comment on magnetic studies of magma supply and sea floor metamorphism troodos ophiolite dikes by g j borradaile and d gauthier anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is used as a proxy for the determination of magmatic flow direction in mafic dykes here we take advantage of the dataset from g j borradaile and d gauthier to comment three points 1 the sampling strategy 2 the geometric relationship between magnetic axis dyke and 3 an alternative interpretation to obtain a flow direction the magnetic lineations published by borradaile and gauthier correspond to the zone axis of the dyke and magnetic foliation poles questioning the reliability of the magnetic lineation as a flow estimate an alternative interpretation is based on the use of the tiling of the magnetic foliation plane against the dyke wall

flow directions in dikes from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data the bootstrap way one of the first applications of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams was an attempt to determine flow directions from mafic dikes khan 1962 since the seminal work of knight and walker 1988 defining the expected behavior of ams in response to magma flow there has been increasing interest in using ams for this purpose here we present a quantitative method for interpretation of ams data from dikes using a parametric bootstrap first dikes must be sampled with at least five and preferrably more samples from within 10 cm of the dike margin the distributions of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the ams tensor are delineated by calculating eigenparameters of many bootstrapped paradata sets we generate paradata sets by first selecting a sample at random then calculating a replacement set of data by drawing tensor elements from normal distributions with the mean and standard deviation of the entire site the bounds containing 95 of the eigenparameters of the bootstrapped data serve as confidence limits for the parameter of interest classification of dikes proceeds as follows sites whose maximum and intermediate eigenvalues could not be distinguished are deemed uninterpretable in addition sites with principal eigenvectors with angles 45 away from the dike margin inverse or with markedly different directions on either side of the dike scissored are excluded the remaining dikes are classified as having unique flow direction information if the principal eigenvectors from at least one side are distinct from the dike plane based on the distribution of the bootstrapped principal eigenvectors if neither side has principal eigenvectors distinct from the dike plane the dikes are classified as having lineation information only a study comprising 251 dikes from the troodos ophiolite has 151 sites with directional data 38 sites with lineations only 7 inverse sites 5 scissored sites and 55 sites not fitting into any other category the flow directions interpreted from the data were generally southerly toward a fossil transform zone

a magnetic fabric study of the aigoual saint guiral liron granite pluton french massif central and relationships with its associated dikes 1 in the southeastern french massif central the aigoual saint guiral liron pluton consists of porphyritic and microgranitic types the latter is encountered within dikes forming the northern end of the pluton both types show prefull crystallization microstructures indicating weak subsolidus deformations an anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams study has been carried out to determine the granite fabric biotite local hornblende and small grains of magnetite are the main carriers of ams in both types porphyritic granite and dikes display different ams patterns related to magma dynamics and regional deformation recorded during crystallization in the porphyritic type the ams lineation is mainly consistent with the regional nw se to e w trending extensional event coeval with emplacement and crystallization of the pluton indicating an influence of regional tectonics on the linear fabric development the dome shaped foliation pattern of the saint guiral massif likely corresponds to internal deformation related processes within the pluton in the microgranite dike swarm the nne ssw trending lineations with shallow plunges record magmatic flow processes within dikes i e magma injection and filling of dikes from a probable source located southwestward regional tectonics played a significant role in the pluton geometry and fabric development for example the ne sw trend of the dikes suggests that extensional fractures took place in the same extensional strain field as elsewhere in the pluton different fabric development modes were therefore responsible for the contrasted fabric patterns between the microgranite and the porphyritic granite

the use of palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism to understand volcanic processes introduction this special publication provides a snapshot of our understanding of volcanic processes through the use of palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic techniques here we provide a context for the book placing individual chapters within the milieu of previous work including some magnetic techniques that were not used in the particular studies described herein thermoremanent magnetization is a powerful tool to understand processes related to heating and cooling of rocks including estimating the temperature of emplacement of pyroclastic deposits which may allow us to better understand the rates of cooling during eruption and transport anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of remanence are used primarily to investigate rock fabrics and allow the interpretation of flow dynamics in dykes lava flows and pyroclastic deposits as well as the location of the eruptive vents rock magnetic characteristics can help in the correlation of volcanic deposits but also provide means to date volcanic deposits and to better understand the processes of cooling of the deposits as the magnetic minerals can change with temperature in addition volcanic rocks may be key recorders of past magnetic fields allowing a better understanding of changes in field intensity and perhaps providing clues of how the magnetic field is formed over the past several decades palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic techniques have been applied to numerous problems in volcanology since aramaki akimoto s pioneering study in 1957 which used natural remanent magnetization nrm data to qualitatively estimate the temperature of emplacement of selected pyroclastic deposits in japan aramaki akimoto 1957 many studies have utilized and refined the approach of using progressive thermal demagnetization data to estimate emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic deposits and have demonstrated the utility of this approach in many settings another extensively utilized technique is that of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams which was first applied to pyroclastic volcanic rocks by ellwood 1982 on ignimbrites in the san juan mountains sw colorado usa to estimate flow fabrics and in that study to infer source locations through triangulation it is staggering to think of the number and diversity of ams studies on volcanic rocks that have been undertaken since that time in a bit more than three decades remanent magnetization characteristics have long been used to correlate volcanic rocks and such data together with rock magnetic properties have been employed to study crystallization and cooling processes e g schlinger et al 1988 wells hillhouse 1989 as techniques have been refined and the sensitivity precision reliability and or speed of measurements for an array of modern instrumentation all have improved workers have been able to study volcanic problems in more detail pulling out details of the processes that have not previously been considered in addition the types of problems addressed have diversified considerably we intend this special publication to provide a representative suite of contributions that help to summarize the current array of studies that apply palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism to volcanic processes and to stimulate further research in this exciting science this book is a result of two sessions on volcanic processes and palaeomagnetism held at the international union of geodesy and geophysics congress in melbourne australia in july 2011 and at the american geophysical union annual meeting in san francisco usa in december 2011 from ort m h porreca m geissman j w eds 2015 the use of palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism to understand volcanic processes geological society london special publications 396 1 11 first published online january 20 2015 http dx doi org 10 1144 sp396 17 2015 the geological society of london for permissions http www geolsoc org uk permissions publishing disclaimer www geolsoc org uk pub ethics angharad hills at the geological society of london graciously and tactfully guided this book and the editors through the entire process from chapter solicitation to publication thermoremanent magnetization in volcanic rocks and emplacement temperature

flow patterns of magma in dikes makhtesh ramon israel directions of magma flow were measured in a system of radial dikes in makhtesh ramon israel the flow directions were determined from field observations of segments fingers grooves and groove molds of the dikes the study indicates that the mean axis of magma flow is subhorizontal toward the north in agreement with the direction of divergence of the radial dike system two modes of flow were observed 1 regular bedding parallel flow in the well stratified rock units and 2 irregular meandering flow in the massive rock units it is suggested that corrugated dike walls in well stratified host rocks cause magma channelization and random or self generated restrictions in massive host rocks cause the apparent meanders furthermore the major lithologic boundaries in the host units strongly affect segmentation of the dikes

