characteristics of seismic survey pulses and the ambient soundscape in baffin bay and melville bay west greenland in 2012 a seismic survey campaign involving four vessels was conducted in baffin bay west greenland long distance 150 km pre survey acoustic modeling was performed in accordance with regulatory requirements four acoustic recorders three with hydrophones at 100 200 and 400 m depths measured ambient and anthropogenic sound during the survey additional recordings without the surveys were made from september 2013 to september 2014 the results show that 1 the soundscape of baffin bay is typical for open ocean environments and melville bay s soundscape is dominated by glacial ice noise 2 there are distinct multipath arrivals of seismic pulses 40 km from the array 3 seismic sound levels vary little as a function of depth 4 high fidelity pre survey acoustic propagation modeling produced reliable results 5 the daily sel did not exceed regulatory thresholds and were different using southall bowles ellison finneran gentry greene kastak ketten miller nachtigall richardson thomas a

on the relationship between sst gradients boundary layer winds and convergence over the tropical oceans a linear mixed layer model that skillfully reproduces observed surface winds and convergence over the tropicaloceans is used to examine the relative influenceof boundarylayer and free tropospheric processes on the distribution of climatological surface winds and convergence the semiempirical model assumes a subcloud layer momentum force balance between pressure gradients coriolis acceleration linearized friction and downward momentum mixing and it utilizes boundary conditions from the 40 yr ecmwf re analysis era 40 observed pressure gradients are linearly decomposed into boundary layer defined as the region below 850 hpa and free tropospheric components and the surface winds and convergence associated with these components are computed results show that surface zonal winds are predominantly associated with a combination of free tropospheric pressure gradients and downward momentum mixing whereas the distribution of convergence is primarily due to boundary layer temperature gradients which are closely related to sst gradients the authors conclude that the climatological distribution of boundary layer convergence is primarily a function of the pattern of sst gradients and is better regarded as a cause rather than a consequence of deep convection

the origin of felsic microgranitoid enclaves insights from plagioclase crystal size distributions and thermodynamic models abstract magma mixing is widely recognized in contemporary petrology as one of the primary igneous processes microgranitoid enclaves mes are considered to be remnants of such mixing processes and the term has a well established genetic implication however microgranitoid enclaves span a wide range of compositions and felsic varieties are also frequently reported nd sr isotope and textural data from felsic microgranitoid enclaves fmes mafic microgranitoid enclaves mmes and host granites from the salto pluton itu granitic province show that the cm sized mmes are dioritic have medium grained igneous textures and xenocrysts of alkali feldspar and quartz the fmes are cm to meter sized have spheric shapes show corrugated contacts with the host granites and have resorbed feldspars and deformed quartz crystals interpreted as xenocrysts set in a fine grained groundmass compared to the host granites both mme and fme samples have increased feo mgo tio2 p2o5 and zr contents but their sr and nd isotope signatures are identical fme 87sr 86sri 0 7088 0 7063 endi 10 0 to 10 2 mme 87sr 86sri 0 7070 endi 10 5 host granite 87sr 86sri 0 7056 0 7060 endi 10 2 to 10 3 these indicate that the enclaves derive from a similar source although the melts from which they formed were probably hotter and chemically more primitive than their host granites crystal size distributions csds of plagioclase in samples drilled from rinds and cores of three fmes show that the rind samples are systematically finer grained than the samples from the cores which indicates that the fmes cooled inwards and contradict interpretations that the fmes are autoliths thermal modeling suggests that a slightly more primitive hotter magma would be thermally equilibrated with an evolved resident melt within weeks after mixing mingling upon thermal equilibrium the fmes would have an increased crystal cargo and the resulting touching framework would impart a solid like behavior to the fme forming magma which would lead to a contrast in rheology fragmentation dragging and preservation of felsic replenishment batches as distinct enclaves

