occurrence of low stress drop earthquakes in the garhwal himalaya region abstract the digital seismic data recorded by a telemetered seismic array has been used to compute seismic moments and stress drops of local earthquakes in the garhwal himalaya region based on brune s model of the earthquake source the seismic moments for 18 shallow focus earthquakes range from 7 10 18 dyn cm to 6 23 10 21 dyn cm these earthquakes are found to have very low stress drops less than 1 bar for seven events and between 1 bar and 10 bars for another seven events the maximum stress drop is found to be 38 bars for an earthquake of magnitude 4 2 with focal depth 15 km the shallow focus events having low stress drops in this region indicate that the crust has low strength to withstand the accumulated strain energy

neotectonically triggered instability around the palaeolake regime in central kumaun himalaya india mass wasting often results from the combined effect of tectonic and climate processes it has not only resulted in human casualties on large scale but has also ruined agricultural land and disrupted hydro power projects and other governmental as well as private property despite the belief that prevention is inevitably better than cure decrease in future hazards requires proper dissemination of knowledge to the himalayan inhabitants considering this we investigated a part of kumaun himalaya to understand the cause of cloud burst induced mass movements along the saryu river that took place on 18th august 2010 and subsequently on 12 14th september 2012 a number of quaternary faults e g dulam fault df dulam gadhera fault dgf and vongarh gason fault vgf in the zone of a major thrust berinag thrust in the studied sector are invariably active as evident by various geomorphic features e g saw cutting of host rocks immature topography deflecting river courses ponding of ancient drainage development of cascades formation of unpaired fluvial terraces and series of triangular fault facets the fragile lithology deep v shaped valleys accelerating erosion and incision with higher uplift due to tectonic upheaval along the active faults are also responsible for rainfall induced catastrophes in the region additionally morphometric analysis reveals that the saryu basin is elongated and tilted further the tectonic tilting and moderate to coarse drainage density may possibly be responsible for quicker runoff amplified erosion and subsequently increased flooding around the study area we infer that the area is not only controlled by topography but may also have been affected by the hydraulic factors such as climate in addition the drainage is dominated mostly by first order streams which seem to be indicative of higher chances of flooding as most of the water is concentrated in a single channel during monsoon season we believe that the similar studies done in the other sectors will be helpful in reducing not only the huge loss of life but may also help in protecting ongoing and huge hydropower and other developmental projects in this newly born state

direct bed shear stress measurements in bore driven swash direct measurements of bed shear in the swash zone are presented the data were obtained using a shear plate in medium and large scale laboratory bore driven swash and cover a wide range of bed roughness data were obtained across the full width of the swash zone and are contrasted with data from the inner surf zone estimates of the flow velocities through the full swash cycle were obtained through numerical modelling and calibrated against measured velocity data the measured stresses and calculated flow velocities were subsequently used to back calculate instantaneous local skin friction coefficients using the quadratic drag law the data show rapid temporal variation of the bed shear stress through the leading edge of the uprush which is typically two four times greater than the backwash shear stresses at corresponding flow velocity the measurements indicate strong temporal variation in the skin friction coefficient particularly in the backwash the general behaviour of the skin friction coefficient with reynolds number is consistent with classical theory for certain stages of the swash cycle a spatial variation in skin friction coefficient is also identified which is greatest across the surf swash boundary and likely related to variations in local turbulent intensities skin friction coefficients during the uprush are approximately twice those in the backwash at corresponding reynolds number and cross shore location it is suggested that this is a result of the no slip condition at the tip leading to a continually developing leading edge and boundary layer into which high velocity fluid and momentum are constantly injected from the flow behind and above the tip region finally the measured stress data are used to determine the asymmetry and cross shore variation in potential sediment transport predicted by three forms of sediment transport formulae crown copyright c 2009 published by elsevier b v all rights reserved

