extreme value distribution of earthquake magnitude commentaire sur l article de gan zi jun et tung c c paru dans phys earth planet int 1983 32 325 330

depositional features and stratigraphic sections in granitic plutons implications for the emplacement and crystallization of granitic magma abstract many granitic plutons contain sheet like masses of dioritic to gabbroic rocks or swarms of mafic to intermediate enclaves which represent the input of higher temperature more mafic magma during crystallization of the granitic plutons small scale structures associated with these bodies e g load cast and compaction features silicic pipes extending from granitic layers into adjacent gabbroic sheets indicate that the sheets and enclave swarms were deposited on a floor of the magma chamber on granitic crystal mush and beneath crystal poor magma while the mafic magma was incompletely crystallized these structures indicate way up typically toward the interior of the intrusions and appear to indicate that packages of mafic sheets and enclave concentrations in these plutons are a record of sequential deposition hence these plutons preserve a stratigraphic history of events involved in the construction filling replenishment and crystallization of the magma chamber the distinctive features of these depositional portions of plutons allow them to be distinguished from sheeted intrusions which usually preserve mutual intrusive contacts and dike sill relations of different magma types the considerable thickness of material that can be interpreted as depositional and the evidence for replenishment suggest that magma chamber volumes at any one time were probably much less than the final size of the pluton thus magma chambers may be constructed much more slowly than presently envisaged the present steep attitudes of these structures in many plutons may have developed gradually as the floor of the chamber along with the underlying solidified granite and country rock sank during continuing episodes of magma chamber replenishment these internal magmatic structures support recent suggestions that the room problem for granites could be largely accommodated by downward movement of country rock beneath the magma chamber

time resolved construction of a bimodal laccolith torres del paine patagonia abstract granitic and mafic magma pulses were sequentially accreted in the spectacularly exposed shallow crustal torres del paine laccolith in southern patagonia this 12 5 ma pluton forms a composite intrusion with a subvertical feeding system in the west and a laccolith in the east a key unknown in the formation of sill complexes is how individual magma pulses are assembled over time and the geometry and localization of their feeding system high resolution zircon ca id tims u pb dating shows that the laccolith grew first by under accretion of granitic sills over 90 30 ka linked to a sheet like feeding system followed by underplating of mafic sills after 20 ka of quiescence in the mafic sills complex individual sills were injected by over accretion during 41 11 ka our data show that successive granitic and mafic magmas emplacement generated a volume of 88 km3 in 162 11 ka

lateral moisture flow beneath a sandy hillslope without an apparent impeding layer part of a small drainage basin on the sevilleta national wildlife refuge about 25 km north of socorro nm was intensively instrumented with soil monitoring equipment to estimate natural ground water recharge soil moisture data were analysed with special attention to characterizing the influence of topography on the direction of vadose water flow paths in fine to medium aeolian sand moisture content data were obtained by the neutron scattering technique and hydraulic head data were obtained using tensiometers in addition tracer experiments were conducted on a sandy hillslope to delineate the flow paths of vadose water the results indicate that there is a strong lateral component to unsaturated flow on a hillslope even in the absence of apparent sublayers of much lower permeability darcian calculations estimate the long term steady deep flux beneath a concave location to be about 4 per cent of an assumed mean annual precipitation of 20 cm the deep soil water flux downward varied by several orders of magnitude during the 17 month period of record