linking enclave formation to magma rheology 1 magmatic enclaves record the history of deformation and disaggregation i e fragmentation of relatively hot compositionally more mafic magmas injected into actively convecting silicic magma chambers through dikes enclave size distributions may provide crucial clues for understanding the nature of this mechanical mixing process accordingly we conduct a comprehensive field study to measure enclave size distributions in six cascade lava flows using results from recent fluid dynamics experiments along with thermodynamic and modeling constraints on key physical properties of the injected and host magmas i e temperature density and effective viscosity we use the size distributions of enclaves to characterize the magmatic flow regime governing enclave formation scaling arguments suggest that the viscous stresses related to magma chamber flow acting against the yield strength of a crystallizing injected magma control the breakup of 1 m wide mafic dikes into millimeter to centimeter scale enclaves our data analysis identifies a characteristic length scale of breakup that constrains the yield strength of the injected magmas in a more restrictive way than existing empirical models for yield strength based on crystal content in all six lava flows we show that the progressive fragmentation of the injected magma is self similar and characterized by a fractal dimensiondf 2 which is comparable to previous studies on enclaves we also find a small but statistically significant dependence of df on the effective viscosity ratio between host and enclave magmas such that large variations in effective viscosity enhance breakup this work demonstrates that field observations of enclave size distributions can reliably constrain the rheological and flow conditions in which enclaves form

open system magma chamber evolution an energy constrained geochemical model incorporating the effects of concurrent eruption recharge variable assimilation and fractional crystallization ec e raχfc significant petrogenetic processes governing the geochemical evolution of magma bodies include magma recharge including formation of quenched inclusions or enclaves heating and concomitant partial melting of country rock with possible contamination of the evolving magma body assimilation and formation and separation of cumulates by f ractional crystallization rafc although the importance of modeling such open system magma chambers subject to energy conservation has been demonstrated the effects of concurrent removal of magma by eruption and or variable assimilation involving imperfect extraction of anatectic melt from wall rock have not been considered in this study we extend the ec rafc model to include the effects of eruption and variable amounts of assimilation ax this model called ec e 0racfc tracks the compositions trace elements and isotopes temperatures and masses of magma body liquid melt eruptive magma cumulates and enclaves within a composite magmatic system undergoing simultaneous eruption recharge assimilation and fractional crystallization the model is formulated as a set of 4 t i s coupled nonlinear differential equations where the number of trace elements radiogenic and stable isotope ratios modeled are t i and s respectively solution of the ece 0racfc equations provides values for the average temperature of wall rock ta mass of melt within the magma body mm masses of cumulates mct enclaves men and wall rock m o a and the masses of anatectic melt generated m a and assimilated cm a in addition t trace element concentrations and i s isotopic ratios in melt and eruptive magma cm em dm cumulates cct em dm enclaves cen er d o r and anatectic melt ca ea d o a as a function of magma temperature tm are also computed input parameters include the user defined equilibration temperature teq a factor describing the efficiency of addition of anatectic melt c from country rock to host magma the initial temperature and composition of pristine host melt tom c o m em d o m recharge melt t o r c o r er dor and wall rock t o a c o a ea d o a distribution coefficients dm dr da and their temperature dependences dhm dhr dha latent heats of transition melting or crystallization for wall rock dha pristine magma dhm and recharge magma dhr as well as the isobaric specific heat capacity of assimilant cp a pristine cp m and recharge cp r melts the magma recharge mass and eruptive magma mass functions mr tm andme tm respectively are specified a priori mr tm and me tm are modeled as either continuous or episodic step like processes melt productivity functions which prescribe the relationship between melt mass fraction and temperature are defined for end member bulk compositions characterizing the local geologic site ec e 0racfc has potential for addressing fundamental questions in igneous petrology such as what are intrusive to extrusive ratios i e for particular magmatic systems and how does this factor relate to rates of crustal growth how does i e vary temporally at single long lived magmatic centers what system characteristics are most profoundly influenced by eruption what is the quantitative relationship between recharge and assimilation in cases where the extraction efficiency can be shown to be less than unity what geologic criteria are important and

