their lips are sealed identifying hard stone soft stone and antler hammer direct percussion in palaeolithic prismatic blade production the present experiment examined the differentiation between hard stone soft stone and antler hammer in upper palaeolithic direct percussion prismatic blade production through the experimental knapping by two knappers who were asked to produce a series of medium sized blades the use of two knappers in the experiment tested knapper variability in the resultant experimental assemblage while the majority of the attributes of blades and proximal fragments including the presence of lipping platform preparation bulb presence and prominence and curvature amongst others did not vary significantly in regards to which hammer type either knapper used a number of blade attributes differed significantly yet weakly and there was almost no direct correlation between the individual knappers blades and the hammer type they used this suggests strongly that for a given goal of producing medium sized blades this can be accomplished equally well using antler hard stone or soft stone hammers and the resultant blades will be difficult to tell apart therefore based on the results of this series of knapping experiments we would be hesitant in using the 21 variables tested here to differentiate between blades produced with antler hard stone and soft stone hammer types in the archaeological record

westward propagation of north anatolian fault into the northern aegean timing and kinematics comment and reply based on stratigraphical and structural evidence armijo et al 1999 1 considered that the north anatolian fault has 70 85 km total offset in the marmara region of northwest turkey they also suggested that the fault reached the marmara region 7 5 ma their main stratigraphic evidence is a

advances in marine chemistry 1979 1982 these four years saw advances in many areas further developments in sampling and analytical techniques have opened new avenues of exploration for trace elements and particulate matter the impact of the geosecs expedition was further felt in the field of marine chemistry as the results were still being published a major field effort occurred as a follow on to the geosecs work tto and intensive sampling was performed in the newly discovered submarine hydrothermal vent fields an important and unresolved controversy has arisen regarding the ability to measure preformed co2 in the seawater system in many respects the field of marine chemistry appears to be gaining a momentum spurred by both improvements in analytic techniques and an increasing social and economic relevance

dating of sediments using accelerator mass spectrometry abstract an assessment is given of the current status and future prospects for the dating of recent sediments by the direct counting of radionuclides cosmogenic natural terrestrial and artificial using accelerator based mass spectrometers relevant isotopes and equipment are discussed the latter with particular reference to the 3 mv electrostatic accelerator system of the university of toronto inherent difficulties of the new method are outlined and possible applications are identified the ability to obtain radiocarbon dates from very small samples e g 100 g c illustrates the promise of the method

210po and210pb distributions in the central and eastern indian ocean abstract disequilibrium between 210 po and 210 pb and between 210 pb and 226 ra has been mapped in the eastern and central indian ocean based on stations from legs 3 and 4 of the geosecs indian ocean expedition 210 po 210 pb activity ratios are less than 1 0 in the surface mixed layer and indicate a residence time for po of 0 6 years 210 po and 210 pb are generally in radioactive equilibrium elsewhere in the water column except at depths of 100 500 m where po may be returned to solution after removal from the surface water and in samples taken near the bottom at a few stations 210 pb excesses relative to 226 ra are observed in the surface water but these excesses are not as pronounced as in the north pacific and north atlantic the difference is attributable to a lower flux of 210 pb from the atmosphere to the indian ocean below the main thermocline 210 pb activities increase with depth to a broad maximum before decreasing to lower values near the bottom departures from this pattern are especially evident at stations taken in the bay of bengal where 210 pb 226 ra activity ratios as low as 0 16 are observed and near the mid indian ridge the data suggest that removal of 210 pb at oceanic boundaries coupled with eddy diffusion along isopycnals can explain gradients in 210 pb near the boundary application of a simple model including isopycnal diffusion chemical removal production and radioactive decay produces fits the observed 210 pb 226 ra gradients for eddy diffusion coeffients of 10 7 cm 2 s high productivity in surface waters of the bay of bengal makes this region a sink for reactive nuclides in the northern indian ocean

