seismic microzonation based on large geotechnical database application to lisbon abstract historically portugal has suffered the effects of several strong earthquakes in particular lisbon and the south and southwestern portuguese coast were affected by the largest known european earthquake on november 1st 1755 it is well known that the local ground conditions strongly affect the seismic ground motion modifying the signal s amplitude duration and frequency content which induces large variability in the motion induced to buildings and infrastructures aware of this situation the lisbon municipality promoted the development of a project to elaborate a new seismic microzonation map based on a large geotechnical database and geological data the eurocode 8 ground classification based on the vs30 parameter was adopted as reference however the geotechnical database has a very small number of geophysical logs and is mainly composed of borehole data and spt blows number an expedited methodology was applied to determine the n30 parameter as a proxy of the vs30 parameter non invasive field experiments surface waves seismic profiles and hvsr performed with ambient vibrations and data collected from independent geophysical reports were also used to check and validate the classification based on n30 because the distribution of the classified profiles was not uniformly distributed the final microzonation map was obtained from the combination of the profile classification and the surface geology

geochemistry and nano mineralogy of feed coals mine overburden and coal derived fly ashes from assam north east india a multi faceted analytical approach abstract in order to address the scarcity of information on the nature and mode of occurrence of minerals and elements in coal coal mine overburden and coal ashes from north east india and also the relations between coal mineralogy and ash chemistry the petrology mineralogy and nano mineralogy and ash chemistry of some industrially important high sulfur coals mine overburden materials and fly ash samples from assam india have been evaluated a combined approach using petrography low temperature ashing plus x ray diffraction lta xrd field emission scanning electron microscopy fe sem high resolution transmission electron microscope hr tem raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms has provided new information on the mineralogy and nano mineralogy of these sub bituminous coals and associated mine overburden the presence of rare earth elements and yttrium rey in northeast indian coal mine overburden and fly ash samples is also reported for the first time the identification of these components may be significant from an economic point of view some northeast indian fly ashes with ree oxides up to 1580 ppm on an ash basis might possibly represent sources for recovery of rare earth elements

geological controls on coal quality of the yili basin xinjiang northwest china abstract this study summarizes the results of geological petrographical geochemical and mineralogical analyses performed to determine the geological controls on coal quality of the yili basin in xinjiang province northwest china forty eight coal samples were collected from boreholes q12zk01 and z40zk1 and piliqing and musixiang coal mines the difference in base subsidence rate between the coal bearing strata badaowan and the xishanyao formations determines these differences of depositional environments swamp groundwater table and degree of terrigenous supply these factors may further cause the difference in coal quality the vitrinite contents ash yields volatile matter yields total mineral contents and most element contents are higher in coals of the badaowan formation from the q12zk01 and the musixiang mine than those of the xishanyao formation from the piliqing mine and the z40zk1 the high volatile matter yields of the coals in the badaowan formation relative to those in the xishanyao formation may be due to higher content of vitrinite that contains more volatile matters in comparison with the average concentrations for chinese and worldwide coals the yili coals are enriched mainly in ca na mg mn co sr ba and w but the other elements are depleted in the yili coals elements including si al k li ti cr cu rb zr pb and some ree la ce pr nd sm are predominantly associated with aluminosilicate minerals iron mg and mn in the coals of the musixiang mine and z40zk1 are associated mainly with carbonate minerals sulfur co and ni in the musixiang mine coals and b in the coals of q12zk01 and the z40zk1 mainly show an organic affinity sodium in the musixiang mine coals may occur in the brines

microzonation of zeytinburnu region with respect to soil amplification a case study abstract a microzonation study is performed as a part of the zeytinburnu pilot project within the framework of the earthquake master plan for istanbul to determine the effects of local soil conditions on the earthquake forces that will act on structures for this purpose detailed geological and geotechnical studies are conducted at the site a geological map which demonstrates the local geological features of the site is prepared and the site is classified with respect to the dynamic behaviour based on the data gathered from the soil borings in order to investigate the effects of local soil conditions on the dynamic behaviour site response analyses are performed with the computer code eera by utilizing the findings of field and laboratory investigations the behaviour of the region during a probable earthquake is investigated through one dimensional response analyses and microzonation maps are prepared with respect to ground shaking intensity in accordance with the new microzonation manual ansal a laue j buchheister j erdik m springman s studer j and koksal d 2004 site characterization and site amplification for a seismic microzonation study in turkey 11th int conference on soil dynamics and earthquake engineering and 3rd earthquake geotechnical engineering san francisco studer j and ansal a 2004 belediyeler icin sismik mikrobolgeleme el kitabi arastirma raporu afet isleri genel mudurlugu bayindirlik ve iskan bakanligi afet risk yonetimi dunya enstitusu

accumulation variability over a small area in east dronning maud land antarctica as determined from shallow firn cores and snow pits some implications for ice core records we investigate and quantify the variability of snow accumulation rate around a medium depth firn core 1160 m drilled in east dronning maud land antarctica 75 degrees 00 s 15 degrees 00 e 3470 m h a e ellipsoidal height we present accumulation data from five snow pits and five shallow 20 m firn cores distributed within a 3 5 7 km distance retrieved during the 2000 01 nordic epica european project for ice coring in antarctica traverse snow accumulation rates estimated for shorter periods show higher spatial variance than for longer periods accumulation variability as recorded from the firn cores and snow pits cannot explain all the variation in the ion and isotope time series other depositional and post depositional processes need to be accounted for through simple statistical analysis we show that there are differences in sensitivity to these processes between the analyzed species oxygen isotopes and sulphate are more conservative in their post depositional behaviour than the more volatile acids such as nitrate and to some degree chloride and methanesulphonic acid we discuss the possible causes for the accumulation variability and the implications for the interpretation of ice core records

trends and patterns in the recent accumulation and oxygen isotopes in coastal dronning maud land antarctica interpretations from shallow ice cores to investigate recent variability in accumulation and d 18 o we synthesize data from five snowcores covering the period1932 96 fromthe sector16 38 w 4 48 e in coastal dronning maudland dml antarctica the d 18 orecords fromthe differentsites areremarkablysimilarand suggestacommon stablemoisturesourceforthis coastal section of dml while the accumulation pattern is local and specific features restricted to the individual sites the overall accumulation pattern is related to the temperature variability as indicated by coastal instrumental records accumulation and d 18 o correlate between 1955 and1985 but deviate thereafter with the proxy temperature record showing a positive trend while accumulation decreased this occurs at the same time as an increase in sea ice extentinthearea whichmayhaveresultedincirculationchangesandmorenortherlystorm paths both stacked accumulation and d 18 o records show that large scale atmospheric sig nals aswellas some pronounced individualevents arerecorded in dmlcoastal ice cores

a new surface accumulation map for western dronning maud land antarctica from interpolation of point measurements as a result of intensive field activities carried out by several nations over the past 15 years a set of accumulation measurements for western dronning maud land antarctica was collected based on firn core drilling and snow pit sampling this new information was supplemented by earlier data taken from the literature resulting in 111 accumulation values using geographical information systems software a first region wide mean annual snow accumulation field was derived in order to define suitable interpolation criteria the accumulation records were analyzed with respect to their spatial autocorrelation and statistical properties the resulting accumulation pattern resembles well known characteristics such as a relatively wet coastal area with a sharp transition to the dry interior but also reveals complex topographic effects furthermore this work identifies new high return shallow drilling sites by uncovering areas of insufficient sampling density

