holocene fringing reefs and sea level change in mangaia island southern cook islands abstract holocene relative sea levels in oceanic islands that are situated sufficiently far from glaciated regions provide basic information for the study of the melting histories of the continental ice sheets and of the rheological structure of the earth we have studied mangaia island south cooks as one such oceanic island located in the middle pacific ocean in addition to the usual geological and geomorphological observations of geomorphic features associated with former shorelines we have used a portable drilling sampler for shallow borings of coral reefs geological and geomorphological studies of the coast of mangaia island have revealed that there was a higher sea level than the present in the mid holocene the heights and ages of emerged microatolls on the emerged bench indicate that the sea reached a maximum level of 1 7 m around 4000 3400 yr b p and then emergence is considered to have occurred between 3400 and 2900 yr b p at the same time the reef crest formed in the period from 5000 to 3400 yr b p emerged above the sea and suffered erosion as a result of this change in sea level upward reef growth from the fore reef slope began to form a new reef crest by 2000 yr b p to seaward of the old reef crest the reef margin of mangaia grew outward intermittently with seaward jump of the reef front in accordance with a fall of sea level in the late holocene the presence of fossil reef crests or eroded algal ridges on modern reef flats is a rather common feature in the south pacific the geomorphic development of such features on reef flats can be explained by the effect of the late holocene fall in sea level

quaternary sediment sequence at skala podil ska dniester river basin ukraine preliminary results of multi proxy analyses abstract the terrestrial deposit sequence of the skala podil ska site in the middle dniester area provides high resolution records of the older part of the quaternary the profile represents a unique environment of sedimentation on the undulated palaeosurface of the podolian plateau characterized by relatively weak intensity of loess accumulation processes and relatively strong intensity of post deposition processes pedogenesis and erosion the skala podil ska succession contains fluvial paludal fluvial and loess sediments the latter with seven well developed interglacial palaeosols which were studied in catenas the palaeoenvironmental information is based on the results of multi proxy studies based on palaeomagnetic the mbb the blake event and palaeobiologic evidence a regional chronological scheme was made the stratigraphic division of the skala podil ska profile is tentatively correlated with the main stratigraphic units of the pre pleistocene and pleistocene in ukraine poland and western europe

sea level rise a review of recent past and near future trends global mean sea level is a potentially sensitive indicator of climate change global warming will contribute to worldwide sea level rise slr from thermal expansion of ocean water melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets a number of studies mostly using tide gauge data from the permanent service for mean sea level bidston observatory england have obtained rates of global slr within the last 100 years that range between 0 3 and 3 mm yr 1 with most values concentrated between 1 and 2 mm yr 1 however the reliability of these results has been questioned because of problems with data quality and physical processes that introduce a high level of spatial and temporal variability sources of uncertainty in the sea level data include variations in winds ocean currents river runoff vertical earth movements and geographically uneven distribution of long term records crustal motions introduce a major source of error to a large extent these can be filtered by employing palaeo sea level proxies and geophysical modelling to remove glacio isostatic changes ultimately satellite geodesy will help resolve the inherent ambiguity between the land and ocean level changes recorded by tide gauges future sea level is expected to rise by 1 m with a best guess value of 48 cm by the year 2100 such rates represent an acceleration of four to seven times over present rates local land subsidence could substantially increase the apparent slr for example louisiana is currently experiencing slr trends nearly 10 times the global mean rate these recently reduced slr estimates are based on climate models that predict a zero to negative contribution to slr from antarctica most global climate models gcms indicate an ice accumulation over antarctica because in a warmer world precipitation will exceed ablation snow melt however the impacts of attritional processes such as thinning of the ice shelves have been downplayed according to some experts furthermore not all climate models are in agreement opposite conclusions may be drawn from the results of other gcms in addition the west antarctic ice sheet is potentially subject to dynamic and volcanic instabilities that are difficult to predict because of the great uncertainty in slr projections careful monitoring of future sea level trends by upgraded tide gauge networks and satellite geodesy will become essential finally because of the high spatial variability in crustal subsidence rates wave climates and tidal regimes it will be the set of local conditions especially the relative sea level rise rather than a single global mean sea level trend that will determine each locality s vulnerability to future slr

