 eu eu 0 67 th u 5 2 median k 2 o na 2 o 1 7 other archean continental basin sediments also resemble their post archean counterparts implying that upper continental crusts of these eras may not have differed significantly in these respects however temporal change may have occurred in upper crustal contents of ni and cr many archean clastic metasedimentary rocks of both continental and greenstone belt provenance have contents of these compatible elements higher than in their post archean equivalents dolomitic limestone from a greenstone belt of northern guyana has a very low 87 sr 86 sr ratio of 0 7007 such low values may reflect the local influence of mantle derived volcanic rocks during carbonate deposition diagenesis or metamorphism and they may not be reliable indicators of the evolution of sr in seawater archean dolomitic marbles from the continental marginal sequence of montana have 87 sr 86 sr ratios of 0 7065 and higher significantly more radiogenic than many accepted values for carbonates of archean greenstone belts

paleoceanographic model of neogene phosphorite deposition u s atlantic continental margin the neogene stratigraphic section of the southeastern u s continental shelf coastal plain system is characterized by i a series of major regional phosphogenic episodes ii a strong spatial relationship between the structural or topographic framework and phosphate deposition and iii distinct cyclical and regional patterns of deposition of the terrigenous carbonate and phosphate lithofacies the complex depositional patterns are explained by a paleoceanographic model based upon the interaction of glacial eustatic sea level fluctuations associated changes in climate and the dynamics of the gulf stream in response to the bathymetric configurations of the continental margin during the past 20 million years

seismo acoustic energy partitioning at near source and local distances from the 2011 sayarim explosions in the negev desert israel the january 2011 calibration explosions at the sayarim military range in the negev desert israel provide a unique dataset to study seismic and acoustic partitioning for surface sources at near source and local distances we present an analysis of the seismic and overpressure acoustic signals generated from two explosions which included 10 240 and 102 080 kg of mainly anfo with some composition b detonated on the surface on 24 and 26 january respectively at different times of the day a temporary seismo acoustic overpressure network was deployed at distances between 0 1 and 39 km to supplement data from permanent stations in israel the near source data confirm the explosions produced overpressure signals consistent with complete and simultaneous surface detonation of 7 4 and 76 8 metric tons of tnt equivalent explosives we observe acoustic amplification at local distances 5 km south of the larger explosion that can be explained by a low altitude southward flowing wind at the detonation time for the smaller shot the southward flow was not present and amplification was not observed in the pressure data we present results of modeling these overpressure data with blast pressure scaling models with and without meteorological data seismic phases generated by the surface shots include p waves fundamental and higher mode rayleigh waves and love waves that appear to have been generated at or very near the explosion source the seismic ground motion is less than would be expected for fully coupled explosions of 7 6 and 76 8 tons and at near source distances 10 km can be modeled well by reducing ground motion predictions from the fuis et al 2001 model by a factor of 4 the results from the sayarim explosions combined with past and future experimental datasets will lead to an improved understanding of the seismo acoustic source function for explosions and energy partitioning between seismic and acoustic waves

seismic phases and scaling associated with small high explosive surface shots abstract an analysis of seismic field data from surface shots in two radically different geologic environments shows significantly different seismic phases at the two sites at the first site which has a layered sedimentary section five distinct phases are observed the p wave first arrival a complex wave train consisting of higher mode rayleigh waves a precursor to air blast wave the air blast wave and the air coupled rayleigh waves records from the second site overlying an unlayered mass of igneous rocks show only three distinct seismic phases the p wave first arrival a simple wave train of fundamental mode rayleigh and love waves and an air blast wave peak ground velocity based on the average of the three largest amplitudes in the surface waves preceding the air blast wave scales well with yield for both sites measurements of peak ground velocity may be used to estimate yields of explosive charges at either site within a factor of about 2 if the source distance is known the scaling relationship appears to be valid over a wide range of yields and site geological conditions