revisiting the late permian coal from the huayingshan sichuan southwestern china enrichment and occurrence modes of minerals and trace elements abstract the late permian coals from the huayingshan coalfield of southwestern china are significantly enriched in zr 695 g g nb 75 9 g g se 6 99 g g hf 10 1 g g and rare earth elements and y 1423 g g previous studies showed that the sediment source region for these coals was the kangdian upland which was formed at an early stage of the late permian period the source rocks have a basalt composition and those studies attributed the enrichment of the above high field strength elements hfses to derivation from the kangdian upland geochemical and mineralogical data presented in this study show that the dominant sediment source regions for the coal and roof strata of the huayingshan coalfields are the dabashan uplift hannan upland and leshan longnvsi uplift the highly elevated concentrations of hfses in the coals are due to hydrothermal fluids three tonstein layers derived from alkali rhyolite were identified these tonsteins are characterized by highly enriched hfses and by strong negative eu anomalies in the rare earth element distribution patterns the major carriers of the rare earth elements in the coal are rhabdophane and silicorhabdophane the latter of which is also enriched in zr zirconium however mainly occurs in zircon rhabdophane and silicorhabdophane in the coal are mainly distributed along the bedding planes and occur as cell fillings zircon in the coal occurs as cell fillings and is of authigenic origin anatase in the partings and coals contains nb and occurs as fracture filling and colloidal forms the modes of occurrence of the above minerals indicate that they were derived from hydrothermal fluids mercury and se mainly occur in sulfide minerals pyrite and marcasite

sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution tectonic setting and secular trends a significant change in the composition of turbidites deposited at active tectonic settings is seen at the archean post archean transition in comparison to post archean active margin turbidites archean greenstone turbidites exhibit more uniform th sc ratios but with a similar average greater hree depletion gd n yb n 2 less eu depletion eu eu mostly 0 85 and an absence of low th u ratios th u 3 these data indicate that differing mantle sources and or conditions of mantle melting existed during the archean and that intracrustally differentiated rocks older cratons or young differentiated arcs were relatively unimportant as provenance components for archean turbidites in contrast some sedimentary rocks preserved in archean platformal sequences of high grade terranes display significant negative eu anomalies similar to the majority of post archean shales indicating that the general process of cratonization including intracrustal differentiation has taken place since at least 3

climate variables along a traverse line in dronning maud land east antarctica temperature density and accumulation data were obtained from shallow firn cores drilled during an overland traverse through a previously unknown part of dronning maud land east antarctica the traverse area is characterised by high mountains that obstruct the ice flow resulting in a sudden transition from the polar plateau to the coastal region the spatial variations of potential temperature near surface firn density and accumulation suggest that katabatic winds are active in this region proxy wind data derived from firn density profiles confirm that annual mean wind speed is strongly related to the magnitude of the surface slope the high elevation of the ice sheet south of the mountains makes for a dry cold climate in which mass loss owing to sublimation is small and erosion of snow by the wind has a potentially large impact on the surface mass balance a simple katabatic wind model is used to explain the variations of accumulation along the traverse line in terms of divergence convergence of the local transport of drifting snow the resulting wind and snowdrift patterns are closely connected to the topography of the ice sheet ridges are especially sensitive to erosion while ice streams and other depressions act as collectors of drifting snow

petrological mineralogical and geochemical compositions of early jurassic coals in the yining coalfield xinjiang china abstract the petrological geochemical and mineralogical compositions of 10 coal seams early jurassic from an exploratory borehole hole zkj502 in the jieliangzi mining area of the yining coalfield xinjiang uygur autonomous region china were investigated using optical microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with an energy dispersive x ray spectrometer fe sem eds as well as x ray powder diffraction xrd x ray fluorescence xrf and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms the yining coals are of subbituminous to highly volatile c bituminous in rank vitrinite reflectance average 0 49 and are characterized by low sulfur content average 0 45 low ash yield average 4 10 high volatile matter average 38 82 high proportion of inertinite average 49 5 and low concentrations of most trace elements relative to the upper continental crust the rare earth elements and yttrium in the yining coals are mainly characterized by light and heavy rey enrichment the minerals in the yining coals are dominated by quartz kaolinite and siderite followed by pyrite bassanite and hexahydrite along with small proportions of illite calcite dolomite gorceixite goyazite ankerite marcasite diaspore florencite hematite and millerite the similarity between the yining coals and the magmatic rocks from the peripheral mountain area of the basin in terms of the al 2 o 3 tio 2 ratio the rey enrichment type the rey distribution patterns and the eu anomalous fractionation suggest that the sediment source region was mainly carboniferous volcanic rocks andesite and basalts on peripheral mountains the acid conditions and lowered water table during peat accumulation may have caused detrital minerals to be leached leading to the relatively low ash yield another reason for the low ash yield may be the simple coalfield structure and poor groundwater migration channels in the rocks and coal seams in the central zone of the basin which would limit the minerals carried by the groundwater into coals a number of authigenic minerals quartz kaolinite siderite and gorceixite occur as cell fillings and elevated concentrations of li be sc v cr co ni cu zn ga rb zr nb mo cs hf w pb th and rey occur in nos 26 and 27 coals indicating that there was an injection of a small scale solution

mineralogical and geochemical anomalies of late permian coals from the fusui coalfield guangxi province southern china influences of terrigenous materials and hydrothermal fluids abstract the late permian coal in the fusui coalfield of southern china is characterized by high fe sulfide and organic sulfur contents 2 60 and 2 94 respectively trace elements including zr 354 g g on average hf 9 18 g g y and rare earth elements rey 302 g g li 97 9 g g and cs 7 02 g g are significantly enriched in these coals in addition to hg and se enrichment in the roof and floor of the coal fluorine mo and u are enriched in the roof the floor is rich in cl s fe pb and cd compared to the upper continental crust rey in the parting and coal bench samples are characterized by heavy rey and light rey enrichment respectively the coals partings and host rocks roof and floor have negative eu anomalies the coal benches have higher ratios of u th yb la nb ta and zr hf and more abundant heavy rare earth elements than their adjacent partings these geochemical anomalies are attributed to the composition of terrigenous materials derived from the yunkai upland multi stage syngenetic and epigenetic hydrothermal fluid activities and intensive leaching and re distribution of lithophile elements from partings to the underlying coal benches both the organic and sulfide sulfur are also derived mainly from the hydrothermal fluids rather than the marine influence the minerals in the samples studied including kaolinite quartz and ree bearing minerals are of both terrigenous and hydrothermal origin al oxyhydroxides crystalline feso 4 oh water bearing fe oxysulfate and goyazite were derived from the hydrothermal activity kaolinite quartz ree bearing minerals and apatite from the sediment source region were also subjected to destruction by hydrothermal fluid leaching

high quality of jurassic coals in the southern and eastern junggar coalfields xinjiang nw china geochemical and mineralogical characteristics abstract the junggar coal basin with enormous coal reserves is one of the largest coal basins in xinjiang province northwest china according to the exploration data there is one to dozens of workable coal seams developed in the xishanyao formation of middle jurassic across the whole basin with the maximum accumulated coal thickness of over 100 m ninety six bulk coal samples from six exploration boreholes in the southern and eastern junggar coalfields were collected to investigate the coal qualities of the junggar coals the mineralogical characteristics of the studied coals were determined by powder x ray diffraction xrd and geochemical analyses are performed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry icp aes and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms the eastern and southern junggar bituminous coals are all characterized by low ash yields low s contents and low mineral contents furthermore the concentrations of most major and trace elements in both the eastern and southern junggar coals are relatively low with respect to other chinese and worldwide coals with the exceptions of sr and ba the results show that elements including k li ti sc v cr ga rb zr pb and rare earth elements rees have aluminosilicate affinities ca bearing and fe bearing carbonate affinities are deduced for ca mg fe mn sr and ba sulfur fe zn pb cu and as show a partial sulfide affinity in some coals an apatite and or crandallite affinity is deduced from relatively high correlation of p sr and ba the very high coal quality of junggar coals is attributed to very low detrital supply in very stable shallow lake sedimentary facies during peat accumulation slight differences of peat bog accumulation rate water table and oxidizing reducing condition account for the merging and splitting of coal seams in different coal exploration areas and the slight differences of mineral s ash and trace element contents in summary the eastern and southern junggar coals with very enormous reserves are characterized by high quality which is significantly and environmentally relevant to coal combustion by products ccps and potential emissions of gaseous pollutants particulate matter during the large coal consumption in pulverized coal combustion power stations in xinjiang province the high coal quality of the junggar coals is expected to generate ccps that can be reused for various purposes with low environmental threat