holocene sea level changes in french polynesia abstract new data on holocene sea levels have been obtained in 28 atolls and 10 high islands in the society tuamotu gambier and austral islands in an area of the south pacific as wide as western europe sea level indicators are often very accurate 0 1 m and include exposed corals abandoned algal ridges and reef frameworks in growth position emerged tidal notches and skeletal reef conglomerates in which the position of the former low water level at the time of cementation has been determined by petrological analysis over 110 new samples have been dated by radiocarbon the overall pattern is that of a msl standstill at 0 8 1 0 m between 5000 and 1250 yr b p a set of radiocarbon dated samples covering the period 4500 1250 yr b p almost continuously is evidence that lasting msl drops could not ever have occurred below 0 7 m throughout this time the highest sea level peak about 1 0 m seems to have been reached between 2000 and 1500 yr b p since 1500 yr b p msl has been dropping gradually from about 1 0 m to the present position which has been reached only recently some islands show however a slightly different pattern the holocene emergence is smaller than average in moorea and tahiti and larger in rurutu makatea anaa and possibly hereheretue some data suggest also the possibility of a slight increase in the holocene emergence towards the south possible geodynamic isostatic oceanic and climatic causes of the sea level variations observed are discussed

loess paleosol formation on the russian plain abstract the east european loess province is the largest one not only in the northern hemisphere but also on the earth the chronostratigraphic scheme for this province was worked out on the basis of data obtained by different research methods accumulation of loess like deposits began at the end of the pliocene in the post akchagilian time deposition of silt material and loess formation began in the second half of the eopleistocene during this period up to the holocene about 1 ma 6 interglacial soil complexes can be identified according to paleomagnetic data the brunhes matuyama boundary occurs within the don loess which corresponds to maximum don glaciation of eastern europe the composition of the loess paleosol complex of the middle pleistocene is much more complicated there are 3 interglacial soil horizons overlain by the middle pleistocene moraine of the dnieper glaciation a well developed interstadial soil horizon bryansk soil can be distinguished within the late pleistocene formation 32 26 ka bp the structure of the loess paleosol complex varies over different regions of the east european loess province these differences can be shown on a new type of map that of loess paleosol chronocomplexes

potentialities uncertainties and complexities in the response of coral reefs to future sea level rise coral islands formed of largely unconsolidated sands only a few metres above sea level are thought to be particularly vulnerable to sea level rise consequent upon global warming however scenarios which predict catastrophic flooding and loss of island area need reassessment particularly in the light of the continued downwards revision of projected rates of future sea level rise revised questions concern the interactions between reef growth and sea level change biophysical constraints on coral growth and the importance to reef systems of potential changes in the magnitude frequency and location of tropical cyclones and hurricanes it is clear that most reefs have the growth potential to meet even the highest of future sea level rise scenarios but too little is known about physiological and physical constraints to reef growth to adequately evaluate the importance of these two factors in constraining this potential at the present time future sea level rise in the tropical oceans and coral reef responses will take place against a backdrop of inter regional differences in holocene sea levels resulting from the varying interaction of eustatic and hydro isostatic processes these differences have generated varying constraints on the development of modern reefs and varying inherited topographies upon which future sea level changes will be superimposed these controls are particularly important in assessing differences in vulnerability to future sea level rise for reef islands in the pacific ocean and the caribbean sea

platforms of the nicaraguan rise examples of the sensitivity of carbonate sedimentation to excess trophic resources the nicaraguan rise is an active tectonic structure in the western caribbean carbonate accumulation on its platforms has not kept pace with relative holocene sea level rise despite a tropical location remote from terrigenous sedimentation trophic resources apparently exceed levels favoring coral reef development because sponge algal communities dominate the drowning western platforms in contrast to mixed coral algal benthos on pedro bank and well developed coral reefs along the north coast of jamaica concentrations of biotic pigments in sea surface waters show a corresponding west east gradient oceanic waters flowing over the western banks carry nearly twice as much biotic pigment as oceanic waters north of jamaica sources enriching the western caribbean are terrestrial runoff upwelling off northern south america and topographic upwelling over the nicaraguan rise that relatively modest levels of trophic resources can suppress coral reef development holds important implications for understanding carbonate platform drownings in the geologic record

