unravelling changing sediment sources in a mediterranean mountain catchment a bayesian fingerprinting approach to determine the provenance of holocene floodplain deposits of the bugduz catchment in southwest turkey a bayesian fingerprinting approach was used an important requirement for any provenance study is that the potential sediment sources show sufficient spatial and compositional heterogeneity the spatial distribution of potential sources in this case the various lithologies present within the catchment was mapped using field observations and aster and quickbird satellite images to distinguish the source lithologies a set of geochemical tracers was identified using linear discriminant analysis this optimum fingerprint was then used in the mixing model to determine the sediment provenance the bayesian mixing model uses markov chain monte carlo random walks to determine the most probable source composition and mixing proportions the uncertainty associated with the input data can be incorporated into the model through prior probability distributions the spread of the posterior probability distributions represents the uncertainty associated with the mixing proportion calculation the main contrasts in the provenance of the floodplain deposits reflect the spatial distribution of potential sediment sources throughout the catchment there are however also important temporal variations in sediment provenance and lateral differences due to the nature of floodplain build up the observed spatial and temporal variability of sediment provenance gives a first indication that hill slope channel and within channel coupling relations are not uniform through the catchment and that different locations showed a distinct response to disturbances copyright 2012 john wiley sons ltd

determination of fe mg partitioning between perovskite and magnesiowustite the partition coefficient of fe and mg between perovskite and magnesiowostite k mg fe pv mw has been measured by adopting a b 2 o 3 catalyst technique the present experimental results demonstrate that k mg fe pv mw is a factor of two closer to unity than that obtained in previous studies k mg fe pv mw increases from 0 16 to 0 35 with increasing mg of magnesiowustite from 50 to 86 on the basis of these results the compositions of enstatite and magnesiowustite included in diamond imply that the temperature at the top of the lower mantle is 1870 2040 k the mg 100mg mg fe of perovskite and magnesiowustite at the top of the lower mantle are 93 and 82 83 respectively for a pyrolitic mantle model the upper bound of the lower mantle temperature estimated in this study do not allow a larger fraction of perovskite than the pyrolitic mantle

compositional data analysis in the geosciences from theory to practice since karl pearson wrote his paper on spurious correlation in 1897 a lot has been said about the statistical analysis of compositional data mainly by geologists such as felix chayes the solution appeared in the 1980s when john aitchison proposed to use iogratios since then the approach has seen a great expansion mainly building on the idea of the natural geometry of the sample space statistics is expected to give sense to our perception of the natural scale of the data and this is made possible for compositional data using iogratios this publication will be a milestone in this process this book will be of interest to geologists using statistical methods it includes the intuitive justification of the methodology convincing through case studies and presenting user friendly software which includes a section for those who need to see the proof of the mathematical consistency of the methods used

identifying domestic functional areas chemical analysis of floor sediments at the classical hellenistic settlement at duzen tepe sw turkey abstract for over a decade multi element chemical analysis of floor sediments in archaeological contexts has been a tool to identify and interpret anthropogenic chemical residues and activities for the current study a multi element chemical analysis was applied to floor samples from a classical hellenistic courtyard building at duzen tepe sw turkey among a series of 19 elements analyzed k mg fe p and sr are thought to directly reflect anthropogenic chemical residues the elements cr mg ni pb and ti are considered to reflect the geological background of the site yet their contents seem to vary over different chemical residue zones making them a suitable tool for delineating activity areas overall the sampling and analysis techniques applied at duzen tepe mild acid sample extraction and icp oes analysis have proven to be fit for this kind of study the analyses allow human activity zones within the study area to be identified and interpreted and deliver insights into the archaeological contexts that could not be obtained by archaeological research alone