rapid techniques for determining annual accumulation applied at summit greenland we have determined accumulation histories by identifying annual layer horizons in records obtained by three independent methods 1 glaciochemical analysis on a core 2 density profiling in the borehole from which the core was taken using the neutron probe np technique and 3 borehole optical stratigraphy bos again in the same borehole we also used three different techniques for determining density to convert annual layer thickness to accumulation 1 gravimetric measurements on core samples 2 measurement of density using np and 3 a simple empirical model based on regional climatology the result is nine different accumulation time series three of which are completely independent the chemical analysis and np derived accumulation time series are correlated and the 70year means are in agreement the bos derived accumulation 70 year mean is slightly lower probably due to a combination of the empirical density model s underestimate of the density profile and the misidentification of sub annual events in the shallow part of the borehole as annual horizons

elemental and mineralogical anomalies in the coal hosted ge ore deposit of lincang yunnan southwestern china key role of n2 co2 mixed hydrothermal solutions abstract the lincang neogene high ge coal deposit in yunnan southwestern china is one of the major coal hosted ge deposits in the world this study reports new data on the petrological mineralogical and geochemical compositions of 57 samples including coal bench samples roofs floors partings and batholith granite of three high ge coal seams s3 z2 and x1 from the dazhai mine lincang ge ore deposit and provides new insights into the origin and modes of occurrence of the minerals and elements present the coals have huminite random reflectances in the 0 33 0 48 range on a mineral free basis the coal samples are dominated by huminite group macerals all having more than 88 5 total huminite ulminite and attrinite generally dominate the huminite macerals structured inertinite is rare with funginite being the most abundant inertinite form the minerals in the coals are mainly composed of quartz and to a lesser extent kaolinite illite and mica a hydrous beryllium sulfate phase beso 4 4h 2 o is present in the low temperature ashes of several coal samples compared to average values for world low rank coals beryllium up to 2000 g g and 343 g g on average ge up to 2176 g g and 1590 g g on average and w up to 339 g g and 170 g g on average are unusually enriched in the lincang coals with a concentration coefficient 100 cc ratio of element concentration in investigated coals vs world low rank coals elements as 156 g g on average sb 38 g g cs 25 2 g g and u 52 5 g g are significantly enriched 10 the biotite and two mica granites which served as both the basement for the coal bearing sequence and as a source of sediment input were also either hydrothermally altered or argillized the alteration appears to have taken place during or shortly after deposition of the coal bearing sequence two types of metasomatites of hydrothermal origin including quartz carbonate and carbonate were identified which occur as partings and as roof and floor strata these metasomatites were formed at the syngenetic or early diagenetic stages of coal deposition the rare earth elements in these hydrothermal rocks are characterized by a heavy ree enrichment type and by distinct positive eu anomalies compared to the upper continental crust hydrothermal solutions have played a significant role in producing the elemental and mineralogical anomalies in the lincang ge ore deposit the hydrothermal solutions leaching the batholith granite were a mixture of alkaline n 2 bearing and volcanogenic co 2 bearing fluids which led to the enrichment of trace elements not only including assemblages of ge w and be nb u both leached from granite and the deposited in the peat but also as sb from volcanogenic solution as well as the alteration and argillization of the batholith granites and the formation of carbonate and quartz carbonate metasomatites

mineralogy and geochemistry of late permian coals from the donglin coal mine in the nantong coalfield in chongqing southwestern china abstract the donglin coal mine an important mine in the nantong coalfield in southwestern chongqing is immediately adjacent to the songzao coalfield to investigate the mineralogy and geochemistry of donglin coals profile channel samples from the mineable nos 4 and 6 coals were collected the minerals major element oxides and trace elements were analyzed by lta xrd in combination with siroquant software xrf icp ms icp cct ms as and se ise f and dma 80 hg analyzer hg the results indicate that the donglin low volatile bituminous coals were characterized by low ash yields and high total sulfur contents the minerals varied between the nos 4 and 6 coals differentiated by montmorillonite calcite ankerite and pyrite despite the low boron concentration donglin coals were influenced by brackish water during coal accumulation selenium 10 9 mg kg f 431 mg kg hg 0 350 mg kg nb 20 7 mg kg and ta 3 68 mg kg in the no 4 coals and f 425 mg kg be 7 11 mg kg ga 14 5 mg kg ge 22 5 mg kg zr 218 mg kg nb 35 5 mg kg and ta 4 42 mg kg in the no 6 coals are slightly enriched four vertical distributions of elements were demonstrated i e roof floor roof and floor and middle enrichments the slightly enriched trace elements and ucc normalized rey distribution patterns of the donglin coals jointly eliminated the impact of various volcanic ashes and terrigenous input from the kangdian oldland during the late permian however the roof rock samples shared the geochemical feature of mafic tonstein enriched sc v cr co and ni while the floor rock of the no 6 coals resembles alkali tonsteins enriched ga zr nb ta hf and rey lithium ga zr ag cd in sn cs hf bi th and u occurred in kaolinite and or montmorillonite in the no 4 coals while li nb ag cd in cs ba and th occurred in kaolinite in the no 6 coals vanadium sr and mo in the no 4 coals and sr and sc in the no 6 coals were associated with calcite and or ankerite arsenic se hg sb and tl and hg and mo were associated with pyrite in the nos 4 and 6 coals respectively lithium be ge and sb in the no 4 coals and be and ge in the no 6 coals might be of organic affinity

shallow firn cores from neumayer ekstromisen antarctica a comparison of accumulation rates and stable isotope ratios since 1979 80 glaciological studies have been carried out at ekstromisen antarctica including accumulation stake measurements snow pit and shallow firn core studies snow stratigraphy chemical properties and stable isotope ratios 18 o were investigated this study focuses on three cores taken between 1982 and 1998 the 1998 core was dated using dielectric profiling 18 o profiles and stake measurements accumulation rates show high interannual and spatial variability due to the extreme wind influence no significant trend was found for the last 50 years during the first half of the 20th century accumulation decreased the high spatial and interannual variability however means that trends must be interpreted with care in spite of the highly irregular accumulation distribution stable isotope ratios show little spatial variability the mean annual 18 o values of cores b04 and fb0198 agree fairly well for the time period 1955 82 covered by both cores 18 o values have increased during most of the 20th century since the late 1980s a decrease is observed this change is not related to air temperature since mean annual air temperatures at neumayer show no significant trend over the last two decades

rare earth elements in bituminous coals and underclays of the sydney basin nova scotia element sites distribution mineralogy abstract bituminous coals of the sydney basin nova scotia canada contain some 30 ppm of rare earth elements ree dispersed in illite clay and macerals or concentrated in fossil apatite and resistate minerals monazite florencite xenotime zircon for high ash coals the bulk of ree are derived from suspended river sediments low ash bituminous coals contain some heavy ree complexed with the organic phase or adsorbed by authigenic clays and derived largely from dissolved river load the concentration of ree in coal ash 72 to 483 ppm is similar to that of roof and seat clays except for slight local enrichments in heavy ree individual seams have diverse ree distribution patterns that reflect the depositional and diagenetic mineralogy or reveal enrichment at seam margins by organic complexing or fossil apatite uptake chondrite normalized profiles range from light ree enriched to heavy ree enriched highly pyritized bands yield ash low in ree with flat profiles clay rich bands yield ash with distribution patterns similar to shales with light ree enrichment a weak negative eu anomaly and a profile slope correlated to al content rare earth element partitioning between organic and mineral phases or between coals and associated strata differs over the coalfield reflecting the combined effects of sedimentation water chemistry ion exchange and chelation coal seam correlation using ree distribution is limited by geochemical facies distribution patterns must be interpreted with caution because of analytical problems inherent to coal