pedosedimentary division rock magnetism and chronology of the loess palaeosol sequence at roxolany ukraine abstract the loess mantle of the viii dniestre terrace at roxolany in the black sea area of ukraine is subdivided into six units which encompass the following palaeosol taxons pedocomplexes pk with evidence for several soil forming and sedimentary episodes incipient monogenetic palaeosols and horizons of carbonate concretions these cyclical loess palaeosol units provide a depositional record from the end of the matuyama chron through the holocene the detailed pedosedimentary subdivision of loesses at roxolany is generally consistent with magnetic susceptibility depth functions and seems to reflect global climatic variations earlier chronologies guidebook of the international geological congress xxvii session 1984 are re estimated on the basis of a revised position of the matuyama brunhes boundary and by detailed rock magnetic and micromorphological studies the strongly developed chernosem of pk 4 at approximately 22 m depth showing features of rubefication and the highest magnetic susceptibility value is viewed as a good stratigraphic marker of the late cromerian and seems to represent the climatic optimum of the brunhes chron oxygen isotope stage 13 the uppermost pk 2 is represented in the lower part by a chernosem analogous to surface soils of the area and is argued to be no younger than the last interglacial oxygen isotope stage 5e the poor preservation of pk 2 seems to result from processes of soil degradation and deflation at the time of interglacial glacial transition the closely spaced palaeosols between pk 2 and pk 4 seem to relate to three independent interglacials highest resolution of the palaeoclimatic record is found at the final matuyama chron from pk 9 to pk 8 and in incipient soils that contain either humic horizons with enhanced magnetic susceptibility or only horizons of large carbonate concretions

computer simulations of tsunamis due to sector collapse at stromboli italy abstract stromboli is an island volcano of the aeolian volcanic arc characterised by persistent activity the cone rises about 2500 3000 m from its submarine base with very steep slopes its summit at 924 m above the sea level the subaerial growth of stromboli occurred in the last 100 ka has been marked by repeated episodes of large gravitational collapses especially affecting the nw flank of the island in the last 13 ka the last one occurred less than 5000 years ago forming the deep depression on the nw seaward flank named sciara del fuoco sdf and it produced very likely large water waves this paper envisages a scenario where a huge mass of volcanic material collapses into the sea in the same sector in which the sdf collapse took place in holocenic times and it computes possible tsunami evolutions assuming the present day bathymetry numerical simulations are performed by means of two distinct models one for the mass collapse and one for the tsunami slope failure dynamics are calculated with the aid of a lagrangian model the landslide is subdivided into blocks and the motion of each constituent block is calculated by applying the basic principle of mechanical momentum conservation with block block and block ambient interactions being taken into account water waves are computed by solving a system of shallow water equations including a forcing term dependent on the sliding mass motion the finite element fe technique is employed since it permits the use of non uniform grids which are adequate to account for marine basins with irregular coastlines in addition to the sensitivity analysis concerning the main parameters governing the slide motion two main cases are explored differing in the slide path followed by the mass the resulting tsunami is very large with giant waves as high as several meters tens of meters in the worst cases impinging the coast due to the strong wave refraction induced by bathymetry waves travel around the island affecting even the island coast opposite the source

field survey of the 1994 mindoro island philippines tsunami this is a report of the field survey of the november 15 1994 mindoro island philippines tsunami generated by an earthquake m 7 0 with a strike slip motion we will report runup heights from 54 locations on luzon mindoro and other smaller islands in the cape verde passage between mindoro and luzon most of the damage was concentrated along the northern coast of mindoro runup height distribution ranged 3 4 m at the most severely damaged areas and 2 4 in neighboring areas the tsunami affected area was limited to within 10 km of the epicenter the largest recorded runup value of 7 3 m was measured on the southwestern coast of baco island while a runup of 6 1 m was detected on its northern coastline the earthquake and tsunami killed 62 people injured 248 and destroyed 800 houses as observed in other recent tsunami disasters most of the casualties were children nearly all eyewitnesses interviewed described the first wave as a leading depression wave eyewitnesses reported that the main direction of tsunami propagation was sw in subaang bay se in wawa and calapan ne on baco island and n on verde island suggesting that the tsunami source area was in the southern pass of verde island and that the wave propagated rapidly in all directions the fault plane extended offshore to the n of mindoro island with its rupture originating s of verde island and propagating almost directly south to the inland of mindoro thereby accounting for the relatively limited damage area observed on the n of mindoro