phosphate fractionation and spatial patterning in ancient ruins a case study from yucatan abstract as time passes phosphorus p in soils tends to become more tightly bound with minerals phosphate fractionation enables the measurement of loosely versus tightly bound p archaeologists have used p fractionation as a chronometric technique older soils should have greater proportions of p tightly bound with minerals research at chunchucmil a large maya ruin in yucatan mexico has used extractable p concentrations and other lines of evidence to investigate ancient uses of space because contemporary maya villagers use the land among the chunchucmil ruins in a number of ways and because the ancient land surfaces are neither sealed nor deeply buried we used p fractionation to determine whether geochemical signatures of activities such as gardening resulted from ancient or modern inhabitants the fractionation results at chunchucmil are unusual in comparison to studies from other sites furthermore there are strong correlations between the sum of p fractions and carbonate we discuss potential explanations for these patterns in p fractionation data these explanations consider local pedology differential length of ancient occupation and localized dumping of the byproducts of maize processing to examine the chemical signatures of maize processing specifically soaking maize in lime water contemporary samples of sediments and residues from this activity were analyzed our results suggest that dumping water from maize soaking provides a potential explanation for the ancient p patterns

determining the fuel constituents of ancient hearth ash via icp aes analysis abstract documenting variation and change in the use of particular plants and plant parts for fuel in ancient households contributes to an understanding of settlement location local and regional abandonments and resource depletion chemical analysis of ash surviving in hearths and other thermal features to determine the kinds and relative amounts of fuels consumed may be less biased by formation processes than the macrofossil record currently employed to document ancient fuel use our studies indicate that it is possible to distinguish chemically ash of common fuel taxa and tissue types bark wood etc in both modern and ancient samples of fuels found in the northern colorado plateau region of the american southwest however the chemical signatures of the ancient and modern material of the same taxon differ indicating possible alteration by post depositional processes although multiple regression performs well in determining the relative contributions of different fuels to modern ash mixtures possible post depositional alterations and incomplete characterization of the range of within taxon variation currently limit our confidence in applications of this approach to ancient ash from pueblo iii settlements in south west colorado

paragenetic relationship of thermal maturation coalification and tectonic framework of some canadian rocky mountain coals abstract use of the attitude of the optical axis of vitrinite as an indicator of paragenetic relationship of thermal maturation coalification and tectonics is discussed a constant angular relationship between the optical axis and bedding plane of coals is observed in seven coal mines in the canadian rocky mountain coal fields this constant relationship suggests that thermal maturation predated tectonic structures

the timing of coalification in relation to structural events in the grande cache area alberta canada lower cretaceous coals from the inner foothills of the rocky mountains were sampled for a study of the relationships between coal rank and folding and faulting the coals were collected from laterally continuous seams in a highly folded and faulted area near grande cache alberta rank of the coals as determined by measuring mean maximum vitrinite reflectances ranges from medium to low volatile bituminous the results indicate that the degree of coalification was established during burial from albian to late paleocene times before folding and faulting started isoreflectance lines run parallel to the bedding of the folded strata and there are no significant changes in reflectances in the same seam from one thrust sheet to the other however in the footwall of the mason thrust the mean maximum reflectances and bireflectances are locally increased above regional values regionally there appears to be a trend to slightly lower reflectances in the southeast of the study area it is suggested that the low

organic maturity in the western canada sedimentary basin abstract organic maturity of strata in the western canada sedimentary basin has been investigated in numerous studies using petrological chemical and physical methods compilation of these data has facilitated a regional analysis of the maturity patterns and maturation history variation in maturity patterns can be divided into three levels basin wide 1st order regional 2nd order and local 3rd order first order variations are manifested by an overall increase in maturity of strata of the same age from east to west from the plains to the rocky mountain foothills and front ranges in response to progressively deeper burial and higher paleo geothermal gradients superimposed on this first order basinal scale variation in maturity are second and third order variations which reflect local differences in depth of burial conductive and advective heat transport or effects of thrust faulting maturity gradients in the axis of the basin are low averaging 0 10 log r omax km whereas in the front ranges and foothills the gradients are substantially greater average 0 25 log r omax km variations in maturity gradients reflect lower paleo geothermal gradients resulting from rapid sediment loading and subsequent unloading in the plains and higher conductive heat transport in the deformed belt the main component of maturity of most phanerozoic strata occurred during deep burial under upper cretaceous and or paleogene molasse in foredeeps developed in response to crustal loading during the easterly migration of the foreland fold and thrust belt as a result of the west to east propagation of deformation during the laramide orogeny deep burial maturation hydrocarbon generation and uplift occurred earlier in the foreland belt late cretaceous than in the plains to the east where the main component of maturity and hydrocarbon generation occurred as late as eocene in the plains because of the low maturity gradients a thick succession of strata currently is within the oil window in the deformed belt however higher maturity gradients have resulted in a thinner succession of strata within the oil window in response to higher paleo geothermal gradients strata in the deformed belt matured more quickly leading to more rapid hydrocarbon generation and migration than areas to the east in the southern part of the cordillera a significant component of maturation post dates structural deformation of the strata whereas in northeastern british columbia and adjacent parts of alberta maturity primarily pre dates structural deformation data from some deep bore holes and surface samples in the southern part of the cordillera provide evidence for maturity post dating or accompanying emplacement of major overthrust sheets tectonic burial in most areas however there is no clear evidence for the timing of maturity relative to faulting or evidence of frictional heating the maturity gradients and levels of maturity of surface and near surface strata in the western plains and rocky mountain foothills indicate that a succession several kilometres of paleogene strata were deposited in these regions foredeep and subsequently eroded in response to post laramide uplift