magma flow directions in dikes of the koolau complex oahu determined from magnetic fabric studies we compared the magnetic fabric with the macroscopic surface lineation direction previously assumed to be parallel with magma flow direction for 35 dikes of the koolau complex oahu anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams was determined for 530 samples from 59 dikes including a sill and a pluglike intrusive body and two filled lava tubes and statistically significant ams clusters were found in all but five dikes for the 35 lineated dikes the mean maximum ams direction 1 coincides with the macroscopic lineations to within 25 in 18 and to within 15 in eight the ams ellipsoid shape in about half of the samples is prolate cigar shaped and in about half is oblate pancake shaped we interpret the ams to be determined by shape anisotropy of ferromagnetic grains the mean total anisotropy is 2 2 and total anisotropy h ranges from 0 24 to as high as 14 12 the principal ams axes for samples from a dike are tightly grouped on equal area plots and for most of the dikes the minimum ams axes plot near to the pole of the dike our ams measurements enable us to infer absolute magma flow directions for half the dikes studied the maximum ams axes of samples from one side of the dike form a tight cluster on an equal area plot and those from the other side of the dike form another tight cluster the two clusters are close together separated by 10 30 for narrow dikes 100 cm wide and are farther apart 30 60 for wide dikes and are symmetrically disposed on either side of the plane of the dike we infer that these paired clusters are caused by imbrication of nonequant ferromagnetic crystals against each margin of the dike during deposition in a velocity gradient and hence indicate the flow azimuth i e the absolute magma flow direction nearly half of the dikes measured 25 gave paired ams plots in 12 the magma flowed up at low oblique angles 5 30 from the horizontal in five it flowed down at 5 20 in four it flowed horizontally 5 in three it flowed up at a steep angle 50 75 and in one it flowed down at a steep angle the magma flow in general was rarely vertical or horizontal

fabric analysis using the intercept method abstract the intercept method is a convenient yet powerful method for the numerical analysis of fabrics for geological applications it can be used when a set of objects e g pores grains or aggregates of a specific mineral lineaments etc with unique characteristics can be identified in an image the intercept method analyses boundaries of objects as a population of lines how intercepts are definined is therefore important in order to establish the significance of the intercept counts when the method is applied to digital images the subdivision of the information into square pixels must also be considered we apply a linear filter which minimizes the effects of grid anisotropy on the counting of intercepts analysis of the resulting rose of intercept counts by a fourier series considerably facilitates the interpretation of the data a rose of directions can readily be derived for the phase boundaries if a population of objects can be assumed to have started with an originally isotropic orientation and to have been deformed passively the fourier components of the rose of intercepts also give the sectional strain the fourier components also permit an objective test of the validity of describing a fabric as resulting from a homogeneous strain on an initially isotropic section two computer programs for the counting and analysis of intercepts on digital images are presented and applied in four examples which illustrate the usefulness of the intercept method for magmatic fabric measurement strain analysis and lineament analysis we also illustrate the importance of fourier series decomposition of rose of intercept counts for fabric interpretations intercept results are also shown to be compatible with those derived by other methods eigenvector surfor inertia tensor autocorrelation methods

the sonju lake layered intrusion northeast minnesota internal structure and emplacement history inferred from magnetic fabrics abstract the sonju lake intrusion sli in northeastern minnesota is a layered mafic complex of keweenawan age 1096 1 0 8 ma related to the midcontinent rift the cumulate paragenesis of the intrusion is recognized as broadly similar to the skaergaard intrusion a classic example of closed system differentiation of a tholeiitic mafic magma the sli represents nearly closed system differentiation through bottom up fractional crystallization geochemical studies have identified the presence of a stratabound 50 100 m thick zone anomalously enriched in au pge similar to the pge reefs of the skaergaard intrusion this pge enriched zone is hosted within oxide gabbro cumulates about two third of the way up from the base of the intrusion we present a petrofabric study using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams to investigate the emplacement and flow patterns within the sonju lake intrusion petrographic and electron microprobe studies combined with ams and hysteresis measurements indicate the primary source of the magnetic signal is pseudo single domain psd magnetite or titanomagnetite low field ams was measured at 32 sites within the sonju lake intrusion which provided information about primary igneous fabrics the magnetic fabrics in the layered series of the sonju lake intrusion are consistent with sub horizontal to inclined emplacement of the intrusion and show evidence that the cumulate layers were deposited in a dynamic environment well aligned magnetic lineations consistently plunging shallowly toward the southwest indicate the source of the magma is a vertical sill like feeder presumably located beneath the finland granite the finland granite acted as a density trap for the sonju lake magmas forcing lateral flow of magma to the northeast the strongly oblate magnetic shape fabrics indicate the shallowly dipping planar fabrics were enhanced by compaction of the crystal mush

mechanisms of dike propagation in layered rocks and in massive porous sedimentary rocks the mechanisms of dike propagation are analyzed through detailed examination of small structures associated with the dike intrusion exposures in the ramon area israel offer an opportunity to evaluate theoretical models of tensile fracture propagation and to better understand the factors governing the dike geometry dike related structures are studied in two jurassic units the ardon formation a well stratified sequence of shales and dolomites and the inmar formation which is composed of porous massive sandstones with a few shale lenses it is shown that for the different host rocks the propagation mechanisms and structures differ significantly dikes in the ardon formation are dominated by 1 20 m wide segments confined to distinct layers the mechanisms of segment containment are determined by calculating the stress intensity factor for an extension crack approaching a mechanical interface it is apparent that dike segmentation and containment is controlled mainly by in situ stress and shear moduli differences between adjacent layers and partly by bedding plane slippage dikes in the inmar formation are dominated by smaller segments and by 1 10 cm wide and 10 100 cm long fingers with intermittent smooth patches and slickensides opposite dike walls display exact mirror images of these features dikes propagate in alternating stages of viscous flow and brittle deformation the viscous stages include fluidization of the sandstone by the dike related fluids and increase of the pore pressure in the rock a viscous instability develops between the highly viscous fluidized sandstone and the less viscous dike related fluids forming a zone of viscous fingering in front of the dike stages of brittle fracturing occur when the pore pressure is released and the flux of fluids is insufficient to fluidize the rock

dike surface lineations as magma flow indicators within the sheeted dike complex of the troodos ophiolite cyprus mesoscopic flow lineations and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams have been measured for dikes within the cretaceous age troodos ophiolite with the goal of comparing the direction of initial magma flow through dike conduits immediately following crack propagation with that of flow of subsequent magma emplaced during later stages of dike growth dike margin indicators of flow include cusp axes and elongate vesicles found high in the ophiolite pseudostratigraphy and ridge and groove structures termed hot slickenlines found throughout the complex a unique flow direction is determined where elongate vesicles near dike margins display imbrication with respect to the margin significant changes in vesicle elongation directions across dikes likely indicate either changes in magma flow direction after dike propagation or back flow of magma during the waning stages of intrusion surface lineations generally lie subparallel to the direction of flow inferred from ams determinations on cores within 5 cm of dike margins surface lineations also lie subparallel to the long axis e1 of the orientation ellipsoid defined by long axes of groundmass plagioclase phenocrysts measured in sections from ams cores correlation of surface lineations with interior indicators of flow ams plagioclase trachytic texture indicate that the surface features are good proxies for grain scale magma flow directions during dike propagation in troodos dikes orientations of surface flow features in the dikes of the troodos ophiolite indicate an approximately equal mix of subhorizontal to near vertical magma flow contradicting the paradigm of primarily vertical flow of magma beneath continuous axial magma chambers at oceanic spreading centers our data are consistent with a model of magma emplacement both vertically and horizontally away from isolated magma chambers beneath axial volcanoes spaced along a ridge crest