rates of magma differentiation and emplacement in a ballooning pluton recorded by u pb tims tea adamello batholith italy abstract geochemical structural field and geochronological data have been used to arrive at very different models for the construction of upper crustal batholiths models for pulsed intrusion of small magma batches over long timescales 1 ma versus transfer of larger magma bodies on shorter timescales predict a different thermal metamorphic and rheological state of the crust highlighting the importance of robust time constraints this study focuses on a well characterized upper crustal intrusion the 15 km2 lago della vacca complex lvc adamello batholith n italy previous studies used structural and petrologic data to argue that the lvc was emplaced through pulsed magma injection and in situ expansion or ballooning of a short lived 105 yr magma chamber we test this model using a dense sampling strategy and high precision id tims u pb geochronology of zircon and titanite combined with hafnium isotope and trace element analyses of the same volume of dated mineral u pb tims tea these data show that the marginal mafic pulses of magma crystallized zircon with primitive hf isotopes and negligible eu anomalies during fractional crystallization and ascent through the crust on 10 30 ka timescales subsequent more felsic pulses yield individual zircon dates spanning as much as 200 ka within single handsamples and restrict the total construction time of the lvc to

effect of groundwater recharge on configuration of the water table beneath sand dunes and on seepage in lakes in the sandhills of nebraska u s a comment

insights into the mechanisms and timescales of pluton assembly from deformation patterns of mafic enclaves 1 we propose a novel method to constrain both timescales and assembly styles of intrusive bodies using the strain recorded by mafic enclaves a common component of granitic rocks petrology thermal modeling and magma rheology are combined to investigate the evolution of strain recorded by enclaves during the piecemeal assembly of a pluton growing at various rates of magma input the different compositions and hence phase relations of host magma and enclaves limits homogeneous deformation of these two materials to restricted temperature ranges which we term windows of mutual deformability outside these windows only the less viscous host granite records any appreciable deformation and enclaves are mainly transported as rigid objects the temporal and spatial development of the windows of mutual deformability reflects the emplacement rate of magmas into the pluton consequently the radial distribution of strain recorded by enclaves can provide a picture of the thermal and rheological evolution of a magmatic body during its construction our approach is applied to deformation patterns of mafic enclaves in the lago della vacca complex lvc of the adamello massif italy to estimate the timescales of pluton emplacement our calculations suggest total emplacement timescales of the order 50 to 150 ky in excellent agreement with recent high precision radiometric dating of zircons from the lvc

magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980 abstract in order to obtain a uniform magnitude catalogue surface wave magnitudes ms and broad band body wave magnitudes mb have been determined for large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980 in making the catalogue homogeneous the author consistently adheres to the original definitions of ms and mb given by gutenberg 1945 and gutenberg and richter 1956 the determinations of ms and mb are all based on the amplitude and period data listed in gutenberg and richter s unpublished notes bulletins from stations worldwide and other basic information mb is measured on broad band instruments in periods of 8 s consistency of the magnitude determinations from these different sources is carefully checked in detail more than 900 shallow shocks of magnitude 7 and over are catalogued the meaning of the magnitude scales in various catalogues is examined in terms of ms and mb most of the magnitudes listed by gutenberg and richter 1954 in their seismicity of the earth are basically ms for large shocks shallower than 40 km but are basically mb for large shocks at depths of 40 60 km the surface wave magnitudes given by earthquake data reports are higher than ms by 0 2 unit whether the combined horizontal amplitude or the vertical amplitude is used mb and the currently used 1 s body wave magnitude are measured at different periods and should not be directly compared