reflectance anisotropy of upper carboniferous coals in the appalachian foreland basin pennsylvania u s a abstract patterns of vitrinite reflectance anisotropy in coal are represented by a three dimensional graphical form resembling an ellipsoid termed the vitrinite reflectance indicating surface vri naturally occurring vris from the northern appalachian basin pennsylvania range in shape from biaxial negative to biaxial positive depending on their coalification history and tectonic setting vri shapes are measured by estimating the magnitudes of the three principal reflectances rmax rint and rmin either on oriented blocks or non oriented grain mounts spatial orientations of the principal axes are determined by reflectance measurements on oriented polished cores the various vri shapes are portrayed on axial ratio diagrams i e plots of r max r int on the vertical axis and r int r min on the horizontal axis axial ratio diagrams are also used to depict the progressive change in vri shape with coalification standard deviations of the principal reflectance axes as measured on oriented cores average around 0 09 in magnitude and 5 in orientation measurements are highly reproducible between pairs of oriented cores estimates of the principal reflectance magnitudes as measured on oriented vs non oriented samples agree on average to within 0 04 for rmax 0 08 for rint and 0 20 for rint coal bearing strata in the north central coal fields medium volatile bituminous coal to semianthracite in northern pennsylvania were diagenetically altered in a predominantly burial strain environment and exhibit structural evidence of only mild tectonic deformation vris from this suite of coals are biaxial negative with rmin axes roughly perpendicular to bedding with increasing rank toward the southeast these vris plot along a straight line pathway on the axial ratio diagram emanating from near the origin and extending through the biaxial negative deformation field vris of coals from the western middle anthracite field exhibit a wide range of shapes and orientations which is indicative of a more complex tectonic history in their present day orientation rmin axes are scattered about a great circle distribution the pole to which is precisely coincident with regional fold axes when beds are unfolded to a flat lying orientation they become significantly less scattered indicating that most coalification here preceded the final phase of alleghanian folding rmax axes of sporinite grains are alwayas aligned parallel to bedding which suggests that the strata were still flat lying and not subject to tectonic forces when the coals passed through the 1st and 2nd coalification jumps

petrology and geochemistry of potassic rocks in the golcuk area isparta sw turkey genesis of enriched alkaline magmas abstract the lower pliocene volcanic rocks occurring in the golcuk area of sw turkey exhibit alkaline major element trends with a general potassic character the development of volcanism can be divided into 2 major stages such as trachytic ancient lavas domes and tephriphonolitic trachyandesitic to trachytic golcuk eruptions ignimbrites lava dome extrusions phreatomagmatic deposits and finally young domes volcanic rocks consist primarily of plagioclase clinopyroxene which ranges in composition from diopside to augite and are commonly zoned biotite and phlogopite amphibole phenocrysts are restricted to the pyroclastic deposits pseudoleucites are also seen only in the lava dome extrusions oxides and apatites are common accessory phenocryst phases as would be expected from their potassic alkaline nature the volcanic rocks of the golcuk area contain high amounts of lile ba sr rb and k lree and zr concentrations of compatible elements such as cr ni and v are very low possibly indicating fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene correlation of sio2 rb sr and mgo with 87 sr 86 sr 0 703506 0 704142 exhibit an increasing trend in the direction of crustal contamination however the isotopic compositions of sr are not as high to indicate a high level of crustal contamination geochemical data are consistent with the derivation of golcuk volcanic rocks from a metasomatized and or enriched lithospheric mantle source during crustal extension in the area this metasomatism was probably occurred by fluids released from the northward subduction between african and eurasian plates during tertiary as the golcuk volcanic rocks display features of island arc magmas with having high ba nb 28 ratios and nb and ti depletions lower pliocene volcanism in the golcuk was response to extensional tectonics