faunal evidence for oceanic separations in the palaeozoic of britain the faunal criteria for the recognition of the relative separation of old continents are 1 the contrast between shallow not deep water faunas off opposite shorelines 2 the recognition of deeper water facies surrounding the edges of continents and 3 the recognition of the disposition of ancient climatic belts these criteria are defined and used to assess the relative position of the various parts of what is now britain in the palaeozoic the iapetus ocean is well characterized by faunal differences from the cambrian until the lower ordovician but from caradoc times onwards these differences dwindle until by the latest silurian only the distribution of the ostracods separates the two sides of the ocean on faunal grounds in the early ordovician s british faunas are comparable with those from bohemia france and elsewhere to the s indicating connection with gondwanaland and these faunas differ from those in the baltic area a distribution which we attribute to a true ocean tornquist9s sea between n and s europe tornquist9s sea probably closed in the upper ordovician and from ashgill times onwards the s british and baltic faunas remained similar during the middle and late silurian there is evidence of increasing faunal distinction between britain the baltic area and north america on the one hand and southern europe and gondwanaland on the other indicating an opening rheic ocean which appears to have persisted until late carboniferous times

provenance of early proterozoic and archaean metasediments in finland a smnd isotopic study abstract sm nd isotopic analyses of early proterozoic and archaean clastic metasediments from finland are presented they have been used to calculate crustal residence ages and to constrain the sedimentary provenance the mean crustal residence age t dm for the svecofennian metagreywackes in the tampere schist belt is 2 22 ga which is about 0 3 ga in excess of the assumed stratigraphic age this indicates that the bulk of the sediments were eroded from newly formed crust their major source was most likely svecofennian orogenic material mixed with a small amount of archaean derived detritus the precursors of many granitoids in the svecofennian terrain also had similar short crustal residence times the kalevian metasediments which were deposited 2 05 1 9 ga ago on the edge of the archaean craton in eastern and northern finland have a mean t dm of 2 41 ga which is 0 4 0 5 ga more than the inferred stratigraphic age hence their source was on average older than that of the svecofennian metasediments investigated but definitely not purely archaean neither could crust similar to the bulk of the 1 9 ga old svecofennian terrain have been the only source various sources contributed at least locally but the bulk of the sedimentary material probably had a common provenance major sources consistent with existing isotopic data could have been 2 1 ga old jatulian rocks the c 2 0 ga old granulite belt in northern finland and or the svecokarelian early orogenic arc terrain mixed with archaean derived nd the method and data do not allow a distinction to be made between the possible alternatives the t dm model ages for two analysed archaean metasediments are slightly over 3 ga which is about 0 3 ga in excess of their assumed stratigraphic age thus providing no evidence for crust much older than 3 ga in this area

