deformation of western greece during neogene clockwise rotation and collision with apulia following an early miocene phase of n s extension affecting the entire hellenides 50 clockwise rotation affected western greece modern gps analyses show rapid southwestward motion in southwestern greece over subducting oceanic lithosphere and no motion in the northwest where greece collided with apulia we aim to identify the deformation history of western greece associated with the rotation and the collision with apulia the timing of the various phases of deformation is constrained via detailed analysis of vertical motions based on paleobathymetry evolution of sedimentary sequences overlying the evolving structures the results show that accompanying the onset of rotation compression was re established in western greece in the early langhian around 15 ma subsequently western greece collided with the apulian platform leading in the late miocene to a right lateral strike slip system running from the aliakmon fault zone in northern greece via the kastaniotikos fault and the thesprotiko shear zone to the kefallonia fault zone offshore western greece ne sw compression and uplift of the ionian islands was accompanied by ne sw extension in southwestern greece associated with faster southwestward motion in the south than in the north this led in the middle pliocene around 3 5 ma to collision without further shortening in northwestern greece from then onward nw se to n s extension east of apulia and gradually increasing influence of e w extension in the south accommodated motion of the hellenides around the apulian platform as a result curved extensional basin systems evolved including the gulf of amvrakikos sperchios basin gulf of evia system and the gulf of corinth saronic gulf system

climate control on erosion distribution over the himalaya during the past 100 ka sediment samples from a 50 m long core representing 100 ka of deposition taken from the ganga plain on the campus of the indian institute of technology kanpur were analyzed for sr and nd isotope compositions both 87 sr 86 sr and nd vary significantly with depth in the core 0 72701 0 76708 and 14 4 to 16 6 respectively within the range for silicate rocks of the higher and the lesser himalaya the variations in the isotope compositions reflect variations in the mixing proportion of sediments from the higher and lesser himalaya the two major sediment sources to the ganga the opposite trends in 87 sr 86 sr and nd depth profiles further confirm this hypothesis the isotope profiles exhibit two major excursions ca 20 ka and ca 70 ka ago coinciding with periods of precipitation minima and larger glacial cover these excursions are the result of a decrease in the proportion of sediment from the higher himalaya due to a decrease in monsoon precipitation and an increase in glacial cover that are in turn caused by lower solar insolation this study highlights the significant influence of climate on erosion in the himalaya

improving the utility of ocean circulation models through adjustment of the momentum balance we propose a new method to improve the utility of three dimensional ocean circulation models the method uses climatological temperature and salinity data to adjust the momentum balance of the model while leaving the tracer equations fully prognostic and unconstrained the adjustment is accomplished by replacing density in the hydrostatic equation by a linear combination of model computed and climatological density the procedure is equivalent to adding a forcing term to the horizontal momentum equation through a modification of the model s horizontal pressure gradient term the forcing term modifies the model computed velocity field which in turn affects the model computed temperature and salinity fields through the advection term there is no adjustment of the tracer equations carried by the model assuming the linear combination coefficient to be invariant in time and space we suggest a statistical approach to estimating its optimal value we apply this semiprognostic method to the northwest atlantic a primitive equation circulation model is initialized with january climatological temperature and salinity and is forced by monthly mean comprehensive ocean atmosphere data set surface wind stress and heat flux by restoration of the surface salinity to monthly mean climatology and by flows through the open boundaries both the model computed tracer and velocity fields produced using the semiprognostic method show significant improvement over those produced by a purely prognostic calculation drift of the tracer and velocity fields away from climatology is greatly reduced further convective mixing is explicitly represented thus improving the utility of results over those obtained from pure diagnostic calculations the velocity fields obtained with the new approach are somewhat more realistic than those obtained from pure diagnostic calculations the method reproduces many well known circulation features in the region including the labrador current the gulf stream and the north atlantic current more significantly the method reproduces reasonably well the seasonal evolution of temperature and salinity in the region despite the fact that the model s tracer fields are not constrained directly by the new method this result suggests that the semiprognostic approach will be useful for examining the evolution of tracers that are not easily determined by observations