advection and removal of 210pb and stable pb isotopes in the oceans a general circulation model study abstract natural pb isotope variability in the oceans encodes information about the sources of continental material to the oceans about ocean circulation and about pb removal in order to use this information we must understand the natural cycle of pb in the oceans which is overprinted by large anthropogenic input in this study we use 210 pb which has not been significantly anthropogenically perturbed to investigate oceanic pb geosecs 226 ra and model derived atmospheric fluxes of 210 pb are used to input 210 pb into an ocean general circulation model irreversible scavenging of this 210 pb onto settling biogenic particles and at the seafloor are tuned so that the model replicates the observed pattern of 210 pb in the oceans the best fit model run provides a map of the variability of residence time for pb the global average residence time of pb in this model is 48 yr but there is over an order of magnitude variation between areas of high and low productivity this is expected to enhance provinciality of pb isotope ratios in the oceans because stable pb isotopes are expected to behave in seawater in a similar fashion to 210 pb the pattern of removal of 210 pb derived by the model can be used to investigate the behavior of stable pb isotopes we use a simplified input of pb consisting of five point sources representing major rivers and a disseminated dust input although this simplified input scheme does not allow precise reconstruction of pb concentration and isotopes in the oceans it allows us to answer some first order questions about the behavior of pb as an ocean tracer with a total pb input of 6 3 10 7 mol yr chow t j and patterson c c the occurrence and significance of pb isotopes in pelagic sediments geochim cosmochim acta 26 263 308 1962 the model predicts natural seawater pb concentrations averaging 2 2 pmol kg even in the absence of anthropogenic input the model ocean exhibits a near surface maximum in pb concentration and the model suggests natural pb concentrations in the northern hemisphere an order of magnitude higher than in the southern hemisphere a point source of pb is suggested to dominate the seawater pb inventory close to the source but is reduced to typically less than 10 of the inventory by the time that pb is advected out of the originating ocean this length scale of advection for pb isotope signals confirms their potential as tracers of ocean circulation assuming an 8 dissolution of dust their input to the open ocean are seen to be a significant portion of pb inventory throughout the oceans and make up 50 of the pb inventory in the model s southern ocean finally a preliminary investigation of the response of pb isotope distributions to changes in boundary conditions between glacial and interglacial times illustrates that significant variation in the pb isotopes are expected in some regions even for reasonably small changes in climate conditions

210pb and226ra distributions in the circumpolar waters abstract 210 pb and 226 ra profiles have been measured at five geosecs stations in the circumpolar region these profiles show that 226 ra is quite uniformly distributed throughout the circumpolar region with slightly lower activities in surface waters while 210 pb varies with depth as well as location or area there is a subsurface 210 pb maximum which matches the oxygen minimum in depth and roughly correlates with the temperature and salinity maxima this 210 pb maximum has its highest concentrations in the atlantic sector and appears to originate near the south sandwich islands northeast of the weddell sea concentrations in this maximum decrease toward the indian ocean sector and then become fairly constant along the easterly circumpolar current relative to 226 ra the activity of 210 pb is deficient in the entire water column of the circumpolar waters the deficiency increases from the depth of the 210 pb maximum toward the bottom and the 210 pb 226 ra activity ratio is lowest in the antarctic bottom water indicating a rapid removal of pb by particulate scavenging in the bottom layer and or a short mean residence time of the antarctic bottom water in the circumpolar region 226 ra is essentially linearly correlated with silica and barium in the circumpolar waters however close examination of the vertical profiles reveals that ba and si are more variable than 226 ra in this region

226ra in the western indian ocean abstract 226 ra profiles have been measured in the western indian ocean as part of the 1977 1978 indian ocean geosecs program these profiles show a general increase in deep and bottom water ra concentration from the circumpolar region to the arabian sea a deep ra maximum which originates in the arabian sea and in the somali basin at about 3000 m depth spreads southward into the mascarene basin and remains discernible in the madagascar and crozet basins in the western indian ocean the cold antarctic bottom water spreads northward under the possibly southward flowing deep water forming a clear benthic front along the crozet basin across the southwest indian ridge into the madagascar and mascarene basins the antarctic bottom water continues to spread farther north to the somali basin through the amirante passage at 10 s as a western boundary current the benthic front and other characteristic features in the western indian ocean are quite similar to those observed in the western pacific where the benthic front as a distinctive feature was first described by craig et al 15 across the mid indian ridge toward the ceylon abyssal plain near the triple junction ra profiles display a layered structure reflecting the topographic effect of the mid ocean ridge system on the mixing and circulation of the deep and bottom waters both ra and si show a deep maximum north of the madagascar basin linear relationships between these two elements are observed in the deep and bottom water with slopes increasing northward this suggests a preferential input of ra over si from the bottom sediments of the arabian sea and also from the flank sediments of the somali basin