ree geochemistry of the cretaceous lignite from wulantuga germanium deposit inner mongolia northeastern china abstract the wulantuga germanium deposit wgd hosted in coal seams with ge resources up to 1600 mt is located in the shengli coalfield in xilingol inner mongolia china forty two channel samples of ge bearing lignites of the no 6 1 coal seam lower cretaceous bayanhua formation were collected and their ree compositions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry icp ms the modes of occurrence of ree in selected lignite samples were studied by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x ray spectrometer sem edx and statistical methods the distribution of ree and y in all 42 samples from wgd are in accordance with the log normal distribution the total rare earth element content ree of most lignite samples from wgd range from 9 02 to 118 ppm only four samples show relatively higher 149 533 ppm ree concentration the average ree contents of 42 lignite samples from wgd are slightly higher than those of the usa coals world wide coals sandstone from wgd and the contemporary ge barren lignite from hongqi coal mine the lignite samples from wgd have shale like chondrite or nasc normalized ree patterns similar to those of sandstone overburden and ge barren lignite from hongqi coal mine ree contents of most lignite samples are highly positive correlated with ash yields indicating a mainly detrital source and association with syngenetic mineral matter ree rich phosphates monazite were identified by sem edx in some medium to high ash ash yields range from 23 58 to 38 18 lignite samples with high ree y contents from wgd ree can be concentrated in the upper and lower proportions of the no 6 1 coal seam the vertical profiles of ree mainly follow that of tio 2 and the average ree tio 2 ratio of lignite sample in three sections is very close to that of the sandstone from wgd or lignite from hongqi coal mine it was determined that most ree in the lignite from wgd were derived from a detrital source and associated with syngenetic mineral matter however when normalized to the overlying sandstone some lignite samples from wgd display a small but distinct enrichment in middle to heavy ree indicating small quantity of middle to heavy ree may be added and or retained during epigenesis the lignite samples from wgd are characterized by higher ratios of lree hree and eu eu and horizontal nasc normalized ree patterns and distinguished from those of the ge bearing lignites from lincang germanium deposit yunnan china and ge deposits of russian far east there is no distinct correlations between ge and any individual ree or ree y content of lignite from wgd

the comparative behaviors of yttrium and lanthanides in the seawater of the north pacific yttrium has long been recognized as an ekalanthanide because of its chemical contiguity relative to the chemistries of rare earth elements which are in recent years intensively utilized for elucidation of metal scavenging processes in the ocean here we present the first detailed depth profile of y iii in seawater together with the lanthanides in the north pacific ocean the concentrations of y iii range 70 290 pmol kg and show the nutrient like profile best resembling that of ho iii amongst the other rare earth elements the results agree well with an expectation based on the similarity in their ionic radii and hence stability constants of complexation with carbonate ions yet the ho iii y iii ratios in seawater systematically increase with depth suggesting that y and ho are fractionated during scavenging by natural marine particulates this is likely to result from the different complexation behavior in that y iii is more weakly complexed than ho iii with soft organic ligands on the surface of particulate matter during scavenging in the surface water but once released into seawater in the deep sea y iii is complexed with carbonate ions equally or stronger than ho the pattern of deep water enrichment in the lanthanide series appears to be consistent with the recent observation of partitioning between suspended particles and seawater our precise measurements also indicated that pr and tb best resemble nd and dy respectively in their oceanic behavior whereas ho and tm are intermediate between their neighboring rare earth elements

site response of deep alluvial deposits in the northern coast of izmir bay turkey and a microzonation study based on geotechnical aspects izmir the third largest city with fast economically growths in western turkey has experienced various moderate to large historical and recent earthquakes karsiyaka cigli districts and their surrounding areas located in northern coast of izmir bay and one of the major economically and residentially developing districts are subject to strong shakings due to deep sediments and shallow soft liquefiable soils in the area the purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive microzonation model based on geotechnical aspects and put forth this model for use of residential developments in the area the properties and dynamic behavior of the quaternary alluvial soils in the study area were assessed using geotechnical and geophysical data gathered from 461 boreholes and 205 microtremor recordings one dimensional dynamic site response analyses were performed with equivalent linear earthquake site response analysis eera software by using the simulated earthquake time histories the maximum ground surface acceleration values obtained from the dynamic analyses were also used for liquefaction potential assessment soil classification dynamic soil properties under different earthquake excitations spectral amplification variation of soil predominant period and liquefaction potential of the study area were evaluated and mapped the produced maps showed that highest earthquake hazardous soil conditions are located along the shoreline and in the densely populated section of the southwestern part of the study area

precise dielectric profiling of ice cores a new device with improved guarding and its theory dielectric profiling dep a capacitive method for measuring an ice core s electrical conductivity and permittivity has been in use for several years we have built an improved dep instrument with a modified guarded electrode geometry whose capacitance can be determined from potential theory the new instrument can measure an ice core s conductivity and permittivity to within a few per cent error a high enough accuracy to infer its density using well known models

revisiting sites of the south pole queen maud land traverses in east antarctica accumulation data from shallow firn cores 1 ground based accumulation measurements are scarce on the high east antarctic plateau but highly necessary for model validation and the interpretation of satellite data for the determination of antarctic mass balance here we present accumulation results obtained from four shallow firn cores drilled in the antarctic summer season 2007 2008 the cores were drilled along the first leg of the norwegian us ipy traverse through east antarctica visiting sites like plateau station and pole of relative inaccessibility that have been covered by the south pole queen maud land traverses spqmlt in the 1960s accumulation has been determined from volcanic chronology established from the conductivity records measured by dielectric profiling dep the tambora 1815 unknown 1809 double peak is clearly visible in the conductivity data and serves as a reliable time marker accumulation rates averaged over the period 1815 2007 are in the range of 16 to 32 kg m 2 a 1 somewhat lower than expected from the spqmlt data the spatial pattern is mainly influenced by elevation and continentality three of the firn cores show a decrease of more than 20 in accumulation for the time period 1815 2007 in relation to accumulation rates during the period 1641 1815 the spatial representativity of the firn cores is assessed by ground penetrating radar showing a rather smoothly layered pattern around the drill sites validation of the dep results is utilized by comparison with chemistry data proving the validity of the dep method for dating firn cores the results help understanding the status of the east antarctic ice sheet and will be important for e g future model derived estimates of the mass balance of antarctica

seasonal variations of accumulation and the isotope record in ice cores a study with surface snow samples and firn cores from neumayer station antarctica at the german wintering base neumayer an intensive glacio meteorological program was carried out during the last two decades a complete meteorological data set and data from surface snow samples snow pits firn cores and weekly accumulation measurements from a stake array are available we first investigated the attenuation of the seasonal d18o signal due to water vapour diffusion in the snow pack a comparison of surface snow samples and firn cores of different age shows that only one third of the seasonal d18o signal of the surface snow samples remains in the cores after the first year no further significant change in the amplitude of the seasonal d18o signal is found later changes in the seasonal distribution of accumulation can lead to a bias in ice core properties this is studied on a short time scale using the available high time resolution data of accumulation stable isotope ratios and air temperature mean annual d18o values from firn cores are not well correlated to annual mean air temperatures however the correlation is improved considerably by weighting the annual mean air temperature by accumulation at neumayer mainly the cyclonic activity in late winter early spring determines whether and how the core data are biased