magma flow directions of shallow dykes from the east greenland volcanic margin inferred from magnetic fabric studies abstract the role played by plume generated crustal magmatic complexes in the segmentation of volcanic margins is highlighted by a preliminary study of magma flow directions in shallow intrusives from the east greenland volcanic margin we investigate the magmatic texture using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility for eight dykes of tholeitic affinity belonging to a dyke swarm associated with the tertiary opening of the north atlantic ocean the thickness of the sampled dykes ranges from 3 to 37 m the dykes are of doleritic texture and contain up to 12 of opaque minerals and 35 of plagioclase laths dykes showing a magnetic foliation plane within the dyke plane i e a magnetic fabric usually attributed to magmatic processes represent 40 of the samples from the studied swarm these dykes have a low degree of anisotropy and their ellipsoid of magnetic susceptibility is strongly oblate inverse magnetic fabrics where the maximum principal susceptibility axis lies near the pole to the dyke account for 60 of the data we interpret these inverse fabrics either as alteration minerals with highly prolate ellipsoids of magnetic susceptibility or primary titanomagnetites with oblate ellipsoid of low anisotropy the flow direction is inferred for normal fabric dykes using the mirror imbrication of magnetic lineation analysis of thin sections shows a good agreement between magnetic fabric directions and phenocryst preferred orientations the inferred flow directions are predominantly horizontal throwing a new light on volcanic margin development

shallow intrusive directions of sheeted dikes in the troodos ophiolite anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and structural data sheeted dikes play a central role in the formation of oceanic crust it is commonly assumed that sheeted dikes intrude vertically upward from elongated mid ocean ridge mor magma chambers but there are no direct observational data bearing on this hypothesis this assumption contrasts with the intrusive behavior of subaerial volcanoes where magmas rise into shallow central magma chambers that laterally feed vertically oriented dikes the authors have studied intrusive directions of sheeted dikes in a structural analogue to oceanic crust the troodos ophiolite structural and magnetic fabric data of 65 dikes provide consistent results and suggest a broad distribution of shallow 20 degree to nearly vertical upward magma transport directions these data suggest that horizontal emplacement has to be considered for sheeted dikes at mors implying more centralized mor plumbing systems than previously thought such plumbing systems provide ample opportunity for complex mixing fractionation and contamination of mor lavas in magma chambers and tabular magma storage volumes whether the mor magma supply is linear or centralized also has a fundamental effect on crustal accretion processes and the geometry of hydrothermal convection systems

magma flow within dykes in submarine hyaloclastite environments an ams study of the miocene cabo de gata volcanic units this research has been funded by projects cgl2005 03511 bte hi2006 0073 prin2009 prin 2009h37m59 and prin 2010 11 2010tt22sc and 2010tt22sc 003

magma flow in dikes from rift zones of the basaltic shield of tenerife canary islands implications for the emplacement of buoyant magma abstract dikes of rift zones in the miocene basaltic shield of tenerife have been studied along several profiles in order to record overall variations in lateral and vertical magma flow direction and sense dikes were sampled for anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams and other flow indicators and dike propagation indicators were also recorded at each sampling site bulk susceptibilities suggest a predominance of ferromagnetic minerals in the ams fabrics and most of the sampled dikes show normal fabrics magnetic fabrics have been classified according to clustering and imbrication shown by the maximum susceptibility axis on each dike margin a procedure that provides rapid information on the direction and sense of magma flow the flow of magma tends to be upward and steep beneath the volcanic centers of the basaltic shield massifs along the axes of rift zones and in those rift zones located across the flanks of the volcanic edifices roughly normal to the main rifts magma is mainly emplaced laterally and downward the flow of magma is mostly towards the external parts of the volcanic centers of the basaltic shield massifs and indicates that magma propagated toward regions of lower topography this interpretation agrees with magma being emplaced above the level of neutral buoyancy and with buoyancy as the driving pressure gradient the observed flow patterns can be explained in terms of density gradients within the volcanic edifices in which magma flow trajectories are toward less dense regions

emplacement of the early miocene pinto peak intrusion southwest utah usa 1 in this contribution we report rock magnetic petrographic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams data from the pinto peak intrusion all of which bear on volcanic construction rock magnetic data indicate that the dominant magnetic mineral phase is low ti titanomagnetite of multidomain grain size the composition of which varies spatially across the intrusion the intrusion is a porphyritic andesite dominated by ca rich plagioclase 60 as well as biotite amphibole olivine and opaque minerals reflected light petrography reveals mostly euhedral subhedral titano magnetite crystals that often form clustered glomerocrysts and stringers of equant crystals without exhibiting a consistent mineral alignment fabric moderate to shallow plunging prolate magnetic susceptibility ellipsoids dominate the northern part of the intrusion while steeply dipping plunging magnetic susceptibility ellipsoids are generally restricted to the southern part of the intrusion the vent facies rocks yield moderate to steep oblate susceptibility ellipsoids we interpret the flow pattern in the north to reflect subhorizontal flow of magma filling a tabular sheet like body associated with propagation of the intrusion to the north we argue that the southern part of the intrusion represents the ascent site of the magma rising to shallow crustal levels along a steep feeder system the oblate magnetic fabrics in the vent area plausibly represent flattening against the conduit walls as evidenced by a weak planar flow foliation observed in the vent conduit rocks on reaching shallow crustal levels the magma deformed and uplifted the roof rocks leading to gravitational instability as the slide mass released from the roof an explosive eruption ensued resulting in the emplacement of the rocks of paradise tuff and associated effusive lava flows following eruption magma pressure decreased and the magma drained northward forming the northern intrusive phase

the initiation and growth of en echelon veins abstract numerical models are used to understand the evolution of mode i opening fractures from spatially random distributions in a brittle elastic material en echelon arrays commonly develop because mechanical fracture interaction promotes growth for this geometry this provides a new mechanism for en echelon vein formation in rock which is distinctly different than previously proposed mechanisms it is suggested that some macroscopic en echelon vein arrays may have served as zones of weakness that localized later shear zone development in a manner analogous to that observed by experimentalists examining micro cracking and subsequent shear rupture of rocks loaded under compression sigmoidally shaped veins and vein fillings are explicitly modeled showing that they can form in response to the mechanical interaction of neighboring fractures which redirects the propagation path numerical comparison of sigmoidal veins formed by brittle fracture and by ductile shear zones demonstrates some of the pitfalls of failing to correctly identify the mechanism of formation

magmatic flow direction indicators in a giant diabase feeder dike connecticut recent studies have suggested that many large diabase dikes have been emplaced laterally rather than vertically these studies report only unidirectional flow which is usually based on measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility however in the 250 km long higganum dike of southern new england united states seven independent flow direction indicators record a complex history of forward and backward moving magma we would expect other similar size dikes to have had equally complex histories measurements within one en echelon segment of the higganum dike show that as the magma rose it spread laterally toward the ends of the segment and that backflow was in the reverse direction of the forward flow the higganum dike is interpreted to have formed from a linear array of intrusive fingers each finger spreading laterally to form an en echelon dike segment as it rose through the lithosphere