the crustal structure of the eastern marmara region turkey by teleseismic receiver functions summary we study the crustal structure of eastern marmara region by applying the receiver function method to the data obtained from the 11 broad band stations that have been in operation since the 1999 earthquake the stacked single event receiver functions were modelled by an inversion algorithm based on a five layered crustal velocity model to reveal the firstorder shear velocity discontinuities with a minimum degree of trade off we observe crustal thickening from west 29 32 km to east 34 35 km along the north anatolian fault zone nafz but we observe no obvious crustal thickness variation from north to south while crossing the nafz the crust is thinnest beneath station ter 29 km located near the black sea coast in the west and thickest beneath station tar 35 km located inland in the southeast the average crustal thickness and s wave velocity for the whole regions are 31 2 km and 3 64 0 15 km s 1 respectively the eastern marmara region with its average crustal thickness high heat flow value 101 11 mw m 2 and with its remarkable extensional features seems to have a basin and range type characteristics but the higher average shear velocities 3 64 km s 1 and crustal thickening from 29 to 35 km towards the easternmost stations indicate that the crustal structure shows a transitional tectonic regime therefore we conclude that the eastern marmara region seems to be a transition zone between the marmara sea extensional domain and the continental anatolian inland region

chemical and radiochemical investigations of surface and deep particles of the indian ocean abstract the distribution of ash the non combustible fraction of marine suspended matter and concentrations of particulate al ca fe cr ni cu sr and234th in surface waters and of210pb 230th and234th in two vertical profiles 385 4400 m of the indian ocean are reported the ash concentrations in surface waters follow the primary productivity pattern with higher abundances in samples south of 40 s and lower concentrations in the equatorial and subtropical regions opaline silica and caco3 are the dominant components of the ash in samples from 40 s and from 7 n to 39 s respectively aluminosilicates are only a minor constituent of the surface particulate matter the metal al ratios in the surface particles are significantly higher compared to their corresponding crustal ratios for all the metals analyzed in this work comparison of enrichment factors between marine aerosols plankton and surface oceanic particles seem to indicate that this high metal al ratio in surface particles most likely arises from their involvement in marine biogeochemical cycles particulate234th activity in surface waters parallels the ash abundance implying that its scavenging efficiency from surface waters depends on the particulate concentration the particulate230th and210pb concentration profiles increase monotonously with depth it is difficult to ascribe this increase to a process other than the in situ vertical scavenging of230th and210pb from the water column by settling particles the mean settling velocities of particles calculated from the particulate230th data using a one dimensional settling model is about 2 10 3 cm s the settling velocity computed from the particulate230th profiles does not appear to be compatible with the particulate210pb depth profiles one possible explanation to account for the disparity would be that230th and210pb are scavenged by different size populations of particles on the whole the geographic distribution of particulate matter their composition and settling velocities in the atlantic pacific and indian oceans are similar indicating that they are controlled by quite similar processes in the marine hydrosphere

the gravettian and the epigravettian chronology in eastern central europe a comment on bosken et al 2017 abstract bosken et al 2017 aimed at contributing to the environmental variability of the gravettian population in southeastern europe during the last glacial maximum lgm with an interdisciplinary study at the upper palaeolithic site sagvar lyukas hill hungary however the classification of the site as gravettian is erroneous because the lgm archaeological record of eastern central europe is composed of findings of another culture the epigravettian this short comment on the paper of bosken et al 2017 presents the archaeological chronology between 34 and 16 kyr bp with a focus on the gravettian epigravettian dichotomy

sequential rotation of stretching axes and block rotations a structural and paleomagnetic study along the north anatolian fault abstract fault kinematics of the western part of the north anatolian fault an active transcurrent fault were investigated consistent successive counterclockwise rotation of incremental stretching directions was derived from the seven areas investigated we assumed that the changes in stretching directions correlate to the consistent rotation of one or several blocks caused by interaction of major fault segments in order to test this hypothesis we compared magnetic remanence directions measured within tertiary calc alkaline volcanic rocks with the changes in stretching direction in spite of the successive changes in stretching systematic changes in remanence directions were not observed most of the latter show no or low angular distances to the reference direction of d 335 i 50 both positive and negative signs are inferred for movements about subhorizontal and subvertical axes where magnetic remanence directions suggest rotation we conclude that changes in the overall deformation explain the systematic changes in incremental directions better than consistent external rotation a deformation path is proposed that includes ne sw and n s shortening during the paleogene and possibly lower miocene nw se shortening and penecontemporaneous local n s extension for the miocene and nw se to e w shortening and sw ne to n s extension for the pliocene until the present

