experimental study of scour around a forced vibrating pipeline in quiescent water abstract submarine pipelines are widely used for the conveyance of hydrocarbons oil or other fluids in the offshore industry although much progress has been made on pipeline seabed interactions in the past decades an experimental study solely devoted to investigating interactions between the flow fields scour and forced vibrating pipelines in a quiescent water environment still has not been conducted in practice this condition to a certain extent resembles a steel catenary riser scr in deep offshore environments in the absence of currents and waves the present study aims to obtain an improved understanding of the mechanics of scour around a forced vibrating pipeline in quiescent water tests with the same initial gap ratio g0 d 1 and two different induced frequencies were conducted a circular cylinder with a diameter of 3 5 cm was used as the pipeline model with the help of a high speed camera the details of flows pipeline motion and scour process are vividly presented in this paper the magnitudes of flow velocity vorticities and turbulence fluctuations are found to be strongly dependent on the frequency of the vibrating pipeline the scour mechanism of the two tests is different because of the complex interactions between the flow fields and pipeline motion for the low frequency case the flow field associated with the falling stage of the vibrating pipeline controls the formation of the scour trench on the other hand for the high frequency test the scour process is controlled by the flow field during the rising stage of the vibrating pipeline

the ultimate undrained resistance of partially embedded pipelines on bottom pipelines for transporting oil and gas in deep water undergo significant changes in temperature and pressure during operating cycles which cause a tendency for lateral buckling prediction and control of this phenomenon are required for the safe design and operation of these pipelines however the soil response under combined vertical and lateral loading is a significant area of uncertainty and current practice relies on empirical expressions for the estimation of lateral pipe soil resistance this paper reports the results of finite element fe analyses of shallowly embedded pipelines under vertical and horizontal load these analyses have been compared with collapse loads calculated using the upper bound theorem of plasticity and are used to construct yield envelopes defining the limiting combinations of vertical and horizontal load the fe limiting loads were found to compare well with upper bound plasticity solutions and the internal soil displacements calculated in the fe analyses mat

exceptional soft tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from italy the lower cretaceous pietraroia plattenkalk benevento province southern italy has been known since the eighteenth century for its beautifully preserved fossil fishes during albian time about 113 myr ago1 deposition of fine marly limestone in a shallow lagoonal environment affected by cyclic periods of low oxygen levels2 led to exceptional preservation of soft tissue in a juvenile theropod the specimen diagnosed here as scipionyx samniticus gen et sp nov is the first dinosaur ever to be found in italy the fossil has been mentioned previously in two brief notes3 4 and generally examined in a doctoral thesis5 here we report the full preparation of the specimen which shows details of soft anatomy never seen previously in any dinosaur the preservation is better than in other lagerstatten conservative deposits 6 where theropod soft tissue has been reported such as the santana formation of brazil7 and the yixian formation of china8 despite this there is no evidence of feathers or any other integumentary remnants in the italian specimen scipionyx represents a new maniraptoriform theropod its discovery is remarkable considering also the scarcity of juvenile theropod dinosaurs in the fossil record

the limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil in the analysis of the undrained loading of laterally loaded piles an important quantity is the ultimate lateral resistance at depth to purely horizontal movement if the soil is modelled as a perfectly plastic cohesive material then the calculation of this quantity reduces to a plane strain problem in plasticity theory in which the load is calculated on a long cylinder which moves laterally through an infinite medium an exact calculation of the load on such a cylinder is presented if this load is non dimensionalized with respect to the soil strength and the diameter of the pile it is found that the load factor varies between for a perfectly smooth pile and for a perfectly rough pile this result is discussed in the context of previous calculations for the lateral load capacity of piles and is compared with approximate calculations using cavity expansion theory and a wedge failure near the soil surface la resistance laterale limite en profondeur au seul mouvement horizontal represente un parametre im

a plasticity model for predicting the vertical and lateral behaviour of pipelines in clay soils a complete theoretical model for predicting the undrained behaviour of a rigid pipe in clay soils when subjected to combined vertical and horizontal loading is described physical modelling of a pipe on soft lightly overconsolidated kaolin clay was conducted with the experimental test programme specifically designed to establish the model parameters the testing was conducted within the university of western australia s geotechnical drum centrifuge using an element of pipe 10 mm in diameter and 50 mm long at an acceleration of 50 times the earth s gravity the model presented is expressed by the force resultants on the pipe and the corresponding displacements and allows predictions of response to be made for various vertical and horizontal load or displacement combinations however it is limited to monotonic loading and does not account for the influence of berms created by repetitive large lateral displacements the model is verified in this paper by retrospectively simulating a selection of combined

integration of ground subsidence hazard maps of abandoned coal mines in samcheok korea integrated techniques were developed applied and validated for the analysis of ground subsidence hazards by abandoned coal mines in samcheok korea using a geographic information system gis slope depth of drift distance from drift groundwater level permeability geology and land use were extracted or calculated from the digital elevation model topographic drift distribution borehole geologic and land use database by using the constructed spatial database the relations between the ground subsidence location and seven related factors were identified and quantified by frequency ratio fr weights of evidence woe logistic regression lr and artificial neural network ann models the relations were used as factor ratings in the overlay analysis to create ground subsidence hazard indices and maps the four ground subsidence hazard maps were reflected as the new input factors and integrated using fr woe lr and ann models to make a hazard map all of the subsidence hazard maps were validated by comparison with known ground subsidence locations that were not used in the analysis as a result the integrated ground subsidence hazard maps used four new subsidence related input factors that showed a greater accuracy 96 46 for fr 97 22 for woe 97 20 for lr and 96 70 for ann respectively than the individual ground subsidence maps 95 54 for fr 94 22 for woe 96 89 for lr and 94 45 for ann respectively using the first seven factors