isotopic investigation into the raw materials of late bronze age glass making this paper discusses sr nd sb isotopic analysis of late bronze age glass to investigate the origin and nature of the mineral raw materials used in early glass making sr nd isotopic analysis characterizes the flux and silica component of the glass raw material mixture this technique has been successfully applied to separate egyptian from mesopotamian glass signatures also identifying the use of at least two distinct flux silica mixtures in mesopotamian glass making sb isotopic analysis is presented as a novel technique to examine the raw material used to opacify the earliest glass it is demonstrated that egyptian and mesopotamian glass factories likely used an identical source of sb possibly originating from the caucasus this suggests a steady supply and long distance exchange or trade of this material during the late bronze age

multi element soil prospection aiding geophysical and archaeological survey on an archaeological site in suburban sagalassos sw turkey in order to take full advantage of the archaeological information contained within buried archaeological sites it is important to apply an integrative approach combining complementary prospection methods in this study geochemical prospection data are combined with archaeological and geophysical survey results on an unexcavated site in suburban sagalassos sw turkey with the aim of obtaining better insights into the structural shapes and past functionalities of the area spatial and multivariate statistical analyses of the chemical data reveal anomalies of k p and zn on a location where archaeological and geophysical results suggest the presence of ceramic producing kilns these elemental enrichments are thought to result from burning wood or dung as fuel for the detected kilns in addition local anomalies of co cr fe mg mn and ni were found to reflect the working and storage of ophiolitic clays employed as a raw material for ceramic production radiocarbon dating of charcoal in a 2 5 m deep drill core in this zone provides ages between ad 120 and 350 at depths of 50 and 60 cm al as ba ca na sr ti and pb are considered geogenic elements in this study the present study supports the theory that geochemical prospection holds potential as a surveying technique as it was found that chemical data facilitate the interpretation of structures detected by geophysical and archaeological methods thereby creating an extra dimension to the interpretation of survey data the results further argue in favour of using strong acid extractions and the consideration of a large suite of elements when applying chemical soil survey as an archaeological prospection technique and highlight the importance of considering site lithology multivariate statistics proved to be invaluable in distinguishing anthropogenic from lithological soil patterns

regional coalification pattern of lower cretaceous coal bearing strata rocky mountain foothills and foreland canada implications for future exploration abstract the regional coalification pattern of lower cretaceous strata in parts of the canadian foothills belt and adjacent foreland has been determined by vitrinite reflectance measurements the present study focusses on two coal bearing sequences bluesky gething and gates formation both of which contain coal resources of economic interest the vitrinite reflectances r max in the bluesky gething formation range from 0 76 high volatile a bituminous to 2 55 semianthracite rank changes from top to the base of bluesky gething formation follow 1st order regression lines factors influencing the rate of increase of r max per depth interval coalification gradient include paleogeothermal gradients the rank level under investigation conductivities of host rocks and thicknesses of coal seams time depth burial curves for the lower cretaceous bluesky gething formation suggest that the regional coalification pattern for the top of the formation results largerly from variations in the depth and or duration of burial beneath maastrichtian tertiary foredeep deposits coalification largerly predates deformation the coalification pattern is more complicated for the base of the bluesky gething formation because thickness changes in the lower cretaceous bluesky gething interval locally have a greater effect on the rank than does the regional change in the thickness of maastrichtian tertiary sedimentary wedge detailed rank studies on laterally continuous coal seams of the gates formation showed that coalification levels were largerly established before folding and thrusting started isoreflectance lines of the beds run parallel to the bedding of the folded strata seams collected from various thrust sheets exposed at surface do not in general show significant changes in vitrinite reflectances from one thrust sheet to another many of the coals of the gates formation were found to have biaxial negative reflectance in dicatrices orientation of r max is in all cases parallel of subparallel to the mactroscopic fold axes indicating preferential orientation of the aromatic lamellae in the coals in the direction of minimum compressive stress it is suggested that the occurrence of biaxial negative coals is related to a tectonic stress field that existed during the later stages of burial and subsequent deformation