sm nd and u pb zircon isotopic constraints on the provenance of sediments from the amadeus basin central australia evidence for ree fractionation abstract the amadeus basin of central australia is a late proterozoic to late palaeozoic ensialic depositional basin located between two proterozoic basement blocks of different nd crustal formation ages the older arunta block t dm nd 2 0 to 2 2 ga u pb zircon ages 1 5 1 9 ga to the north and the younger musgrave block t dm nd 1 7 to 1 9 ga u pb zircon ages 1 0 1 7 ga to the south initial nd isotopic compositions of the amadeus basin sediments generally fall into the region defined by the evolutionary trajectories of these two basement blocks indicating that the sediments are dominated by essentially two source components the older arunta block 147 sm 144 nd 0 114 and nd 0 20 4 and younger musgrave block 147 sm 144 nd 0 118 and nd 0 14 7 and or their equivalents stratigraphically higher sediments plot more closely to the evolutionary trajectory of the musgrave block this result together with the average provenance ages indicates the proportion of material from the musgrave block increases as the sediments become younger the sm nd isotopic data preclude a substantial involvement of archaean sources u pb zircon ion probe analyses of the late proterozoic heavitree quartzite and the late cambrian goyder formation are consistent with the sm nd isotopic constraints most of the zircons from the basal heavitree quartzite give concordant u pb zircon ages of 1500 to 1900 ma consistent with derivation from an arunta type source whilst zircons from the younger goyder sandstone give six discrete u pb zircon age groups of 511 20 615 15 960 109 1190 54 1633 24 and 1878 48 ma indicative of a dominantly musgrave type source with a minor contribution from the arunta block or reworked preexisting amadeus basin sediments the two youngest u pb zircon ages probably indicate some contribution from late proterozoic cambrian volcanics in central australia or a previously unrecognised younger local source in the basement blocks the 511 20 ma constrains the maximum depositional age of the sediment the amadeus basin sediments have a surprisingly wide range of 147sm 144nd ratios 0 077 0 136 irrespective of grain size and rock types in addition the calculated t dm nd values for samples from the same stratigraphic unit are well correlated with 147sm 144nd ratios with samples of different stratigraphic units forming sub parallel arrays these phenomena are interpreted in terms of ree fractionation and preferential sorting of preexisting ree rich phases during sedimentary recycling and deposition this process can lead to either an increase or a decrease in 147sm 144nd ratio of a sediment relative to its source and therefore an erroneous estimate of its t dm nd provenance age a theoretical model is developed which accounts for the observed correlation between t dm nd and 147sm 144nd ratios for suites of stratigraphically related sediments and allows a reliable estimate to be made of the provenance age of individual stratigraphic units assuming the average 147sm 144nd ratio of the source is known or can be estimated the provenance age for each stratigraphic unit of the amadeus basin has been calculated using this method the sm nd isotopic systematics in the amadeus basin sediments suggest that 1 1 ree fractionation during sedimentary recycling can in some cases be an important factor and needs to be considered 2 2 the provenance of the amadeus basin sediments was controlled by local source regions and cannot be used to infer large scale continental averages hence some caution must be evoked in using sm nd isotopic constraints from restricted sampling for more generalised models of crustal evolution

the provenance and crustal residence ages of british sediments in relation to palaeogeographic reconstructions 24 smnd isotope analyses of fine grained phanerozoic and modern clastic sediments from britain and quebec are presented in combination with published data they have been used to calculate crustal residence ages tcr and to assess the provenance of the british sedimentary mass sediments now preserved on either side of the suture formed by the closure of the iapetus ocean ca 400 ma ago were derived from isotopically distinct source regions sediments north of the suture are characterised by1 7 tcr 2 8 ga whereas those to the south exhibit a smaller range and an average value of 1 6 ga the northern and southern source regions were most probably laurentia and gondwana respectively it seems likely that a third source perhaps baltica provided the lower palaeozoic southern uplands succession sediments deposited in southern britain after the closure of iapetus were derived mainly from the recycling of older sediments the tectonic rearrangements which occurred during the phanerozoic are not reflected in the smnd isotopic structure of the southern british sedimentary mass suggesting that the caledonian and hercynian orogenies and even the grenville orogeny involved minimal accretion of new mantle derived material into the british and adjacent continental crust smnd analyses of fine grained clastic sediments provide a powerful sedimentological tool for elucidating palaeogeography clastic source areas sediment recycling and maturity and some aspects of sediment transport

samarium neodymium elemental and isotopic systematics in sedimentary rocks abstract trace element sm nd th sc and nd isotopic data for sedimentary rocks are examined in order to evaluate 1 1 possible secular trends in the composition of the sedimentary mass and upper continental crust 2 2 the role of tectonic setting in controlling the chemical and nd isotopic composition of the sedimentary mass when plotted against either sedimentation age or average provenance age determined mainly from nd model ages sm nd in sedimentary rocks decreases abruptly from about 0 21 to 0 19 at the archean proterozoic transition consistent with a change towards a more felsic upper crustal composition the change is only somewhat less pronounced for turbidite sediments than for those of continental affinity a trend toward increasing sm nd approaching or exceeding archean values is observed for phanerozoic turbidites this latter change is interpreted as indicating undifferentiated young crust as a component in the sediment which has been lost from the older post archean record due to sedimentary and igneous intracrustal recycling processes when plotted against sedimentation age th sc ratios exhibit a trend directly comparable to that of sm nd in this case th sc increases abruptly at the archean proterozoic boundary from about 0 5 to 1 0 and then decreases to about 0 7 during the phanerozoic nd isotopic composition of modern sediments is affected by tectonic association with those deposited at active margin settings tending to have higher nd reflecting younger provenance and higher and more scattered sm nd reflecting less homogenized and differentiated provenance it is likely that these distinctions can be traced back for about 1 2 ga but with the current data base are not readily resolved in older sedimentary rocks the degree to which the preserved sedimentary mass is open to new additions from the mantle either through replacement during sedimentary recycling or sediment mass growth is highly variable but averages about 15 25 during the phanerozoic