redistribution of energy available for ocean mixing by long range propagation of internal waves ocean mixing which affects pollutant dispersal marine productivity and global climate1 largely results from the breaking of internal gravity waves disturbances propagating along the ocean s internal stratification a global map of internal wave dissipation would be useful in improving climate models but would require knowledge of the sources of internal gravity waves and their propagation towards this goal i present here computations of horizontal internal wave propagation from 60 historical moorings and relate them to the source terms of internal waves as computed previously2 3 analysis of the two most energetic frequency ranges near inertial frequencies and semidiurnal tidal frequencies reveals that the fluxes in both frequency bands are of the order of 1 kw m 1 that is 15 50 of the energy input and are directed away from their respective source regions however the energy flux due to near inertial waves is stronger in winter whereas the tidal fluxes are uniform throughout the year both varieties of internal waves can thus significantly affect the space time distribution of energy available for global mixing

on the response of the ocean to a moving storm the nonlinear dynamics abstract a novel and efficient numerical method is used to investigate the nonlinear equations of motion for the upper layer of a two layer ocean in which the lower layer is infinitely deep and at rest the efficiency is achieved by seeking solutions that are in a steady state translating in equilibrium with the storm oscillations are found in the wake of the storm two features of the response are attributed to the nonlinear terms in the equation of motion 1 a rapid transition from a maximum in the downwelling phase to a maximum in the upwelling phase of each oscillation followed by a gradual relaxation to the next downwelling maximum and 2 a displacement of the maximum response usually to the right of the storm track by 40 km it is shown that the horizontal pressure gradient terms can be neglected from the momentum equations for fast large storms in which case a lagrangian integration can be performed following fluid particles this enables feature 1 to be attributed to the along tra

potential source rocks organic geochemistry and thermal maturation in the southern depocenter kipourio grevena of the mesohellenic basin central greece abstract the study area is the southern depocenter depth 4200 m of the mesohellenic basin which extends between kipourio and grevena central greece the mesohellenic basin is a middle tertiary intramontane basin developed within the hellenide orogen previous studies have focused on the depositional environments configuration and hydrocarbon potential of the basin in this paper we present additional geochemical and petrographic data from outcrop samples of the basin s southern depocenter which is considered the most promising area in terms of hydrocarbon prospectivity a total number of thirty six samples were analysed rock eval pyrolysis maceral analysis vitrinite reflectance and thermal alteration index bitumens extraction liquid chromatography and gc ms the samples were collected from deltaic deposits and submarine fan sediments of late eocene to late oligocene age the toc values of the analysed samples range between rich and very rich and the organic matter consists mainly of type iii kerogen and the organic matter consider to be predominately gas prone the thermal maturity assessed from tmax and vitrinite reflectance shows an immature stage of the organic matter along with the presence of layers having reached the very early mature stage vitrinite reflectance measurements and maturity calculations applying the lopatin modeling reveal that the lower part of the depocenter sediments falls within the oil window the extractable organic matter eom mg bitumens g toc indicate the existence of samples from deltaic deposits with high ratio of transformation eom 100 mg bitumen g toc the gc and gc ms analyses of the biomarkers indicate mainly the occurrence of terrestrial organic matter reflecting oxidizing conditions and both immature and very early mature stages the results of the rock eval pyrolysis and the distribution of the isoprenoids support the assumption of the input of an organic matter mixture

a damped decadal oscillation in the north atlantic climate system a simple stochastic atmosphere model is coupled to a realistic model of the north atlantic ocean a north south sst dipole with its zero line centered along the subpolar front influences the atmosphere model which in turn forces the ocean model by surface fluxes related to the north atlantic oscillation the coupled system exhibits a damped decadal oscillation associated with the adjustment through the ocean model to the changing surface forcing the oscillation consists of a fast wind driven positive feedback of the ocean and a delayed negative feedback orchestrated by overturning circulation anomalies the positive feedback turns out to be necessary to distinguish the coupled oscillation from that in a model without any influence from the ocean to the atmosphere using a novel diagnosing technique it is possible to rule out the importance of baroclinic wave processes for determining the period of the oscillation and to show the important role played by anomalous geostrophic advection in sustaining the oscillation