phase transformations in a harzburgite composition to 26 gpa implications for dynamical behaviour of the subducting slab abstract the mineralogy adopted by a depleted harzburgite composition has been studied over the pressure interval 5 26 gpa at temperatures of 1300 1400 c the pyroxene garnet component of the harzburgite composition harzburgite minus 82 wt olivine transforms to majorite garnet by 18 19 gpa and further disproportionates to the assemblage of garnet stishovite mg 2 sio 4 spinel above 20 gpa at still higher pressures first ilmenite 22 24 gpa and then perovskite mgsio 3 24 26 gpa are found to coexist with garnet garnet disappears at 26 gpa and almost complete transition to perovskite is achieved at this pressure the mineral proportions and density profiles in the subducting oceanic lithosphere modelled by a combination of 80 harzburgite 20 primitive morb compositions are calculated as a function of depth under conditions isothermal with surrounding pyrolite mantle and also for a temperature distribution in which the slab is substantially cooler than surrounding mantle to below 700 km under isothermal conditions the slab has a density similar to surrounding mantle to a depth of 600 km however between 600 and 700 km the slab is up to 0 08 g cm 3 denser than surrounding mantle this is caused primarily by the higher alumina content in pyrolite as compared to harzburgite which causes the transition to perovskite in pyrolite to occur at substantially higher pressures than in harzburgite the presence of alumina also smears out the garnet perovskite transition in pyrolite over a depth interval of 50 km whereas this transformation is much sharper in the harzburgite composition calculations based on the observed phase equilibria also show that a subducted cool slab remains much denser by 0 1 0 3 g cm 3 than surrounding mantle to a depth of 700 km but possesses a density similar to surrounding mantle below this depth these results have important implications for the dynamical behaviour of slabs possessing different thermal regimes when they encounter the 670 km discontinuity and also for the nature of this discontinuity

dynamical mechanisms controlling formation and avalanche of a stagnant slab abstract we performed a numerical study to understand the dynamical mechanism controlling the formation and avalanche of a stagnant slab using two dimensional dynamical models of the integrated plate mantle system with freely movable subducting and overriding plates we examined slab rheology as a mechanism for producing various styles of stagnating or penetrating slabs that interact with the 410 km and 660 km phase transitions the simulated results with the systematically changed rheological parameters are interpreted using a simple stability analysis that includes the forces acting on the stagnant slab slab plasticity that memorizes the shape produced by past deformation generates slab stagnation at various depths around the 660 km phase transition the slab stagnates even beneath the 660 km phase boundary with a gentle clapeyron slope feedbacks between trench backward migration and slab deformation promote each other during the slab stagnation stage slab viscosity also determines the final state of the subducted slab that is it continues stagnation or initiates penetration a low viscosity slab can finally penetrate into the lower mantle because the growth time of the rayleigh taylor instability is shorter after the avalanche the direction of the trench migration changes depending on the lower mantle slab viscosity