emplacement related deformation of granitoid magmas southern adamello massif italy the lago della vacca suite in the tertiary adamello massif italian alps is a small 10 km 2 crudely zoned granitoid pluton emplaced at a pressure of 3 5 kbar into folded mesozoic sediments and precursor intrusive rocks field relations and detailed mapping reveal a temporal evolution in the style of emplacement from early passive stoping by the mafic to intermediate composition marginal units to later forceful emplacement of the more silicic core marginal units of the pluton have highly discordant stoped outer contacts against folded triassic carbonates and precursor mafic ultramafic rocks in contrast the core units have steeply inward dipping contacts against these marginal units magmatic foliations defined by the planar alignment of plagioclase amphibole and biotite and by mafic enclaves are well developed in all units they describe steeply inward dipping concentric trajectories that approximately parallel unit contacts and in general increase in intensity toward the pluton margin lineations are rarely present the most intensely foliated rocks occur in the marginal units as anastomosing sinuous bands that wrap around lenses of less intensely foliated granitoid three dimensional strain analysis using mafic enclaves from throughout the pluton indicates that these bands represent zones of very high strain strain ellipsoids are weakly prolate within the core of the pluton becoming increasingly oblate as strain increases toward the pluton margin the short axis z of the strain ellipsoid is uniformly subnormal to the foliation suggestive of radial flattening textures of the marginal rocks which record high strain coupled with amphibole plagioclase thermometry indicate that deformation occurred in the magmatic or submagmatic state 650 780 c and was accompanied by significant migration of interstitial melt the documented transition from passive to forceful emplacement and final geometry of the suite resulted from temporal changes in the rheology of both the magma and adjacent country rocks pulses of low density hydrous magma were initially emplaced by stoping denser country rocks on cooling and solidification these magmas contracted by 15 20 creating an unpressured volume which allowed subsequent magma pulses to be emplaced into the pluton core these pulses distended and flattened their partially molten carapace and those parts of the aureole that had been thermally softened by intrusion of earlier magmas emplacement of the lago della vacca suite was therefore the product of several internal or magma related processes an interaction between stoping radial expansion and volume contraction on solidification of the hydrous magmas the heterogeneous distribution of strain in the marginal units reflects local variations in temperature and most importantly in the distribution of interstitial melt during emplacement

microgranitoid enclaves in granites globules of hybrid magma quenched in a plutonic environment microgranitoid enclaves autoliths cognate xenoliths mafic inclusions are common in high level granitoid plutons they have relatively fine grained igneous microgranitoid microstructures1 and many show evidence of having flowed in a magmatic condition2 these features counter interpretations that the enclaves represent transformed solid fragments of diverse wall rocks3 5 or restite6 11 an alternative interpretation is that the enclaves represent globules of mafic magma that have mingled commingled and quenched in the granitoid host magma12 16 a detailed review of the literature occurrence morphology and composition of micro granitoid enclaves strongly supports this view hut indicates that the enclave magmas range in composition from mafic to felsic and that magma mixing may be involved in their formation17 i summarize here the main features of microgranitoid enclaves and briefly outline the possible processes leading to their incorporation as magma globules in the host granitoid

field and geochemical constraints on mafic felsic interactions and processes in high level arc magma chambers an example from the halfmoon pluton new zealand the 140 ma halfmoon pluton of stewart island new zealand provides direct evidence for a number of physico chemical processes that operate at depth within active arc settings it is characterized by a sequence of mingled mafic sheets and enclaves that are preserved within intermediate felsic host rocks way up structures and textures are consistent with a younging direction to the south and allow a south dipping magma chamber stratigraphy to be constructed the similarity in modal mineralogy geochemistry and isotopic signature between the various components and their proximity in space and time indicates that the system can be considered as a single composite pluton with discrete portions active at different times interpretation of mingling structures and textures in the field combined with detailed geochemical and geochronological analyses has allowed the identification of several physical and chemical processes operating within the chamber including 1 multiple mafic magma pulses that were extensively mingled and sometimes physically mixed at the exposed level and at depth 2 the development of mineral fabrics e g aligned plagioclase and hornblende crystals and alignment of mafic enclaves caused by processes of crystal accumulation magmatic flow and compaction 3 shortening of the chamber during crystallization as a result of magmatic loading 4 fractional crystallization of the intermediate felsic host magma that was interrupted periodically by mafic magma intrusion 5 incremental assembly of the pluton from the base up 6 limited chemical transfer between the mingled mafic sheets and enclaves and the surrounding intermediate felsic host rocks variations in morphology chemistry and texture of the mingled mafic rocks relative to their position within the magmatic stratigraphy indicate that processes operating within the chamber varied in both space and time mineral assemblages chemical characteristics primitive isotopic signatures and a lack of zircon inheritance indicate that the amphibole rich calc alkaline halfmoon pluton was emplaced into a juvenile arc setting and experienced no contamination with ancient crustal materials a model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows that the halfmoon pluton consisted of at least two adjacent magma pods that grew incrementally by episodic replenishments of mafic magma into a magma chamber of evolving intermediate felsic composition data are consistent with a model whereby hydrous amphibole rich basaltic magmas ponded at the crust mantle interface and episodically rose injected and mingled