upper ocean temperature response to hurricane felix as measured by the bermuda testbed mooring hurricane felix passed over the bermuda testbed mooring on 15 august 1995 providing a unique opportunity to observe the response of the upper ocean to a hurricane in the vicinity of bermuda felix was a particularly large hurricane with hurricane force winds over a diameter of about 300 400 km and tropical storm force winds over a diameter of about 650 800 km felix moved northwestward at about 25 km h21 with the eye passing about 65 km southwest of the mooring on 15 august peak winds reached about 135 km h21 at the mooring complementary satellite sea surface temperature maps show that a swath of cooler water by about 3 58 4 08c was left in the wake of felix with the mooring in the center of the wake prior to the passage of felix the mooring site was undergoing strong heating and stratification however this trend was dramatically interrupted by the passage of the hurricane as felix passed the mooring large inertial currents speeds of 100 cm s 21 at 25 m were generated within the upper layer the e folding decay timescale of the inertial currents was about 9 days the mixed layer depth was about 15 m before the arrival of felix and deepened to about 45 m within three days after felix s passage the temperature at 25 m decreased by approximately 3 5 8 4 08c large amplitude temperature oscillations 1 58c near the inertial period inertial pumping effect were set up by the hurricane in the seasonal thermocline resulting in vertical displacements of isotherms of approximately 15 m at 60 70 m comparative scale analyses of the upper ocean responses to hurricane felix and hurricane gloria 1985 indicate that they have several similarities

observations of the response of thermocline currents to a hurricane abstract in september 1985 the eye of hurricane gloria passed within about 100 km of a current meter mooring in the western north atlantic data from this mooring provide a clear view of the vertical structure of the near inertial wake in the main thermocline the response at 159 m was strong 25 cm s 1 amplitude and lasted about 18 days at greater depths the response was weaker and more irregular the phase of the near inertial currents increased with depth consistent with the downward spreading of enemy the total phase change across the thermocline reached about a half cycle seven days after the hurricane s passage indicating a large vertical scale of the response the observations are briefly compared with other time series measurements on the continental margin and with models

what is the thermohaline circulation the term thermohaline circulation is widely used in the context of past and future climate change in his perspective wunsch argues that there are many different and inconsistent definitions for this term he defines ocean circulation in terms of mass fluxes which are largely driven by surface forces such as wind and tides and argues that thermohaline circulation should only refer to the separate transport of heat and salinity in the ocean

role of the tectonic facies concept in orogenic analysis and its application to tethys in the eastern mediterranean region abstract the purpose of this paper is to advocate the use of a tectonic facies concept which aids systematic and objective analysis of orogenic belts the tectonic facies concept as discussed here focuses on the recognition of discrete tectonic settings mainly those exposed at high crustal levels in orogenic belts application of the tectonic facies concept can help field geologists to relate plate scale processes to outcrop geology tectonic facies are recognised based on knowledge of the modern oceans and margins and well constrained land settings tectonic facies analogous to sedimentary facies can be identified from integrated sets of field data and related laboratory studies a number of tectonic facies models can be recognised in this way their identification aids interpretation and comparisons of orogenic belts palinspastic reconstructions require additional information particularly age kinematic and palaeomagnetic data in this paper the tectonic facies concept is tested by application to a well documented mainly high level orogenic segment tethys in the eastern mediterranean area and is found to be an effective way both of the describing and interpreting this region other methods of tectonic analysis e g recognition of tectono stratigraphic terranes may also be found useful in certain settings and can be used in conjunction with the tectonic facies concept

advective spreading of storm induced inertial oscillations in a model of the northwest atlantic ocean the spreading of inertial oscillations induced by the passage of hurricane juan 2003 across the gulf stream and the scotian shelf is examined using a regional model of the northwest atlantic ocean it is found that surface intensified inertial oscillations develop at locations remote from the storm track after a period of 5 10 days a diagnostic technique reveals the importance of advection by the background geostrophic flow for explaining this effect the results suggest that advection by mean circulation can play a role in redistributing near inertial energy in the ocean we argue that advective redistribution could have important consequences for understanding diapycnal mixing in the ocean