seismic signals associated with landslides and with a tsunami at stromboli volcano italy in this article we analyze the seismic signals produced by two landslides that occurred at the stromboli volcano on 30 december 2002 recorded by both broadband and short period seismic stations located in the 2 5 22 km distance range from the source for both landslides the characteristics of the low frequency seismograms indicate a complex time history in the release of seismic energy the first landslide occurred over the submerged part of the northwest sector of the volcano and had associated a large amplitude low frequency pulse representative of the abrupt detachment of a large mass lower amplitude phases in the following 3 minutes possibly indicate minor detachment events the highest amplitude low frequency signals are well described by a single force source model the second mass failure episode is also characterized by a complex source and can be interpreted as a multiple event with a less abrupt onset and at least four detachments occurring during 4 5 minutes and producing low frequency signals synthetic seismograms generated by a shallow single force located in the submerged area of sciara del fuoco and directed upslope fit well the first low frequency seismic pulse recorded at stromboli and panarea by three component stations from this simulation we estimated the force exerted by the first mass failure the estimate of the volume through two different procedures gives values in the range of 1 0 1 5 million m3 and about 14 million m3 respectively the landslides which involved both the submarine and the subaerial northwest flank of the volcano produced a tsunami that struck the coast of stromboli island and in a few minutes reached the other islands of the aeolian archipelago three broadband seismic stations installed on land about 100 m from the coastline at panarea island located 20 km southwest of stromboli recorded very long period seismic signals produced by the tsunami waves analysis of these signals gives invaluable information on the spectral content and propagation properties of tsunami waves and on their interaction with the ground at a short distance from the coast synthetic tsunami waves obtained by a landslide source model and taking into account the bathymetry of the sea surrounding stromboli and panarea islands fit the observed phenomena and the experimental data very well manuscript received 19 november 2003

a global perspective of the european chronostratigraphy for the past 650 ka abstract characteristic global climatic events are employed to interpret the regional land based european stratigraphy the chinese loess record shows well expressed continuous and reliably dated climatic signals of worldwide significance which are well correlated with the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy the sequence in the surroundings of ferdinandow in poland plays a key role in the correlation of the european stratigraphy with the loess record and the oxygen isotope record in particular the complex but well expressed ferdinandowian interglacial is a key marker because it shows striking similarities with the most pronounced soil complex of the last 700 ka years of the chinese loess sequence s5 and by correlation oxygen isotope stages ois 13 15 it follows that the holsteinian interglacial corresponds with the s4 soil and ois 11 this appears to be confirmed by sequences deposited in the craters of the central massif france problems of regional stratigraphical correlation in europe persist but is suggested that a general framework is now established

the significance of cryoturbation phenomena in environmental reconstruction cryoturbation results mainly from differential heave related to 1 drainage and thermal conditions and 2 frost susceptibility loadcasting and cryostatic pressures are restricted to wet soils such as pure silt or silty sand the translocation of fine particles resulting from repeated freezing and thawing can promote frost susceptibility in a previously non susceptible material as well as a loss in stability of the surface horizons liquefaction small and metric scale cryoturbations can be explained by this process large scale deformations and injections may be related to abnormal liquefaction not necessarily associated with frost regular patterns are associated with fissure nets upturned injections in a downslope direction attest to cryoturbation and frost creep a lowering of the water table promotes the formation of drop like cryoturbations most of which can be related to seasonal frost in imperfectly to poorly drained soils they are not indicative of permafrost except in well drained situations or in the case of flat bottomed involutions

towards an orbital time scale for chinese loess deposits abstract in this study we analyzed the grain size of the baoji loess soil sequence at 10 cm intervals results show that grain size variations are very sensitive to loess soil alternations with loess units being much coarser than soils such a change in loess soil grains is interpreted as the result of the glacial interglacial cyclic variations in the intensity of the winter monsoon winds out of siberia the grain size record is thus employed as a proxy indicator of the winter monsoon circulation and tuned to the orbital records calculated recently by berger and loutre 1991 under the control of major magnetic reversals the tuning is independent of any correlation with 18o signals in the deep sea sediments the resulting grain size time scale is tightly constrained as suggested by the following facts 1 the filtered obliquity and precession components from the grain size data on the orbital time scale closely match the theoretical orbital records 2 ages of the major magnetic reversals estimated from the grain size time scale are in good agreement with the k ar dated ages 3 there is close coherence between the baoji grain size time series and the orbital variations at the orbital frequency bands over the entire 0 2 5 ma period and 4 the grain size record on the orbital time scale shows a close similarity to the orbitally tuned dsdp site 607 and odp site 677 18o records examination of time dependent characteristics of the grain size record suggests that there are two major shifts of dominant periodicities in the long term monsoonal cycles one occurring at about 0 8 ma bp and the other around 1 7 ma bp