predictive mapping of prospectivity and quantitative estimation of undiscovered vms deposits in skellefte district sweden mapping of mineral prospectivity and assessment of undiscovered mineral deposits both aim to delineate prospective ground for mineral exploration but the latter is usually carried out exclusive of the former we propose that the spatial distribution of known mineral deposits of the type sought is the key to link mapping of mineral prospectivity and assessment of undiscovered deposits we demonstrate this proposition in regional scale mapping of prospectivity for volcanogenic massive sulphides vms deposits and estimation of undiscovered vms endowment in the skellefte district sweden the results of analyses of the spatial distribution of known vms deposits and their spatial associations with geological features are consistent with existing knowledge of geological controls on vms mineralization in the district and we used them to define spatial recognition criteria of regional scale vms prospectivity integration of layers of evidence representing spatial recognition criteria of vms prospectivity via application of data driven evidential belief functions results in a regional scale map of prospective areas occupying 15 of the district and having fitting and prediction rates of 100 we used the map of prospective areas and proxy measures for degrees of exploration based on the spatial distribution of known vms deposits in one level prediction of undiscovered mineral endowment we obtained estimates of 709 kt undiscovered cu endowment 3190 kt undiscovered zn endowment 95 mt undiscovered ore tonnage and 48 undiscovered vms deposits these estimates are slightly ca 5 on average lower than and thus corroborated by estimates obtained via radial density fractal analysis of the spatial distribution of known vms deposits therefore mineral prospectivity mapping can be a part of mineral resource assessment if the spatial distribution of discovered deposits of the type sought is considered in both predictive modeling processes

weights of evidence and logistic regression modeling of magmatic nickel sulfide prospectivity in the yilgarn craton western australia abstract bayesian weight of evidence and logistic regression models are implemented in a gis environment for regional scale prospectivity modeling of greenstone belts in the yilgarn craton western australia for magmatic nickel sulfide deposits the input variables for the models consisted of derivative gis layers that were used as proxies for mappable exploration criteria for magmatic nickel sulfide deposits in the yilgarn about 70 of the 165 known deposits of the craton were used to train the models the remaining 30 was used to validate the models and therefore had to be treated as if they had not been discovered the weights of evidence and logistic regression models respectively classify 71 4 and 81 6 validation deposits in prospective zones that occupy about 9 of the total area occupied by the greenstone belts in the craton the superior performance of the logistic regression model is attributed to its capability to accommodate conditional dependencies amongst the input predictor maps and provide less biased estimates of prospectivity

evaluation of different machine learning models for predicting and mapping the susceptibility of gully erosion abstract gully erosion constitutes a serious problem for land degradation in a wide range of environments the main objective of this research was to compare the performance of seven state of the art machine learning models svm with four kernel types bp ann rf and brt to model the occurrence of gully erosion in the kashkan poldokhtar watershed iran in the first step a gully inventory map consisting of 65 gully polygons was prepared through field surveys three different sample data sets s1 s2 and s3 including both positive and negative cells 70 for training and 30 for validation were randomly prepared to evaluate the robustness of the models to model the gully erosion susceptibility 12 geo environmental factors were selected as predictors finally the goodness of fit and prediction skill of the models were evaluated by different criteria including efficiency percent kappa coefficient and the area under the roc curves auc in terms of accuracy the rf rbf svm brt and p svm models performed excellently both in the degree of fitting and in predictive performance auc values well above 0 9 which resulted in accurate predictions therefore these models can be used in other gully erosion studies as they are capable of rapidly producing accurate and robust gully erosion susceptibility maps gesms for decision making and soil and water management practices furthermore it was found that performance of rf and rbf svm for modelling gully erosion occurrence is quite stable when the learning and validation samples are changed

latitudinal temperature gradient during the cretaceous upper campanian middle maastrichtian y18o record of continental vertebrates latitudinal variations in model biogenic apatite d18o values were calculated using fractionation equations of vertebrates and weighted rainfall y18o values along with mean annual air temperatures provided by iaea wmo meteorological stations the reference equation obtained was used to compute a continental temperature gradient for the late campanian middle maastrichtian interval by using published and new d18o values of phosphate from vertebrates samples are mainly tooth enamel from crocodilians and dinosaurs that lived at paleolatitudes ranging from 83 4 n alaska to 32 3 s madagascar the temperature gradient was less steep 0 4 0 1 c latitude than the present day one 0 6 c latitude with temperatures that decreased from about 30 c near the equator to about 5 c at the poles above 30 of paleolatitude air temperatures were higher than at present the validity of these results is discussed by comparison with climatic criteria inferred from paleontological paleobotanical and sedimentological data the latitudinal distribution of oxygen isotope compositions of continental vertebrates is potentially a powerful tool for quantifying mesozoic terrestrial climates

recent advances in the comprehension of the biogeography of cretaceous european eusuchians abstract within the last two decades a growing interest has emerged with the aim of understanding the structure of the paleocommunities from cretaceous continental deposits of europe conspicuous research efforts have concentrated on outcrops from northern spain southern france italy and romania of special relevance are the researches in romanian outcrops because they considerably extend the sampling eastward providing a wide geographical scope in faunal comparisons across the cretaceous european archipelago excavations have yielded previously unknown vertebrates including members of crocodilia most late cretaceous eusuchians reported so far have been from north america with a few european exceptions hylaeochampsa vectiana owen bernissartia fagesii dollo allodaposuchus precedens nopcsa from valioara romania and crocodilus affuvelensis matheron here the fossil record of european eusuchians is reviewed and peculiarities of the emergence of eusuchia in europe are discussed in light of the faunal turnover that occurred between the early and late cretaceous additionally to biomechanical novelties tied to evolutionary landmarks marking the transition between advanced neosuchians to eusuchians other possible factors are put forward and discussed as such climatic conditions and paleogeographic settings may have permitted faunal exchanges between north america and europe as suggested by the study of other vertebrates further the present review provides a basis for a comparison with other laurasian and gondwanan faunas of the cretaceous

gis based assessment of risk due to salt mining activities at tuzla bosnia and herzegovina ground subsidence triggered by salt mining from deposits located beneath the city of tuzla bosnia and herzegovina is one of the major dangers acting on a very densely urbanized area since 1950 when the salt deposit exploitation by means of boreholes began as demonstrated in this paper subsidence induced several hazard factors such as severe ground deformations the arising of deep and superficial fractures and a very fast water table rise connected with the brine extraction now affecting several districts the above mentioned factors have been quantified by the use of geomatic methodologies including field surveys and analysis of geographical data in order to estimate the historical sinking rates authors processed the large and never before processed amount of topographical data collected during two periods from 1956 to 1991 and from 1992 to 2003 with only poor data collected afterward traditional surveys were completely and definitively stopped the analysis reveals a cumulative subsidence as high as 12 m during the whole period causing damage to buildings and infrastructures within an area that includes a large portion of the historical town at present almost entirely destroyed modern sinking rates have been monitored with static gps whereas the presence of superficial fractures monitored with kinematic gps factors related to the presence of deep fractures and water table rise have been evaluated by curvature analysis techniques and piezometric data respectively finally hazard factors have been combined in a risk map using the gis geographical information system map algebra capabilities and a simple multicriteria decision analysis mda in order to do that a vulnerability map has been derived on the basis of information reported on a couple of recently sensed high resolution satellite imageries the final risk arisen from the combination of single hazard factors and vulnerability map highlights critical scenarios and unsuspected threatening that are under consideration by the local decision makers and urban planners in particular as highlighted in the final risk map the present day water table rise triggered by the decrease in brine pumping is seriously posing a threat to a portion of the city which is not the most involved in ground deformations