organic petrology of source rocks history and state of the art abstract the development of organic source rock petrology depended on the methods applied a procedure derived from coal petrology is the study of polished sections of the untreated rock under incident light this method combined with the fluorescence techniques is best suited to characterize and identify the discrete organic matter macerals and permits the most reliabble maturity measurements on the basis of vitrinite reflectance and of various fluorescence parameters another common method treats the rock with acids and studies strew slides of organic matter concentrates this destroys the natural texture of the rock and often some of the individual macerals as well but on the other hand it allows recognition of extremely fine particles which are not resolvable in polished sections maturity studies based on maceral colour changes as observed in strew slides are rapid and practical although they are rather subjective the relative merits of the various methods are discussed the individual organic constituents as seen in the whole rock and in organic matter concentrates are described and illustrated in two colour plates some classification systems are compared in tabular form finally the history of microscopic observations and measurements with respect to the generation of petroleum like substances in coal is briefly reviewed

hydrocarbon potential of the middle eocene middle miocene mesohellenic piggy back basin central greece a case study abstract two depocentres 4200 m and 3200 m thick have been recognized in the mesohellenic piggy back basin of middle eocene to middle miocene age where submarine fans have accumulated unconformably over an ophiolite complex the hydrocarbon potential is indicated by the presence of kerogen types ii iii with minor amounts of type i the evidence is mostly for wet gas and gas with minor oil source rocks are the middle eocene to lower oligocene krania and eptachori formations of up to 2000 m total thickness reaching maturation during the early miocene the source rocks consist of outer fan and basin plain deposits they are conformably overlain by the lower member late oligocene of the up to 2600 m thick pentalophos formation which consists mostly of thick submarine sandstone lobes possible stratigraphically trapped reservoirs include the lower member of the pentalophos formation which overlies source rocks as well as limestones tectonically intercalated within the ophiolite complex underlying the source rocks traps may have formed also on the western side of an internal thrust theotokos thrust which influenced the evolution of the depocentres

improved global maps and 54 year history of wind work on ocean inertial motions 1 the global distribution and 54 year time dependence of the energy flux from the wind to near inertial motions is computed by driving a slab mixed layer model with ncep ncar reanalysis winds improving upon previous estimates alford 2001 watanabe and hibiya 2002 the slab model is solved spectrally with frequency dependent damping the resulting solutions are more physically sensible than the previous and more skillful at high latitudes where the inertial frequency approaches the 4 daily sampling of the reanalysis winds this enables alford s calculation whose domain was limited to 50 to be extended to the poles the high latitude reliability is demonstrated by direct comparison with a high resolution regional model remo in the ne atlantic the total power input 0 47 tw has increased by 25 since 1948 paralleling observed increases in extratropical cyclone frequency and intensity if believable the trend may have important consequences for modulation of the meridional overturning circulation

processes influencing the non linear interaction between inertial oscillations near inertial internal waves and internal tides 1 a numerical model of the hebrides shelf edge represented by a cross section is used to examine the non linear interactions producing energy at the fm2 frequency calculations show that in the near coastal ocean this is primarily due to coupling between wind induced inertial oscillations although near inertial internal waves are present and the m2 internal tide the major non linear interaction and hence largest fm2 currents occurs in the region of the thermocline and is associated with shear in the inertial oscillation and the vertical velocity due to the internal tide this non linear process represents an important contribution to the energy cascade from the wind and tide into higher frequency waves and eventually mixing the fm2 current is shown to be a maximum in the shelf edge region and hence measurements in this area will be particularly valuable in determining the extent to which models can represent non linear processes