rare earth element bearing coals from the russian far east deposits abstract coal seams up to 10 m in thickness with high rare earth element ree concentrations 300 1000 ppm were detected in some of the russian far east deposits this paper reports on the ree composition of the coals from a number of deposits the ree bearing coals are subdivided into three geochemical types studies of ree distributions across the coal seams examination of gravitation fractions and sem edx studies have revealed that the enriched coals seams contain ree mainly as sorbed forms by organic matter and clay particles and fine grained authigenic minerals the ree coals formed in 1 erosion tectonic depressions with wide spread weathering crusts in their basins and 2 volcano tectonic grabens in which coal accumulation occurred simultaneously with bimodal volcanism in the former case ree are thought to originate from the borderland in the second case from chambers of subalkaline magma the ree accumulation in the organic material occurred mostly during the peat stage due to mineralized ree bearing water coming to the basins the high ree contents up to 1 0 and even more of the combustion wastes their low lree hree ratios and the considerable estimated resources all place the ree bearing coals of the russian far east among new and very promising mineral resources for y and heavy lanthanoids as by products

rare earth and radioactive elements in some coals from the sofia svoge and pernik basins bulgaria abstract coal samples from three bulgarian basins were investigated for their rare earth and radioactive element concentrations the samples ranged in rank from lignite to anthracite all the samples contained la ce sm eu tb yb th and u lu occurs in sub bituminous coal samples from the pernik basin and in a lignite sample from the sofia basin the concentrations of most elements are lower than or close to data reported in the literature from other coal basins or the clarke values determined by yudovich et al 1985 the elements tb and lu are exceptions to this together with th in the svoge basin anthracites the lowest concentrations of most elements are found in lignite samples from the sofia basin the highest concentrations occur in anthracite samples from the svoge basin in this study the sofia and svoge coals display inorganic affinities for the elements sub bituminous coal samples from the pernik basin however show a more widespread organic affinity for the elements the trace elements were also grouped in geochemical associations by cluster analysis in the lignite samples from the sofia basin and the sub bituminous coal from the pernik basin this grouping is almost identical u tb and yb are grouped in an association the other elements are grouped separately ce th and sm correlate well in a separate association the anthracites from the svoge basin display two associations one including u th and sm and the other composed of the remaining elements which correlate well with one another and with the coal ash

quantifying the pinatubo volcanic signal in south polar snow recent snow and firn core samples from south pole contain increased sulfate so42 concentrations during 1992 1994 as a result of the june 1991 pinatubo eruption and the august 1991 cerro hudson eruption in chile traces of pinatubo tephra volcanic ash were identified in the 1993 and 1994 snow layers supporting the conclusion that increased so42 in 1993 1994 is from the pinatubo eruption although the pinatubo eruption preceded hudson its so42 signal in south polar snow follows and is resolved from that of hudson the deposition of the pinatubo so42 aerosol was delayed due to the long transport to the high southern latitudes and its initial existence at high altitudes in the antarctic atmosphere multi year multi site sampling demonstrates that the volcanic signals are well preserved and spatially consistent measurements on 2 firn cores show that the south pole so so42 flux from pinatubo is 10 9 1 2 kg km 2 over 2 2 years while the hudson flux is 3 2 0 6 kg km 2 in 1 1 years these results when combined with satellite determined pinatubo sulfur dioxide so2 emission make it possible to link quantitatively the atmospheric aerosol mass loading from a low latitude volcanic eruption to its signal in polar ice cores

surface mass balance and stable oxygen isotope ratios from shallow firn cores on fimbulisen east antarctica the mass balance of antarctica is one of the crucial factors for determining sea level change in a warming climate the marginal zones of the continent namely the ice shelves are most sensitive to climate change during the 2009 10 austral summer an extensive glaciological field campaign was carried out on fimbulisen an ice shelf in east antarctica to investigate its recent surface mass balance shallow 10 18 m firn cores were drilled and accumulation rates and stable isotope ratios determined for firn core dating two different methods were compared 1 seasonal variations of stable oxygen isotope ratios d 18 o and 2 dielectric profiling including using the volcanic eruptions of pinatubo philippines 1991 and el chichon mexico 1982 as time markers the mean annual accumulation for the period 1992 2009 ranges from 298 to 349 mm w e a 1 the interannual variability at the drilling sites is 30 accumulation rates show a weak decreasing trend during the past 20 30 years which is statistically significant only for one of the cores stable isotope ratios were compared to the snowfall temperature of neumayer station neither the temperatures nor the d 18 o values show any trend for the investigated time period

observations beneath pine island glacier in west antarctica and implications for its retreat thinning ice in west antarctica is currently contributing about 10 of the observed rise in global sea level observations obtained from an autonomous underwater vehicle operating beneath pine island glacier west antarctica reveal that the glacier was recently grounded on a transverse ridge in the sea floor but now warm sea water flows through the widening gap above the ridge thinning ice in west antarctica resulting from acceleration in the flow of outlet glaciers is at present contributing about 10 of the observed rise in global sea level1 pine island glacier in particular has shown nearly continuous acceleration2 3 and thinning4 5 throughout the short observational record the floating ice shelf that forms where the glacier reaches the coast has been thinning rapidly6 driven by changes in ocean heat transport beneath it as a result the line that separates grounded and floating ice has retreated inland7 these events have been postulated as the cause for the inland thinning and acceleration8 9 here we report evidence gathered by an autonomous underwater vehicle operating beneath the ice shelf that pine island glacier was recently grounded on a transverse ridge in the sea floor warm sea water now flows through a widening gap above the submarine ridge rapidly melting the thick ice of the newly formed upstream half of the ice shelf the present evolution of pine island glacier is thus part of a longer term trend that has moved the downstream limit of grounded ice inland by 30 km into water that is 300 m deeper than over the ridge crest the pace and ultimate extent of such potentially unstable retreat10 are central to the debate over the possibility of widespread ice sheet collapse triggered by climate change11 12

geochemistry of rare earth elements in a marine influenced coal and its organic solvent extracts from the antaibao mining district shanxi china twenty six samples including roof bottom and coal plies of a marine influenced coal bed were collected from the antaibao mining district shanxi china the rare earth elements rees were determined in solids and organic solvent extracts the distribution pattern showed three distinct patterns shale like lree rich and hree rich this is attributed to the variable microenvironment of peat forming swamp the degree of marine influences and different ree sources rees in the coal are mainly controlled by detrital minerals but also affected by seawater the chondrite normalized ree patterns of the organic solvent extracts are distinctly different from those of corresponding original coal samples which show a negative eu anomaly a depletion of middle rees and an enrichment of hrees the lrees in coal extracts are likely adsorbed by hydrogen containing functional groups and hrees are likely bonded to carbon atoms