emplacement kinematics of a granite diapir the chindamora batholith zimbabwe the geometric features of a large 50 40 km granitic batholith and its surrounding greenstone belt envelope are described the batholith is made up of several intrusive components and an intrusion sequence based on contact relations and xenoliths has been established the igneous rocks show a local foliation s fabric and preferred orientation of minerals the intensity of this fabric accords with the finite strain determined from xenolith shape analysis when the strain variations are analysed in detail it appears that the batholith was built up by a succession of magmatic pulses each of which led to a stretching of the previously consolidated igneous material so called balloon tectonics evidence is presented that xenolith deformation commences only when the surrounding igneous material has crystallized and a method is suggested whereby the position of the surface separating crystal supported phase plastic behaviour from melt supported phase liquid behaviour at different stages in the plutonic history can be determined ductile shear zones are present and their geometry accords well with the shape changes necessary to allow the outer parts of the pluton to stretch

a possibility for tracing infiltration fronts by temperature in sand dunes an experimental study knowledge of the mechanisms of water infiltration in sand dunes and wadis is a key to understanding the hydrological conditions in arid and semiarid regions to trace infiltration processes in sand dunes an artificial rainfall infiltration experiment was conducted in a typical sand dune in al ain united arab emirates thermal sensors and tensiometers were set at two sites a rainfall test site and a natural site at depths of 10 30 60 120 and 200 cm respectively for a start the variations in temperature between the sites were compared with tension as well as soil water at the same depths field observations showed that the temperature of the sand dunes at the rain experimental site was affected more strongly by air temperature than that at the natural site which means that temperature distribution in the sand dune has a very close relation with the water content then the scheme combined with temperature difference and moving average was tested in tracing the temperature variation with movement of the infiltration front it was found that the vertical temperature correlated well with the water movement in the sand dune from which the average velocity of infiltration was estimated at 3 cm h

structure emplacement and lateral expansion of the san jose tonalite pluton peninsular ranges batholith baja california mexico abstract the 108 km2 san jose pluton forms part of the jurassic to cretaceous peninsular ranges batholith of northern baja california mexico the pluton was formed by three nested southward migrating intrusive pulses and the internal contacts between them indicate juxtaposition while the adjoining pulses were magmas shrimp u pb zircon data indicate that the entire pluton was emplaced in less than 4 4 m y ages of the individual pulses cannot be separated at the 95 confidence interval owing primarily to low uranium content of zircon detailed structural data and geologic mapping are consistent with a component of asymmetrical lateral expansion at the site of emplacement the direction of maximum lateral expansion may have been controlled by thermal compositional and resulting rheological gradients in the surrounding wall rocks a carapace of predominantly solid state deformation marks the northern two thirds of the pluton and the early stages of this fabric may have formed in the presence of a small amount of melt lack of evidence for syn to post emplacement regional ductile deformation around the pluton suggests that this carapace was deformed during the lateral expansion of the pluton