time and temperature in petroleum formation application of lopatin s method to petroleum exploration n v lopatin in the soviet union has developed a method for taking both time and temperature into account as factors in thermal maturation of kerogen lopatin s time temperature index of maturity tti values correlate with the thermal regimes corresponding to generation and preservation of hydrocarbons because such information is potentially of great interest for oil exploration a calibration and evaluation have been made of lopatin s method within the limitations of the data presently available the following statements can be made 1 the rate of the chemical reactions involved in thermal maturation of organic material appears to double with every 10 c 18 f rise in temperature 2 threshold values of lopatin s time temperature index of maturity tti are 15 onset of oil generation 75 peak oil generation 160 end oil generation 500 40 oil preservation deadline 1 000 50 oil preservation deadline 1 500 wet gas preservation deadline 65 000 dry gas preservation deadline 3 tti values calculated from lopatin reconstructions consistently agree with other maturation parameters commonly used by petroleum geochemists potential applications of lopatin s method for oil exploration include timing of oil generation calculation of volume of hydrocarbons generated within a basin and determination of economic deadlines

influence of coastal fronts on near inertial internal waves 1 a numerical model with a coastal boundary and near shore surface or bottom front is used to examine the role of the coast and front upon the generation and propagation of wind induced near inertial internal waves when stratification extends to the coast near inertial internal waves are produced at the coastal boundary however when the near shore region is well mixed the source of near inertial internal wave production is the front near inertial internal waves generated on the positive vorticity side of the front propagate away in the horizontal those generated on the negative vorticity side are trapped although some vertical propagation occurs when a coastal boundary is included significant inertial currents are found at depth phase shifted by 180 from the surface this goes some way to explain the recent observed distributions of inertial energy found in near coastal measurements

sedimentation and basin evolution of the oligocene miocene mesohellenic basin greece the oligocene miocene mesohellenic basin of northern greece and southern albania is filled with up to 4 km of marine turbidites and basin margin strata surface outcrops include fan deltas prodeltaic facies and sandy and shaly submarine fan facies all these facies in outcrop can be directly correlated with seismic facies in the subsurface which in turn are compared with seismic facies in modern sandy submarine fans twelve seismic markers provide a stratigraphic framework that has been dated by new nannofossil biostratigraphy lowstand facies include erosional channels on the basin slope that aggrade basinward with sandy overbank levees to give composite sand bodies with an overall lobelike character distally these pass into sandy channel termination depositional lobes highstand facies are characterized by shaly basin slopes and shaly turbidites in the basin with irregular reflections interpreted to represent shallow channels and slumps the stratigraphic occurrence of lowstand facies compares closely with published eustatic sea level curves the basin has the potential for significant gas principally in stratigraphic traps the mesohellenic basin developed as a strike slip half graben synchronous with the ionian foreland basin to the west of a mountain belt formed by the pindos nappes

reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters in the oceans heat salt and nutrients are redistributed much more easily within water masses of uniform density than across surfaces separating waters of different densities but the magnitude and distribution of mixing across density surfaces are also important for the earth s climate as well as the concentrations of organisms most of this mixing occurs where internal waves break overturning the density stratification of the ocean and creating patches of turbulence predictions of the rate at which internal waves dissipate were confirmed earlier at mid latitudes here we present observations of temperature and velocity fluctuations in the pacific and atlantic oceans between 42 degrees n and 2 degrees s to extend that result to equatorial regions we find a strong latitude dependence of dissipation in accordance with the predictions in our observations dissipation rates and accompanying mixing across density surfaces near the equator are less than 10 of those at mid latitudes for a similar background of internal waves reduced mixing close to the equator will have to be taken into account in numerical simulations of ocean dynamics for example in climate change experiments

climate change and the formation of nickel laterite deposits one of the major controls on nickel laterite deposit formation is climate a comparison of climatic data for regions where ultramafic rocks are exposed shows that areas currently conducive to nickel laterite formation receive 1000 mm yr precipitation have cold month mean cmm temperatures between 15 and 27 c and warm month mean wmm temperatures between 22 and 31 c using a compilation of paleoclimatic data and the defined climatic window of nickel laterite deposit formation allows an assessment of the timing and duration of paleo nickel laterite formation in ancient terrains to illustrate the potential of this technique we show that the formation of the caldag nickel laterite deposit of western turkey most likely initiated when the ultramafic protolith of cretaceous age was exposed in the early eocene and that the majority of the deposit formed during the eocene in contrast the formation of the bitincke deposit south albania was mostly complete by the early eocene after which cmm temperatures dropped below the optimum for laterite formation