ground deformation associated with the march 1996 earthquake swarm at akutan volcano alaska revealed by satellite radar interferometry in march 1996 an intense swarm of volcano tectonic earthquakes 3000 felt by local residents mmax 5 1 cumulative moment of 2 7 1018 n m beneath akutan island in the aleutian volcanic arc alaska produced extensive ground cracks but no eruption of akutan volcano synthetic aperture radar interferograms that span the time of the swarm reveal complex island wide deformation the western part of the island including akutan volcano moved upward while the eastern part moved downward the axis of the deformation approximately aligns with new ground cracks on the western part of the island and with holocene normal faults that were reactivated during the swarm on the eastern part of the island the axis is also roughly parallel to the direction of greatest compressional stress in the region no ground movements greater than 2 83 cm were observed outside the volcano s summit caldera for periods of 4 years before or 2 years after the swarm we modeled the deformation primarily as the emplacement of a shallow east west trending north dipping dike plus inflation of a deep mogi type magma body beneath the volcano the pattern of subsidence on the eastern part of the island is poorly constrained it might have been produced by extensional tectonic strain that both reactivated preexisting faults on the eastern part of the island and facilitated magma movement beneath the western part alternatively magma intrusion beneath the volcano might have been the cause of extension and subsidence in the eastern part of the island we attribute localized subsidence in an area of active fumaroles within the akutan caldera by as much as 10 cm during 1992 1993 and 1996 1998 to fluid withdrawal or depressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system

mechanical models for dikes a third school of thought abstract geological and geophysical data from continental volcanic centers and giant radial swarms and from oceanic shield volcanoes and rift zones indicate that dikes propagate laterally for distances that can be 10 to over 100 times their height what traps dikes within the shallow lithosphere and promotes these highly eccentric shapes gravity induced stress gradients in the surrounding rock and pressure gradients in the magma are the primary loading mechanisms pressure gradients due to magma flow are secondary to insignificant because the flow direction is dominantly horizontal this configuration of vertical blade shaped dikes with horizontal dike propagation and magma flow is fundamentally different from the two dike model configurations described in a recent review paper as two schools of thought for mechanical models of dikes in school i a dike is disconnected from its source and ascends under the influence of buoyancy in school ii a dike is connected to a magma reservoir and is driven upward by magma flux from the source we review the geological and geophysical data supporting the vertical dike horizontal flow propagation configuration and suggest the abundance and veracity of these data in many different geological settings and the modeling results that address this physical process warrant adding this as a third school of thought a new analytical solution for the boundary value problem of a homogeneous isotropic and linear elastic solid with a vertical fluid filled crack is used to investigate the effects of gravitationally induced stress and pressure gradients on the aperture distribution dike tip stress intensity and stable height model results indicate that in a homogeneous crust dikes can achieve stable heights greater than a kilometer only if the host rock fracture toughness k ic 100 mpa m 1 2 however density stratification of the crust is an effective mechanism for trapping kilometer scale dikes even if the host rock is very weak k ic 0 this analysis may explain why vertical dikes propagate laterally for great distances but reside within a narrow range of depths in the crust

injection mechanism of clay rich sediments into dikes during earthquakes 1 clastic dikes may form by simultaneous fracture propagation in rocks and injection of clastic material into the fractures resulting from strong seismic shaking we studied the mechanisms of clastic dike formation within the seismically active dead sea basin where hundreds of clastic dikes cross cut the soft rock of the late pleistocene lacustrine lisan formation we analyzed the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams of dikes with known formation mechanisms and defined the characteristic ams signatures mainly of dikes developed by injection process most of the dikes were emplaced due to fluidization of clay rich sediment and are characterized by triaxial ams ellipsoids the dominant triaxial ams ellipsoids along the dike widths suggest that the fluidization mechanism of clay rich sediment is different from the known liquefaction process of sand the ams analysis supported by field evidence indicates that the injection of clay rich sediment is characterized by two main regimes 1 vertical flow characterized by subvertical v2 axes and subhorizontal v1 and v3 axes the v2 axes may indicate the flow directions during fast flow 2 horizontal slow flow characterized by subvertical v3 axes and subhorizontal v1 and v2 axes a streaked ams pattern mainly composed of v2 and v3 axes represents a turbulent flow that generated local eddies simultaneously with the clastic transport the ams parameters along the dikes and possible grain imbrications along dike walls support organization of grains under high strain rates this application of the ams method provides a petrofabric tool for identifying seismites and inferring their flow kinematics in complex geologic areas

patterns of magma flow in segmented silicic dikes at summer coon volcano colorado ams and thin section analysis abstract a complex pattern of magma flow is found in two silicic dikes of a radial swarm at summer coon an eroded stratovolcano in southern colorado the two intrusions are broken into multiple segments that suggest vertical dike propagation however anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams measurements and thin section observations suggest that magma flow was often subhorizontal and away from the center of the volcano segments that are proximal to the central intrusion are characterized by magma that flowed steeply upward at the proximal segment extremity then laterally along the segment and finally downward at the distal end of the segment magma flow in offset segment tips located far from the volcano center was subhorizontal towards the adjacent segment implying lateral propagation of segment tips towards one another this observation suggests relatively high driving pressure in distal dike segments as supported by dike thickening with radial distance from the center of the volcano the present study indicates that radial dike evolution at stratovolcanoes is dominated by lateral flow of magma and dike segmentation is a poor magma flow indicator a horizontally propagating radial dike has the potential to cause an eruption low on the flank of a composite cone which poses a significant yet largely unrecognized hazard to population centers and infrastructure that may surround the volcano

magnetic and plagioclase linear fabric discrepancy in dykes a new way to define the flow vector using magnetic foliation in basaltic dykes the magnetic lineation k1 maximum magnetic susceptibility axis is generally taken to indicate the flow direction during solidification of the magma this assumption was tested in tertiary basaltic dykes from greenland displaying independent evidence of subhorizontal flow the digital processing of microphotographs from thin sections cut in k1 k2 planes yields the preferred linear orientation of plagioclase which apparently marks the magma flow lineation in up to 60 of cases the angular separation between k1 and the assumed flow direction is greater than 45 this suggests that the uncorroborated use of magnetic lineations in dykes is risky a simple geometrical method is proposed to infer the flow vector from ams in dykes based solely on magnetic foliations

solidification and turbulence non laminar during magma ascent insights from 2d and 3d analyses of bubbles and minerals in an etnean dyke

sampling strategies and the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of dykes abstract most studies of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams of dykes have assumed that susceptibility axes should define a unique orientation relative to the dyke walls and magma flow direction theoretical considerations however predict systematic variations of ams as a function of the amount of shear experienced by the flowing magma although this feature of ams might seem undesirable at first sight based in a theoretical model it has been suggested that actually we can take advantage of such variation in the orientation of the ams axes to infer magma flow directions more confidently than until now if proper attention is given to the scheme followed during sample collection in this work we report the results of a pilot study made to test those theoretical predictions we resampled two dykes from the ko olau dyke complex in o ahu and for which magma flow direction was previously inferred albeit with some uncertainty the resampling was made following the guidelines suggested by the theoretical work as closely as possible i e collecting more than one profile parallel to the dyke walls and across the dyke the results of our measurements provide the first empirical evidence supporting the occurrence of a cyclic fabric acquisition during the emplacement of at least some dykes the procedure described in this paper therefore constitutes a self contained approach that can be followed to test in a case by case basis the occurrence of such fabric behavior this in turn should provide enough elements to increase the reliability of the interpretation in the obtained results