replenishment of magma chambers comparison of fluid mechanic experiments with field relations magma chambers are commonly replenished at low reynold s number by liquids denser than that already resident in the chamber and nearly always the injected liquid is less viscous than the resident liquid in the magma chamber we report fluid mechanic experiments that are designed to investigate this case specifically treating the injection process itself before a multilayered convecting system develops the injected fluid is emplaced as a viscous gravity current with a nose slightly elevated above the floor trapping a thin layer of ambient fluid beneath it further these injections develop a flow front instability that takes the form of fingers that extend in the direction of the flow using scaling arguments we model the height and the length of the current as functions of time and we use dimensional analysis and our experimental data to model the wavelength of the fingers the fingers and other structures observed in the experiments correlate well with similar features found in silicic intrusions that have been replenished with basic liquid we argue that these and associated mafic pillows are formed by this finger instability our scaling can be combined with finger widths measured in the field to estimate magma reinjection rates we suggest that structures observed in similar environments composite lava flows sills and dikes also formed by a flow front instability when applied to basic replenishments of basic magma chambers the scaling arguments constrain the time required for emplacement the emplacement time scale is short relative to the cooling time scale indicating that even when traveling tens of kilometers such injections cool little during emplacement

incremental growth of the patagonian torres del paine laccolith over 90 k y the miocene paine granite in the torres del paine intrusive complex southern chile is an extraordinary example of an upper crustal mafic and granitic intrusion the granite intruded as a series of three sheets each one underplating the previous sheet along the top of the basal paine mafic complex high precision u pb geochronology on single zircons using isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry yields distinct ages of 12 59 0 02 ma and 12 50 0 02 ma respectively for the first and last sheet of the laccolith this age relationship is consistent with field observations the zircon ages define a time frame of 90 40 k y for the emplacement of a 2000 m thick granite laccolith these precise u pb zircon ages permit identification of the pulses in a 20 k y range the data obtained for the paine granite fill the gap between 100 k y and 100 1000 yr pulses described in the literature for crustal magma chambers

emplacement of the ardara pluton ireland new constraints from magnetic fabrics rock fabrics and age dating the ardara pluton as part of the donegal batholith was intruded into neoproterozoic metasediments and metadolerites at mid crustal levels the emplacement mechanism of the ardara granite is very controversial and mechanisms ranging from diapirism ballooning and stoping followed by nested diapirism have been proposed magnetic fabrics rock fabrics and k ar dating of micas are used here to constrain the emplacement history the compositional zoning of the ardara pluton is clearly reflected in the different bulk magnetic susceptibilities between the outer quartz monzodiorite and the central granodiorite whereas the intervening tonalite is of intermediate nature the magnetic carriers are characterized by the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility ams thermomagnetic measurements and through high field analyses hfa the separation of the ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions revealed that biotite and magnetite control the ams in the quartz monzodiorite both minerals are oriented in such a way that their summed contribution is constructive and originates from the shape fabric of magnetite and the texture of biotite biotite is responsible mainly for the ams in the tonalite and granodiorite the magnetic foliation can be directly related to the macroscopic foliation and also to the d4 structures in the country rocks the foliation is consistent with the geometry of the roughly circular shape and has a mostly steep to vertical dip towards the central granodiorite the magnetic foliation dies out although plagioclase texture measurements indicate a weak magmatic shape fabric with the exception of the tail the kmax axes magnetic lineation vary from steeply to gently plunging the so called lineation factor is approximately 1 01 and therefore points to a less significant axial symmetry these observations coincide with strain estimates on mafic enclaves that show a very consistent pattern of k 0 flattening strain texture analyses of biotite and quartz additionally support the observations made by the strain analyses and the magnetic fabric data microstructural investigations give evidence that the fabrics are associated with the emplacement over a range of temperatures from truly magmatic to high temperature solid state conditions the age of the intrusion is still under discussion but a new cooling age was determined by k ar dating of biotite at 403 7 8 ma corresponding to a temperature range between 450 and 300 c for a mylonite along the southern contact between the ardara pluton and the country rock a k ar muscovite age of 378 8 7 ma indicates a minimum age for the shear zone when the ardara pluton must have already been cooled down below 350 50 c