stratigraphy and chronology of the periphery of the scandinavian ice sheet at the foot of the ukrainian carpathians abstract the article presents the results of research on the formation conditions and the age of glaciogenic deposits left by the scandinavian ice sheet in the eastern carpathian foreland in its part drained by the dniester river and its tributaries black sea basin these deposits till erratics glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments preserved only in some places and occurring in the range of altitudes defined by terrace vi early pleistocene and terrace v middle pleistocene are the southernmost traces of the ice sheet in europe they are underlain by fluvial deposits and overlain by loess deposits and locally occur as intraloess layers the following research methods were used geomorphological mapping sedimentological lithological micromorphological palaeopedological and palaeontological analyses as well as luminescence dating the obtained results allowed a reconstruction to be made of the main stages of morphogenesis and the style of the ice sheet advance at its maximum extent defined as the sambor phase the area was glaciated during mis 12 elsterian ii sanian 2 okanian as indicated by the occurrence of a complete middle upper pleistocene loess palaeosol sequence the oldest palaeosol s4 i e sokal mazovian zavadivka soil that developed directly on the glaciogenic deposits or loess l5 is correlated with the holsteinian likhvinian interglacial mis 11

sea level and coral atolls late holocene emergence in the indian ocean the cocos keeling islands in the eastern indian ocean were visited by charles darwin who described geomorphological evidence that he considered supported his subsidence theory of coral reef development however several other accounts of the reef islands have questioned darwin9s interpretation and have suggested that a conglomerate platform that underlies most of the reef islands may indicate recent emergence of the atoll radiocarbon ages on corals from this conglomerate platform reported here indicate that it formed in the late holocene fossil in situ microatolls above present upper coral growth limits the elevation of associated beachrock and the morphological similarity of the conglomerate platform to the present reef flat deposits indicate a late holocene sea level above the present relative to the atoll the atoll has undergone at least 0 5 m of emergence since about 3000 yr b p this represents the first radiometrically dated evidence of holocene emergence from islands in the eastern or central indian ocean

coral reefs of the mascarenes western indian ocean the reefs of the mascarenes differ in structure and stage of development mauritius is the oldest island bound by a discontinuous fringing reef and small barrier reef with large lagoon patch reefs rodrigues has nearly continuous fringing reefs bounding an extensive lagoon with deep channels and few patch reefs reunion the youngest island has short stretches of narrow fringing reefs along southwestern coasts the islets of st brandon are bound to the east by an extensive arc of fringing reef reef mapping of the mascarenes using satellite imagery provides an estimate of 705 km 2 of shallow reef habitats these areas have been modified over geological time by changes in sea level ocean atmosphere disturbances and biological and chemical forcing further modification has resulted from historical changes in land use patterns recent economic development has placed many of these reefs at risk from anthropogenic impact the reefs of the mascarenes have escaped mass mortality from bleaching to date which increases their conservation significance within the wider indian ocean the reefs are poorly protected a case study shows how a geographic information system incorporating reef habitat maps can help formulate and demonstrate marine protected area boundaries

twenty five years of progress in the science of geological tsunamis following the 1992 nicaragua and flores events we review a set of 47 tsunamis of geological origin triggered by earthquakes landslides or volcanoes which have occurred over the past 25 years and provided significant new insight into theoretical experimental field or societal aspects of tsunami science among the principal developments in our command of various aspects of tsunamis we earmark the development of the w phase inversion for the low frequency moment tensor of the parent earthquake the abandonment of the concept of a maximum earthquake magnitude for a given subduction zone controlled by simple plate properties the development and implementation of computer codes simulating the interaction of tsunamis with initially dry land at beaches thus introducing a quantitative component to realistic tsunami warning procedures and the recent in situ investigation of current velocities in addition to the field of surface displacements during the interaction of tsunamis with harbors continued research remains warranted notably in the field of the real time identification of tsunami earthquakes whose tsunamis are larger than expected from their seismic magnitudes especially conventional ones the recent tragedy during the 2018 krakatau flank collapse along a scenario which had been quantitatively forecast also emphasizes the need for a continued effort in the education of the populations at risk