prediction of ground subsidence in samcheok city korea using artificial neural networks and gis this study shows the construction of a hazard map for presumptive ground subsidence around abandoned underground coal mines aucms at samcheok city in korea using an artificial neural network with a geographic information system gis to evaluate the factors governing ground subsidence an image database was constructed from a topographical map geological map mining tunnel map global positioning system gps data land use map digital elevation model dem data and borehole data an attribute database was also constructed by employing field investigations and reinforcement working reports for the existing ground subsidence areas at the study site seven major factors controlling ground subsidence were determined from the probability analysis of the existing ground subsidence area depth of drift from the mining tunnel map dem and slope gradient obtained from the topographical map groundwater level and permeability from borehole data geology and land use these factors were employed by with artificial neural networks to analyze ground subsidence hazard each factor s weight was determined by the back propagation training method then the ground subsidence hazard indices were calculated using the trained back propagation weights and the ground subsidence hazard map was created by gis ground subsidence locations were used to verify results of the ground subsidence hazard map and the verification results showed 96 06 accuracy the verification results exhibited sufficient agreement between the presumptive hazard map and the existing data on ground subsidence area

interpretation of t bar penetrometer tests at shallow embedment and in very soft soils the cylindrical t bar penetrometer was developed for profiling the undrained strength of soft soils in the centrifuge and is now a widely used offshore site investigation tool the conventional interpretation of the t bar test is to convert the measured penetration resistance to soil strength using a single bearing factor associated with steady flow of soil around the bar this paper describes a new analysis for the interpretation of t bar penetrometer tests at shallow embedment and in soft soils which is an increasingly significant consideration in the design of seabed infrastructure including pipelines the analysis captures two mechanisms that are usually neglected i soil buoyancy and ii the reduced bearing factor arising from the shallow failure mechanism mobilized prior to the full flow of soil around the bar the framework derives from theoretical considerations and is calibrated using large deformation finite element analyses the depth at which the steady deep penetration condition is reach

landslide susceptibility assessment by bivariate methods at large scales application to a complex mountainous environment statistical assessment of landslide susceptibility has become a major topic of research in the last decade most progress has been accomplished on producing susceptibility maps at meso scales 1 50 000 1 25 000 at 1 10 000 scale which is the scale of production of most regulatory landslide hazard and risk maps in europe few tests on the performance of these methods have been performed this paper presents a procedure to identify the best variables for landslide susceptibility assessment through a bivariate technique weights of evidence woe and discusses the best way to minimize conditional independence ci between the predictive variables indeed violating ci can severely bias the simulated maps by over or under estimating landslide probabilities the proposed strategy includes four steps i identification of the best response variable rv to represent landslide events ii identification of the best combination of predictive variables pvs and neo predictive variables npvs to increase the performance of the statistical model iii evaluation of the performance of the simulations by appropriate tests and iv evaluation of the statistical model by expert judgment the study site is the north facing hillslope of the barcelonnette basin france affected by several types of landslides and characterized by a complex morphology results indicate that bivariate methods are powerful to assess landslide susceptibility at 1 10 000 scale however the method is limited from a geomorphological viewpoint when rvs and pvs are complex or poorly informative it is demonstrated that expert knowledge has still to be introduced in statistical models to produce reliable landslide susceptibility maps

predictive landslide susceptibility mapping using spatial information in the pechabun area of thailand for predictive landslide susceptibility mapping this study applied and verified probability model the frequency ratio and statistical model logistic regression at pechabun thailand using a geographic information system gis and remote sensing landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys and maps of the topography geology and land cover were constructed to spatial database the factors that influence landslide occurrence such as slope gradient slope aspect and curvature of topography and distance from drainage were calculated from the topographic database lithology and distance from fault were extracted and calculated from the geology database land cover was classified from landsat tm satellite image the frequency ratio and logistic regression coefficient were overlaid for landslide susceptibility mapping as each factor s ratings then the landslide susceptibility map was verified and compared using the existing landslide location as the verification results the frequency ratio model showed 76 39 and logistic regression model showed 70 42 in prediction accuracy the method can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to plan land cover

a gis based weights of evidence model for mapping cliff instabilities associated with mine subsidence the weights of evidence w of e technique was applied within a geographic information system gis to derive a model of rockfall potential associated with mining induced subsidence the purpose of the model was to describe the potential for rockfalls from up to 60 m high steep sandstone gorges and slopes associated with proposed underground longwall operations within the immediate vicinity of a previously mined area ten known rock falls associated with the previous mining operation were used as training points six evidential themes were considered slope cliff height planform curvature profile curvature the distance of the cliff areas from the longwall panels and the distance of the cliff areas from the river two models were created one based on a mine layout in which longwall panels extend beneath the steep areas of a nearby river and a second in which the mine layout is modified so that mining does not occur directly beneath or within 50 m of the steep slopes this is to allow for the comparison of rockfall potential based on different mining configurations the results demonstrate that the w of e method is a suitable tool for mine subsidence impact assessment and suggest that not mining directly under the nepean river may decrease rockfall potential on average by approximately ten times numerous limitations with the results relating to the availability of appropriate evidential theme data and the accuracy of training points are discussed