the structural evolution of sheath folds a case study from cap de creus abstract it has long been recognised that within zones of intense non coaxial deformation fold hinges may rotate progressively towards the transport direction ultimately resulting in highly curvilinear sheath folds however there is a surprising lack of detailed and systematic field analysis of such evolving sheath folds this case study therefore focuses on the sequential development of cm scale curvilinear folds in the greenschist facies el llimac shear zone cap de creus spain this simple shear dominated dextral shear zone displays superb three dimensional exposures of sheath folds defined by mylonitic quartz bands within phyllonite increasing amounts of fold hinge curvature are marked by hinge segments rotating into sub parallelism with the mineral lineation lm whilst the acute angle between the axial planar hinge girdle and foliation also displays a sequential reduction although lm bisects the noses of sheath folds it is also clearly folded and wrapped around the sheath hinges lm typically preserves a larger angle with the fold hinge on the lower limb l compared to the upper u limb l u suggesting that lm failed to achieve a steady orientation on the lower limb adjacent sheath fold hinges forming fold pairs may display the same sense of hinge arcing to define synthetic curvature or alternatively opposing directions of antithetic curvature such patterns reflect original buckle fold geometries coupled with the direction of shearing the ratio of long short fold limbs decreases with increasing hinge curvilinearity indicating sheath folds developed via stretching of the short limb rather than migrating or rolling hinge models this study unequivocally demonstrates that both hinges of fold pairs become curvilinear with sheaths closing in the transport direction recording greater hinge line curvilinearity compared to adjacent return hinges this may provide a useful guide to bulk shear sense

when an inverse fabric is not inverse an integrated ams spo study in morb like dykes terra nova 23 49 55 2011 abstract magma flow direction is recorded in the macroscopic mineral petrofabric and magnetic fabric of the morb like rooi rand dyke swarm the bulk magnetic fabric is sub parallel to the dyke plane resulting from preferred orientation of grains during magma flow this is referred to as type a fabric a study of mineral shape preferred orientation reveals an additional fabric which is orthogonal to the average dyke orientation in 30 of the data this fabric is carried by both plagioclase and opaque grains and would typically be interpreted as inverse it is referred to here as type b fabric however because it is carried by the shape preferred orientation of macroscopic grains and is in most cases not coaxial to the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabric it is interpreted as having been acquired during increased grain interaction during late stage magma flow associated with decreasing magma pressure

water contents temperatures and diversity of the magmas of the catastrophic eruption of nevado del ruiz colombia november 13 1985 abstract the petrology of the highly phyric two pyroxene andesitic to dacitic pyroclastic rocks of the november 13 1985 eruption of nevado del ruiz colombia reveals evidence of 1 increasingly fractionated bulk compositions with time 2 tapping of a small magma chamber marginally zoned in regard to h 2 o contents 1 to 4 temperature 960 1090 c and amount of residual melt 35 to 65 3 partial melting and assimilation of degassed zones in the hotter less dense interior of the magma chamber 4 probable heating thermal disruption and mineralogic and compositional contamination of the magma body by basaltic magma underplating and 5 crustal contamination of the magmas during ascent and within the magma chamber near crater fall back or spill over emitted in the middle of the eruptive sequence produced a small pyroclastic flow that became welded in its central and basal portions because of ponding and thus heat conservation on the flat glaciated summit near the arenas crater the heterogeneity of ruiz magmas may be related to the comparatively small volume 0 03 km 3 of the eruption nearly ten times less than the 0 2 km 3 of the plinian phase of mount st helens and probable steep thermal and p h 2 o gradients of a small source magma chamber estimated at 300 m long and 100 m wide for an assumed ellipsoidal shape

peak ring rim collapse accommodated by impact melt filled transfer faults sudbury impact structure canada quartz diorite dikes in the footwall of the 1 85 ga sudbury impact structure were emplaced within fractures formed during hypervelocity impact the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the radial copper cliff dike reveals a steeply dipping foliation that is counterclockwise oblique along both the eastern and western sides of the dike and a steeply northwest plunging lineation the data suggest that the copper cliff dike acted as a melt filled dextral transfer fault during collapse of the inner rim of the central peak ring of the impact crater to accommodate ultrahigh strain rate displacements peak ring rim collapse may have caused sulfide rich melts to be injected into the copper cliff dike leading to the formation of large cu ni platinum group element deposits

is this magnetic fabric normal a review and case studies in volcanic formations abstract when studying weakly anisotropic rocks non standard relationships between magnetic and expected petrofabric axes are sometimes observed in particular the so called inverse or intermediate fabrics a review of possible explanations for these effects is presented and leads to the conclusion that a majority of abnormal magnetic fabrics often encountered in magnetite rich volcanic rocks are due to abnormal preferred orientations or distributions of magnetite grains through case studies in dikes from skye island yemen and the iberian peninsula and magma and ash flows from the ethiopian traps and southern corsica the various possible origins of such fabrics are examined it is possible to retrieve reliable magma flow directions from these sites provided proper data selection is performed leading to non unique interpretations

use of anisotropy to determine the origin of characteristic remanence in the siwalik red beds of northern pakistan it is often difficult or impossible to determine the origin of the characteristic remanent magnetization of red beds from the bulk remanence alone however anisotropy of remanence or susceptibility is strongly controlled by the statistical alignment of hematite grains this in turn may reflect the development of the magnetic fabric of the sediment over time so the shape of the anisotropy ellipsoid may provide clues to the origin of remanence in this work we make a study of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams in siwalik red beds of miocene age from northern pakistan comparison of the results with detailed petrographic studies and other information suggests that advanced soil development leads to the destruction of primary fabrics and often with it a coherent magnetization furthermore it should be possible to use ams fabric information to quantify the degree of pedogenesis in these miocene soils we attempted to determine the anisotropy of isothermal remanence air but found ams to be the technique of choice because of apparent changes in coercivity during air experiments we interpret the air data as resulting from metastable domains in hematite grains which change domain state during the air experiment

distribution anisotropy the cause of ams in igneous rocks understanding of ams in pristine basic igneous rocks in terms of flow orientation of ellipsoidal magnetite grains is thwarted by the fact that these grains 1 typically are irregularly equant or skeletal rather than distinctly ellipsoidal and 2 usually crystallize interstitially and late after magma flow has ceased however the distribution of such grains will be relatively anisotropic if they grew in residual liquid volumes within a preferredly oriented by flow silicate template this constraint may impose a slight preferred shape orientation to the irregular magnetite grains during their growth but in addition we suggest it is the anisotropic magnetic interaction between the grains which is the basic cause of ams experiments involving the casting of magnetite epoxy mixtures in various foliated or lineated glass templates have yielded samples with the expected ams symmetry i e k3 perpendicular to glass plates or k1 parallel to glass rods slicing of near isotropic synthetic blank and natural rock cores and interleaving with glass slides showed a progressive increase in anisotropy of the blank from 0 4 to 2 and the natural rock from 0 9 to 2 9 in both the k3 axis migrates to be perpendicular to the glass slides

a model for radial dike emplacement in composite cones based on observations from summer coon volcano colorado usa we mapped the geometry of 13 silicic dikes at summer coon an eroded oligocene stratovolcano in southern colorado to investigate various characteristics of radial dike emplacement in composite volcanoes exposed dikes are up to about 7 km in length and have numerous offset segments along their upper peripheries surprisingly most dikes at summer coon increase in thickness with distance from the center of the volcano magma pressure in a dike is expected to lessen away from the pressurized source region which would encourage a blade like dike to decrease in thickness with distance from the center of the volcano we attribute the observed thickness pattern as evidence of a driving pressure gradient which is caused by decreasing host rock shear modulus and horizontal stress both due to decreasing emplacement depths beneath the sloping flanks of the volcano based on data from summer coon we propose that radial dikes originate at depth below the summit of a host volcano and follow steeply inclined paths towards the surface near the interface between volcanic cone and basement which may represent a neutral buoyancy surface or stress barrier magma is transported subhorizontally and radially away from the center of the volcano in blade like dikes the dikes thicken with increasing radial distance and offset segments and fingers form along the upper peripheries of the intrusions eruptions may occur anywhere along the length of the dikes but the erupted volume will generally be greater for dike fed eruptions far from the center of the host volcano owing to the increase in driving pressure with distance from the source observed eruptive volumes vent locations and vent area intrusions from inferred post glacial dike fed eruptions at mount adams washington usa support the proposed model hazards associated with radial dike emplacement are therefore greater for longer dikes that propagate to the outer flanks of a volcano