krakow spadzista trench c2 new research and interpretations of gravettian settlement abstract this article summarizes results of the 2011 12 excavations of trench c2 at the krakow spadzista street site expanding upon the published stone inventory and animal remains discovered there in 1980 the earlier excavations provided important data about the gravettian settlement of southern poland but this more recent analysis has led to revision of the earlier information based on stratigraphic and planigraphical studies the previous cultural classification of the discovered inventory has been corrected most importantly the site area is now known not to have pavlovian early gravettian and epigravettian occupations as previously thought and the gravettian inventory from layer 6 is found to be richer and more diverse with dates around 24 20 000 14c bp the once thought presence of early gravettian settlements in the western part of lesser poland is hereby refuted and a more complex interpretation of the larger krakow spadzista sites multiple loci has been synthesized

spatial correlation of the aeromagnetic anomalies and seismogenic faults in the marmara region nw turkey abstract previous investigations into the deep structure of the marmara sea region revealed an existence of a rigid barrier located at the centre of the marmara sea thus the north anatolian fault naf was divided into three segments to the west of this barrier seismological records of two 5 year periods 1998 2002 and 2003 2007 indicate a decrease of seismic activity on and around this barrier it was previously shown if the fault movement reaches to magma its fractures are filled with magmatic material causing magnetic anomalies in this study advance processing methods are utilized to observe the spatial correlation between the aeromagnetic anomalies and the faults of the marmara region these are the reduction to the pole transformation rtp and second vertical derivative svd methods in particular svd map shows alignments which can be correlated with the faults these faults are the northern boundary yalova armutlu imrali and edincik faults length of the northern boundary fault nbf is about 50 60 km thus this fault would not produce strong earthquakes the edincik fault extends from east to the west and bends through wsw the length of this fault in connection with the imrali armutlu and yalova faults in the east exceeds 300 km and named the main fault zone mfz by the authors of this study these faults as a whole may produce strong earthquakes some seismic gaps are observed along with the imrali and edincik faults from the earthquake distribution records of two 5 year periods 1998 2002 and 2003 2007 as a conclusion there are high potentials of strong earthquake occurrences in these regions

westward propagation of the north anatolian fault into the northern aegean timing and kinematics we present new evidence for the propagation processes of the north anatolian fault folding in the dardanelles straits region allows us to document the timing of the deformation preceding and the finite displacement after the passage of the propagating tip of the fault the accuracy of the observations is due to interplay between deformation and the sea level changes in the mediterranean the well known messinian regression followed by the pliocene transgression the long term kinematics around the sea of marmara pull apart total displacement of about 85 km over the past 5 m y is similar to the present day kinematics deduced from space geodesy at a larger scale westward propagation of the north anatolian fault over nearly 2000 km in the past 10 m y appears to be associated with strain recovery suggesting that the continental lithosphere retains long term elasticity

structural interpretation of the marmara region nw turkey from aeromagnetic seismic and gravity data abstract the seismically active marmara region located in nw turkey lies on the westward end of the north anatolian fault naf the naf is well defined on land previous investigations of its extension in the marmara sea include marine bathymetry seismological activity and seismic profiles in this study faults and their configurations identified inland are extended into the marmara sea by means of aeromagnetic anomalies as well as seismic and gravity profiles the deep structure was resolved by constructing a map of the tertiary bottom shallow curie isotherm was determined by spectral analysis indicating a thinner crust in the northern marmara depression area with respect to the continental crust a combination of the geophysical data allows us to propose the existence of subsidence and isostatic equilibrium in the northern marmara sea a less active zone identified in the central high zone dividing the marmara sea into two parts may also be deduced from the seismic data this structural arrangement may play a key role in earthquakes that will affect the surrounding regions

reply to the gravettian and the epigravettian chronology in eastern central europe a comment on bosken et al 2017 abstract the concerns brought forward by lengyel and wilczynski 2017 deal mainly with the putatively erroneous archeostratigraphical classification of the sagvar upper paleolithic site in the context of two loess paleosol sequences that were investigated in bosken et al 2017 the aim of the original study by bosken et al 2017 was not to re evaluate the archeology of the site but to investigate the paleoenvironmental conditions according to the published literature it is still not clear how to allocate the site culturally while the authors were not in the position to validate a new archeological classification of the site the classical interpretation of the site was followed nevertheless possible future changes in the archeostratigraphy have no effect on the fidelity of the paleoenvironmental results which are based on absolutely dated proxy data