cranial anatomy of a new crocodyliform archosauria crocodylomorpha from the lower cretaceous of song liao plain northeastern china rugosuchus nonganensis a new genus and species of crocodyliform is erected on the basis of its peculiar cranial features this late early cretaceous species represents the second and most complete crocodyliform known from northeastern china its discovery is significant for our understanding of both the local vertebrate fauna and its stratigraphical correlations and the paleobiogeography of the crocodyliformes the palatine contribution to the anterior border of the choana excludes the new form from the eusuchia and evidence from osteoderms not detailed in the present paper suggests that the new form appears to be phylogenetically closer to the eusuchia than to the goniopholididae therefore comparisons are made primarily with those taxa which have a closer relationship to the former than the latter the unsculpted depressed and lobe like posterolateral process of the squamosal is further demonstrated to be ontogenetically variable and thus inappropriate for use as a character in phylogenetic a

isotopic evidence for late jurassic early cretaceous climate change abstract strontium oxygen and carbon isotope ratios have been determined from late jurassic early cretaceous belemnites from the volga basin russia and kawhia harbour new zealand 87sr 86sr ratios derived from well preserved belemnites from the volga basin support a middle tithonian age derived from the analysis of the endemic ammonite fauna the kawhia harbour section records a gradual rise in 87sr 86sr values and in comparison with the published 87sr 86sr curve suggests that the lower part of the section is latest oxfordian in age whilst the upper part of the section correlates well with the biostratigraphic correlation suggestion of an early middle tithonian age although the published strontium calibration curve shows a degree of scatter our new data confirm the uniform rise in 87sr 86sr values from the late jurassic into the early cretaceous such an increase may result from either a decrease in mid oceanic ridge spreading and or an increase in weathering rates and flux of radiogenic strontium although a eustatic drop in sea level and concurrent western cordillera uplift suggests that weathering may have been the controlling factor of late jurassic seawater strontium isotope composition palaeotemperatures derived from the well preserved belemnite 18ocarb values from the volga basin indicate that the middle volgian late kimmeridgian was warm 14 20 c followed by a slight cooling and a subsequent gradual increase to the jurassic cretaceous boundary the 18ocarb values from new zealand located at a palaeolatitude of 80 s if interpreted in terms of palaeotemperature indicate a high degree of variability such variability may not be related to palaeotemperature but to changes in oceanic chemistry resulting from the formation and dissolution of an ice sheet and or snow during the oxfordian kimmeridgian carbon isotope trends for the late jurassic show a fall in values from the oxfordian with lowest values occurring in the early middle tithonian before rising but without reaching values obtained in the oxfordian the overall low 13ccarb may be related to a global increase in continental weathering and or upwelling of cooler oceanic water enriched in oxidised organic carbon 12c enriched

the fossil vertebrates from lano basque country spain new evidence on the composition and affinities of the late cretaceous continental faunas of europe a newly discovered fossil locality at lano basque country has yielded a vertebrate assemblage of probably maastrichtian age comprising fishes amphibians reptiles and mammals it considerably enlarges our knowledge of the late cretaceous continental faunas of europe hitherto based on a much less complete record some taxa are recorded for the first time in europe and the fauna also contains the oldest known representatives of some groups amphisbaenians salamandrids the lan assemblage reveals an original fauna comprising both forms related to asian and north american groups and elements with gondwanan affinities

isotopic evidence for glaciation during the cretaceous supergreenhouse the turonian 93 5 to 89 3 million years ago was one of the warmest periods of the phanerozoic eon with tropical sea surface temperatures over 35 c high amplitude sea level changes and positive 18 o excursions in marine limestones suggest that glaciation events may have punctuated this episode of extreme warmth new 18 o data from the tropical atlantic show synchronous shifts 91 2 million years ago for both the surface and deep ocean that are consistent with an approximately 200 000 year period of glaciation with ice sheets of about half the size of the modern antarctic ice cap even the prevailing supergreenhouse climate was not a barrier to the formation of large ice sheets calling into question the common assumption that the poles were always ice free during past periods of intense global warming

delineation of landslide hazard areas on penang island malaysia by using frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models this paper summarizes findings of landslide hazard analysis on penang island malaysia using frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models with the aid of gis tools and remote sensing data landslide locations were identified and an inventory map was constructed by trained geomorphologists using photo interpretation from archived aerial photographs supported by field surveys a spot 5 satellite pan sharpened image acquired in january 2005 was used for land cover classification supported by a topographic map the above digitally processed images were subsequently combined in a gis with ancillary data for example topographical slope aspect curvature drainage geological litho types and lineaments soil types and normalized difference vegetation index ndvi data and used to construct a spatial database using gis and image processing three landslide hazard maps were constructed on the basis of landslide inventories and thematic layers using frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models further each thematic layer s weight was determined by the back propagation training method and landslide hazard indices were calculated using the trained back propagation weights the results of the analysis were verified and compared using the landslide location data and the accuracy observed was 86 41 89 59 and 83 55 for frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models respectively on the basis of the higher percentages of landslide bodies predicted in very highly hazardous and highly hazardous zones the results obtained by use of the logistic regression model were slightly more accurate than those from the other models used for landslide hazard analysis the results from the neural network model suggest the effect of topographic slope is the highest and most important factor with weightage value 1 0 which is more than twice that of the other factors followed by the ndvi 0 52 and then precipitation 0 42 further the results revealed that distance from lineament has the lowest weightage with a value of 0 this shows that in the study area fault lines and structural features do not contribute much to landslide triggering

archosaurian reptiles with gondwanan affinities in the upper cretaceous of europe the late cretaceous mainly campanian and maastrichtian non marine vertebrate faunas of europe contain archosaurian reptiles which belong to groups otherwise known mainly or only from the southern gondwanan continents they include titanosaurid sauropods abelisaurid theropods and trematochampsid crocodilians the occurrence of these forms together with others of asiamerican affinities gives the late cretaceous vertebrate faunas of europe a peculiar composition which makes them clearly different from the well known faunas from western north america and central asia the gondwanan dinosaurs and crocodilians from europe provide evidence of faunal interchange across the tethys sea during the cretaceous possibly via the alboran plate or the apulian plate which may have functioned as stepping stones especially during periods of low sea level

numerical analysis and prediction of ground surface movement induced by coal mining and subsequent groundwater flooding abstract ground surface movement shows different features during mining and post mining period if the mine goaf is dry surface subsidence is observed in both periods if the mine goaf is flooded by groundwater however ground surface uplift can be observed although much smaller in amplitude compared to the preceding subsidence a numerical modeling strategy is proposed to predict uplift during the flooding process of an excavated coal mining area under complex geological conditions the modeling approach considers three phases virgin state before mining stage immediately after mine closure flooding phase the model considers elasto plastic material behavior including faults represented by interfaces in situ measurements are used for calibration of the model the oelsnitz abandoned coal mine is used for model validation and prediction the measured subsidences up to 17 m were reproduced as well as the uplift within the last 10 years with values between 0 5 2 0 mm year spatial distribution of uplift areas is well reproduced predictions up to the year 2051 show an increase in uplift velocity between 0 5 3 0 mm year and additional total uplift of up to 300 mm