magnetic and shape fabrics of magnetite in simple shear flows abstract the magnetite fabrics measured by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams and by shape preferred orientation spo optical methods are classically used as flow kinematics indicators in lava flows the development of magnetite fabrics during simple shear strains 20 was performed using a suspension of 1 volume fraction of multidomain magnetite randomly contained in a mixture of silicone and wax we measured ams fabric and spo ellipsoids by calculating a quadratic shape tensor from oriented thin sections for jeffery 1922 fabrics are usable to determine the flow kinematics including the amount of applied finite strain for 8 fabric elements foliation and lineation are stabilised closely parallel to the flow plane and the shear direction respectively two and three dimensional numerical simulations using measured aspect ratios of magnetite point out that the large scattering of aspect ratios and the initial orientation distribution of particles are together responsible for a wide ranging loss of periodicity the stable ams and spo fabrics observed at large strains in experiments are the result of these primary fabric properties combined to collisions between particles and possibly their complex three dimensional shapes in addition the constant angular relationship observed at large strains between fabrics and flow components is related to the transient collisions consequently the determination of the lava flow kinematics by using fabric properties measured either by ams or by spo analyses should be indubitably associated to a detailed study of the three dimensional shape of the solid carriers regularly shaped populations of low elongated particles will be capable to produce cyclic to oscillating fabrics while the fabric of elongated particles will be more sensitive to the shape parameters and collisions ultimately favouring stable fabrics at large strains

changing stresses during emplacement of the radial dike swarm at spanish peaks colorado a two dimensional elastic model was used to analyze the pattern produced by the mapped extent of over 600 km of dikes in the spanish peaks colorado radial dike swarm optimal regional stress fields were found for dikes of four different lithologies the direction of maximum principal horizontal regional stress during intrusion of syenite and syenodiorite dikes was n80 e this was also the direction of minimum principal horizontal regional stress during intrusion of granite and granodiorite dikes

significance of magnetic and petrofabric in karoo feeder dykes northern lebombo abstract the orientation of magnetic and petrofabric in 14 mafic dykes of the northern lebombo dyke swarm nlds has been determined using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams and mineral shape preferred orientation spo in order to constrain the magma flow direction during dyke emplacement the n s striking nlds intruded the n s trending 700 km long lebombo faulted monocline between 182 and 178 ma the lebombo faulted monocline which forms the eastern most sub province of the karoo large igneous province lip is essentially a volcanic rifted margin with a protracted magmatic and tectonic history related to the break up of southern gondwana it also forms the southern limb of the karoo triple rift system which has been hypothesised to have formed by a mantle plume centred on the triple junction locus the other two arms of the rift which converge on the triple junction are the wnw trending okavango dyke swarm ods and ne trending save limpopo dyke swarm slds in the nlds it is found that the magnetic fabric which is of magmatic origin in 50 of the samples is carried predominantly by stoichiometric magnetite there is remarkable agreement between the orientations of the ams and spo fabrics and at least two dykes show coaxial ams and mineral spo fabric consistent with lateral magma flow from the north this direction is supported by the imbrication of the foliations of the well defined bulk ams and plagioclase spo fabric when viewed in a dyke co ordinate system although steeply plunging maximum axes occur in the spo fabric their possible use as magma flow vectors is questioned because they do not necessarily mimic the elongation of plagioclase grains visible in orientated thin sections the magnetic and petrofabric of the nlds is interpreted to have developed during lateral magma flow from the locus of the karoo triple junction

development of symmetrical and asymmetrical fabrics in sheet like igneous bodies the role of magma flow and wall rock displacements in theoretical and natural cases abstract two orientations of fabrics are recognised in vertical dykes a symmetric orientation associated with magma injected into non deforming wall rocks and an asymmetric orientation usually associated with external non coaxial shearing or magma injected into an active fault the notion of two fabric arrangements stems from two planes of symmetry the dyke symmetry plane dsp and the fabric symmetry plane fsp this paper uses conceptual models to simulate all possible orientations of magma flow indicators that might be produced within a vertical dyke emplaced under coeval internal and external stresses the effect of magmatic buoyancy related stresses are portrayed in terms of magma flow velocities mfv and the external non coaxial tectonic related stresses in terms of wall displacement velocities divided by two wmv 2 the tectonic setting is that of a sinistral transcurrent fault using these assumptions five cases are proposed mfv wdv 2 mfv wdv 2 mfv wdv 2 mfv

formation of dykes feeder dykes and the intrusion of dykes from magma chambers the paper discussed the formation of dykes and applies the results to iceland it is postulated that dykes follow the pathway of least work and of least tensile strength and thereby intrude the subvertical joints in lava flows it is suggested that dykes form in magma pulses where each dyke is split in two by the next magma pulse and so on in iceland the estimated time between successive magma pulses is of the order of several hundred days statistical considerations indicate that in iceland the probability of seeing dykes end upwards is only 1 2 which agrees with observations it is concluded that many and probably the majority of dykes are non feeders this together with the low probability of finding the connection between feeder and lava flow explains the scarcity of observed feeder dykes it is concluded that overpressure in shallow magma chambers needed to drive magma through crustal fractures in iceland is usually smaller than the tensile strength of the host rock several mpa which thereby is the critical factor in dyke intrusion

the three dimensional shape and localisation of deformation within multilayer sheath folds abstract sheath folds are widely believed to develop by the passive geometric amplification of folds in which layering has no mechanical influence during non coaxial deformation where layering becomes rheologically significant then active sheath folds may form in which the inner nose of the sheath decouples along detachments and undergoes a translation relative to the outer folded layers that surround and envelope the nose we present a systematic 3 d analysis of multiple folded layer geometries in a serially sectioned natural sheath fold weak layers which are reactivated as detachments define different shaped sheath folds relative to other layers with the sense of cut off along detachments reversing across the axial surface as the inner fold nose has protruded into the surrounding sheath envelope detachment layers are more tightly folded meaning that such active sheath folds are non similar shapes the obliquely oriented bifurcating en echelon nature of the fold hinges developed in adjacent layers suggest that pre cursor folds formed with pronounced 3 d obliquity relative to the subsequent shear plane mineral lineations folded around sheath closures display asymmetric star burst patterns consistent with recrystallisation during active folding and hinge rotation we show that the eye fold shapes exposed in any 2 d y z slice can be used to predict the geometry of marker horizons back along the x axis in the third dimension this self similarity may be of value when tracing stratiform mineralised horizons in large scale sheath folds