current shortening across the himalayas of nepal summary underthrusting of the indian lithosphere beneath the himalayas occurs during the quaternary period along a gently north dipping main basal detachment main himalayan thrust mht from which the southernmost emergent ramp main frontal thrust mft branches historical seismicity shows that slip on the mht is frequently accommodated through m 8 shallow earthquakes but shows a seismic gap in western nepal this absence of major historical earthquakes in western nepal can be explained either by an aseismic slip on the mht or a longlived elastic strain accumulation to test these hypotheses the present day displacement field has been measured for a gps network formed of 35 sites the updated solution presented in this paper combines data from 1995 1997 1998 and 2000 measurements the lack of deformation less than 3 10 8 yr 1 through the outer belt does not fit with a regional aseismic slip along the southern part of mht a less than 3 mm yr 1 aseismic slip could nonetheless affect restricted areas of the outer belt in contrast a strain accumulation of more than 30 10 8 yr 1 is measured south of the higher himalayas in a zone where an intense microseismicity reflects a stress build up it is presumably generated by locking of the aseismic creep that occurs along the mht beneath the higher himalayas and tibet the displacement field is simulated by a dual dislocation model that takes into account the pattern of microseismicity and particularly a segmentation between central and western nepal the best fit between the measured and simulated displacement fields is obtained with 19 mm yr 1 thrust and 0 1 mm yr 1 dextral strike slip components along a 117 ne dislocation locked to a depth of 20 21 km beneath western nepal and 19 20 mm yr 1 thrust and 0 2 mm yr 1 dextral strike slip components along a 108 ne dislocation locked to a depth of 17 21 km beneath central nepal the width of the locked zone between the main frontal thrust and the creeping zone is of the same order but rather greater in western nepal than in central nepal therefore it is expected that m 8 earthquakes could occur in western nepal

deep seismic reflection evidence for continental underthrusting beneath southern tibet the himalaya and adjacent tibetan plateau constituting earth s largest region of elevated topography and anomalously thick crust formed as a consequence of cenozoic collision between india and asia itself considered the archetypal continent continent collision1 3 here we report the first results from an attempt to image the structure of the crust beneath this region using deep seismic reflection profiling our 100 km long profile acquired in the tethyan himalaya shows a mid crustal reflection that prob ably marks the active thrust fault along which the indian plate is underthrusting southern tibet upper crustal reflections with geo metries suggestive of large scale structural imbrication of the upper crust and moho reflections from the base of the double normal thickness crust underlying the region these results lend substantial support to the view that crustal thickening beneath southernmost tibet was accomplished by wholesale underthrusting of indian continental crust beneath the structurally imbricated upper crust comprising the tethyan himalaya

seismotectonics of the himalayan collision zone geometry of the underthrusting indian plate beneath the himalaya fault plane solutions and well determined focal depths of medium sized earthquakes topography and landsat imagery in conjunction with seismicity maps cross sections and available geological information are used to investigate the present tectonics of the himalayan continental collision zone most of the accurately located epicenters of events along the himalayan arc 78 e 95 e that occurred between 1961 and 1981 are concentrated in a narrow zone about 50 km wide lying between the northerly dipping main boundary mbt and main central mct thrusts most of these events are located just south of the mct though the epicenters of the events are in general well located their depths as determined by teleseismic travel time data are very unreliable events with accurately determined depths obtained from identification of surface reflected phases define a simple planar zone from about 10 km and 20 km depth with an apparent dip of about 15 this result is all the more remarkable considering that the events used were located along about an 1800 km length of the himalyan arc except for one all available focal mechanisms of events within this zone indicate shallow 30 north dipping thrusts this shallow north dipping zone apparently defines a part of the detachment that separates the underthrusting indian plate from the lesser himalayan crustal block the spatial extent and the geometry of this interplate thrust zone strongly indicate that the mbt and nearby subsidiary surface and blind thrusts rather than the mct are currently the most active structures of the himalayan arc we suggest that the great himalayan earthquakes m 8 occur along the same detachment surface as defined by the thrust type medium sized events events located to the south of the mbt and beneath the ganges foredeep show normal faulting with t axes perpendicular to the himalayan trend the above results suggest that the indian continental plate is underthrusting the himalayan crustal blocks in a relatively coherent and simple geometry and that this geometry is not much different from that observed along oceanic subduction zones the november 19 1980 earthquake that occurred near the mct near 88 5 e shows a predominantly strike slip focal mechanism one of the nodal planes of this mechanism is transverse to the himalayan structural grain and moreover this plane has a trend similar to that of the recently mapped yadong gulu rift in the tethyan himalaya and in southern tibet just northeast of the earthquake we interpret this predominantly left lateral strike slip mechanism to indicate a possible genetic relationship between transverse structural features in the underthrusting indian plate the kishangang basement fault and the upper himalayan blocks and tibet