evaluation of earthquake potential along the northern anatolian fault zone in the marmara sea using comparisons of gps strain and seismotectonic parameters abstract seismotectonic parameters including the gutenberg richter b value and multifractal dimensions d2 and d15 of seismicity patterns both spatial and temporal were compared to gps derived maximum shear and dilatation strains measured in the marmara sea region of western turkey along the northern anatolian fault zone nafz comparisons of seismotectonic parameters and gps derived maximum shear and dilatation strain along the nafz in the vicinity of the 1999 m7 4 izmit earthquake reveal a positive correlation r 0 5 p 0 05 between average dilatation and the gutenberg richter b value significant negative correlation r 0 56 p 0 03 and r 0 56 p 0 02 was also observed between the spatial fractal dimension d2 and gps derived maximum geodetic and shear strain this relationship suggests that as maximum geodetic and shear strains increase seismicity becomes increasingly clustered anomalous interrelationships are observed in the marmara sea region prior to the izmit event along a bend in the nafz near the eastern end of the marmara sea known as the northern boundary fault nbf an asperity is located near the northwest end of the nbf along the 50 km length of the nbf gps strains become slightly compressive the correlation between b value and gps derived dilatation suggests that regions in compression have increased probability of larger magnitude rupture the nbf appears to serve as an impediment to the transfer of strain from east to west along the nafz recurrence times for large earthquakes along the nbf are larger than in surrounding areas temporal clustering of seismicity in the vicinity of the nbf may represent foreshocks of an impending rupture

226ra 210pb and210po in the red sea abstract profiles of 226 ra and dissolved 210 pb have been measured at several stations in the red sea at one station in the central red sea an expanded profile was measured including 226 ra and dissolved and particulate 210 pb and 210 po these profiles show several distinct features 1 226 ra displays a mid depth maximum of about 13 dpm 100 kg at about 500 m 2 dissolved 210 pb concentrations are uniformly low at about 2 dpm 100 kg with little lateral or vertical variation 3 the surface water 210 pb excess which is commonly observed in low latitude open ocean regions is entirely lacking 4 210 pb and 210 po activities are essentially identical to each other in both particulate and dissolved phases although 210 po activities appear somewhat lower 5 about 20 of the 210 pb and 210 po in the water column residues on particulate matter assuming the atmospheric 210 pb flux to be in the dissolved form and at the lower level of the normal range i e 0 5 dpm cm 2 yr the residence time of the dissolved pb is about 1 5 years however if the same atmospheric flux is entirely in particulate form then the residence time of the dissolved pb is about 5 years the residence time of pb in the particulate phase is less than 0 4 years if all the pb is removed only by sinking particles

palaeomagnetic evidence for substantial rotation of the almacik flake within the north anatolian fault zone nw turkey summary palaeomagnetic data on eocene rocks from within the almacik flake bounded by two strands of the north anatolian right lateral fault indicate that the flake has undergone an apparent counterclockwise rotation of about 148 on average we interpret this as a real 212 clockwise rotation because the almacik flake is entirely delimited by the right lateral north anatolian fault strands the only dominant post eocene structure in the area and because areas surrounding the flake do not show the same rotation this rotation must have occurred since the north anatolian fault originated in the late medial miocene late serravallian 11 5 ma and if so may imply either a larger total slip along it than hitherto estimated or that the almacik flake is the surface expression of a flower structure rotating above a shear zone narrower than the present width of the flake

on the sources and uses of obsidian during the paleolithic and mesolithic in poland abstract eighty six obsidian artifacts from twenty paleolithic and mesolithic archaeological sites in poland were analyzed using non destructive energy dispersive x ray fluorescence edxrf analysis and assigned to parent geological obsidian source chemical type results of the study the first country wide survey of its kind support the conclusion that the geological source of obsidian remained largely unchanged for thousands of years that obsidian use appears to have been minimal throughout the paleolithic and mesolithic regardless of distance to source that obsidian artifacts were used to perform the same functions as their non obsidian flint and radiolarite counterparts and that the distinct visual properties of volcanic glass may have contributed to its recognition as unique and exotic in different social contexts