extreme value distribution of earthquake magnitude abstract probability distribution of maximum earthquake magnitude is first derived for an unspecified probability distribution of earthquake magnitude a model for energy release of large earthquakes similar to that of adler lomnitz and lomnitz is introduced from which the probability distribution of earthquake magnitude is obtained an extensive set of world data for shallow earthquakes covering the period from 1904 to 1980 is used to determine the parameters of the probability distribution of maximum earthquake magnitude because of the special form of probability distribution of earthquake magnitude a simple iterative scheme is devised to facilitate the estimation of these parameters by the method of least squares the agreement between the empirical and derived probability distributions of maximum earthquake magnitude is excellent

fracture driven intrusion and upwelling of a mid crustal pluton fed from a transpressive shear zone the rieserferner pluton eastern alps the rieserferner pluton was emplaced at a depth of 12 15 km into steeply dipping greenschist facies mylonitic rocks of the austroalpine basement just south of the tauern window eastern alps intrusion occurred during north south directed shortening and east west horizontal extension in front of the rigid southern alpine indenter the regional strain field is transpressive with a strong coaxial component and is characterized by east west stretching tonalitic melt ascended through a feeder channel preserved in the steep southern part of the rieserferner pluton within and adjacent to the steep mylonitic foliation of a major shear zone the defereggen antholz vals dav line melt ascent was perpendicular to the north south shortening direction in the country rocks magma emplacement involved melt induced hydro fracturing to form a subhorizontal tabular pluton that protruded northward from the dav line into the previously folded country rocks during the late stage of emplacement buoyant upwelling of the partly recrystallized magma induced doming of the pluton roof as well as vertical ductile shortening of the directly overlying country rocks magma pressure therefore locally exceeded the lithostatic pressure thermal modeling constrains the maximum time for doming and solidification of the pluton to have been 32 000 yr the wavelength of the domes in the pluton roof indicates the viscosity contrast between country rock and partly crystallized tonalite in the pluton to have been at least 100 1

fingered flow the creator of sand columns in dune and beach sands sand columns sand cones sand mushrooms and other striking sand forms are frequently observed in the dutch and german beach and dune sands this paper aims to clarify the mechanism of sand column formation recently it has become evident that homogeneous beach and dune sands often become irregularly wetted by infiltrating rainwater in otherwise dry sandy soils wet preferential flow paths fingers may develop at two test sites the volumetric soil moisture content varied between 0 2 and 12 0 per cent the wet fingers represent the premature state of sand columns when the dry sand in between these fingers is blown away by the wind the more resistant wet sand of the fingers will remain in its place and appear as sand columns at the surface as a result of wind and erosive sand drifts striking sand forms may be formed

implications of incremental emplacement of magma bodies for magma differentiation thermal aureole dimensions and plutonism volcanism relationships abstract field observations and geophysical data indicate that many igneous bodies grow by amalgamation of successive magma pulses that commonly take the shape of horizontal sheets sills emplacement styles and emplacement rates of magma bodies have fundamental implications on magma differentiation country rock metamorphism and assimilation and for the formation of large magma chambers in the upper crust when a magma body begins to grow by slow accretion of sills each successive intrusion solidifies before the injection of the next one when the system is thermally mature sill temperatures equilibrate above the solidus melts accumulate and older sills can re melt the time needed for each magma injection to cool down and equilibrate with its surrounding is short relatively to the total emplacement time of the body the transition from a mafic crystal poor magma to a partially molten rock that retains a highly differentiated melt is fast whereas the resulting evolved residual melt can reside in the crust for protracted periods as long as temperatures in the system are relatively low highly differentiated melts are generated which may explain the bi modal character and the absence of intermediate compositions in some magmatic provinces the level of emplacement of successive magma pulses controls the shape of the thermal anomaly associated with the magma body growth metamorphism partial melting and assimilation of the country rock are favoured if successive magma sheets are emplaced at or close to the country rock magma body boundary if the magma emplacement rate is low the size of the thermal aureole is controlled by the size of one pulse and not by the size of the entire igneous body understanding emplacement of magma bodies is fundamental for our understanding of the plutonism volcanism relationship magma emplacement rates of several centimetres per year are needed for a magma body to evolve into a large magma chamber able to feed large silicic explosive eruptions the time averaged emplacement rates of plutons are lower than this critical emplacement rate eruptions of 100s to 1000s cubic kilometres of silicic products show that such high volumes of magmas can accumulate in the upper crust this suggests that the emplacement of magma bodies is a multi timescale process with the development of large magma chambers corresponding to the highest magma fluxes because they control magmatic processes and the impact of magma intrusion on the country rock future studies should focus on magma emplacement rates and on magma emplacement geometries these studies should integrate field observation on plutons and geophysical data on active magmatic systems coupled with laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