the evidence and implications of polar ice during the mesozoic abstract the mesozoic perhaps representing the longest period of warmth during phanerozoic earth history contains in general sparse and frequently equivocal evidence for polar ice although this time is undoubtedly punctuated by oscillations in climate whether sufficient to lead to polar cooling and the formation of polar ice an inviting mechanism to account for faunal and floral distribution patterns and large scale sea level change has been widely debated mesozoic evidence for glacial conditions includes abraded rock surfaces generally unsorted stone rich beds and the presence of dropstones rafted by ice within a finer grained host sediment faunal and floral evidence has also been utilised to determine the presence or absence of cold or sub freezing polar conditions together with more indirect evidence for glacial conditions derived from general circulation model gcm simulations of climate the analysis of clay mineral distributions glendonite abundance and palaeontological and sedimentological evidence for globally synchronous sea level change the extent of possible glacial environments during the mesozoic has been established by plotting published reports of glacial sediments on palaeogeographic reconstructions the general clustering of evidence at high palaeolatitudes suggests that the extent of polar ice during the mesozoic is likely to have been approximately one third the size of the present day based on such evidence a number of episodes of cold or sub freezing polar climates during the bajocian bathonian tithonian volgian valanginian and aptian are recognised evidence exists possibly also for a cold episode during the early jurassic pliensbachian although poorly constrained owing to limited biostratigraphical control the longevity of these events may be represented by a cold snap within a stage although undoubtedly the possible smearing of ages may have had the effect of lengthening and hence promoting the importance of these proposed events the climate regime of the earth during these times may be hypothesised to be characterised by a relatively steep pole to equator temperature gradient where low latitude regions are as warm or warmer than today the evidence to support such reasoning includes sharp increases in the areal distribution of both glendonites and deposits with affinities to glacial tillites and dropstones for these times coincidental falls of sea level arid events and an increased bipolarity of faunas at these times imparts further confidence that these events were of a magnitude to effect the earth as a whole

quantitative modeling of groundwater in satluj river basin of rupnagar district of punjab using remote sensing and geographic information system water is a fluctuating resource making it difficult to measure in time and in space to demonstrate the efficiency of the geographic information system gis for groundwater studies information on the parameters controlling groundwater such as lithology geomorphology and lineament analysis were analyzed liss iii and landsat satellite image of the area was used to infer information on the geologic lineaments and geomorphology to delineate linear features enhancement and direction filtering was performed on single bands of landsat images thematic maps for geology slope geomorphology and lineament were prepared and integrated in gis by assigning the weights and ranking to various parameters controlling the occurrence of groundwater to generate the groundwater potential map for the study area the results indicate that the floodplain of river and its adjoining areas have very good groundwater potential whereas the steeply sloping area in the northern part having high relief and slope possesses poor groundwater potential

centrifuge experiments on the settlement of circular foundations on clay centrifuge experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms governing the settlement of shallow circular foundations on clay model tests were performed on both soft and firm beds of overconsolidated kaolin clay foundation loads were applied as dead weight and also through pneumatic loading a perspex window in the centrifuge package allowed digital images to be captured of a vertical cross section during and after the application of loading soil displacements deduced by particle image velocimetry piv allow deformation mechanisms to be presented for undrained penetration creep and consol idation caused by transient flow a technique is presented for discriminating consolidation settlements from the varying rates of short and long term creep the mobilizable strength design msd method is shown to make useful predictions of the undrained penetration using an estimated stress strain behaviour of the clay with allowances made for anisotropy and rate effects subsequent creep and consolidation settlements were then determined using established correlations

the changing strength of carbonate silt parallel penetrometer and foundation tests with cyclic loading and reconsolidation periods this paper describes a centrifuge study using novel penetrometer tests t bar and piezoball and model foundation tests to explore through life changes in the strength of a reconstituted natural ca

groundwater favorability map using gis multicriteria data analysis on crystalline terrain sao paulo state brazil summary this paper presents the groundwater favorability mapping on a fractured terrain in the eastern portion of sao paulo state brazil remote sensing airborne geophysical data photogeologic interpretation geologic and geomorphologic maps and geographic information system gis techniques have been used the results of cross tabulation between these maps and well yield data allowed groundwater prospective parameters in a fractured bedrock aquifer these prospective parameters are the base for the favorability analysis whose principle is based on the knowledge driven method the multicriteria analysis weighted linear combination was carried out to give a groundwater favorability map because the prospective parameters have different weights of importance and different classes of each parameter the groundwater favorability map was tested by cross tabulation with new well yield data and spring occurrence the wells with the highest values of productivity as well as all the springs occurrence are situated in the excellent and good favorability mapped areas it shows good coherence between the prospective parameters and the well yield and the importance of gis techniques for definition of target areas for detail study and wells location

modelling the embedment process during offshore pipe laying on fine grained soils subsea pipelines are becoming an increasingly significant element of offshore hydrocarbon developments as exploration moves into deep water environments further from shore during the lay process pipelines are subject to small amplitude vertical and horizontal oscillations driven by the sea state and lay vessel motions centrifuge model tests have been used to simulate these small amplitude lay effects with varying degrees of idealization relative to the real lay process in the soft soils found in deep water pipe embedment can exceed a diameter or more thus significantly affecting the lateral pipe soil interaction axial resistance and thermal insulation in this paper results from centrifuge model tests are used to calibrate a model for calculating the dynamic embedment of a subsea pipeline the model uses elements of plasticity theory to capture the effects of combined vertical and horizontal loading and incorporates the softening of the surrounding soil as it is remoulded due to the pipelinemotions influences from the lay rate lay geometry and sea state are included in the calculation process the model is compared with observed as laid pipeline embedment data fromfield surveys at three different offshore sites using site specific soil parameters obtained from in situ testing and idealized pipe loads and motions to represent the load and displacement patterns during offshore pipe laying respectively the model is shown to capture well the final as laid embedment measured in the field surveys