sm nd isotopic characteristics of sedimentary provenance the windermere supergroup of nw england nd model ages of windermere supergroup sediments increase from the upper ashgill to the upper ludlow below the lower llandovery increasing t dm reflects mixing between the underlying borrowdale volcanic group and hemipelagic detritus possibly sourced from the lauren tian margin the ongoing rise of t dm into the upper ludlow probably reflects the growing influence of sediment sourced from the scandian orogen a poiadoli drop in t dm is interpreted as recording the re establishment of supply from the local laurentian margin north to south sediment dispersal indicating the effective demise of the iapetus ocean as a barrier to sediment dispersal

intracrustal recycling and upper crustal evolution a case study from the pan african damara mobile belt central namibia abstract clastic sediments from the pan african damara mobile belt show a wide range in depositional nd nd 0 18 to 1 and several key trace element ratios notably th nd and la sm increase from 0 2 to 0 7 and 4 0 to 8 0 respectively with decreasing nd 0 such trace element ratio nd 0 data arrays are attributed to binary mixing within the sedimentary mass and the data array defined by the damara sediments is consistent with data from other regions the low nd 0 end member is characterised by high th nd th y la sm and hf zr ratios and reflects highly differentiated upper crust dominated by granitoids pb isotope data suggest that the low nd 0 end member also had relatively high time integrated th u 4 by contrast the high nd 0 end member reflects juvenile upper crust but this end member has la sm th nd and hf zr ratios 4 0 0 2 and 0 02 respectively slightly lower than those of taylor and mclennan s preferred model for bulk crust and significantly lower than those of the andesite model intracrustal differentiation is discussed in terms of bulk crust present day average upper crust post archaean shale and a highly differentiated low nd 0 end member trace element ratios which are not significantly fractionated during erosion and sedimentation e g th nd th y and la sm show relatively smooth increases between these reservoirs whereas other trace element ratios which are fractionated both by sedimentary and magmatic processes e g rb sr and rb zr increase dramatically in the more differentiated crustal reservoirs

abrupt drainage cycles of the fennoscandian ice sheet continental ice sheets are a key component of the earth s climate system but their internal dynamics need to be further studied since the last deglaciation the northern eurasian fennoscandian ice sheet fis has been connected to the black sea bs watershed making this basin a suitable location to investigate former ice sheet dynamics here from a core retrieved in the bs we combine the use of neodymium isotopes high resolution elemental analysis and biomarkers to trace changes in sediment provenance and river runoff we reveal cyclic releases of meltwater originating from lake disna a proglacial lake linked to the fis during heinrich stadial 1 regional interactions within the climate lake fis system linked to changes in the availability of subglacial water led to abrupt drainage cycles of the fis into the bs watershed this phenomenon raised the bs water level by 100 m until the sill of the bosphorus strait was reached flooding the vast northwestern bs shelf and deeply affecting the hydrology and circulation of the bs and probably of the marmara and aegean seas