the significance of microgranitoid enclave shapes and orientations abstract enclaves are often incorrectly used to measure magmatic strains in plutons we emphasize that microgranitoid enclaves are not like other ellipsoidal markers used to determine strain for the following reasons 1 adjacent enclaves may form at different times and different places and initially have non spherical shapes with axial ratios up to 2 7 2 the final shapes and orientations of enclaves are a complex function of a initial shape and temperature of enclaves b subtle changes in composition melt percents volatiles grain sizes and thus temporally variable viscosity contrasts between the enclave and magma c a competition between strain and interfacial energies and d deformation path which may include internal strain and rigid rotations caused by magma flow during ascent convection expansion chamber boundary processes and tectonism 3 enclaves spend much of their time in magma as relatively rigid objects and thus rigidly rotate and potentially break apart rather than strain at matrix strain rates 4 in some instances enclaves do not record or track finite strain because of the above final enclave populations are heterogeneous and the use of single enclaves or enclave populations as strain markers violates many assumptions needed to complete strain analyses on the other hand a comparison of the preserved characteristics of igneous layering mineral fabrics and carefully evaluated enclave fabrics including internal mineral alignment in enclaves may provide qualitative data on the changing magnitude and kinematics of magmatic strains

stratovolcano growth by co eruptive intrusion the 2008 eruption of tungurahua ecuador 1 volcanic edifices are constructed by a combination of erupted material and internal growth we use the l band satellite alos to produce insar measurements at tungurahua volcano ecuador we find a maximum of 17 5 cm of uplift on the upper western flank between december 2007 and march 2008 coincident with an eruption in february 2008 the deformation can be modeled using an ellipsoidal or sill like source within the edifice the models require an elongated aspect ratio with a length of 4 6 km the intruded volume of 1 2 106 m3 is roughly equivalent to the bulk erupted volume of 1 5 106 m3 and together the values are roughly equal to the long term magma flux the question remains whether this uplift is permanent thus contributing to the internal growth of the edifice or temporary in which case the magma will be released in a future eruption

soil moisture and dry bulk density patterns in bare dune sands abstract recent research has shown that irregular wetting and preferential flow may occur in heterogeneous field soils bare dune sands which at first sight show the greatest homogeneity were sampled volumetrically at nine locations in temperate and arid areas to determine the spatial distribution of soil moisture content and dry bulk density soil moisture patterns were irregular even in extremely dry situations as functions for dune sands are very steep in the dry range small differences in water content result in huge differences in hydraulic conductivity these differences induced by soil moisture variability may result in anisotropy of the system and hysteresis tends to magnify this phenomenon so if soil moisture differences exist they will be consolidated and even amplified during new rain events at one site on a recently deposited dune sand infiltrating water was able to transform a one layer soil system into a two layer soil system inducing preferential flow at the layer interface at another site preferential flow paths appeared at the soil surface as sand columns as a result of the displacement of the dry sand between the flow paths caused by wind erosion in all the dunes studied dry bulk density patterns were irregular and tended to be slightly vertically orientated spatial distributions of volumetric and gravimetric soil water content showed great similarity