surface stepped subsidence related to top coal caving longwall mining of extremely thick coal seam under shallow cover the surface stepped subsidence had badly affected the public infrastructure safety the formation mechanism of the surface stepped subsidence case was explained the surface subsidence profile after the sequent mining activity was predicted the possible controls of the stepped subsidence were lastly proposed

a revised eurogondwana model late cretaceous notosuchian crocodyliforms and other vertebrate taxa suggest the retention of episodic faunal links between europe and gondwana during most of the cretaceous abstract we describe new remains of the enigmatic late cretaceous crocodyliform doratodon carcharidens coming from the santonian csehbanya formation of hungary the material includes isolated upper and lower jaw elements and teeth that represent the earliest occurrence of this genus previous reports of doratodon restricted the range of this taxon to the campanian maastrichtian of the areas that are now romania austria and spain using data from both the new remains and the type series from the lower campanian of austria our phylogenetic analysis finds d carcharidens deeply nested within gondwanan notosuchians as part of the predominantly south american clade sebecosuchia the suggested affinity of d carcharidens is generally in agreement with previous cladistic assessments and confirms the presence of gondwanan faunal elements in the late cretaceous western tethyean archipelago the region that is now southern europe together with published reports on gondwanan tetrapod immigrants from the barremian albian cenomanian and santonian of europe this record is not compatible with a recently proposed paleobiogeographical model predicting a post hauterivian separation of europe from africa and subsequent biogeographical reconnection in the campanian lasting till the eocene instead the european fossil record suggests that episodic faunal and geographical links were retained with gondwana during most of the cretaceous

mechanisms of pipe embedment and lateral breakout on soft clay pipelines laid on the seabed expand and contract during operating cycles as a result of thermal loading which can lead to lateral buckling analysis of this behaviour requires assessment of the vertical penetration and lateral breakout responses this paper reports centrifuge modelling of these processes using advanced image analysis techniques to observe the soil deformation simple mechanisms are fitted to the observed deformation patterns allowing the mobilized soil strength to be back calculated the vertical embedment mechanisms closely match plasticity solutions even if heave is accounted for the penetration resistance is slightly higher than calculations based on the undrained strength inferred from a t bar penetrometer this discrepancy can be attributed to the additional remoulding and softening during steady flow around a t bar compared to shallow pipe penetration the lateral breakout response is brittle and the peak resistance is governed by the available tensile resistance behind the pi

quantitative landslide susceptibility mapping at pemalang area indonesia for quantitative landslide susceptibility mapping this study applied and verified a frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models to pemalang area indonesia using a geographic information system gis landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs satellite imagery and field surveys a spatial database was constructed from topographic and geological maps the factors that influence landslide occurrence such as slope gradient slope aspect curvature of topography and distance from stream were calculated from the topographic database lithology was extracted and calculated from geologic database using these factors landslide susceptibility indexes were calculated by frequency ratio logistic regression and artificial neural network models then the landslide susceptibility maps were verified and compared with known landslide locations the logistic regression model accuracy 87 36 had higher prediction accuracy than the frequency ratio 85 60 and artificial neural network 81 70 models the models can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to land use planning

validation of an artificial neural network model for landslide susceptibility mapping the aim of this study was to validate an artificial neural network model at youngin janghung and boeun korea using the geographic information system gis the factors that influence landslide occurrence such as the slope aspect curvature and geomorphology of topography the type material drainage and effective thickness of soil the type diameter age and density of forest distance from lineament and land cover were either calculated or extracted from the spatial database and landsat tm satellite images landslide susceptibility was analyzed using the landslide occurrence factors provided by the artificial neural network model the landslide susceptibility analysis results were validated and cross validated using the landslide locations as study areas for this purpose weights for each study area were calculated by the artificial neural network model among the nine cases the best accuracy 81 36 was obtained in the case of the boeun based janghung weight whereas the janghung based youngin weight showed the worst accuracy 71 72

fossil crocodilians as indicators of late cretaceous and cenozoic climates implications for using palaeontological data in reconstructing palaeoclimate abstract that the earth s climate has cooled over the last 100 million years has been recognized since the early nineteenth century the transition from the hot house world of the cretaceous a time interval without significant polar icesheets to the ice house world in which we now live today the dynamics process responsible for this change are being examined using computer models especially general circulation models gcm s through such work our understanding of the dynamics of the earth system improves and our ability to predict future trends is enhanced but the success of modelling experiments can only be assessed by comparing results with observations the pattern which for palaeoclimate are drawn exclusively from the geological record palaeoclimate interpreted from geological data is invariably based on analogy with the recent the validity of which depends on corroboration from multiple lines of evidence this requires the compilation and investigation of large global datasets of well constrained geological climate proxies this study uses the palaeodistribution of fossil crocodilians to examine the spatial distribution of palaeoclimate during this transition fossil crocodilians have a relatively good fossil record and are climatically limited in the recent they also provide a manageable global dataset with which to investigate other issues that impinge on the use of geologic data for reconstructing palaeoclimate taphonomy sampling effects time averaging tectonics and for fossils palaeobiogeography and evolution as such this study provides a possible template for examining other climate proxies in order to validate and hone palaeoclimatic interpretations an analysis of modern crocodilians indicates that temperature is the principal influence on their global distribution with the coldest month mean temperature cmm of 5 5 c marking the minimum thermal limit for the group corresponding today to a minimum mean annual temperature mat of 14 2 c the duration of warmth during the year partly indicated by the mean annual range of temperature mart is also important as this affects early juvenile development and survival the presence of standing water provides an essential thermal buffer against temperature extremes by analogy the palaeodistribution of fossil crocodilians suggests the following during the late cretaceous and early palaeogene mat s in excess of 14 2 c cmm s 5 5 c permeated throughout mid latitudes and coastal regions in high latitudes during the oligocene the restriction of fossil crocodilians to low latitudes suggests high latitude cooling as indicated by numerous other lines of evidence coeval restriction of crocodilians to coastal regions in mid latitude north america and much of asia consistent with increased seasonality and aridification in continental interiors may reflect local orographic changes as well as global climate change during the miocene fossil crocodilians return to the great plains of north america but do not reoccupy the continental interior of asia by the pliocene crocodilians are again restricted to low latitudes and coastal regions in mid latitudes coincident with further high latitude cooling and aridification and cooling of mid latitude continental interiors minor distributional changes during the holocene may reflect human effects