holocene evolution of deep circulation in the northern north atlantic traced by sm nd and pb isotopes and bulk sediment mineralogy 1 bulk mineralogy sm nd and pb elemental and isotopic compositions of the clay size fraction of holocene sediments were analyzed in three deep north atlantic cores to trace the particle provenance the aims of the present paper are to identify the origin of the particles driven by deep currents and to reconstruct deep circulation changes over the holocene in the north atlantic the three cores are retrieved in fracture zones two of them are located in the island basin along the gyre of north atlantic deep water and the third core is located off the present deep circulation gyre in the labrador sea whereas sedimentary supplies in the labrador sea were constantly derived from proximal sources the geochemical mixing trends in the iceland basin samples indicate pronounced changes in the relative contribution of continental margin inputs over the past 6 kyr supplies from western european margin that sharply increased at 6 kyr were progressively diluted by a larger contribution of scandinavian margins over the last 3 kyr changes in composition of the particles imply significant reorganization of paleocirculation of the deep north atlantic components in the eastern basins mainly reorganizations for both iceland scotland overflow water and norwegian sea overflow water moreover the unusual pb isotopic composition of the oldest sediments from the southern iceland basin indicates that distal supplies from greenland margin were driven into the iceland basin supporting a deep connection between labrador sea and iceland basin through the charlie gibbs fracture zone prior the holocene transition period

seismic models for near surface explosion yield estimation in alluvium and sedimentary rock author s templeton dc rodgers aj ford sr harben pe ramirez al foxall w reinke re abstract 2018 seismological society of america all rights reserved seismic ground motion data provide valuable constraints on explosion characteristics such as yield and height of burst depth of burial hob dob this study investigated a range of seismic amplitude features and their efficacy in minimizing errors associated with yield estimation using a set of explosion recordings from experiments conducted in alluvium and sedimentary rock geologies we investigated the effectiveness of three different seismic feature types over a range of different frequencies using both velocity and displacement data we investigated the zero to peak ztp amplitude of the first arriving p wave the peak to peak ptp amplitude of the first arriving p wave and the prms amplitude over various time windows starting with the p wave these three basic features were measured on both vertical component only data and the vertical radial vector sum in total there were 56 different combinations investigated our seismic models combine the effects of scaled range and scaled hob dob on the observed seismic features the results show that the vertical radial vector sum of the ztp amplitudes measured on displacement seismograms most consistently produce models with the smallest difference between predicted amplitude values and observed amplitude values when accounting for both alluvium and sedimentary rock lithology the improvement in fit to the data when incorporating the difference in source lithology is significant if an alluvium lithology is assumed for a sedimentary rock lithology the difference in yield could be up to 3 0 times the appropriate yield in the far field

partitioning of seismoacoustic energy and estimation of yield and height of burst depth of burial for near surface explosions explosions near the earth s surface excite both seismic ground motions and atmospheric overpressure the energy transferred to the ground and atmosphere from a near surface explosion depends on yield w as well as the height of burst depth of burial hob dob for above belowground emplacements we report analyses of seismic and overpressure motions from the humble redwood series of low yield near surface chemical explosions with the aim of developing quantitative models of energy partitioning and a methodology to estimate w and hob dob the effects of yield hob and range on amplitudes can be cast into separable functions of range and hob scaled by yield we find that displacement of the initial p wave and the integral of the positive overpressure impulse are diagnostic of w and hob with minimal scatter an empirical model describing the dependence of seismic and air blast measurements on w hob dob and range is determined and model parameters are found by regression we find seismic amplitudes for explosions of a given yield emplaced at or above the surface are reduced by a factor of 3 relative to fully contained explosions below ground air blast overpressure is reduced more dramatically with impulse reduced by a factor of 100 for deeply buried explosions relative to surface blasts our signal models are used to invert seismic and overpressure measurements for w and hob and we find good agreement w errors 30 hob within meters with ground truth values for four noncircular validation tests although there is a trade off between w and hob for a single seismic or overpressure measurement the use of both measurement types allows us to largely break this trade off and better constrain w and hob however both models lack resolution of hob for aboveground explosions