active faults stress field and plate motion along the indo eurasian plate boundary abstract the active faults of the himalayas and neighboring areas are direct indicators of recent and sub recent crustal movements due to continental collision between the indian and eurasian plates the direction of the maximum horizontal shortening or horizontal compressive stress axes deduced from the strike and type of active faulting reveals a characteristic regional stress field along the colliding boundary the trajectories of the stress axes along the transcurrent faults and the eastern himalayan front are approximately n s parallel to the relative motion of the two plates however along the southern margin of the eurasian plate they are ne sw in the western himalayan front and nw se to e w in the kirthar sulaiman front which is not consistent with the direction of relative plate motion a simple model is proposed in order to explain the regional stress pattern in this model the tectonic sliver between the transcurrent faults and the plate margin is dragged northward by the oblique convergence of the indian plate thus the direction of relative motion between the tectonic sliver and the indian plate changes regionally causing local compressive stress fields judging from the long term slip rates along the active faults the relative motion between the indian and eurasian plates absorbed in the colliding zone is about one fourth of its total amount the rest may be consumed along the extensive strike slip faults in tibet and china

tectonic footprints and landscape evaluation along kulur river valley kumaun lesser himalaya india abstract tectonic reactivation along the major boundary thrusts and subsidiary thrust faults in the himalaya during the quaternary period has resulted in the rejuvenation of the landforms considering the role of neotectonic activity in the hazardous kumaun region we aim to study the neotectonically formed landscape along the kulur river valley a non glacier fed tributary of the saryu river in the zone of the berinag thrust bt the field evidences encompassing a variety of geomorphic indicators e g unpaired fluvial terraces palaeo river channels alluvial fans active and stabilized landslides lineaments waterfalls alignment of springs deeply dissected hills straight meandering course of rivers streams v shaped valleys triangular fault facets and water logged river ponding along with integrated values of eight morphometric parameters and stream steepness index ks indices characterize the modification of landscape in the kulur river valley the computed morphometric parameters in the kulur river drainage and its tributaries show that the basin has been tilted and uplifted forming v shaped valleys along with deformed and disequilibrium longitudinal profile thereof suggesting it to be controlled by lithology and tectonics based on the response of active tectonics in form of geomorphic features and quantitative measurements of river channels the entire basin has been divided into three segments in which the northern and southern segments are active compared to the middle sector a possible nne ssw trending lineament fault running parallel to the kulur river has been observed in the upper catchment and is characterized by fluvial terraces river ponding and deflection and offsetting of drainage with rectangular pattern etc this may have given rise to the widening and straightening of river courses which provide the favorable room for river ponding resulting in deposition of about 2 m thick lacustrine mud deposit

experimental study on effects of geometric distortion upon suspended sediments in bending channels abstract different geometries of bending channels are set up without distortion and with distortion ratios of 2 4 6 8 and 10 in order to study its influence on bed deformation induced by suspended sediment transport in these channels experiment results show that the kinematics of suspended sediment is inversely proportional to the distortion ratio of the physical model but proportional to the width depth ratio and curvature ratio the similar bed deformation to that of the non distorted model is only observed in the distorted models with distortion ratios of not more than 4 and width depth ratios of not less than 6 3 it is recommended that the geometric distortion ratio be less than 4 in order to meet the similarity requirements of river bed deformation in bending channels with the same distortion ratio deviation of bed deformation was observed more in the bending reaches than in the straight ones and more with a fixed convex bank than with a mobile convex bank the geometric distortion affects the river bed deformation in the model i e the amount of deposition and erosion and the profiles of river bed deformation in longitude and transverse directions

aftershocks of the march 1999 chamoli earthquake and seismotectonic structure of the garhwal himalaya the aftershocks of the chamoli earthquake m b 6 3 of 28 march 1999 are analyzed to understand the seismotectonic structure of the garhwal himalaya the permanent as well as temporary microearthquake network data are used the mainshock occurred on the basement thrust by thrust faulting the aftershocks on the other hand are triggered at the seismogenic faults to the south of the main central thrust mct by thrust faulting as well as by strike slip faulting and all the events occurred above the plane of detachment basement thrust the mct is not the seismogenic fault

an early india asia contact paleomagnetic constraints from ninetyeast ridge odp leg 121 new paleomagnetic results from sedimentary rock and basement of the ninetyeast ridge ocean drilling program leg 121 sites 756 758 detail the northward movement of the indian plate for the past 80 m y analysis of the combined paleolatitude age profile indicates a distinct reduction in india9s northward movement rate at 55 ma interpreted as completion of suturing of greater india and asia india9s northward motion slowed from 18 19 5 cm yr to 4 5 cm yr for the location of site 758 comparison of this profile with paleomagnetic data from the wider himalayan region indicates that initial contact between northwestern greater india and southern asia was already established by cretaceous tertiary time this supports a possible causal link between the india asia convergence and the deccan traps extrusion