tropical oceanic rainfall and sea surface temperature structure parsing causation from correlation in the mjo abstractbased upon on the findings of y li and r e carbone the association of tropical rainfall with sst structure is further explored with emphasis on the mjo passband analyses include the tropical indian ocean maritime continent and tropical western pacific regions the authors examine the anomalies of and correlations between sst structure the frequency of rainfall events and rainfall amount based on detailed examination of a 49 month time series all findings are statistical inferences and interpretations consistent with established theory the statistical inferences are broadly consistent with a pivotal role played by the convergent laplacian of sst together with an expected but somewhat indirect role of sst itself the main role of sst in the mjo passband appears limited to production of moist static energy which is highly correlated with cumulative precipitation yet bears a decidedly conditional relationship to the occurrence of rainfall if rain occurs then more rain is likely over

cassini imaging of jupiter s atmosphere satellites and rings the cassini imaging science subsystem acquired about 26 000 images of the jupiter system as the spacecraft encountered the giant planet en route to saturn we report findings on jupiter s zonal winds convective storms low latitude upper troposphere polar stratosphere and northern aurora we also describe previously unseen emissions arising from io and europa in eclipse a giant volcanic plume over io s north pole disk resolved images of the satellite himalia circumstantial evidence for a causal relation between the satellites metis and adrastea and the main jovian ring and information on the nature of the ring particles

felsic enclave swarms in the gouldsboro granite coastal maine a record of eruption through the roof of a silicic magma chamber prominent zones of large globular fine grained felsic enclaves occur at the highest exposed levels of the gouldsboro granite along the coast of maine the physical characteristics of these enclaves and their chemical relations to the host granite indicate that they represent globules of resident magma that were trapped probably during eruption in the crystal mush at the top of the magma chamber these zones can appropriately be termed eruption trails enclave compositions provide a record of magma compositions within the chamber at the time of eruption they fall into two groups high k and low k with similar wt sio2 suggesting that magma in the chamber consisted of discrete compositional batches the distribution of these two types of enclaves within the swarms is consistent with the low k source magma residing as a layer beneath the high k source magma chilled and vesiculated inclusions of basalt occur only in the low k enclaves their presence there suggests that basaltic magma was injected

underwater mach wave radiation from impact pile driving theory and observation the underwater noise from impact pile driving is studied using a finite element model for the sound generation and parabolic equation model for propagation results are compared with measurements using a vertical line array deployed at a marine construction site in puget sound it is shown that the dominant underwater noise from impact driving is from the mach wave associated with the radial expansion of the pile that propagates down the pile after impact at supersonic speed the predictions of vertical arrival angle associated with the mach cone peak pressure level as function of depth and dominant features of the pressure time series compare well with corresponding field observations

explicitly simulated tropical convection over idealized warm pools 1 two dimensional cloud system resolving simulations of convection over idealized warm pools are conducted to examine the relationship between the spatial patterns of tropical convection and the sea surface temperature sst distributions results show that the most active convection resides near the edge of warm pools with a local minimum around the warmest center this finding might provide an interpretation for the observations that peak convection is commonly located several degrees of latitude off the maximum sst over some tropical oceans factors potentially affecting the convective patterns are explored through sensitivity experiments it is found that convection expands significantly and rainfall peaks are further displaced several hundred more kilometers away from the warmest water when the radiative cooling heating is applied homogeneously across the domain conversely when the wind induced surface flux variability is excluded convective activity is confined within a much narrower area of high ssts but the overall spatial pattern is largely retained moreover the surface friction exerts profound effects on the simulated convection and attendant large scale flow and is mostly responsible for the dual maximum precipitation and two cell circulation structure in the horizontal these results suggest that as well as the temperature pressure gradients resulting from the non uniform ssts other processes must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of observed tropical convection and circulation