diagenetic uptake of rare earth elements by bioapatite with an example from lower triassic conodonts of south china abstract the distribution patterns of rare earth elements rees are frequently used as proxies for ancient seawater chemistry or paleomarine environmental conditions however recent work has shown that diagenesis can lead to remobilization and inter elemental fractionation of rees and that these effects often occur in conjunction with redox reactions in sediment porewaters here we review existing literature on the diagenetic fluxes of rees in marine sediments and porewaters in order to systematize existing knowledge on this subject rees undergo significant redistribution among sediment phases during both early and late diagenesis as a consequence of adsorption and desorption processes remobilization of rees commonly leads to inter elemental fractionation variously leading to enrichment or depletion of the light middle or heavy ree fractions further ree remobilization can be facilitated by redox changes e g through reductive dissolution of host phases in suboxic and anoxic porewaters characteristic ree distribution patterns develop through these processes 1 a flat distribution signifying predominantly terrigenous siliciclastic influence 2 a middle ree bulge probably due to adsorption of light and heavy rees to mn and fe oxyhydroxides respectively and 3 heavy ree enrichment indicative of hydrogenous seawater influence note all patterns in this paper are normalized to the ree composition of average upper continental crust or ucc in the second part of this study we undertake an analysis of the ree distributions in conodonts and whole rock samples from west pingdingshan a permian triassic boundary section in south china using ree th and y ho ratios we show that almost all of the conodont samples have a strong diagenetic overprint and that the hydrogenous ree fraction is small and not isolatable furthermore the conodonts contain two diagenetic ree components one characterized by low ree 100 300 ppm high ree th ratios 1000 strong middle ree enrichment and eu eu ratios of 1 5 2 0 and the second by high ree 300 2000 ppm low ree th ratios 20 30 little or no middle ree enrichment and eu eu ratios of 1 0 the first component exhibits a pronounced middle ree bulge that represents an early diagenetic signature associated with suboxic conditions possibly related to adsorption of rees onto fe mn oxyhydroxides in the shallow subsurface environment the second component shows a flat ree distribution that is similar to both our whole rock samples and average ucc indicating derivation from rees released from detrital siliciclastics e g clay minerals probably at a range of burial depths from shallow to deep failure of the conodont samples to yield an isolatable hydrogenous component demonstrates that bioapatite does not always preserve a primary marine ree signature given that bioapatite rees have been widely used for this purpose often on the assumption of minimal or no diagenetic influence our findings are likely to necessitate a re evaluation of the results of many earlier studies in general we counsel caution in inferring a hydrogenous origin for rees in bioapatite owing to frequent diagenetic alteration of ree distributions

accumulation variability derived from an ice core from coastal dronning maud land antarctica a 100 m long ice core was retrieved from the coastal area of dronning maud land dml antarctica in the 2000 01 austral summer the core was dated to ad 1737 by identification of volcanic horizons in dielectrical profiling and electrical conductivity measurement records in combination with seasonal layer counting from high resolution oxygen isotope d 18 o data a mean long term accumulation rate of 0 29 m a 1 w e was derived from the high resolution d 18 o record as well as accumulation rates during periods in between the identified volcanic horizons a statistically significant decrease in accumulation was found from about 1920 to the present a comparison with other coastal ice cores from dml suggests that this is a regional pattern

mineralogy and geochemistry of the no 6 coal pennsylvanian in the junger coalfield ordos basin china abstract this paper discusses the mineralogy and geochemistry of the no 6 coal pennsylvanian in the junger coalfield ordos basin china the results show that the vitrinite reflectance 0 58 is lowest and the proportions of inertinite and liptinite 37 4 and 7 1 respectively in the no 6 coal of the junger coalfield are highest among all of the late paleozoic coals in the ordos basin the no 6 coal may be divided vertically into four sections based on their mineral compositions and elemental concentrations a high boehmite content mean 6 1 was identified in the no 6 coal the minerals associated with the boehmite in the coal include goyazite rutile zircon and pb bearing minerals galena clausthalite and selenio galena the boehmite is derived from weathered and oxidized bauxite in the weathered crust of the underlying benxi formation pennsylvanian a high pb bearing mineral content of samples zg6 2 and zg6 3 is likely of hydrothermal origin the no 6 coal is enriched in ga 44 8 g g se 8 2 g g sr 423 g g zr 234 g g rees 193 3 g g hg 0 35 g g pb 35 7 g g and th 17 8 g g gallium and th in the no 6 coal mainly occur in boehmite and the pb bearing selenide and sulfide minerals contribute not only to se and pb contents in the coal but also probably to hg content a high zr content is attributed to the presence of zircon and sr is related to goyazite the rees in the coal are supplied from the sediment source region and the rees leached from the adjacent partings by groundwater

trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers tonsteins in late permian coal bearing formations of eastern yunnan and western guizhou provinces china trace element compositions were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis inaa in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late permian coal bearing formation of eastern yunnan and western guizhou provinces china the characteristics of trace element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former s unique volcanic ash origin the detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of v ti sc cr co and ni relatively low content of th and u th u ratio and small negative eu anomaly eu eu 0 63 0 93 overall these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area in contrast the tonsteins are low in v ti sc cr co and ni contents and have a high th u ratio with a distinct negative eu anomaly eu eu normally in the range of 0 2 0 4 consistent with a silicic magmatic source within the group of tonsteins those from the lower section p2 1 of the coal bearing formation are relatively high in ti zr hf nb ta and rare earth elements ree as compared to those from the middle and upper sections p2 2 3 in trace element discrimination diagrams scatter plots of hf ta ti ta ti v hf sc lu hf and lu th tonsteins from the p2 1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas separate from the tonsteins of the p2 2 3 horizon these results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks the source materials of tonsteins from p2 1 horizon were mostly composed of calc alkalic silica poor volcanic ash similar to rhyodacitic magma whereas those from p2 2 3 were apparently more siliceous and k rich rhyolitic magma thus tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties which remain constant over a wide lateral extent integration of trace elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy thus facilitating more precise and reliable coal seam correlations

variability of site response in the los angeles urban area this article addresses the variability of site response in the los angeles area and possible structural causes for the observations aftershock records from 231 sites in the san fernando and los angeles basins and the surrounding mountains are used in this study spectral ratios taken with respect to a low amplitude reference site are used to document the variation in site amplification in the frequency range 2 to 6 hz both spatially and with backazimuth to the source at higher frequencies 6 to 10 hz spectral ratios are shown to have greater spatial variability interstation spectral ratios are used to measure the standard deviation among source as a function of station separation an increase in the variation in ground motion is shown to take place at a station separation of 1 km relative site response estimates between nearby stations are used to demonstrate that preferred directions of motion can exist even in areas with no surface topographic effects significant variations in site response exist over short baselines up to a factor of 2 over 200 m that are not explained by differences in surficial geology or shallow shear wave velocity a variety of investigative approaches is used including spectral ratios arrival time variations 1d and 2d waveform modeling and comparison with seismic reflection lines to determine the most likely causes of these observations a correlation is demonstrated between late arrival times of p and s waves and larger site amplification in sherman oaks and northridge this observation in conjunction with waveform modeling and seismic reflection profiles is used to infer that sedimentary structures in the upper 1 to 2 km and topography on the sediment basement interface play an important role in determining site amplification these structures in the form of folds and buried basins focus energy in spatially restricted areas at the surface comparison of displacement waveforms at nearby stations having disparate site amplifications complemented by known shallow shear wave velocities at selected sites is used to support the argument that these structures in some cases can be the dominant factor in the modification of local ground motions

tropical pacific high latitude south atlantic teleconnections as seen in δ18o variability in antarctic coastal ice cores 1 we use a network of eight ice cores from coastal dronning maud land dml antarctica to examine the role of the tropical enso el nino southern oscillation in the temporal variability of 18o in annual accumulation the longest record from the s100 ice core covering the period 1737 1999 is used to analyze the teleconnections between the tropical pacific and coastal dml on decadal scales and longer a shorter stacked coastal dml 18o series spanning 1955 1999 is constructed to assess the variability of enso teleconnection on interannual scales results suggest that on typical enso timescales of 2 6 years the strength of the teleconnection varies in time being stronger for years with generally negative phase of the southern annular mode sam on the timescales of approximately two decades bidecadal positive isotope anomalies are associated with oceanic warming and a westward sea surface temperature sst gradient in the equatorial pacific bidecadal variability in sam forced by the tropical pacific is proposed as a critical element in the teleconnection our analysis suggests that a multidecadal positive trend in the annual mean 18o values from the analyzed cores can be indicative of the atmospheric warming that begun in this part of the dml already in the 1910s the trend in 18o quantified in terms of long term surface air temperature sat changes is consistent with the instrumental data yet we speculate that the accurate estimation of sat trends requires an assessment of the potential role of secular sam and sea ice extent changes in shaping the isotopic signal