significance of fan deltas without toe sets within rift and piggy back basins examples from the corinth graben and the mesohellenic trough central greece trapezoidal type fan deltas lacking bottomset deposits were studied in two different tectonic settings extensional rifted and compressional piggy back basins in both cases studied fan deltas were characterized by i an absence of bottomsets ii development in protected or narrow basins and sub basins confined by intrabasinal basement highs or by topographic highs respectively iii coarse grained sediment fluxes dominated by mass flows forming fan deltas that prograded from steep nearshore slopes basinwards and iv a high energy environment with powerful underflows that probably bypassed the basins and transported fine grained sediments outside the basins the location of channels cut by such underflows is influenced by local tectonic style when the supplied sediments in the rifted basins overstepped the intrabasinal basement highs trapezoidal fan deltas were replaced upwards by gilbert type deltas with bottomsets

guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis rock eval pyrolysis is used to rapidly evaluate the petroleum generative potential and thermal maturity of rocks accurate conclusions require programs every 30 60 ft 9 18 m understanding of interpretive pitfalls and supporting data such as visual kerogen vitrinite reflectance and elemental analyses the generative potential of coals is commonly overestimated by pyrolysis and is best determined by elemental analysis and organic petrography most coals show high s2 s3 5 and low hi values 300 mg hc g toc migrated oil and mud additives which alter rock eval data can sometimes be removed by special processing for immature rocks bimodal s2 peaks and pi values over 0 2 indicate contamination pyrolysis downgrades organic poor clay rich rocks which show lower hi and higher tmax values than isolated kerogen because of adsorption of pyrolyzate on the clays tmax values for small s2 peaks 0 2 mg hc g toc are unreliable tmax is affected by maturation organic matter type contamination and the mineral matrix s3 is sensitive to inorganic and adsorbed carbon dioxide and to instrumentation problems acidification of carbonate rich samples and proper maintenance improves s3 measurement constant sample weights 100 mg are recommended below a threshold weight tmax increases by up to 10 c and other parameters decrease organic rich samples which overload the detector can be diluted with carbonate detector linearity is determined by pyrolyzing various weights of an organic rich rock

kinematics of the central hellenides structural analysis along 24 cross sections crosscutting several windows in the central hellenides provides the sense of nappe movements as well as the location of destroyed oceans lying between the apulian and eurasian continents from the mesozoic orogeny took place in two phases the first phase the eo hellenic phase was initiated by convergence of the apulian and pelagonian plates with west directed subduction and closure of the pindos ocean late jurassic obduction of oceanic lithosphere over the western margin of the pelagonian plate was followed by footwall imbrication mylonites and sheath folds during the late cretaceous uplift was associated with ductile normal faulting at depth and tectonic unroofing at shallow crustal levels the second phase the meso hellenic phase comprised the closure of the ambelakia ocean at the eastern margin of the pelagonian plate and continental subduction along the eastern margin of the apulian plate west directed subduction of the ambelakia ocean was associated with eastward directed ductile thrusting folding and blueschist metamorphism blueschist formed within a simple duplex structure at depth and was subsequently overthrusted in the late eocene onto the olympos microcontinent which acted as a major obstacle to the eastward directed nappe movements up to 150 m thick cataclasites kink folds and a spaced cleavage were formed during the late stage of the continental collision a subduction along the eastern margin of the apulian plate caused kink folding and reimbrication of the western parts of the pelagonian basement since the oligocene the overthickened crust collapsed by means of low angle normal faults

spreading of near inertial energy in a 1 12 model of the north atlantic ocean near inertial energy in the ocean is thought to be redistributed by s dispersion whereby near inertial waves generated at the surface by wind forcing propagate downward and equatorward in this letter we examine the spreading of near inertial energy in a realistic 1 12 model of the north atlantic driven by synoptically varying wind forcing we find that 1 near inertial energy is strongly influenced by the mesoscale eddy field and appears to be locally drained to the deep ocean largely by the chimney effect associated with anticyclonic eddies and 2 the interior of the subtropical gyre shows very low levels of near inertial energy contrary to expectations based on the s dispersion effect