excitation of rainfall over the tropical western pacific abstractthe authors have examined 4 years of satellite derived sst and rainfall data in anticipation of a relationship between sst structure and the excitation of convective rainfall the results exhibit a strong excitation signal consistent with the presence of mesoscale sst gradients in about 75 of approximately 10 000 rainfall onset events rainfall onset events occur at locations with enhanced horizontal convergence as inferred by the laplacian of sst on scales of order 100 km the daily sst field exhibits multiscale patchiness spanning a 2 c range the signal is disproportionately large at ssts that are 0 25 c above the mean near 29 5 c disproportionately weak for sst 28 8 c and proportionately neutral for sst 30 3 c the calculations suggest that a characteristic strength of this lower boundary forcing 3 10 5 s 1 is approximately one order of magnitude stronger than the mean regional background forcing 3 10 6 s 1 the periphery of warm oceanic patches exhibits both convergent an

influence of ocean surface conditions on atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure and deep convection abstract the authors analyze the influence of sea surface temperature sst and surface wind divergence on atmospheric thermodynamic structure and the resulting effects on the occurrence of deep convection using national meteorological center radiosonde data and international satellite cloud climatology program data for july 1983 july 1985 the onset of deep convection requires not only the existence of positive convective available potential energy cape but also an unstable planetary boundary layer pbl a stable pbl is observed to suppress deep convection even when cape is positive variations of sst have a major effect on cape but surface wind divergence can also affect deep convection by changing the lapse rate in the lower troposphere and humidity in the pbl specifically when sst 28 c cape is always positive and surface wind divergence does not qualitatively change the buoyancy profile above the pbl strong surface wind divergence however stabilizes the pbl so as to suppress the initiation

the underwater sound field from vibratory pile driving underwater noise from vibratory pile driving was observed using a vertical line array placed at range 16 m from the pile source water depth 7 5 m and using single hydrophones at range 417 m on one transect and range 207 and 436 m on another transect running approximately parallel to a sloping shoreline the dominant spectral features of the underwater noise are related to the frequency of the vibratory pile driving hammer typically 15 35 hz producing spectral lines at intervals of this frequency the mean square pressure versus depth is subsequently studied in third octave bands depth and frequency variations of this quantity observed at the vertical line array are well modeled by a field consisting of an incoherent sum of sources distributed over the water column adiabatic mode theory is used to propagate this field to greater ranges and model the observations made along the two depth varying transects the effect of shear in the seabed although small is also included bathymetric refraction on the transect parallel to the shoreline reduced mean square pressure levels at the 436 m measurement site

a model for underwater sound levels generated by marine impact pile driving marine impact pile driving generates very high underwater sound pressures which can harm aquatic life environmental assessments for pile driving projects typically require acoustic impact zones for marine mammals and fish to be estimated in advance a computer model that predicts the radiated acoustic field from impact driving of cylindrical piles has been developed a lumped mass model of the hammer which predicts the force generated at the top of the pile is coupled to a 1 d finite difference model of radial and axial stress waves in a cylindrical pile the radiated pressure is computed by matching the velocity boundary condition at the pile wall using a superposition of monopole sources distributed over the length of the pile in a layered 2 d fluid medium the transfer function for the monopoles is computed using the near field hankel transform for radial particle velocity at the pile wall standard ocean acoustic modeling techniques are used to compute the mach wave propagating away from the pile the model considers the physical characteristics of the pile hammer system such as the hammer energy pile dimensions sediment properties and pile hammer impedance ratio the model s predictions are compared to field measurements obtained in a riverine environment