modeling swash zone hydrodynamics and shear stresses on planar slopes using reynolds averaged navier stokes equations 1 a numerical model solving the reynolds averaged navier stokes equations with a volume of fluid tracking scheme and turbulence closure is employed for estimating hydrodynamics in the swash zone model results for run up distance water depth and near bed velocity are highly correlated r2 0 97 with ensemble averaged dam break driven swash data moreover modeled bed shear stresses are within 20 of estimates derived from measured velocity profiles dam break driven swash simulations are conducted to determine the effect of foreshore characteristics bed roughness and foreshore slope on bore induced swash zone hydrodynamics and bed shear stresses numerical results revealed that the boundary layer vanishes during flow reversal grows during the backwash and becomes depth limited at the end of the swash cycle in general the uprush experiences larger shear stresses but for a shorter duration than the backwash some variability in this pattern is observed depending on the bed roughness foreshore slope and cross slope location in the swash zone implying that large spatial gradients in shear stresses can occur on the foreshore the mean tangential force per unit area supplied to the bed is offshore directed for the simulated cases with the exception of the mild slope 1 25 cases owing to the skewed nature of swash flows the temporal evolution of the momentum balance inside the swash zone shows an important contribution to the total force from turbulence and advection at the early final stage of the swash cycle whereas the local acceleration does not appear to be a significant contribution

late quaternary tectonic landforms and fluvial aggradation in the saryu river valley central kumaun himalaya abstract the present study has been carried out with special emphasis on the aggradational landforms to explain the spatial and temporal variability in phases of aggradation incision in response to tectonic activity during the late quaternary in the saryu river valley in central kumaun himalaya the valley has preserved cut and fill terraces with thick alluvial cover debris flow terraces and bedrock strath terraces that provide signatures of tectonic activity and climate morphostratigraphy of the terraces reveals that the oldest landforms preserved south of the main central thrust the fluvial modified debris flow terraces were developed between 30 and 45 ka the major phase of valley fill is dated between 14 and 22 ka the youngest phase of aggradation is dated at early and mid holocene 9 3 ka following this several phases of accelerated incision erosion owing to an increase in uplift rate occurred as evident from the strath terraces seven major phases of bedrock incision uplift have been estimated during 44 ka 3 34 mm year 35 ka 1 84 mm year 15 ka 0 91 mm year 14 ka 0 83 mm year 9 ka 1 75 mm year 7 ka 5 38 mm year and around 3 ka 4 4 mm year from the strath terraces near major thrusts we postulate that between 9 and 3 ka the terrain witnessed relatively enhanced surface uplift 2 5 mm year

response discussion of morphotectonic records of neotectonic activity in the vicinity of north almora thrust zone central kumaun himalaya by kothyari et al 2017 geomorphology 285 272 286 abstract rana and sharma 2017 dispute our tectonic interpretation mainly on the basis of what they believe climate however we welcome their comments as this gives us a chance to highlight the ambiguity inherent in discriminating the climate tectonic imprints in morphotectonic records that are prevalent in current research we should note that the paper published by kothyari et al 2017 was reviewed by national international reviewers we would like to emphasize the fact that the paper does not rule out the role of climate however most importantly it presents significant features and observations that collection assemblage points toward the dominant role of tectonics in their shaping and not solely climate as postulated by rana and sharma 2017 the objective of this paper is to identify tectonic signatures geomorphology in a monsoon dominated tectonically active terrain like the north almora thrust nat these faults are marked by previous workers based on field evidence such as folding and faulting of lithological units presence of slickensides parallel to the fault offset of nat owing to a transverse fault and offset of drainage drainage basin analysis strath terraces fluviolacustrine terraces development of scarp narrow river course and deeply incised valleys however we disagree with the comments raised by rana and sharma 2017 because they are highly skewed toward the climate school of thought and did not perceive the setting as a collection of landforms instead they attempted to view them in isolation because these comments are important we will try to further our research incorporating issues related to isolation of climate and tectonics imprints in the immediate future we would like to thank rana and sharma 2017 for raising some basic questions on our work as this gave us an excellent opportunity to summarize and present the dominance of various processes and related landforms as earlier reported by kothyari et al 2017 a point by point detailed rebuttal explanation of their queries is provided below