dielectric stratigraphy of ice a new technique for determining total ionic concentrations in polar ice cores a 133 m deep antarctic ice core from dolleman island antarctic peninsula has been profiled by dielectric measurements in the af lf 20 hz 100 khz frequency range this has revealed large variations in dielectric relaxation and conductivity down the core a comparison with the chemical stratigraphy along 45 m of the core demonstrates for the first time the decisive role played by acids and salts in determining the electrical behaviour of natural ice the total ionic concentration along the ice core can be deduced from the dielectric response this technique may be applied rapidly in the field and as it requires no contact between ice core and electrodes the core is maintained in pristine condition for later chemical analysis

rare earth elements and yttrium in lithotypes of bulgarian coals abstract rare earth element and yttrium abundances in vitrain xylain liptain fusain and whole coal samples from bulgarian coal deposits have been studied vitrain xylain and liptain are depleted while fusain is enriched in ree and y as compared to the whole coal samples from which they were selected chondrite normalized patterns show relative enrichment of light lree against heavy hree rare earth elements negative eu anomaly and positive lu anomaly the shale normalized patterns of the lithotypes reveal an increase from lree to hree while those of the whole coal samples and mineral interlayers are less fractionated the petrographic composition of the coals is of secondary importance for the concentration of the ree and y the main factors are the source area and the input of dissolved ree and y into the coal depositional sites

a review of anomalous rare earth elements and yttrium in coal abstract coal deposits have attracted much attention in recent years as promising alternative raw sources for rare earth elements and yttrium rey not only because the rey concentrations in many coals or coal ashes are equal to or higher than those found in conventional types of rey ores but also because of the world wide demand for rey in recent years has been greater than supply in addition to anomalies of enrichment or depletion of light medium and heavy rey in coal deposits normalized to upper continental crust post archean australian shale or north american shale composite anomalies of redox sensitive ce and eu and in some cases of non redox sensitive la gd and y could be used as geochemical indicators of the sediment source region sedimentary environment tectonic evolution and post depositional history of coal deposits factors controlling rey anomalies in coal deposits include the geochemistry of terrigenous source rocks ingress of hydrothermal fluids influence of marine environments percolating natural waters volcanic ashes and sedimentary environments of peat formation additionally the smoothness of a normalized rey distribution pattern provides a simple but reliable basis for testing the quality of rey chemical analyses for coal and other sedimentary rocks

petrographic and isotope constraints on the origin of authigenic carbonate minerals and the associated fluid evolution in late permian coal measures bowen basin queensland australia authigenic carbonate minerals are ubiquitous throughout the late permian coal measures of the bowen basin queensland australia in the northern bowen basin carbonates include the following assemblages siderite i delta o 18 smow 11 4 to 17 delta c 13 pdb 5 3 to 120 fe mg calcite ankerite siderite ii mineral association delta o 18 smow 7 2 to 10 20 delta c 13 pdb 10 9 to 1 80 for ankerite and a later calcite delta o 18 smow 5 9 to 14 60 delta c 13 pdb 11 4 to 4 40 in the southern bowen basin the carbonate phase consists only of calcite delta o 18 smow 12 5 to 14 80 delta c 13 pdb 19 4 to 0 80 where it occurs extensively throughout all stratigraphic levels siderite i occurs in mudrocks and sandstones and predates all other carbonate minerals this carbonate phase is interpreted to have formed as an early diagenetic mineral from meteoric waters under cold climate and reducing conditions fe mg calcite ankerite siderite il occur in sandstones as replacement of volcanic rock fragments clay minerals illite smectite chlorite and kaolinite postdate ca fe mg carbonates and precipitation of the later calcite is associated with clay mineral formation the ca fe mg carbonates and later calcite of the northern bowen basin are regarded as having formed as a result of hydrothermal activity during the latest triassic extensional tectonic event which affected this part of the basin rather than deep burial diagenesis during the middle to late triassic as previously reported this hypothesis is based on the timing relationships of the authigenic mineral phases and the low delta o 18 values of ankerite and calcite together with radiometric dating of illitic clays and recently published regional geological evidence following the precipitation of the ca fe mg carbonates from strongly o 18 depleted meteoric hydrothermal fluids continuing fluid circulation and water rock interaction resulted in dissolution of these carbonate phases as well as labile fragments of volcaniclastic rocks subsequently the later calcite and day minerals precipitated from relatively evolved o 18 enriched fluids the nearly uniform delta o 18 values of the southern bowen basin calcite have been attributed to very low water rock ratio in the system where the fluid isotropic composition was buffered by the delta o 18 values of rocks c 2000 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

mineralogical and elemental variation of coal from alberta canada an example from the no 2 seam genesee mine abstract mineralogy and elemental contents were determined on 18 samples from a vertical profile of the no 2 seam genesee mine ab the samples analyzed consist of coal coaly shale shaly coal carbonaceous shale shale mudstone and siltstone proximate analysis was determined on all samples elemental analyses were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis inaa for all elements except as b cd hg mo pb se atomic absorption and b ba be co cr cu li mn nb sr and v inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy icp es samples were low temperature ashed lta x ray diffraction xrd and x ray fluorescence xrf were used to determine quantitative major mineralogy accessory mineralogy was determined with scannining electron microscope energy dispersive x ray analyzer sem edx on four samples in general the coals in the genesee mine are within the low end of the range for trace element contents given by swaine swaine d j 1990 trace elements in coal butterworths london 278 pp for most coals high contents of cr 9 2620 ppm and ni 1 1440 ppm can be related to an increased amount of a cr ni fe oxide chromite magnetite likely derived from ultrabasic diatremes in the golden columbia icefields bc area the no 2 seam of the genesee mine can be divided into two geochemical cycles on the basis of mineralogy trace element contents and rare earth element ree behavior cycle i consists of quartz calcite and kaolinite lower trace element contents ree slightly enriched in high rare earth elements hree and thick coal with few partings cycle ii consists of quartz calcite kaolinite illite mixed layer and or expandable lattice clays feldspar gypsum calcium aluminum sulfate hydrate clinoptilolite calcite and diopside higher trace element contents ree slightly enriched in light rare earth elements lree and thin coal with a greater frequency of partings the differences between the two geochemical cycles can be accounted for by a decreasing stability of the peat forming environment resulting from an increasing fluvial influence and volcanogenic input

rare earth element fractionation in authigenic illite smectite from late permian clastic rocks bowen basin australia implications for physico chemical environments of fluids during illitization ree analyses were performed on authigenic illitic clay minerals from late permian mudrocks sandstones and bentonites from the bowen basin australia the mixed layer illite smectite exhibit ree patterns with an obvious fractionation of the hree from the lree and mree which is an apparent function of degree of illitization reaction the highly illitic r greater than or equal to 3 illite smectite from the northern bowen basin show a depletion of lree relative to the less illitic r 0 and 1 clays in contrast an enrichment of hree for the illite rich clays relative to less illitic clays is evident for the southern bowen basin samples the north american shale composite normalized la lu sn ratios show negative correlations with the illite content in illite smectite and positive correlations with the delta 18 o values of the clays for both the northern and southern bowen basin samples these correlations indicate that the increasing depletion of lree in hydrothermal fluids is a function of increasing water rock ratios in the northern bowen basin good negative correlations between la lu sn ratios and illite content in illite smectite from the southern bowen basin suggest the involvement of fluids with higher alkalinity and higher ph in low water rock ratio conditions increasing hree enrichment with delta 18 o decrease indicates the effect of increasing temperature at low water rock ratios in the southern bowen basin results of the present study confirm the conclusions of some earlier studies suggesting that ree in illitic clay minerals are mobile and fractionated during illitization and that this fact should be considered in studies of sedimentary processes and in identifying provenance moreover our results show that ree systematic of illitic clay minerals can be applied as an useful technique to gain information about physico chemical conditions during thermal and fluid flow events in certain sedimentary basins c 2003 elsevier science b v all rights reserved