lithospheric thickness antarctic deglaciation history and ocean basin discretization effects in a global model of postglacial sea level change a summary of some sources of nonuniqueness the global model of postglacial relative sea level variations that has been developed over the past decade is employed to investigate the constraints that it may be invoked to place on the timing of the deglaciation of west antarctica the analyses presented here confirm the suggestion of p wu and w r peltier 1983 geophysical journal of the royal astronomical society74 377 450 that the model of this event employed inj a clark and c s lingle 1979quaternary research11 279 298 may be simply modified to rectify the misfits between theory and observation that are otherwise obtained at southern hemisphere sites a large number of southern hemisphere relative sea level data are shown to require that the retreat of antarctic ice substantially lagged the retreat of northern hemisphere ice if the deglaciation of antarctica was abrupt the time of onset of antarctic deglaciation is thereby shown to coincide with the time of most rapid northern hemisphere deglaciation sensitivity tests are performed which demonstrate that this result is relatively insensitive to the discretization employed to represent the ocean basins the only exception to this general rule obtains at some coastal sites at which a trade off is revealed between the delay of west antarctic melting and the thickness of the lithosphere required to reconcile the observed local variations of relative sea level at such sites which are all in the far field of the ice sheets some attention must be paid to the accuracy of the local finite element representation of the oceans and to the details of the antarctic deglaciation history

climatic implications of the s5 paleosol complex on the southernmost chinese loess plateau the s5 is the most prominent paleosol unit in the chinese loess plateau and is distinguished by its great thickness dark color and well developed clay coatings previous studies led to the proposal that the s5 developed under much warmer and wetter conditions than at present implying a climatic optimum however the s5 is a paleosol complex corresponding in time to a period of weak glacial interglacial oscillations as recorded by marine oxygen isotope stages 15 through 13 to understand the character of this climatic interval two profiles of the paleosol s5 in the guanzhong basin were studied with most of the emphasis being placed on the uppermost and best developed pedon s5 i grain size mineralogical and chemical data indicate that the major pedogenic processes experienced by the s5 i included complete decalcification and mechanical translocation of fine particles chemical alteration of silicate minerals has been weak stable carbon isotope analyses of organic matter showed that c4 plant remains are abundant throughout the profiles these results suggest that grasslands dominated the paleovegetation during s5 i development the prominent development of the s5 paleosol complex may reflect a prolonged period of pedogenesis in contrast to previous reports paleoclimatic conditions perhaps even drier than at present are implied by the data for the s5 profiles the relative strength of the glacial interglacial oscillation in this region related to the east asian monsoon was similar to that indicated for global climate during s5 time

tsunami trapping near circular islands trapping of long water waves that are induced by submarine earthquakes and that attack circular islands is studied by applying a theoretical model tinti andvannini 1994 that is based on the linear shallow water approximation the solution is computed as the superposition of the eigenmodes of the water basin the tsunami trapping is seen in terms of the capability of the source to excite the trapped eigenmodes of the basin the bottom depth dependence around the island is shown to be quite important in determining the trapping capability of the island a depth profile that is downwardly concave as the distance from the island coasts increases is substantially more efficient in amplifying the incoming waves and in trapping their energy than a profile exhibiting an upward concavity