cretaceous tetrapod fossil record sampling and faunal turnover implications for biogeography and the rise of modern clades we use newly compiled data on global occurrences of cretaceous lepidosaurs mammals and crocodylomorphs and existing data on dinosaurs to investigate faunal turnover and fossil record heterogeneity statistically significant relationships between many clade specific fossil record sampling proxies within major continental areas e g european mammal bearing formations suggest that temporal patterns of fossil record sampling intensity of the most abundant tetrapod clades are similar to each other with a few exceptions that might reflect clade specific facies preferences or differences in worker effort especially in poorly sampled regions such as gondwana however the absence of strong statistical relationships between tetrapod sampling proxies from different continental areas suggests that there is no unified global sampling signal for terrestrial tetrapods the cretaceous witnessed substantial faunal turnover and the rise of many advanced clades that today dominate terrestrial faunas despite strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity in sampling of the cretaceous tetrapod record it is clear that this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion thus it cannot be attributed to a temporally localised early late cretaceous cenomanian turonian extinction event many advanced clades including eutherian mammals iguanian and gekkotan squamates and the main cryptodiran turtle crown clades first appeared or first attained high fossil diversities in asia however relatively poor sampling and dating of middle cretaceous terrestrial deposits means that hypotheses of asian rather than laurasian diversifications remain tentative differences between gondwanan and laurasian faunas became progressively greater during the cretaceous and although many gondwanan clades survived the end cretaceous extinction event these only survive to the present as relictual populations with narrow geographic ranges e g monotremes and rhynchocephalians

gis based evaluation of mining induced subsidence susceptibility considering 3d multiple mine drifts and estimated mined panels this paper presents a case study of subsidence hazard mapping in the vicinity of an abandoned coal mine within geographic information system gis environment a geospatial database was constructed using mine drift maps topographic maps land use maps road maps building maps borehole data and subsidence inventory maps showing occurrences of past subsidence events six raster type factor layers i e an influential area instability iai layer calculated using multiple mine drifts and estimated mined panels land use distance from nearest railroad distance from nearest road and slope gradient were generated and extracted from the database to identify relationships between past subsidence occurrences and the factors two iai factors incorporate the complex effects of ground iai and are calculated using the depths of each underground cavity and its angle of draw a weight of evidence model was used to establish optimal correlations expressed as contrast values cvs for subsidence inventory data and inputs of all factors six cv layers one for each factor were linearly combined to generate a subsidence hazard map representing the relative vulnerability to subsidence in the study area the area under the cumulative frequency diagram technique was then used to verify predicted subsidence hazards by comparing estimated susceptibility rankings over the entire range of grid cells with actual subsidence occurrences the proposed gis analysis model showed an accuracy of 91 09 in the prediction of subsidence occurrences moreover field surveys showed buildings with severe subsidence related damage damage level 4 or 5 according to the national coal board in regions with very high subsidence hazard indices finally a factor negatively correlated with subsidence prediction slope angle was determined from the sensitivity analysis

use of gis to discover potential coalfields in yatagan milas area in turkey abstract the study was aimed to produce potential coalfield map using geographic information systems gis in the milas yatagan basin frequency ratio model was used to define the relationships between the coal occurrences and the selected variables which are significant for coal prospection formation geologic age lithology rock types depositional environment distance to fault and slope data of the study area were used as variables frequency ratio values of the variables were calculated and assigned to variable s class attributes all variable maps were summed according to the frequency ratio values of superposed pixels to calculate the probability index the probability index values of the potential map were classified into five classes as very high high medium low and very low probability areas finally the potential map was compared with known coalfields in the milas yatagan basin and calculated distribution of the known coalfields on the probable areas

simple method for the identification of subsidence susceptibility above underground coal mines in korea estimation of subsidence susceptibility due to mining is a primary task for the effective and economical management of subsidence if the status of an underground mine is well known this process is simple and clear unfortunately in korea the excavation shape is typically complicated because of the complex geological characteristics and corresponding mining methods and relevant data on abandoned or closed coal mines are often deficient therefore estimation methods developed elsewhere are usually not suited to korean coal mines to solve this problem we developed a quick simple and quantitative method suitable for the estimation of subsidence susceptibility prior to the detailed field investigation of coal mines gangway depth from the surface and the attitude dip and dip direction of main geological features were selected as input data based on the degree of availability and reliability and the gangway was represented as a series of points instead of closed polygons for easy calculation two core assumptions of this method were that the susceptibility to subsidence within a unit area increases as i the depth of the gangway from the surface decreases and ii the number of gangways below the unit area increases in spite of the simplicity of this method it gave satisfactory results when applied to one virtual excavation model and two closed coal mines where subsidences had occurred

paleoceanographic changes during the early cretaceous valanginian hauterivian evidence from oxygen and carbon stable isotopes we investigated valanginian hauterivian bulk rock and belemnite samples from vocontian basin sections in southeastern france for their stable carbon and oxygen isotope signature firstly because these sections permit calibration with high resolution biostratigraphy based on ammonites and secondly because detailed isotope studies for the hauterivian are lacking the results show that 13c values for bulk rock decrease during the late valanginian early hauterivian with 1 and increase again during the late hauterivian with 1 the 18o signal for bulk rock samples is mostly disturbed by diagenesis the belemnites show carbon and oxygen isotope values that are lower and higher than bulk rock samples respectively we explain this as the result of the belemnites recording a deeper water signal with lighter 13c values and heavier 18o values implicating colder water at greater depth the overall preservation of the belemnites is very good and permits the construction of a paleo temperature trend this trend shows warm deeper water temperatures during the late early valanginian 15 c and progressively cooler temperatures during the late valanginian and early hauterivian 11 c during the late hauterivian temperatures increase again 13 c we relate this cooling trend for deeper water to a second order sea level rise which allowed for the exchange of cold boreal and warm tethyan water masses the influx of cold nutrient rich water had a profound effect on carbonate producing biota along the northern margin of the tethys during the hauterivian leading to prolonged phases of condensation and platform destruction during the early hauterivian the carbonate system along the northern tethyan margin shifted into a green water mode of carbonate production high rates of carbonate production under mesotrophic conditions also observed in other parts of the world meant that the global carbon cycle became buffered shown by the stable trends in carbon isotopes