magma emplacement into the lemptegy scoria cone chaine des puys france explored with structural anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and paleomagnetic data the lemptegy volcano is a small monogenetic scoria cone located in the chaine des puys auvergne france which erupted about 32 000 years ago a first edifice lemptegy 1 formed during a trachybasalt eruption as a group of satellite vents of the puy de gouttes scoria cone a second trachyandesitic edifice lemptegy 2 formed soon after and completely covered lemptegy 1 with an 80 m high breached cone since 1946 the lemptegy volcano has been quarried for scoria and today offers unprecedented three dimensional exposure of the subvolcanic plumbing system to map the internal flow architecture of the plumbing system and to study the subvolcanic deformation of lemptegy 2 structural mapping petrographic observations anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams rock magnetic and paleomagnetic data were collected field structural mapping and thin section study of tension gashes riedel shears striations as well as ductile shear zones and bubbles allow the direction and sense of the magma flow to be determined twenty ams sites were established in ten dikes one to four sites in each dike with 504 specimens analyzed and 479 specimens used to infer magma flow patterns structural data the maximum susceptibility axis k 1 and the imbrication of the magnetic foliation k 1 k 2 planes indicate both upward and downward sense of flow as well as flow toward and away from the central vent rock magnetic experiments reveal that a cubic fe ti oxide phase likely low ti titanomagnetite is the principal magnetic phase carrying both the remanence and anisotropy paleomagnetic data from some sites yield statistically distinct at the 95 confidence level remanence directions while at other sites the data are indistinguishable at the 95 confidence level the paleomagnetic results observed steeply tilted scoria layers internal unconformities and faults show that as each dike was emplaced it displaced earlier dikes evidencing subvolcanic deformation the lemptegy 2 volcano shares similarities in terms of inferred eruption style and structures with other scoria cones such as cerro negro nicaragua and thus provides an excellent field laboratory to investigate active scoria cones world wide

flow dynamics in mid jurassic dikes and sills of the ferrar large igneous province and implications for long distance magma transport abstract magma flow paths in sill fed dikes of the ferrar large igneous province lip contrast with those predicted by classic models of dike transport in lips and magmatic rift settings we examine anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams flow paths in dike networks at terra cotta mountain and mt gran which intruded at paleodepths of 2 5 and 1 5 km these intrusions up to 30 m thick exhibit irregular interconnected dike sill geometries and adjoin larger sills 200 300 m thick at different stratigraphic levels both shallowly dipping and sub vertical magma flow components are interpreted from ams measurements across individual intrusions and often match macroscopic flow indicators and variations in dike attitudes flow paths suggest that intrusive patterns and magma flow directions depended on varying stress concentrations and rotations during dike and sill propagation whereas a regional extensional tectonic control was negligible or absent unlike giant dike swarms in lips elsewhere e g 1270 ma mackenzie lip dikes of the ferrar lip show no regionally consistent vertical or lateral flow patterns suggesting these intrusion were not responsible for long distance transport in the province in the absence of regionally significant colinear dike swarms or observed intrusions at crustal depths 4 km we suggest that long distance magma transport occurred in sills within beacon supergroup sedimentary rocks this interpretation is consistent with existing geochemical data and thermal constraints which support lateral magma flow for 3 500 km across the gondwana supercontinent before freezing

ropy flow structures a neglected indicator of magma flow direction in sills and dikes ropy flow structures that form in dikes and sills are very similar to ropy lava structures pahoehoe but are of intrusive origin they are unusual among magma flow indicators in that they provide a frozen record of the magma flow our observations suggest that they occur in large vesicles which form as a result of local repeated pressure drops during propagation and emplacement of the magma adiabatic gas expansion causes a ductile rim to form around a vesicle this rim is then sheared by the underlying flow anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from the contact zones confirm the flow data from the ropy flow structures but the results from deeper within the body both locally and regionally yield different yet consistent flow orientations this discrepancy suggests that a distinction can be made between the magma flow close to the contact and the deeper regional flow patterns in sills and dikes

discerning magmatic flow patterns in shallow level basaltic dykes from the ne rift zone of tenerife spain using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams technique discerning magmatic flow patterns in shallow level basaltic dykes from the north east rift zone of tenerife spain using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams technique

determining paleo flow directions from groundmass fabrics in the lyttelton radial dykes new zealand abstract the poles to 010 of groundmass feldspar in radial dykes cutting the dissected miocene volcano lyttelton banks peninsula form generally oblique girdles about the paleo flow direction the obliquity is a response to velocity gradients of magma within the dykes and the sense of obliquity relative to each dyke wall provides a unique determination of the sense of flow the fabrics give support to the model of blanchard et al 1979 for the movement of rigid particles in flowing magmas this method of flow determination overcomes the problem inherent in most others which provide a flow line but no sense of movement along that line methods of sampling and examples of the feldspar fabrics are described together with the relationship of these fabrics to other dyke features such as secondary shears and stretched vesicles

dike propagation and magma flow in a glassy rhyolite dike a structural and kinematic analysis exhumed magma conduits provide important evidence of the development and evolution of subvolcanic plumbing systems we use a 5 14 m thick flow banded rhyolite dike in arran scotland to present the first reconstruction of the directions and styles of initial propagation and subsequent magma flow based on mesoscale kinematic indicators the dike has concave inward dike margin segments with plumose like structures that record vertical and horizontal propagation of lobes which inflated and linked to form a through going sheet devitrified rhyolite zones at the dike margins show gentle to open folds in contrast glassy central parts of the dike are flow laminated and preserve folded and refolded isoclinal curvilinear folds and sheath folds that record sustained progressive deformation the inner interface between the glassy and devitrified facies is abrupt and marked by elongation lineations and mullions in the dike center fold axes plunge 27 ne along the dike and parallel to elongation lineations combined with shear sense indicators and objects sheared vesicles and asymmetric folds these features indicate that magma flow was obliquely upward to the southwest and locally 60 to the propagation direction of the dike the distribution of structures within the rhyolite indicates local accretion of the now devitrified material to the margins with localization of flow into the center of the dike we find that the initial magma flow direction was controlled by fracture propagation and interaction with the subsequent flow record controlled by accretion and flow localization in the conduit this study demonstrates that analysis of mesoscopic structural and kinematic features several of which have not previously been reported from dikes is a powerful tool that can be used to reconstruct the complex evolution of conduit initiation and magma flow processes

emplacement of magma in eastern iceland dikes insights from magnetic fabric and rock magnetic analyses abstract the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams coupled with mineral magnetic identification has been investigated in about 640 samples from 27 basaltic dikes of tertiary age in eastern iceland the dikes are a few meters thick and they have been sampled all across three types of magnetic fabrics with well defined mean principal axes of anisotropy are recognized in the first one the maximum axis is vertical and the minimum axis coincides with the pole of the dike plan geometrically normal fabric the second fabric shows opposite orientation geometrically inverse fabric the third type is when these two fabrics coexist with the normal one at the margins and the inverse one in the center of the dike mixed fabric no relationship is observed between the type of fabric and the width of the dikes each fabric is carried by clear magnetic assemblages made of low x 0 15 ti content fine grained magnetites for the normal one and high ti content around tm60 coarse magnetite grains for the inverse fabric upon heating the magnetic properties and the orientation of the anisotropy ellipsoid characterizing the inverse fabric in the mixed dikes change and evolve toward the normal type these two geometrically normal and inverse fabrics are interpreted as primary ones representing different physico chemical conditions during the emplacement of the magma the ams results indicate that during the volcanic events occurring about 10 myr ago the extrusion of the magma was vertical at the depth of the studied sites in eastern iceland

the not so simple effects of boundary conditions on models of simple shear analog modeling of geological processes such as folding instabilities or the behavior of inclusions in a matrix often employs a linear simple shear rig in theory a homogeneous plane strain flow is prescribed at the boundaries of such deformation rigs but in practice the resulting internal deformation of the analog material commonly paraffin wax or silicone putties often deviates strongly from the intended homogeneous strain field this can easily lead to misinterpretation of such analog experiments we present a numerical finite element approach to quantify the influence of imperfect simple shear boundary conditions on the internal deformation of a homogeneous viscous analog material the results demonstrate that imperfect boundary conditions in the vorticity normal plane can cause the heterogeneous strain observed in some analog experiments however in other experiments the analog material lies on top of a weak lubricating material or is sandwiched between two such materials these layers lead to a viscous drag force acting on the analog material resulting in imperfect simple shear boundary conditions in the third dimension for this experimental configuration the numerical results show that the lubricating layers are responsible for the heterogeneous strain observed in analog models the resulting errors in internal strain can be as high as 100 and these difficult to avoid boundary effects must be considered when interpreting analog simple shear experiments