210pb in the western indian ocean distribution disequilibrium and partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases dissolved210pb profiles are presented for 13 geosecs stations in the western indian ocean in surface water away from high southern latitudes 210pb is in excess over226ra due to the atmospheric fallout from decay of222rn except in the circumpolar region the dissolved210pb profiles display a gentle mid depth maximum similar to the corresponding226ra profiles the210pb 226ra activity ratio ranges from 1 6 in the surface water east of madagascar to 0 4 or less in the bottom water of all the basins the lowest ratio observed was 0 1 in the gulf of aden very close to the continental land mass a ratio of 0 6 divides the western indian ocean horizontally into two portions with the contour at shallower depth in the north than in the south the deep water disequilibrium is thus more extensive north of madagascar than south of it it appears that locality and bottom topography play a strong role in controlling the distributions of210pb and226ra as well as their extent of disequilibrium in the water column the mean residence time for pb with respect to particulate and boundary scavenging in the deep water ranges from about 15 to 75 years

global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern mediterranean and caucasus we present and interpret global positioning system gps measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988 1997 at 189 sites extending east west from the caucasus mountains to the adriatic sea and north south from the southern edge of the eurasian plate to the northern edge of the african plate sites on the northern arabian platform move 18 2 mm yr at n25 5 w relative to eurasia less than the nuvel 1a circuit closure rate 25 1 mm yr at n21 7 w preliminary motion estimates 1994 1997 for stations located in egypt on the northeastern part of africa show northward motion at 5 6 2 mm yr also slower than nuvel ia estimates 10 1 mm yr at n2 4 e eastern turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the anatolian plate the anatolian plate is de coupled from eurasia along the right lateral strike slip north anatolian fault naf we derive a best fitting euler vector for anatolia eurasia motion of 30 7 0 8 n 32 6 0 4 e 1 2 0 1 myr the euler vector gives an upper bound for naf slip rate of 24 1 mm yr we determine a preliminary gps arabia anatolia euler vector of 32 9 1 2 n 40 3 1 1 e 0 8 0 2 myr and an upper bound on left lateral slip on the east anatolian fault eaf of 9 1 mm yr the central and southern aegean is characterized by coherent motion internal deformation of 2 mm yr toward the sw at 30 1 mm yr relative to eurasia stations in the se aegean deviate significantly from the overall motion of the southern aegean showing increasing velocities toward the trench and reaching 10 1 mm yr relative to the southern aegean as a whole

regional heat flow in western anatolia using silica temperature estimates from thermal springs regional trends of variation of heat flow in western anatolia have been outlined using the silica temperature estimator on thermal springs silica heat flow values from 187 springs have been calculated the data are corrected for local long term mean annual surface temperature a mean value of heat flow for the western part of anatolia of 107 45 mw m 2 has been obtained which is about 60 above the world average the silica heat flow data are compared with available conventional heat flow values for this region a general agreement is observed and new patterns are recognized a close association exists between areas of high silica heat flow values above 100 mw m 2 and areas of tertiary and younger volcanism high heat flow is also observed in palaeozoic units of the menderes massif which is under tensional stress the highest heat flow estimate of 247 mw m 2 is obtained near gediz 38 57 n 29 13 2 e this area is part of a seismically active region and is located near a middle eocene subduction zone which is an area of later collision tectonics the new heat flow data from western anatolia improve our knowledge of the thermal conditions within the crust this information is important for the analysis of various geophysical and geological phenomena including seismicity

variability of late gravettian lithic industries in southern poland a case study of the krakow spadzista and jaksice ii sites this article summarizes archaeological data obtained from two late gravettian assemblages discovered at krakow spadzista and jaksice ii sites at the krakow spadzista site different tool types in each zone were discovered what could be a reflection of the varied activities carried out on each part of the site from the other hand at jaksice cite a homogeneous lithic assemblage with a predominance of the armatures was discovered these two inventories differ fundamentally both in terms of the raw materials used tool making technologies as well as the lithic typology and morphology these dissimilarities could be observed not only between above mentioned sites but also among other late gravettian localities known from central europe and they concern primarily retouched tool assemblages this leads us to conclude that in this period we could observe a mosaic of dissimilar inventories but at least at the current stage of research they do not define any group of sites either geographically or chronologically whether this is the reflection of cultural diversity or seasonally varied assemblages used by palaeolithic hunter gatherers we can not unriddle we could only state that the problem is most complicated and needs more detailed studies focused not only on the lithic artefacts but also on faunal remains chronology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction only the correlation of all this data can bring us closer to solving the problem of the diversification of the late gravettian industries