sea level variations and the quality of the continental fossil record theoretical and empirical studies suggest that sea level change was a fundamental parameter determining the distribution of fossil marine organisms although a similar relationship is generally assumed for the continental fossil record this intuition remains speculative quantitative evidence reveals no correlation between sea level variations and the distribution of continental tetrapods in the late jurassic eocene interval the quality of the continental fossil record depends on many more factors than just eustatic changes

assessment of ground subsidence hazard near an abandoned underground coal mine using gis this study constructs a hazard map for ground subsidence around abandoned underground coal mines aucms at samcheok city in korea using a probability frequency ratio model a statistical logistic regression model and a geographic information system gis to evaluate the factors related to ground subsidence an image database was constructed from a topographical map geological map mining tunnel map global positioning system gps data land use map lineaments digital elevation model dem data and borehole data an attribute database was also constructed from field investigations and reports on the existing ground subsidence areas at the study site nine major factors causing ground subsidence were extracted from the probability analysis of the existing ground subsidence area 1 depth of drift 2 dem and slope gradient 3 groundwater level permeability and rock mass rating rmr 4 lineaments and geology and 5 land use the frequency ratio and logistic regression models were applied to determine each factor s rating and the ratings were overlain for ground subsidence hazard mapping the ground subsidence hazard map was then verified and compared with existing subsidence areas the verification results showed that the logistic regression model accuracy of 95 01 is better in prediction than the frequency ratio model accuracy of 93 29 the verification results showed sufficient agreement between the hazard map and the existing data on ground subsidence area analysis of ground subsidence with the frequency ratio and logistic regression models suggests that quantitative analysis of ground subsidence near aucms is possible

change detection and visualization of acid mine lakes using time series satellite image data in geographic information systems gis can canakkale county nw turkey can a county in the province of canakkale is one of the most prominent coal mining districts in turkey many mining companies have been operating coal deposits for power generation and district heating in this region since 1980 generally small and medium scale mining companies operate for short periods and abandon the operational land without providing any rehabilitation human intervention in the natural structure and topography of the earth surface causes large holes and deterioration in these areas artificial lakes occur because of surface discharge and underground leakage into abandoned open pit mines with high lignite sulfur content 0 21 14 36 wt furthermore these lakes gain acidic character due to acid generation from pyrite oxidation acid mine lakes are highly acidic ph 3 05 and have elevated concentrations of text so 4 2 fe and some metals the main objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental conditions and demonstrate the development of a monitoring system for their possible changes in the acid mine lakes of the open cast lignite mining area on a regional scale for this purpose the data received from remote sensing satellites were used areal change detection and perimeter changes of nine acid mine lakes caused by coal mining companies in can from 1977 to 2011 were determined using landsat quickbird and worldview satellite images as a case study an area of 9 km2 was chosen for the variety of acid mine lakes using gis software satellite images were analyzed in time series borders of acid mine lakes were digitized and converted into vector data format at this stage prior to the digitization in order to create contrast on the satellite images stretch type and stretch values were changed the areal and perimeter changes were computed and presented via tables and graphics in addition thematic maps of the acid mine lakes were created and visualized the results show that the number of acid mine lakes increased and these caused environmental risks due to their hydrochemical properties and areal increments

thermal evolution of cretaceous tethyan marine waters inferred from oxygen isotope composition of fish tooth enamels 1 the evolution of subtropical 30 35 n upper ocean temperatures through the cretaceous is inferred from the oxygen isotope compositions of 64 fish teeth enamel coming from the western tethyan platform mean 18o values of 22 at the berriasian valanginian boundary decrease with oscillations to 18 5 around the cenomanian turonian boundary and progressively increase to 21 5 by the end of the cretaceous the similarity of this oxygen isotope curve for bioapatites from platform environments with those for foraminifera and bulk carbonates that were deposited in deeper waters and at other paleolatitudes indicates that they record global climatic signals major cooling events at the million year scale can be distinguished 1 at the berriasian valanginian boundary and 2 during the earliest late valanginian a third cooling event is detected during the earliest aptian these events already proposed as icehouse interludes during the lower cretaceous are also recorded at subtropical latitudes a progressive warming is identified from the aptian to the cenomanian turonian interval that corresponds to a thermal optimum and then upper ocean temperatures decreased to the maastrichtian minimum isotopic temperatures range from 15 c to 28 c assuming a 18oseawater of 1 for an ice free world taking more realistic 18oseawater values of 0 for tropical waters during glacial periods within the berriasian valanginian interval and earliest aptian or with above average salinities possibly the maastrichtian temperatures are increased by 4 5 c temperature differences between climatic extremes of the valanginian and cenomanian turonian are estimated to have been 10 c latitudinal thermal gradients for the albian cenomanian turonian and maastrichtian were 0 2 0 3 c latitude and thus weaker than modern oceanic values at about 0 4 c latitude

axial sliding resistance of partially embedded offshore pipelines this paper presents the results of centrifuge model tests and three dimensional large deformation finite element analysis on axial pipe soil sliding behaviour of partially embedded subsea pipelines

an island of dwarfs reconstructing the late cretaceous haţeg palaeoecosystem abstract the cretaceous was a special time in the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and yet the record from europe in particular is patchy this special issue brings together results of multidisciplinary investigations on the late cretaceous ha eg area in southwestern romania and its continental fossil assemblage with the aim of exploring an exceptional palaeoecosystem from the european late cretaceous the ha eg dinosaurs which seem unusually small have become especially well known as some of the few latest cretaceous dinosaurs from europe comparable with faunas from the south of france and spain and preserved at a time when most of europe was under the chalk seas eastern europe then at a time of exceptionally high sea level was an archipelago of islands some of them inhabited but none so extraordinary as ha eg if ha eg truly was an island and this is debated the apparently small dinosaurs might well be dwarfs as enunciated over 100 years ago by the colourful baron franz nopcsa discoverer of the faunas the dwarfing of dinosaurs and other taxa is explored in this volume the ha eg dinosaurs appear to be very latest cretaceous maastrichtian in age and they provide unique evidence at a time when there are few dinosaurs known from europe about some of the last faunas before the kt mass extinction further the flora and fauna ostracods fishes frogs turtles lizards crocodilians pterosaurs dinosaurs and mammals have never been reviewed comprehensively and we provide here the current best evidence of what was there and how the taxa fit in a global context