using magma flow indicators to infer flow dynamics in sills abstract fabrics from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ams analyses and shape preferred orientation spo of plagioclase are compared with field structures such as bridge structures intrusive steps and magma lobes formed during magma intrusion in jurassic sills this is to constrain magma flow directions in the sills of the karoo igneous province along the kwazulu natal north coast and to show how accurately certain structures predict a magma flow sense thus improving the understanding of the karoo sub volcanic dynamics the ams fabrics are derived from magnetite grains and are well constrained however the spo results are commonly steeply inclined poorly constrained and differ to the ams fabrics both techniques resulted in asymmetrical fabrics successful relationships were established between the ams fabric and the long axes of the magma flow indicators implying adequate magma flow prediction however where numerous sill segments merge either in the form of magma lobes or bridge structures the coalescence process creates a new fabric between the segments preserving late stage magma migration between the merged segments overprinting the initial magma flow direction

the interplay of magmatism and tectonics an example based on the satellite scoria cones at llaima volcano chile abstract we present a geochemical and mineralogical study of the satellite scoria cones at llaima volcano chile providing insights on magmatic processes and how these are affected by the local and regional tectonics at llaima we identify two different and distinctive groups of satellite scoria cones with a common magmatic source but different petrological evolutions cones from group 1 the glomeroporphyritic group predominantly occur in the ne flank of the volcano are characterized by basaltic to basaltic andesitic compositions 51 55 wt sio2 and have glomeroporphyritic textures we have interpreted these cones as the product of magma replenishment followed by an unimpeded propagation of their feeder dikes controlled mainly by the regional stress as a result dikes are emplaced parallel to the regional 1 and perpendicular to the axis of local crustal extension cones from the group 2 the pilotaxitic group appear at the ne nw and sw flanks of the volcano they have more evolved compositions 55 60 wt sio2 and textures lacking glomerocrysts their location and morphometric parameters suggest that their feeder dike emplacement is mainly controlled by the stress exerted by the load of the volcanic edifice where the compressional stress hinders magma ascent allowing fractionation and volatile overpressure buildup the characteristic texture of these cones is interpreted as fractionation followed by a single crystallization event upon eruption the lack of scoria cones at the se flank is attributed to the local horizontal compressional stress caused by the local tectonic deformation associated to the liquine ofqui fault zone

understanding stress and deformation in active volcanoes no eruption no caldera collapse and no large landslide can takeplaceinavolcanounlessitsstateofstressissuitablefortheassociatedtype of rock failure the state of stress in turn results in deformation andbothstressanddeformationdependonthemechanicalpropertiesof the rocks that constitute the volcano understanding stress anddeformation in volcanoes is thus of fundamental importance forunderstanding unrest periods and for accurate forecasting volcanofailure such as may result in large scale lateral and vertical collapsesand eruptions deformation studies in volcanic areas have signi cantly improved both in quality and quantity during the past decade while theinterest of the scienti c community and the volcanological commu nity in particular has primarily been in the description andinterpretation of the deformation especially at active volcanoes new and powerful techniques have recently become available toimprove our understanding of the local stresses and mechanicalproperties of volcanoes and how they relate to surface deformation volcano deformation studies in the last years have of courseincluded standard eld and analytical techniques but in additionthere has been increasing use of advanced analogue and numericalmodels as well as modern geophysical monitoring techniques such asgps and insar all these techniques have contributed to an improvedunderstanding of various aspects of both regional and local volcanodeformation at the regional scale the relationship between tectonicsand magmatism at divergent plate boundaries is now better under stood e g kendall et al 2005 wright et al 2006 and so is thegeneral relationship between arc volcanism and seismicity e g walter and amelung 2007 at a more local scale signi cantimprovements have been made in understanding the mechanics ofmagma chamber rupture e g gudmundsson 2006 dyke propaga tion e g polandetal 2004 gudmundssonetal 2008 thestructureof calderas e g acocella 2007 gottsmann and marti 2008 geshi 2009 the collapse of volcanoes e g cervelli et al 2002 amelunget al 2007 the relationships between volcanic activity and edi cedeformation e g neri et al 2009 the seismicity associated withvolcanism benson et al 2008 and the interactions betweenvolcanoes e g miklius and cervelli 2003 andrew and gudmunds son 2008 these and other studies con rm the crucial importance ofunderstandingdeformationandstressinvolcanicareas asisgenerallyrecognised by the volcanological and tectonic communities oneimportanttopicrelatedtovolcanodeformationandstressthatis still not well understood is how active deformation can be used toforecast eruptions and their behaviour this applies particularly to themechanics of dike emplacement the vast majority of volcaniceruptions are fed by dikes and understanding dike propagation andarrest is necessary so as to mitigate various hazards associated withvolcanic eruptions caldera collapses and landslides in particular major eruptions seismicity and sector collapses pose threats out togreat distances from volcanoes understanding these processes however depends on knowing the more general relationshipsbetween deformation stress and volcanic activity the structure and contents of this special issue are motivatedprimarily by our belief that understanding deformation and stress inactive volcanoes is a necessary condition for reliable forecast ofvolcanic eruptions caldera collapses and large landslides thesetopics all belong to the eld of volcanotectonics also we think thatcorrect interpretation of volcano deformation in terms of localstresses and mechanical properties is fundamental for understandingvolcano behaviour and thereby assessing volcanic hazards this special issue derives from a session on volcanotectonics at the2007eguassemblyinvienna austria thefocusison vemaintopicswithin the eld of volcanotectonics the rst topic concerns generalaspects of volcano deformation stress and failure bonafede andferrari 2009 this volume eggert and walter 2009 this volume gudmundsson 2009 this volume the second topic is collapsecalderas battaglia and hill 2009 this volume jonsson 2009 thisvolume kusumoto and gudmundsson 2009 this volume followedby dike propagation and arrest acocella and neri 2009 this volume contents lists available at sciencedirect

probabilistic assessment of volcanic hazard to radioactive waste repositories in japan intersection by a dike from a nearby composite volcano geologic hazards such as volcanism must be assessed when evaluating potential sites for the geologic disposal of high level radioactive waste the japanese islands comprise one of the more volcanically active regions on earth and the risk of volcanism to a geologic repository is being evaluated as part of the japanese high level radioactive waste disposal program one hazard that is being evaluated as part of volcanic risk assessment is the possible intersection of a repository by a dike if a composite volcano were to form near a repository during the long 100 k y performance period of the repository in this paper we use the characteristics of a well exposed radial dike system at the summer coon volcano in colorado to define monte carlo simulations that estimate the probability of a dike intersection of a repository as a function of volcano distance dike length and density and repository area the models indicate that the probability of intersection declines rapidly as a function of distance from a volcano as dike density decreases due to the radial dike geometry the probability of intersection for a mafic dike set with shorter average length declines more rapidly than that of a silicic dike set with longer average length however mafic dikes have a higher probability of intersecting a repository close to a volcano 5 6 km because they are more numerous than longer silicic dikes the probability of a silicic dike intersecting a repository is 10 2 at distances greater than 15 km from the volcano decreasing to 10 4 at distances greater than 30 km