interannual variability of western north pacific sst anomalies and its impact on north pacific and north america in this study the interannual variability of sea surface temperature sst and its atmospheric teleconnection over the western north pacific wnp toward the north pacific north america during boreal winter are investigated first we defined the wnp mode as the first empirical orthogonal function eof mode of sst anomalies over the wnp region 100 165 e 0 35 n of which the principle component time series are significantly correlated with several well known climate modes such as the warm pool mode which is the second eof mode of the tropical to north pacific sst anomalies north pacific oscillation npo north pacific gyre oscillation npgo and central pacific cp el nino at 95 confidence level but not correlated with the eastern pacific ep el nino the warm phase of the wnp mode sea surface warming is initiated by anomalous southerly winds through reduction of wind speed with the background of northerly mean winds over the wnp during boreal winter i e reduced evaporative cooling meanwhile the atmospheric response to the sst warming pattern and its diabatic heating further enhance the southerly wind anomaly referred to the wind evaporation sst wes feedback thus the wnp mode is developed and maintained through winter until spring when the northerly mean wind disappears furthermore it is also known that anomalous upper level divergence associated with wnp mode leads to the npo like structure over the north pacific and the east west pressure contrast pattern over the north america through rossby wave propagation impacting the climate over the north pacific and north america

a simple model of climatological rainfall and vertical motion patterns over the tropical oceans abstract a simple model is developed that predicts climatological rainfall vertical motion and diabatic heating profiles over the tropical oceans given the sea surface temperature sst using statistical relationships deduced from the 40 yr ecmwf re analysis era 40 the model allows for two modes of variability in the vertical motion profiles a shallow mode responsible for all boundary layer convergence between 850 hpa and the surface and a deep mode with no boundary layer convergence the model is based on the argument expressed in the authors companion paper that boundary layer convergence can be usefully viewed as a forcing on deep convection not just a result thereof the shallow mode is either specified from satellite observations or modeled using a simple mixed layer model that has sst as well as 850 hpa geopotential height winds and temperature as boundary conditions the deep mode amplitude is empirically shown to be proportional to a simple measure of conditional instability in conve

the impact of tropical western pacific convection on the north pacific atmospheric circulation during the boreal winter in this study we investigate the impact of atmospheric convection over the western tropical pacific 100 145 e 0 20 n on the boreal winter north pacific atmosphere flow by analyzing national center for environmental prediction reanalysis 1 extended reconstructed sea surface temperature and global precipitation climatology project data the western tropical pacific convection is not only the main energy source driving the local hadley and walker circulations but it also significantly influences north pacific circulation by modifying a mid latitude jet stream through the connection with the local hadley circulation on the one hand this strong convection leads to a northward expansion of local hadley cells simultaneous with a northward movement of the western north pacific jet because of the close correlation between the jet and hadley circulation boundaries on the other hand this strong convection also intensifies tropical pacific walker circulation which reduces the eastern pacific sea surface temperature resembling a la nina state through the enhanced equatorial upwelling the cooling of the eastern tropical pacific has an inter tropical convergence zone located further north thus the local hadley circulation moves northward as a result the jet axis over the eastern north pacific which also corresponds to the boundary of the local hadley circulation moves to higher latitude consequently this northward movement of the jet axis over the north pacific is reflected as a northwest southeast dipole sea level pressure slp pattern the composite analysis of slp over the north pacific against the omega pa s at 500 hpa over the western tropical pacific actually reveals that this northwest southeast dipole structure is attributed to the intensified tropical western pacific convection which pushes the pacific jet to the north finally we also analyzed south pacific for the austral winter as did previously to north pacific and found that the results were consistent

trends in upper level cloud cover and surface divergence over the tropical indo pacific ocean between 1952 and 1997 1 this study investigates the spatial pattern of linear trends in surface observed upper level combined midlevel and high level cloud cover precipitation and surface divergence over the tropical indo pacific ocean during 1952 1997 cloud values were obtained from the extended edited cloud report archive eecra precipitation values were obtained from the hulme climate research unit data set and surface divergence was alternatively calculated from wind reported by comprehensive ocean atmosphere data set and from wind derived from smith and reynolds extended reconstructed sea level pressure data between 1952 and 1997 upper level cloud cover increased by about 4 sky cover over the central equatorial south pacific and decreased by about 4 6 sky cover over the adjacent subtropics the western pacific and the equatorial indian ocean trends in precipitation and surface convergence are usually positive where upper level cover trends are positive and negative where they are negative consistency between time series of upper level cloud cover reported by eecra and the international satellite cloud climatology project isccp during 1984 1997 for various subregions provides further confirmation that the surface observed upper cloud trends are real estimated radiative effects of surface observed cloud cover anomalies are also well correlated with all sky radiation flux anomalies reported by the earth radiation budget satellite in most areas contrastingly eecra and isccp low level cloud cover regional time series exhibit little correspondence and eecra low level cloud cover trends are uniformly positive across the tropical indo pacific with no apparent relationship to changes in surface divergence although the spatial pattern of upper level cloud trends resembles that associated with el nino the trends are approximately three times larger than those predicted by a linear relationship to sea surface temperature in the nino3 4 region