smnd isotopic geochemistry of sediments from taiwan and implications for the tectonic evolution of southeast china abstract an isotopic and geochemical study on the miocene to late paleozoic sediments and metasediments of taiwan has been conducted in order to decipher the crustal evolution of se china with the exception of a few late paleozoic sediments most samples from taiwan have a narrow range in sr and nd isotopic ratios and sm nd crustal residence ages t dm assuming derivation from a depleted mantle source the isotopic characteristics are similar to those of suspended material from major rivers around the world in particular they closely resemble those reported for the yangtze river sediment and the pre cretaceous granitoids of se china no obvious trend in t dm or isotopic ratios has been found with respect to the depositional ages indicating no pronounced secular variation however a few late paleozoic samples might have been influenced by fresh mantle inputs to their provenance proterozoic t dm of the sediments combined with proterozoic pb components in zircons from taiwan s granitoids suggest that important crustal growth in se china took place in the middle proterozoic the isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the sediments suggest that their sources were primarily recycled pre existing continental crust ree contents of taiwan sediments measured in this study are similar to the suspended load in major rivers paas post archean average australia shale nasc north american shale composite and the continental shelf slope sediments from the east china sea off the mouth of the yangtze they seem to represent products derived from typical continental crust lower hree abundances in taiwan sediments suspended load in major rivers and surface sediments from the e china sea than those of paas suggest that the source of hree in paas is likely to be slightly different from that for these recent terrigenous sediments an alternative for the explanation of this hree discrepancy is that a certain proportion of hree in these recent sediments were left in the residue partially dissolution of heavy mineral in analysis procedures particularly zircon even in a teflon bomb might cause this hree discrepancy late yanshanian granitoids now widely exposed on the se china coast have higher nd and lower sr isotopic ratios than those for taiwan s sediments so these granitic intrusions were not a major source for the sediments indicating that they were not exposed to erosion until the miocene or later

a nd isotope investigation of sediments related to crustal development in the british isles the times of original fractionation of the sm and nd component of clastic sediments from a mantle source crustal residence age have been estimated from sm nd model ages calculated relative to a depleted mantle evolution in this way the provenance and evolution of selected precambrian and phanerozoic sediments and metasediments from the british isles have been examined whereas some archaean and early proterozoic sediments have sm nd model ages that are close to their stratigraphic age the phanerozoic sediments analysed have model ages as much as 2 0 ga in excess of their stratigraphic age a more detailed study of lower palaeozoic sediments deposited on the northern margin of the iapetus ocean provides evidence for a marked change of provenance in the ordovician after the deposition of the dalradian supergroup a component with comparatively high143nd 144nd and sm nd ratio presumably basaltic is present in the sediments throughout the accretionary prism crustal residence age estimates average about 1 5 ga for both these lower palaeozoic sediments and modern pelagic clays and collectively fail to provide any evidence for significant continental growth during the phanerozoic

zooming in on heinrich layers theories explaining the origin of the abrupt massive discharges of ice rafted detritus ird into the glacial north atlantic the heinrich layers hls generally point to the laurentide ice sheet as the sole source of these events until it was found that the irds also originated from icelandic and european ice sheets bond and lotti 1995 snoeckx et al 1999 grousset et al 2000 this apparent contradiction must be reconciled as it raises fundamental questions about the mechanism s of hl origin we have analyzed two 12 cm thick hls in an ultrahigh resolution mode 1 2 century intervals in a mid atlantic ridge piston core the 18o record n pachyderma left coiling reveals strong excursions induced by the melting of the icebergs these excursions are associated with a strong decrease in the amount of planktic foraminafersand with a 3 c cooling of the surface waters counts of coarse detrital grains reveal that ird are deposited according to a typical sequence 1 volcanic glass 2 quartz and feldspars 3 detrital carbonate that implies a chronology in the melting of the differentpan atlantic ice sheets sr and nd isotopic composition confirm that in both heinrich layers h1 and h2 precursor ird came from first europe iceland followed then by laurentide derived ird an internal cyclicity can be identified during h1 and h2 about four to six major abrupt discharges occurred roughly on a century timescale the 13c and 15n records reveal that dominant inputs of continent derived organic matter are associated with ird within the hls hiding the plankton productivity signal