eopleistocene and lower mesopleistocene paleosols in the zahvizdja profile in the east carpathian foreland w ukraine abstract the zahvizdja profile is situated in the east carpathian foreland in the catchment of the bystrycja solotvyns ka river a carpathian tributary of the dniester river this profile is connected with a terrace surface rising about 80 m above the valley floor this terrace was formed as a result of dissection of the planation level reaching 360 380 m a s l villafranchien tortonian marine clays are covered with quaternary deposits 22 m thick which consist of three main units a lower alluvial gravel sand mud a middle clay silt and the upper loess eight interglacial paleosols occur in the profile of the quaternary deposits especially interesting in this profile is the middle unit containing four forest type soils in the unit the soils are distinguished by cryogenic deformational structures the paleomagnetic boundary brunhes matuyama occurs in the b horizon of the second soil from the bottom in the middle unit of the zahvizdja profile four warming and four cooling events are recorded warm phases were characterized by temperate wet climate warmer than during the mesopleistocene interglacials periglacial climate occurred in the cold phases and signs of cooling became gradually more intense we relate these climatic phases to the upper part of eopleistocene and the lower part of the pleistocene

landslide tsunamis propagating around a conical island an analytical forced two horizontal dimension model is derived to investigate landslide tsunamis propagating around a conical island lying on a flat continental platform separation of variables and laplace transform are used to obtain the free surface elevation in the whole domain and the runup at the shoreline in terms of confluent heun functions the main properties of these functions and their asymptotic behaviour for large parameters are investigated expression of the transient leading wave travelling offshore is also derived the distinguishing physical features of landslide tsunamis propagating in a round geometry are then pointed out and compared with those of landslide tsunamis propagating along a straight coast analytical results satisfactorily agree with available experimental data

observations of physical effects from tsunamis of december 30 2002 at stromboli volcano southern italy on december 30 2002 following an intense period of activity of stromboli volcano south tyrrhenian sea italy complex mass failures occurred on the northwest slope of the mountain which also involved the underwater portion of the volcanic edifice for a total volume of about 2 3 107 m3 two main landslides occurred within a time separation of 7 min and both set tsunami waves in motion that hit the coasts of stromboli causing injuries to three people and severe damage to buildings and structures the tsunamis also caused damage on the island of panarea some 20 km to the sse from the source they were observed all over the aeolian archipelago at the island of ustica to the west along the northern sicily coasts to the south as well as along the tyrrhenian coasts of calabria to the east and in campania to the north this paper presents field observations that were made in the days and weeks immediately following the events the results of the quantitative investigations undertaken in the most affected places namely along the coasts of stromboli and on the island of panarea are reported in order to highlight the dynamics of the attacking waves and their impact on the physical environment on the coastal structures and on the coastal residential zone in stromboli the tsunami waves were most violent along the northern and northeastern coastal belt between punta frontone and the village of scari with maximum runup heights of about 11 m measured on the beach of spiaggia longa measured runups were observed to decay rapidly with distance from the source typical of tsunami waves generated by limited area sources such as landslides

dimensionless morphological ratios versus stream power variations at bankfull stage in an ephemeral channel abstract dimensionless morphological ratios dmr generally are used in systemic proposals for stream classification and river restoration projects often such morphometric parameters including field data from channel cross sections develop into a template for a given geomorphic reference site in this study high resolution digital terrain models hrdtms combined with orthophotographs from 2018 and ground based surveys were used to analyze the spatial variability of dmr in a semi arid ephemeral stream subject to changes in stream power under bankfull conditions in particular a channel reach of 2 7 km in length along the upper mula stream in southeastern spain was chosen to test the relationships between the two types of variables rosgen s dmr width to depth ratio entrenchment ratio bank height ratio and hydraulic data at bankfull stage flow velocity froude number shear stress mean stream power and energy gradient among others were calculated by 1d hydrodynamic modeling and hrdtms prior entry of field information the resulting maps allowed comparison of stream power with dmr in relation to the channel stretch class and bed stability the results showed similar spatial patterns for the width to depth ratio and the bank height ratio the average values estimated in bend stretches were lower than along straight and slightly sinuous stretches and very similar to those of sub reaches from the inflection point to the meander bend apex however the entrenchment ratio followed a different pattern according to which the straight and slightly sinuous stretches were the most entrenched and the bend stretches presented a more moderate average entrenchment ratio in addition the energy balance and power gradient also experienced spatial variations in relation to the bed stability and dmr only in highly incised sub reaches were such relationships not significant the lack of a significant correlation between excess energy and bank height ratio or width to depth ratio over short lag distances was also verified regardless of the affected bedforms an anova showed important differences between the straight and slightly sinuous stretches and bend stretches which were strongly influenced by the incision and entrenchment ratios and the maximum bankfull depth