isotopic evidence for multiple contributions to felsic magma chambers gouldsboro granite coastal maine abstract the gouldsboro granite forms part of the coastal maine magmatic province a region characterized by granitic plutons that are intimately linked temporally and petrogenetically with abundant co existing mafic magmas the pluton is complex and preserves a felsic magma chamber underlain by contemporaneous mafic magmas the transition between the two now preserved as a zone of chilled mafic sheets and pillows in granite mafic components have highly variably isotopic compositions as a result of contamination either at depth or following injection into the magma chamber intermediate dikes with identical isotopic compositions to more mafic dikes suggest that closed system fractionation may be occurring in deeper level chambers prior to injection to shallower levels the granitic portion of the pluton has the highest nd isotopic composition e nd 3 0 of plutons in the region whereas the mafic lithologies have nd isotopic compositions e nd 3 5 that are the lowest in the region and similar to the granite and suggestive of prolonged interactions and homogenization of the two components sr and nd isotopic data for felsic enclaves are inconsistent with previously suggested models of diffusional exchange between the contemporaneous mafic magmas and the host granite to explain highly variable alkali contents the felsic enclaves have relatively low nd isotopic compositions e nd 2 1 indicative of the involvement of a third lower e nd melt during granite petrogenesis perhaps represented by pristine granitic dikes contemporaneous with the nearby pleasant bay layered intrusion the dikes at pleasant bay and the felsic enclaves at gouldsboro likely represent remnants of the silicic magmas that originally fed and replenished the overlying granitic magma chambers the large isotopic and chemical contrasts between the enclaves and granitic dikes and granitic magmas may be in part a consequence of extended interactions between the granitic magmas and co existing mafic magmas by mixing mingling and diffusion alternatively the granitic magmas may represent an additional crustal source using granitic rocks such as these with abundant evidence for interactions with mafic magmas complicate their use in constraining crustal sources and tectonic settings fine grained dike rocks may provide more meaningful information but must be used with caution as these may also have experienced compositional changes during mafic felsic interactions

field evidence of magma mixing from microgranular enclaves hosted in palaeoproterozoic malanjkhand granitoids central india abstract the malanjkhand granitoids mg pluton about 1500 sq km occurs in the balaghat district of madhya pradesh the mg 2400 ma represent an episode of palaeoproterozoic felsic magmatism in central india and hosts potential cu mo au deposits the enclaves hosted in mg can be broadly classified into two categories microgranular enclaves dark coloured fine grained magmatic and xenoliths of country rocks the microgranular enclaves me may be rounded ellipsoidal discoid elongated lenticular or tabular and their size commonly reaches up to 2 metres across the me have sharp and in places diffuse contacts with their host granitoids the shape and size of me indicate contemporaneous flow and mingling of partly crystalline felsic mafic magmas some me exhibit dark crenulated margins giving them a pillow like form that has been attributed to undercooling of a me magma as globules intruded into a granitoid magma the presence of corroded felsic and mafic minerals xenocrysts in me is interpreted as the result of mechanical transfer during the mafic felsic magma interaction and mixing event mafic minerals biotite rim the quartz xenocrysts giving rise to ocellar texture which exhibit signatures of resorption under hybrid enclave magma conditions all these features suggest an origin for the calc alkaline intermediate granitoid magma in malanjkhand involving a magma mixing process