gps measurements of present day convergence across the nepal himalaya the high elevations of the himalaya and tibet result from the continuing collision between india and asia which started more than 60 million years ago1 4 from geological and seismic studies of the slip rate of faults in asia5 it is believed that approximately one third of the present day convergence rate between india and asia 58 4mmyr 1 is responsible for the shortening uplift and moderate seismicity of the himalaya great earthquakes also occur infrequently in this region releasing in minutes the elastic strain accumulated near the boundary zone over several centuries and accounting for most of the advance of the himalaya over the plains of india the recurrence time for these great earthquakes is determined by the rate of slip of india beneath tibet which has hitherto been estimated indirectly from global plate motions6 from the slip rates of faults in asia7 8 from seismic productivity9 and from the advance of sediments on the northern ganges plain10 here we report geodetic measurements using the global positioning system gps of the rate of contraction across the himalaya which we find to be 17 52 2 mm yr 1 from the form of the deformation field we estimate the rate of slip of india beneath tibet to be 20 5 2 mmyr 1 strain sufficient to drive one or more great himalayan earthquakes with slip similar to that accompanying the magnitude 8 1 bihar nepal 1934 earthquake may currently be available in western nepal

pattern of active tectonic deformation across the churachandpur mao thrust zone of manipur hills indo myanmar range ne india inferences from geomorphic features and indices abstract the churachandpur mao thrust cmt in indo myanmar range imr is known to be tectonically active but nevertheless the extent and pattern of activities on it and effects thereof on the surrounding region has not been determined as yet we herein present the results of our tectonic geomorphological investigations on these aspects across a long stretch of cmt zone spanning western imphal intermontane valley and enclosing frontal mountains the nne ssw trending cmt and nw se trending sekmai fault have subdivided the area into four tectonic blocks geomorphic features in conjunction with statistically analyzed mountain front sinuosity index smf stream length gradient index sl hypsometric integral hi drainage basin asymmetry factor af and transverse topography symmetry factor t reveal variations in nature and extent of tectonic activities and thus the pattern of surface deformation in these tectonic blocks tectonic blocks to the north of sekmai fault are experiencing more intense activities than the tectonic blocks to the south of sekmai fault north of the sekmai fault the cmt s footwall is experiencing the most intense activity and thus severe surface deformation in the area whereas the tectonic activity in the cmt s hanging wall here is only intense in the northern part to the south of sekmai fault while the hanging wall of the cmt is experiencing relatively moderate tectonic activities the footwall of the cmt is experiencing moderate to intense tectonic activities in different parts being most intense close to the sekmai fault tectonic activities have caused an overall southward down tilting of the cmt s footwall to the north of sekmai fault and overall northward down tilting of the remaining three tectonic blocks evidently the tectonic activities and thus the pattern of active surface deformation in the cmt zone of the area is significantly influenced by the transverse sekmai fault

geomorphological and seismological investigations in a part of western kumaun himalaya uttarakhand india abstract the kumaun himalaya in india is seismotectonically one of the most responsive sectors of the himalayan arc the region falls in the seismic gap and is frequently rocked by the earthquakes of low to medium magnitude in the present investigation the seismic data of the area were obtained by deploying a seismic network and an attempt is made to interpret the seismological data of the local events and their relation with the geomorphology and thrusts faults rejuvenation the epicentral distribution of the earthquakes defines a relatively narrow zone of seismicity a majority of earthquakes are confined to shallow depth with low stress drop and higher peak ground velocity pgv further the neotectonic investigations along the major river valleys indicate the neotectonic activity in the form of paired and unpaired terraces shifting of river courses fault scarps development of palaeolakes straightening of river channels and deep cut v shaped valleys from the geomorphological and seismological data the thrust and fault systems in the area are seismotectonically quite active even today some of the transverse faults viz dwarahat chaukhutia fault takula basauli fault sim gad valley tilora jyala fault kosi valley show spectacular tectonic landforms and seismicity as a matter of fact the nnw nw sse se trending faults are active in the region