the story in the floors chemical signatures of ancient and modern maya activities at aguateca guatemala abstract soil chemical analysis has been one of the most active and promising areas among the recent innovations in household archaeology ancient inhabitants unintentionally left chemical imprints of daily activities providing important clues as to past practices and space use which are difficult to judge from artifactual data alone soil chemical testing in the maya region is particularly promising given the highly calcareous nature of the soils derived from the carbonate geology of the region as calcium ions and soil alkalinity render phosphorous iron and other metallic ions insoluble this paper reports the results of soil chemical analysis of modern and ancient residential structures at the archaeological park of aguateca guatemala an ethnoarchaeological study of the guards living quarters and archaeological data from rapidly abandoned classic period residences provided opportunities to refine an understanding of the relationship between human activities and soil chemical signatures both cases exhibited good correlations of high phosphorous concentrations in soils with food processing consumption and disposal high levels of heavy metals in the modern structures probably derived from the filing of machetes and the disposal of flashlight batteries whereas the use of mineral pigments and craft activities appear to have contributed to the concentrations of these elements in archaeological contexts

phase relations of harzburgite and morb up to the uppermost lower mantle conditions precise comparison with pyrolite by multisample cell high pressure experiments with implication to dynamics of subducted slabs

magnesium silicate perovskite coexisting with ringwoodite in harzburgite stagnated at the lowermost mantle transition zone abstract the presence of magnesium silicate perovskite coexisting with ringwoodite and a very small amount of calcium silicate perovskite in a harzburgite composition was observed at pressures of 22 5 23 5 gpa and a fixed temperature of 1600 c the silicate perovskites are products of pressure induced phase transformation in non olivine component in the harzburgite the postspinel transition occurs at 24 gpa in the olivine component and the harzburgite consists of the silicate perovskites and magnesiowustite above 24 gpa the possible presence of magnesium silicate perovskite in harzburgite at lowermost mantle transition zone may contribute to high velocity anomalies in stagnant slabs

reflectance anisotropy and syn deformational coalification of the jewel seam in the cadomin area alberta canada abstract the jewel seam of the cadomin area is complexly folded and cut by several thrust faults vitrinite reflectance anisotropy was determined from twenty oriented coal blocks collected from various structural positions five of the blocks have uniaxial anisotropies five have biaxial positive anisotropies the remaining ten are biaxial negative the biaxial coals display maximum reflectance axes parallel to nearby fold axes which suggests a relationship between vitrinite anisotropy and deformation the biaxial vitrinite reflectance ellipsoids result from superposition of tectonic strains on a primary sedimentary burial related uniaxial anisotropy a tectonic stress field was probably present during the later stages of sedimentary burial and subsequent deformation coalification resulted largely from pre deformational sedimentary burial but the final coalification stage was syn deformational as illustrated by the intersection of isorank surfaces and the jewel seam and the biaxial vitrinite reflectance anisotropy

long term clay raw material selection and use in the region of classical hellenistic to early byzantine sagalassos sw turkey abstract a provenance study was carried out on coarse ceramics from the classical hellenistic to mid byzantine city of sagalassos sw turkey the ceramics were sampled from the excavations of the city and clay raw materials were sampled throughout its ancient territory used techniques were optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis on thin sections geochemical analysis fusion icp ms and mineralogical analysis x ray diffraction the geochemical mineralogical diversity in the ceramics is not as wide as for the clay raw materials it seems that even at the restricted scale of this study the resources were limited to the area around the ancient site the differences between the ceramics are likely due to the use of different ophiolitic clay bodies being exploited for their production

stagnant slab a review a stagnant slab is a subducted slab of oceanic lithosphere subhorizontally deflected above across or below the 660 km discontinuity this phenomenon has now been widely recognized beneath subduction zones around the circum pacific and in the mediterranean collaboration of seismic and electromagnetic observations mineral physics measurements and geodynamic modeling has begun to provide a consistent picture of stagnant slab

the geoarchaeological significance and spatial variability of a range of physical and chemical soil properties from a former habitation site isle of skye of the 34 major and trace elements investigated in this study enrichments of k th rb and to a lesser extent cs were associated with former habitation of the area whilst high levels of sr and to a lesser extent ca were associated with the adjacent field area this latter enrichment is thought to represent additions of shell sand and or bone and fish refuse phosphorus is a less reliable indicator of human habitation than k rb and th possibly because p enrichment may be caused by additions of animal manure as well as by human habitation of an area vanadium co zn pb ni ga sc mg cu and u all indicated negligible on site enrichment whilst cr and organic matter content were found to be depleted in the on site soils relative to the control samples consideration of the degree of variability in the soil parameters investigated has implications for the bulk or composite sampling of soils over sites of former habitation