on the behavior of internal waves in the wakes of storms abstract the rossby adjustment process in the wake of a storm is studied with a view to finding within the context of linear theory how wave dispersion in both the vertical and meridional directions spreads energy which is initially confined entirely to the mixed layer comparisons are made between three cases 1 a periodic storm on the f plane where dispersion is purely vertical 2 a bounded storm on the f plane and 3 a bounded storm centered 2700 km from the equator on an equatorial beta plane particular attention is paid to the initial rate of loss of energy from the mixed layer and some simple formulas which work very well in the cases studied are derived these show that the rate of loss goes up when the mixed layer depth is increased and also that the rate scales as the square of the wavenumber values of the rates are sufficient to provide a major source of energy for internal waves below the mixed layer the often observed tendency for phase lines to propagate upward is found in all case

types of submarine fan lobes models and implications different lobe models imply significantly different reservoir geometries thus one must apply the proper lobe model to ancient fan sequences braided suprafan lobes are characterized by stacked channel sand bodies with good lateral and vertical communication and they constitute excellent reservoir facies depositional lobes composed of sheet like sand bodies with good lateral and moderate vertical communication exhibit properties of good reservoir facies fanlobes which refer to meandering channels and associated levee facies of large mud rich submarine fans such as the mississippi fan are characterized by offset stacked sand bodies with poor lateral and vertical communication these lenticular sands have the potential to be moderately good reservoir facies ponded obes which represent mud rich slump facies of slope environments comprise poor reservoir facies because of low sand content and poor sand body connectivity furthermore the presence of contorted mud layers in ponded lobes is expected to hinder fluid flow external mounded reflections in seismic profiles often are interpreted as lobes however there are no definite seismic criteria to delineate mud rich lobes from sand rich lobes

revision of the timing magnitude and distribution of neogene rotations in the western aegean region to evaluate the dimension and the timing of the clockwise rotating domain and the nature of the structures that accommodate the rotating domain in the western aegean region paleomagnetic analyses were carried out in northern western and southwestern greece the results show that the rotating domain covers an area including the external albanides western mainland greece including evia and probably at least partly the peloponnesos smaller clockwise rotations on the order of 30 408 were reported previously from the chalkidiki peninsula and the islands of skyros and limnos previously two phases of approximately 258 of rotation were suggested the last one during the plio pleistocene our analysis shows that the western aegean domain rotated approximately 408 clockwise between 15 13 and 8 ma followed by an additional 108 after 4 ma the rotating domain is accommodated in the north by deformation associated with the scutari pec fault zone and in the west by the ionian thrust and the hellenic subduction zone to the south no rocks older than 10 ma are available so no conclusive data are obtained to the east of the rotating domain extensional detachment systems of the cyclades and rhodope areas were active during the rotation phase and may explain at least part of the differences in finite amounts of rotation between nonrotation or counterclockwise rotations observed in northern and eastern greece and the large clockwise rotations in western greece d 2004 elsevier b v all rights reserved

on the loss of wind induced near inertial energy to turbulent mixing in the upper ocean wind induced near inertial energy has been believed to be an important source for generating the ocean mixing required to maintain the global meridional overturning circulation in the present study the near inertial energy budget in a realistic 1 12 degrees model of the north atlantic ocean driven by synoptically varying wind forcing is examined the authors find that nearly 70 of the wind induced near inertial energy at the sea surface is lost to turbulent mixing within the top 200 m and hence is not available to generate diapycnal mixing at greater depth assuming this result can be extended to the global ocean it is estimated that the wind induced near inertial energy available for ocean mixing at depth is at most 0 1 tw this confirms a recent suggestion that the role of wind induced near inertial energy in sustaining the global overturning circulation might have been overemphasized

oceanography mixing with latitude measurements over a range of latitudes support a theory relating ocean turbulence to internal waves the upshot should be easier mapping of ocean mixing and eventually better climate models