tectonic imprints of landscape evolution in the bhilangana and mandakini basin garhwal himalaya india a geospatial approach abstract torrential rains landslides and seismic activity are the common factors that are causing unprecedented damage to life property and infrastructure in mandakini and bhilangana basins of garhwal himalaya owing to such conditions we demonstrate the feedback this landscape in garhwal himalaya in response to episodic tectonic uplift and monsoon precipitation we calculated conventional geomorphic parameters to access the tectonic deformation across the major thrusts and faults we further analyzed the normalized steepness index ksn chi and knickpoints along the longitudinal course of rivers additionally the study attributed to active nature of chail ramgarh thrust along the balganga valley as envisaged by five levels of unpaired fluvial terraces entrenched stream course river ponding active and stabilized landslide deposits etc moreover the flooding during the heavy rainfall events induced river toe cutting makes an effect on settlement over fluvial deposits therefore we suggested that the highly dissected and tilted basins with deep v shaped valleys and ongoing seismicity also fabricates the region more vulnerable for hazards which threaten the human lives

morphotectonic records of neotectonic activity in the vicinity of north almora thrust zone central kumaun himalaya abstract the landform development and valley floor morphology of active regions is significantly controlled by tectonic processes in the present study the upper catchments of kosi and gagas river valleys have been investigated with special emphasis on aggradational landforms to explain the spatial and temporal variability of aggradation incision in response to tectonic activity during the late quaternary and holocene in central kumaun himalaya major tectonic elements such as the north almora thrust nat rasiyari fault rf and gagas fault gf are considered to be controlling the development of landforms in the region the valleys have preserved debris flow terraces bedrock strath terraces and fluviolacustrine terraces that provide signatures of tectonic activity morphostratigraphy of the terraces reveals that the oldest landforms are preserved in the hanging wall block of the nat rf and along the gf reconstructions based on morphostratigraphy through the application of optical chronology suggests multiple phases of fluvial aggradation in the upper catchment of the kosi and gagas rivers that were initiated around 34 ka the youngest phase of aggradation is dated to be around early to mid holocene 7 1 ka based on terrace morphology four major phases of enhanced uplift have been estimated during 34 15 8 7 and 3 ka the older uplift event dated to be around 34 ka is represented uplift along gf which accommodated onset of valley fill aggradation in gagas valley the 15 8 ka event represents uplift along rf which led to the generation of debris flow from adjacent hillslopes the 7 ka event represents uplift of a hanging wall block of the nat and deposition of debris flow terraces however the youngest 3 ka event represents enhanced uplift which is responsible for the incision of the older valley fill sediments and bedrock following this a phase of accelerated incision erosion owing to an increase in uplift rate occurred as evident from the strath terraces between 7 and 1 ka

numerical study of the flow structure at a swash tip propagating over a rough bed abstract understanding the boundary layer flow structure at the tip of a swash flow is important for improving predictions of wave run up coastal flooding and sediment transport processes on beaches but this is difficult to investigate experimentally recently there has been debate regarding the mechanics of boundary layer growth during the uprush flow here an extensively validated rans model is used to investigate the swash tip dynamics during a dam break driven swash event the model enables the analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of important parameters in particular the water surface gradients the bed shear stress and the non uniformity of the velocity profile the rate of flow convergence of surface particles toward the tip and the ratio of the depth averaged flow velocity and celerity of the swash tip are also obtained the flow depth varies with distance behind the wave tip approximately as a power law with a power of 1 2 3 4 the surface elevation dips offshore at distances greater than 0 2 m behind the front the shear stress decreases quite slowly in the spatial region immediately behind the wave tip and is in very good agreement with the flat plate boundary layer model of barnes and baldock 2010 the model results indicate that the boundary layer structure is well developed or depth limited at the wave tip and fits a power law velocity profile with an exponent of order 1 3 consistent with a rough bed the normalised vertical variation in the velocity profile is very uniform in the region 1 m behind the wave tip and matches that for a 1 3 power law alternate logarithmic fits to the velocity profile yield consistent values of bed roughness at different locations but corresponding to a grain size that is about twice that used in the experiment the rate of flow convergence of surface particles toward the wave tip is also consistent with a fully developed boundary layer and a 1 3 power law

the transverse tectonic features in the himalaya abstract the seismological evidence in the form of spatial distribution of earthquakes has been investigated to ascertain zones of tectonic deformation that are transverse to the himalaya arc it is discovered that two sets of cross trends are present that are roughly at forty five degrees locally with respect to the arc some trends normal to the arc have also been discerned these features correspond well with the projections of the tectonic style of deformations obtained on the basis of slip line field theory by tapponnier and molnar 1976