tell formation processes as indicated from geoarchaeological and geochemical investigations at xeropolis euboea greece abstract xeropolis is a tell site on the island of euboea greece just to the east of the village of lefkandi and was occupied from the early bronze age to the early iron age excavations in recent years have provided an opportunity to investigate site formation processes using geoarchaeological and geochemical techniques sediments derived from the tell on the southern side have been lost by coastal erosion whilst those on the north mantle the flanking slope of particular interest is a homogeneous and unstratified deposit of over 2 m which overlies the archaeology near the southern perimeter of the summit area the soil structure as evident in thin sections indicates a high degree of bioturbation probably stimulated by recent manuring and cultivation the implication is that tillage erosion has had a major impact on the morphology as well as on the surface soils of the tell despite such reworking and redeposition of near surface materials it is still possible from multi element analysis to identify the geochemical distinctiveness of six archaeological contexts pit house plaster floor alley road and yard pits and floors have high loadings of all elements except pb in contrast pits and floors have the lowest elemental concentrations

the local and global dimensions of metalliferous pollution derived from a reconstruction of an eight thousand year record of copper smelting and mining at a desert mountain frontier in southern jordan abstract this paper establishes an eight thousand year history of anthropogenic metal pollution at one of the oldest most important and longest sustained sites of the extraction and smelting of copper ores in the old world the faynan orefield in jordan which is located between the hyper arid southern desert and the front of the wetter mountains of edom the modern land surface is shown in significant part to be a complex palimpsest of archaeological sites metal pollution of various ages and ore processing deposits quantitative and qualitative observations of the storage and cycling of heavy metals through the local natural and domestic systems have produced a body of information on processes with which the past has been interpreted heavy metal concentrations in semi continuous sedimentary bodies indicate that over the last 1500 years metals were removed by natural processes at a comparatively slow rate given the scale of the original anthropogenic metal burden the proportions of lead with respect to copper have increased as the overall metal burden has been lowered distinctive anthropogenic metal pollution signatures have been detected in ash and charcoal rich deposits that were discarded onto the banks of a perennial stream in the late neolithic at present the nature of the human activities that might have produced these pollution signatures is unknown substantial metal pollution from industrial scale smelting activity was present from the early bronze age the intensity of heavy metal pollution produced in classical times locally exceeded that recorded at major european copper smelting centres in the nineteenth century a d the pollution evidence indicates that intensive copper smelting at the immediate area took place until approximately the end of the byzantine period with the exception of one further minor episode of smelting radiocarbon dated to cal bp 530 330 an observed partial but perhaps significant parallelism is also noted between this local record and the records of the metal burdens of the northern hemisphere determined at mire or ice sheet sites at high altitudes or high latitudes the paper discusses the extent to which this parallelism might be a geochemical indicator of the actual existence of economic systems of a geographical scope and scale to have both exercised substantial pull upon the resources of such isolated and difficult locations at the wadi faynan and to have generated sufficient overall metal pollution to have materially altered the chemistry of the global atmosphere the comparative absence of quantitative information upon the nature spatial scale and impacts of human industrial and natural processes affecting metal pollution in other metal rich arid lands provides a significant impediment to such approaches that seek to research locally and think globally

vitrinite anisotropy resulting from simple shear experiments at high temperature and high confining pressure abstract orientations of r 0 max and r 0 min of vitrinite have been determined in coal samples that have been deformed in simple shear experiments at t 650 900 c confining pressures of 0 8 and 1 0 gpa and constant displacement rates of 10 5 10 6 s 1 samples chosen are a high volatile bituminous coal and two anthracites shear strains up to 3 0 were attained in experiments that lasted up to 100 h high temperature and large strains have facilitated an increase in r 0 max an increase in anisotropy bireflectance and reorientation of r 0 max and r 0 min results of these experiments indicate that tectonic strain at and above semi anthracite rank enhances the degree of molecular ordering leading to preferential growth of graphite and that vitrinite anisotropy may track with tectonic strain