occurrence and origin of the zoned microgranular enclaves mes within the cretaceous granite in taejongdae se korea abstract microgranular enclave me is a common feature in granitic intrusive rocks however the zoned me that developed in the outcrop of cretaceous granite in the taejongdae geopark busan represents an interesting phenomenon in formation of zoned mes providing useful petrogenetic information on the formation of enclaves in this study we define the zoned me as an enclave composed of several contrasting orbicular rock zones due to the importance of the enclaves in the evolution of igneous rocks this study aims to understand the formation mechanism of the zoned mes including the reasons for their diversity in the study area the investigated mes in the study area have trachi andesitic to dioritic composition mainly composed of amphibole plagioclase and quartz with minor orthoclase and opaque minerals to achieve the above objectives the relationship between the mes and the host granite and the difference between zones were investigated based on petrological and geochemical studies the mes can be classified into two main types simple type composed of a single rock type has an angular shape and sharp or sometimes crenulated contact with the host granite and zoned type composed of several zones has a circular to elliptical shape and shows two different cooling processes the mineral composition of the simple mes shows some similarity with the zones of the zoned mes these results imply that the zoned mes are formed by two different phases of mixing and mingling in two different magma chambers firstly in a deep dioritic magma chamber 7 1 7 7 km and then in a shallower depth granitic magma chamber 1 7 2 4 km in the other hand the simple mes mainly represent xenoliths but also possibly resulted from disruption of early formed zoned mes before they solidified this study is therefore could be useful in the understanding of the possible mechanisms for the formation of mes and the magmatic evolution in this area

energy constrained open system magmatic processes 3 energy constrained recharge assimilation and fractional crystallization ec rafc 1 geochemical data for igneous rock suites provide conclusive evidence for the occurrence of open system processes within thermally and compositionally evolving magma bodies the most significant processes include magma recharge with possible enclave formation and magma mixing assimilation of anatectic melt derived from wallrock partial melting and formation of cumulates by fractional crystallization rafc in this study we extend the energetically constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization ec afc model spera and bohrson 2001 bohrson and spera 2001 to include the addition of compositionally and thermally distinct recharge melt during simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallization energy constrained recharge assimilation and fractional crystallization ec rafc tracks the trace element and isotopic composition of melt cumulates and enclaves during simultaneous recharge assimilation and fractional crystallization ec rafc is formulated as a set of 3 t i s coupled nonlinear differential equations where the number of trace elements and radiogenic and stable isotope ratios modeled are t i and s respectively solution of the ec rafc equations provides values for the average wallrock temperature ta mass of melt within the magma body mm mass of cumulates mct and enclaves men mass of wallrock involved in the thermal interaction mao mass of anatectic melt assimilated m a concentration of t trace elements and i s isotopic ratios in melt cm cumulates cct enclaves cen and anatectic melt ca as a function of magma temperature tm input parameters include the equilibration temperature teq the initial temperature and composition of pristine melt tmo cmo emo recharge melt tro cro ero and wallrock tao cao eao temperature dependent trace element distribution coefficients dm dr da heats of transition for wallrock ha pristine melt hm and recharge melt hr and the isobaric specific heat capacity of assimilant cp a pristine melt cp m and recharge melt cp r the magma recharge mass function mr tm is specified a priori and defines how recharge magma is added to standing magma the present ec rafc simulator incorporates a weak coupling to major element mass balance and phase relations based on laboratory experiments or gibbs energy minimization e g ghiorso 1997 ec rafc can be applied to a variety of magmatic systems including volcanic suites that show evidence of magma mixing layered mafic intrusions and granitoid plutons predictions for masses as well as compositions of magmatic products are part of the ec rafc solution the systems approach provides an opportunity to quantitatively assess the roles of assimilation fractional crystallization and magma recharge in magma evolution using trace element and isotopic constraints together with energy conservation