petrological geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the low ge coals from the shengli coalfield china a comparative study with ge rich coals and a formation model for coal hosted ge ore deposit abstract to better understand the formation mechanism of coal hosted ge ore deposits this paper reports on the petrological mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the low ge coals in the shengli coalfield inner mongolia china using optical microscopy field emission scanning electron microscopy x ray fluorescence x ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry the samples in the present study closely neighbor the previously reported wulantuga coal hosted ge ore deposit both no 6 coal in comparison with the wulantuga ge rich coals the low ge coals of the shengli field display higher moisture 27 59 on average and lower pyritic sulfur contents 0 53 both the low ge and ge rich coals are generally high in inertinite and have varying but relatively low huminite contents preservation of fecal pellets as macrinite is notable in both the low ge and ge rich coals and the position of the fecal pellets appears to be within tunnels or chambers within the wood quartz kaolinite pyrite and gypsum are the major crystalline phases identified in most of the ge rich and low ge coals but the low ge coals contain significantly less pyrite and are more abundant in non mineral ca and mg ca oxalate of authigenic origin is observed generally occurring as cell fillings in the low ge coals otherwise mineral free organic matter in the low ge coals would be expected to have an inherent ash yield of around 6 derived from the inorganic elements mainly non mineral ca and mg that occur either in the organic matter or as dissolved ions in the pore water and form the sulfate species in low temperature oxygen plasma ash residues the highly elevated trace elements including be ge as sb w hg and tl that occur in the ge rich coals of the wulantuga deposit are significantly depleted in the low ge coals lateral migration of ge w and as hg sb tl rich solutions through the original peat swamp for the wulantuga ge ore deposit has led to significant enrichment of ge on the margin of the coal basin but decreasing ge concentrations toward to the inner part of the basin such a migration direction is different to those in the previously reported for the hydrothermal solutions in the lincang yunnan of china and spetzugli russian far east ge ore deposits where the solutions migrated vertically from granite to peat along faults and led to a dome shaped ge distribution in the relevant coal seam

effects of seasonal variability of accumulation on yearly mean δ18o values in antarctic snow the annual mean oxygen isotope content of antarctic snow is strongly influenced by the seasonal variability ofaccumulation since the annual mean 18 o value is frequently used to derive mean annual temperatures from ice cores changes in atmospheric circulation pattern can lead to large errors in the deduced temperature record at the german antarctic wintering base neumayer accumulation measurements have been carried out continuously over the last 16 years weekly readings of accumulation stakes combined with snow pits and shallow firn cores are used to investigate the influence of the seasonal variability of accumulation on the annual mean 18 o values and to estimate the possible error in the determination ofannual mean temperatures from ice cores by using the oxygen isotope record

the rainbow vent fluids 36 14 n mar the influence of ultramafic rocks and phase separation on trace metal content in mid atlantic ridge hydrothermal fluids fluids were collected from the rainbow vent field 36 14 n on the mid atlantic ridge mar during the 1997 diving flores cruise this vent field in ultramafic rocks at a depth of 2300 m is composed of 10 black smokers emitting acidic ph 2 8 fluids at 365 c the low ph of the hot temperature rainbow fluids likely results from seawater ultramafic rock interaction that releases h ions into reducing hydrothermal fluids fluid chemistry is strongly influenced by phase separation generating cl rich brines clem 750 mm strongly enriched with mn fe co ni cu zn ag cd cs pb y and rare earth elements ree ree and transition metal abundance particularly fe and mn in the rainbow fluids is dramatically higher than in other mar fluids the abundance of trace element and ree enrichment is due to the greater solubility of these elements that is strongly favored by cl complexation at low ph and high temperature conditions chondrite normalized ree patterns show strong lree enrichment with evidence of the typical eu anomaly this ree partitioning suggests that either 1 ultramafic rocks represent only a part of rocks leached during hydrothermal alteration and or 2 that the unique rainbow fluid temperature ph and redox state issued from the ultramafic character of leached substratum can produce unique ree partitioning

the effects of volcanic ash on the maceral and chemical composition of the c coal bed emery coal field utah abstract volcanic ash which fell in the peat swamp that formed the upper cretaceous c coal bed ferron sandstone member of the mancos shale utah produced semi impermeable layers that caused the ponding of surface waters coal samples from directly above tonsteins altered volcanic ash partings are enriched in desmocollinite telinite and detrocollinite as a result of poorly drained swamp conditions coal samples from directly below tonsteins are enriched in semifusinite inertodetrinite and fusinite as a result of well drained conditions leaching of the volcanic ash or the incorporation of volcanic ash in peat provided a source for many elements including zr nb th and ce that are enriched in coal samples taken from directly above and below tonsteins

implications for the interpretation of ice core isotope data from analysis of modelled antarctic precipitation by consideration of model generated atmospheric data dominant anomalies in the synoptic circulation patterns are observed under conditions of high ant arctic precipitation this is associated with strong moisture advection of marine origin examining precipitation at individual locations reveals a strong relationship between local surface temperature and precipitation amount days with 5 mm of precipitation which on average corresponds to about 8 of days over antarctica have surface tem peratures that are around 10 c warmer than the mean this bias suggest that abnormal conditions are captured in the ice core record and that interpretation or reconstruction of palaeotemperatur es will succeed only under the possibly flawed assumption that similar abnormal conditions existed at the time of deposition although isotopic analysis of ant arctic ice cores has been used successfully in palaeoclimate studies a complete under standing of the underlying processes affecting the deposition of the core remains to be found it is reasoned that by obtaining such an understanding it may be possible to recon struct the synoptic conditions under which accumulation occurred

mineralogy and geochemistry of boehmite rich coals new insights from the haerwusu surface mine jungar coalfield inner mongolia china abstract boehmite rich coal of pennsylvanian age was discovered earlier at the heidaigou surface mine jungar coalfield inner mongolia china this paper reports new results on 29 bench samples of the no 6 coal from a drill core from the adjacent haerwusu surface mine and provides new insights into the origin of the minerals and elements present the results show that the proportion of inertinite in the no 6 coal is higher than in other late paleozoic coals in northern china based on mineral proportions boehmite to kaolinite ratio and major element concentrations in the coal benches of the drill core the no 6 coal may be divided into five sections i to v major minerals in sections i and v are kaolinite sections ii and iv are mainly kaolinite with a trace of boehmite and section iii is high in boehmite the boehmite is derived from bauxite in the weathered surface benxi formation in the sediment source region the no 6 coal is rich in al2o3 8 89 tio2 0 47 li 116 g g f 286 g g ga 18 g g se 6 1 g g sr 350 g g zr 268 g g rees 172 g g pb 30 g g and th 17 g g the elements are classified into five associations by cluster analysis i e groups a b c d and e group a ash sio2 al2o3 na2o li and group b ree sc in y k2o rb zr hf cs u p2o5 sr ba ge are strongly correlated with ash yield and mainly have an inorganic affinity the elements that are negatively or less strongly correlated with ash yield with exceptions of fe2o3 be v and ni are grouped in the remaining three associations group c se pb hg th tio2 bi nb ta cd sn group d co mo tl be ni sb mgo re ga w zn v cr f cu and group e s as cao mno fe2o3 aluminum is mainly distributed in boehmite followed by kaolinite the high correlation coefficients of the li ash li al2o3 and li sio2 pairs indicate that li is related to the aluminosilicates in the coal the boehmite rich coal is high in gallium and f which occur in boehmite and the organic matter selenium and pb are mainly in epigenetic clausthalite fillings in fractures the abundant rare earth elements in the coal benches were supplied from two sources the bauxite on the weathered surface of the benxi formation and from adjacent partings by groundwater leaching during diagenesis the light rare earth elements lrees are more easily leached from the partings and incorporated into the organic matter than the heavy rees leading to a higher ratio of lrees to hrees in the coal benches than in the overlying partings